between the latter and its branches. Finally, attention must be paid to the complexity of the phenomenon in view of the fact that electoral fraud is practised at all stages, by all actors involved in the electoral process and in many forms. ? Concerning the determination of the cost of the elections, attention must be paid to the basic costs(the compulsory costs whatever the level of political development of the country). Measures must be taken to help reduce the operation costs of the electoral commission and to help reduce the waste of acquired electoral material. ? Regarding the security of elections in terms of the involvement of security forces in the electoral process, attention must be paid to security problems in the pre­electoral period where, depending on each case, it might be necessary to protect the actors involved, electoral material and premises. During the voting, ensure that the places of voting and all the operations that take place there are secured, as well as the transportation of electoral documents and materials towards the centres of collation of results. Finally, during the post-electoral period, it is necessary to secure the electoral jurisdictions, the electoral commission and its members, etc. ? The legal structures of the participation of security forces in the electoral process must provide a clear framework for the rules(legislation) and organizations 209