04. 2013 EDITORIAL Sehr geehrte Damen und Herren, liebe Freundinnen und Freunde der Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, mit diesem Newsletter stellen wir Ihnen die Ergebnisse der jüngsten Meinungsumfrage des Jerusalem Media und Communication Center(JMCC) vor. Die Umfrage wurde nach dem Besuch von US Präsident Barack Obama Ende März 2013 im Westjordanland und in Gaza durchgeführt und stellt eine Momentaufnahme der Stimmung 20 Jahre nach Beginn des Oslo-Prozesses dar. Die öffentliche Meinung im Hinblick auf die Oslo Abkommen ist demnach gespalten: 44% der Palästinenser sind der Ansicht, es wäre besser gewesen, diese nicht zu unterzeichnen. Ebenfalls 44% sind der Meinung, die Unterzeichnung war für die Palästinenser von Vorteil. Die durch die Oslo Abkommen gegründete Palästinensische Autonomiebehörde(PA) litt besonders im letzten Jahr unter einer Finanzkrise, in deren Folge Löhne und Gehälter nicht oder nur teilweise ausgezahlt werden konnten. Ca. 50% der PalästinenserInnen machen für diese Finanzkrise Israel verantwortlich. Auch die Sicherheitskooperation zwischen der PA und Israel ist unbeliebt. 55% der Befragten sprachen sich dafür aus, die Kooperation einzustellen, auch wenn dies zur Folge hätte, dass das israelische Militär wieder in den palästinensischen Ballungszentren der A-Gebieten Verhaftungen durchführen würde. Der Besuch von US Präsident Obama hat in den Augen der Bevölkerung vor allem Israel genutzt. 25% der Befragten gaben allerdings an, dass der Besuch gar keine Auswirkungen hatte. Die PalästinenserInnen befürworten noch immer eine Verhandlungslösung zur Errichtung eines unabhängigen Palästinensischen Staates: 65% sind der Ansicht, die palästinensische Führung sollte die Verhandlungen wieder aufnehmen unter der Bedingung, dass Israel den Siedlungsbau stoppt. Doch während die Rückkehr an den Verhandlungstisch zum jetzigen Zeitpunkt kaum wahrscheinlich ist, deuten die Umfrageergebnisse darauf hin, dass die innerpalästinensische Aussöhnung eine der dringenden Aufgaben für die palästinensische Führung ist: Im siebten Jahr der Spaltung zwischen Hamas und Fatah fordern 90% der PalästinenserInnen die Versöhnung – auch wenn dies Sanktionen seitens Israels und der USA nach sich ziehen würde. 60% gaben an, dass Fatah und Hamas vor allem ihre eigenen Interessen, jedoch weniger das nationale Interesse verfolgen würden. Die Aufnahme aller relevanten Parteien – und somit der Hamas – in die Palästinensischen Befreiungsorganisation(PLO) wird von 87% der Befragten befürwortet. Die Umfrage zeigt, dass die Palästinensische Führung im Westjordanland großen öffentlichen Rückhalt für ihre derzeitigen Positionen in Bezug auf Verhandlungen mit Israel genießt. Gleichzeitig ist Bewegung in der Nationalen Aussöhnung erforderlich, denn die anhaltende Spaltung schadet dem Ansehen der beiden großen Parteien Hamas und Fatah. Die gesamte Umfrage finden Sie im An hang. Viel Spaß bei der Lektüre! wünscht Ihr Team der FES Ost-Jerusalem Design: ery foto Seite 1

Jerusalem Office Tel.:+972-2-532 83 98 Fax:+972-2-581 96 65 Email: info@fespal.org Web: www.fespal.org PO Box: 25047 – Jerusalem 2976557 Fax: 02- 2976555 Tel. 02Email: poll@jmcc.org Website: www.jmcc.org Public Opinion Poll Number 79 – March – 2013 Conducted by the Jerusalem Media and Communications Center Overwhelming majority calls for reconciliation even if met with U.S.-­‐Israeli sanctions In Gaza, people blame Hamas and in the West Bank they blame Fatah for the disrupted reconciliation Majority of respondents embraces the idea of reforming the PLO Setback in percentage of support for the Oslo Accords; Setback in Hamas’ popularity; Drop in support for military action National Reconciliation The public opinion poll conducted by the Jerusalem Media and Communications Center (JMCC) showed that the overwhelming majority of the Palestinians(90.3%) believe that Hamas and Fatah should pursue national reconciliation even if this leads to the United States and Israel imposing sanctions on the Palestinian people. A clear majority of 87.5% of the respondents also embraces the idea of reforming the PLO with the aim to include all relevant Palestinian political parties. Meanwhile, a majority of 59.5% says both Fatah and Hamas are acting in their own interests instead of the national interest by not working towards achieving reconciliation. As for the party more responsible for the persisting division and the failure to reach reconciliation, 28.6% of respondents put the responsibility on Hamas while 19.8% put it on Fatah and 22.3% blame both sides. It is worth mentioning that a higher percentage of people in the Gaza Strip blame Hamas for the continuation of the division than those in the West Bank(32.8% as opposed to 26.2% respectively)while a higher percentage of those in the West Bank blame Fatah for the continuation of the division more than Hamas(20.4% as opposed to 18.6%). With regard to the overall support, the popularity of Hamas dropped sharply from 28.2% in December 2012 shortly after the Gaza war to 20.6% in this poll. This result is closer to the support the movement usually received in past polls. In April 2008, for example support was at 19.3%. Page 1

Broad support for non-­‐violent resistance 83.8% of respondents support non-­‐violent means of resistance and 78.9% think such efforts should be intensified. While most Palestinians(36.8%) still believe that peaceful negotiations are the best method to achieve an end to the occupation and a Palestinian State, non-­‐ violent resistance amounting to a peaceful popular intifada now ranks second with 30.4% support(compared to 21.9% in December 2012), while only 25.4% favoring armed resistance. A clear majority of 60.2% considers military operations to harm the Palestinian national interests. The percentage of those who support military operations against Israeli targets dropped from 50.9% in December 2012 to 31.1% in this poll. Support for firing locally-­‐made rockets from the Gaza Strip towards Israeli regions has dropped sharply: While it was at 74.0% in December 2012 shortly after the Gaza war, it now stands at 38.4%. 20 years since signing the Oslo Accords The poll showed that 20 years after the signing of the Oslo Accords, Palestinian public opinion is divided over this agreement, whereby 44.6% of respondents say it would have been better for Palestinian national interests if the accords were never signed. 44.4% of respondents said signing the accords was better for the Palestinian people. Moreover, the poll showed a setback in the level of support from the people towards the Oslo Accords; the percentage of those who said they supported them dropped from 68.1% in December, 1997 to 43.4% in the current poll. Only one quarter(24.6%) of the Palestinian public opinion believes the Oslo Accords served the Palestinian national interests while one third(33.6%) thinks they have harmed them and another third(34.9%) considers them to have made no difference. Public opinion is especially critical of the security coordination between the Palestinian National Authority (PNA) and Israel. Only a third(33.8%) believes it to benefit the Palestinians while a majority of 55.4% wants to see it terminated even if this would lead to an increase of incursions by the Israeli army into Area A of the West Bank. Visit of US President Obama and resumption of peace negotiations As for the visit of US President Barack Obama, the majority of those polled(59.3%) sees the visit as more beneficial to Israel as opposed to only 2.1% who say it was more beneficial to the Palestinians; 25.2% consider the visit to have had no impact. A two-­‐thirds majority thinks the Palestinian leadership should only return to negotiations if Israel agrees to a halt of settlement expansion. Only 5.2% believe negotiations should be resumed without preconditions and only 27.6% of the respondents view direct negotiations under the sponsorship of the U.S. as the most helpful approach to achieve an independent Palestinian State whereas 49.5% favor an international peace conference. Financial crisis of the PNA The majority of respondents(48.9%) blames Israel for the PNA’s financial crisis as opposed to 14.9% who hold the PNA responsible; 34.2% hold both the PNA and Israel responsible for the crisis. In regards to the recent strikes by PNA employees, teachers and health workers, the majority of those polled(59.5%) show their support for these strikes, saying they were right as opposed to 37.1% who view the strikes as harmful and exaggerated. Despite the financial crisis, an overwhelming majority of 71.7% thinks the PNA must be maintained instead of dissolving it. Page 2

Methodology: A random sample of 1179 people over the age of 18 was interviewed face-­‐to-­‐face throughout the West Bank and Gaza Strip between 27 th and 31 st of March 2013. The interviews were conducted in randomly selected homes, and the subjects inside each home were also selected randomly according to Kish tables. The interviews were conducted in 130 sampling points chosen randomly according to population. In the West Bank 749 people were surveyed from the following areas: Hebron: Bani Na’im, Hebron, Taffuh, Sa’ir, Dura, Beit Kahil, Yatta, Khursa, Ar-­‐Rihiya, Al-­‐Fawwar refugee camp. Jenin: Kafr Ra’i, Ya’bad, Jenin, al-­‐Yamoun, Kufeirit, Tayba, Fahma, Jenin refugee camp. Tubas: Tubas, Tayaseer, Ramallah& al-­‐Bireh: Silwad, Ramallah, Al-­‐Bireh, Sinjil, Surda, Qibya, Al-­‐Tira, Beit Ur-­‐al-­‐Fawqa, al-­‐Jalazoun refugee camp. Jericho: Al-­‐‘Auja, Al-­‐ Jiftlik. Jerusalem: Al-­‐Ram, Al-­‐Dahyeh, Biddo, Beit Ikssa, Beit Hanina, Shu’fat, Old City, Al-­‐‘Esaweyeh, Ras Al-­‐Amoud, Qalandia refugee camp. Bethlehem:Al-­‐‘U’beidiya, Beit Fajjar, Bethlehem, Tuqu’, Battir, Ad-­‐Duheisha refugee camp. Nablus: Azmut, Nablus, Aqraba, Awarta, Burqa, Audala, Ein Bait al Ma’ refugee camp. Salfit: Salfit, Kifl Haris Tulkarem: Bal’a, Attil, Beit Lid, Tulkarem, Far’un, Nazlat Issa. Qalqilya: Qalqiliya, Azzun, Azzun‘Atma. In the Gaza Strip 430 people were surveyed from the following areas: Gaza: al-­‐Rimal a-­‐Shamali, a-­‐Rimal a-­‐Janoubi, a-­‐Zeitoun, a-­‐Shuja’ia, a-­‐Tufah, a-­‐Daraj, a-­‐Naser, a-­‐Sheikh Radwan,a-­‐sheikh Ajleen, Tal al-­‐Hawa, al-­‐Mughraga, Shati Refugee Camp. Khan Younis: Khan Younis, Absan al-­‐ Kabira, Abasan al-­‐Saghira, al-­‐Qarara, Khuza’, Khan Younis Refugee Camp. Rafah: Rafah, Shouket a-­‐Soufi, Rafah Refugee Camp. Gaza North: Jabalia, Beit Lahia, Jabalia Refugee Camp, Beit Hanoun. Deir al-­‐Balah: Deir al-­‐ Balah, Burij,-­‐Zawaydeh, Nussirat, al-­‐Maghazi Refugee Camp, Bureij Refugee Camp, Deir al-­‐Balah RefugeeCamp. The margin of error is ±3 percent, with a confidence level of 95%. Sample Distribution % 53.3 of the respondents were from the West Bank, 10.2% from Jerusalem, 36.5% from the Gaza Strip. 16.9% said they live in villages 8.9% in refugee camps, and 74.2% in towns/cities. 50.9% were male, 49.1% were female. 70.1% were married, 24.4%, single, 3.6% widowed, 1.2% divorced, 0.7% no answer. The average age of the respondents was 36 years. Occupation of Respondents ⋅ Students 12.7% ⋅ Laborers11.1% ⋅ Housewives 35.1% ⋅ Farmers/fishermen 1.6% ⋅ Craftsmen 1.1% ⋅ Businessmen/private business 9.6% ⋅ Public Sector Employees. 11.8% ⋅ Private Sector Employees 6.4% ⋅ Professionals(e.g. doctors/lawyers/ pharmacists/engineers)0.7% ⋅ Unemployed 7.3% ⋅ Retired 2.3%, ⋅ No answer 0.3%. Page 3

Results: Q1. In general, to what extent do you feel optimistic regarding the Palestinian future? Would you say that you are optimistic, cautiously optimistic, or pessimistic? Optimistic Caustiously optimistic Pessimistic No answer Total n= 1179 28.8 40.7 29.6 0.9 West Bank n= 749 28.8 38.3 31.9 1.0 Gaza n= 430 28.6 44.9 25.6 0.9 Q2. Some believe that a two-­‐state formula is the favored solution for the Arab-­‐Israeli conflict, while others believe that historic Palestine cannot be divided and thus the favored solution is a bi-­‐ national state on all of Palestine where Palestinians and Israelis enjoy equal representation and rights. Which of these solutions do you prefer? Total West Bank Gaza n= 1179 n= 749 n= 430 Two-­‐state solution: a Palestinian and an Israeli 52.4 53.7 50.2 Bi-­‐national state on all of historic Palestine 23.4 26.6 17.9 Palestinian State* Islamic State* Others No solution Don’t know\ No answer 10.8 7.1 17.2 2.0 2.5 1.2 0.8 0.7 0.9 9.2 8.4 10.5 1.4 1.0 2.1 * These answers were not included as part of the options read to the interviewee Q3. How optimistic or Pessimistic are you towards reaching a peaceful settlement for the Arab-­‐Israeli conflict? Would you say that you are very optimistic, optimistic, pessimistic, or very pessimistic? Very optimistic Optimistic Pessimistic Very pessimistic Don’t know\ No answer Total n= 1179 2.5 32.9 39.4 23.2 2.0 West Bank n= 749 1.7 35.0 36.6 24.2 2.5 Gaza n= 430 4.0 29.3 44.2 21.4 1.1 Page 4

Q4. Do you support the continuation of military operations against Israeli targets as an appropriate response under current political conditions or do you oppose them and believe they harm Palestinian national interests? Total West Bank Gaza n= 1179 n=749 n=430 An appropriate response under 31.1 28.8 35.1 current political conditions Oppose them and believe they 60.2 61.4 58.1 harm Palestinian national interests Others 3.2 2.4 4.7 Don’t know\ No answer 5.5 7.4 2.1 Q5.How do you feel about the suicide bombings operations against Israeli civilians? Do you strongly support, somewhat support, somewhat oppose, or strongly oppose it? Strongly support Somewhat support Somewhat oppose Strongly oppose No answer Total n= 1179 14.1 24.9 29.8 26.3 4.9 West Bank n= 749 10.8 16.7 30.3 36.2 6.0 Gaza n= 430 19.8 39.3 28.8 9.1 3.0 Q6. Are you satisfied or dissatisfied about the way that Mahmoud Abbas(Abu Mazen) is dealing with his job as a president to the Palestinian National Authority? Very satisfied Somewhat satisfied Somewhat dissatisfied Very dissatisfied No answer Total n= 1179 20.3 32.7 15.0 28.8 3.2 West Bank n= 749 20.4 32.3 14.7 28.8 3.8 Gaza n=430 20.0 33.3 15.6 28.6 2.5 Q7-­‐ There is a debate on the future of the PNA whereby some people believe that dissolving the PNA is necessary now while others believe that the perpetuation of the PNA and maintaining it is a necessity. What do you think? Dissolving the PNA is necessary Perpetuating and maintaining the PNA is a necessity Don’t know\ No answer Total n= 1179 24.8 71.7 3.5 West Bank n= 749 27.5 68.0 4.5 Gaza n=430 20.0 78.1 1.9 Page 5

Q8. Do you think that the locally-­‐made rockets fired from Gaza strip towards Israeli regions help,harm,or don’t make any difference with regards to the Palestinian goals? Help Harm Don’t make any difference Other Don’t know\ No answer Total n= 1179 38.4 29.7 27.7 0.9 3.3 West Bank n= 749 35.0 29.1 30.2 0.9 4.8 Gaza n=430 44.4 30.7 23.5 0.9 0.5 Q9. Do you support or oppose the ceasefire agreement from November 2012 between Hamas and Israel? Total West Bank Gaza n= 1179 n= 749 n=430 I support the ceasefier agreement 81.5 80.4 83.5 I don’t support the ceasefire 14.9 15.1 14.7 agreement Don’t know\ No answer 3.6 4.5 1.8 Q 1 0-­‐ If PLC elections were to take place today, which of the following parites would you vote for? Hamas Fatah Others I won’t vote No answer Total n=1179 20.6 42.6 9.2 22.6 5.0 West Bank n=749 17.1 41.7 8.8 26.3 6.1 Gaza n=430 26.7 44.2 9.8 16.3 3.0 Q11. Should Hamas and Fatah pursue national reconciliation even if this would lead to sanctions by Israel and the US? Yes, Hamas and Fatah shoud pursue national reconsiliation No, Hamas and Fatah should not pursue national reconciliation No answer Total n= 1179 90.3 5.2 4.5 West Bank n= 749 88.9 4.4 6.7 Gaza n=430 92.8 6.5 0.7 Page 6

Q12. In your opinion, which side should be more blamed for the persisting division and the failure of efforts pertinent between Fatah and Hamas? Hamas movement Fatah movement Others Fatah and Hamas Israel Don’t know No answer Total n= 1179 28.6 19.8 5.4 22.3 6.9 14.3 2.7 West Bank n= 749 26.2 20.4 4.5 22.4 6.3 17.6 2.6 Gaza n=430 32.8 18.6 7.0 22.1 7.9 8.6 3.0 Q13. Do you think Fatah and Hamas are pursuing national interest or rather their own interests by not reconciling? Total West Bank Gaza n= 1179 n= 749 n=430 They are acting in favor of 34.1 29.9 41.4 national interests They are acting in their own 59.5 62.9 53.7 interests No answer 6.4 7.2 4.9 Q14. Do you support to reform the PLO in order to include all relevant parties? Total West Bank n= 1179 n= 749 I support the reform of the PLO in 87.5 86.8 order to include all relevant parties I don’t support the reform of the 7.7 7.5 PLO No answer 4.8 5.7 Gaza n=430 88.8 8.1 3.1 Q15. In general, what is the best method to achieve the Palestinian people’s goals of ending the occupation and establishing a state? Total West Bank Gaza n= 1179 n= 749 n=430 Peaceful negotiations 36.8 40.6 30.2 Armed resistance(armed 25.4 20.3 34.2 Intifada) Non-­‐violent resistance(peaceful 30.4 30.6 30.2 Popular Intifada) Other 2.8 2.0 4.2 Don’t know\ No answer 4.6 6.5 1.2 Page 7

Q16. Do you support non-­‐violent activities? I support non-­‐violent activities I don’t support non-­‐violent activities No answer Total n= 1179 83.8 12.7 3.5 West Bank n= 749 85.7 10.1 4.2 Gaza n=430 80.5 17.2 2.3 Q17. In your opinion, should non-­‐violent activities be intensified? They should be intensified They should not be intensified No answer Total n= 1179 78.9 16.4 4.7 West Bank n= 749 80.0 14.4 5.6 Gaza n=430 77.0 19.8 3.2 Q18. What's your opinion of the Oslo agreement? Would you say that you strongly support, support, oppose it, or strongly oppose? Strongly support Support Oppose Strongly oppose No answer Total n= 1179 4.9 38.5 26.0 22.3 8.3 West Bank n= 749 4.9 37.0 22.3 24.3 11.5 Gaza n=430 4.9 41.2 32.3 18.8 2.8 Q19. On the 20 th anniversary of the Oslo Accords, do you think that the Oslo Accords served or harmed the Palestinian national interests or made no difference? Total West Bank Gaza n= 1179 n= 749 n=430 The Oslo Accords served the 24.6 22.0 29.1 Palestinian national interests The Oslo Accords harmed the 33.6 32.0 36.3 Palestinian national interests The Oslo Accords made no 34.9 36.6 32.1 difference Don’t know 5.1 6.9 1.9 No answer 1.8 2.5 0.6 Page 8

Q20. Do you think the security cooperation with Israel benefits the Palestinians? I think it benefits the Palestinians I think it does not benefit the Palestinians No answer Total n= 1179 33.8 59.2 7.0 West Bank n= 749 34.2 57.1 8.7 Gaza n=430 33.0 62.8 4.2 Q21-­‐ In your opinion, should the security cooperation with Israel be stopped even if that would lead to an increase of incursions of the Israeli army into area A? I think the security cooperation should be stopped I think the security cooperation should be continued No answer Total n= 1179 55.4 33.3 11.3 West Bank n= 749 52.1 35.6 12.3 Gaza n=430 61.2 29.3 9.5 Q22. US President Obama visited Palestine and Israel for the first time since his election. Do you think this visit was: More beneficial to the Palestinians More beneficial to the Israelis Beneficial to both sides Had no impact Don’t know\ No answer Total n= 1179 2.1 59.3 10.8 25.2 2.6 West Bank n= 749 2.3 56.3 11.9 26.3 3.2 Gaza n=430 1.9 64.4 8.8 23.3 1.6 Q23. At this time, the Americans are seeking to resume the peace process and Israeli-­‐Palestinian negotiations. What do you think? Do you think the Palestinian leadership should resume negotiations without conditions, should they resume negotiations on condition that Israel halt settlement expansion, or should they refuse to return to negotiations? The Palestinian leadership should resume negotiations without conditions. The Palestinian leadership should resume negotiations on condition that Israel halt settlement expansion. The Palestinian leadership should refuse to return to negotiations. Don’t know\ No answer Total n= 1179 5.2 65.1 24.4 5.3 West Bank n= 749 4.9 69.7 18.4 7.0 Gaza n=430 5.6 57.2 34.9 2.3 Page 9

Q24. This year marks the 20 th anniversary of the signing of the Declaration of Principles on arrangements for transitional self-­‐rule, known as the Oslo Accords and on which the Palestinian Authority was established. 20 years later, do you think it would have been better if these accords were never signed? Or was signing them better than not signing? It would have been better if the accords were never signed. Signing them was better than not signing them. Don’t know No answer Total n= 1179 44.6 44.4 9.6 1.4 West Bank n= 749 43.0 43.4 11.7 1.9 Gaza n=430 47.4 46.3 5.8 0.5 Q25. The PA is going through a financial crisis that has escalated over the past few months to the point that salaries are not regularly paid to its employees. Who do you think is responsible for this crisis? Israel or the PNA? Israel, because it does not transfer tax returns The PA Israel and the PA Don’t know\ No answer Total n= 1179 48.9 14.9 34.2 2.0 West Bank n= 749 41.4 20.2 36.3 2.1 Gaza n=430 62.1 5.8 30.5 1.6 Q26, Lately, PA employee strikes have been on the rise such as teachers and health workers. What do you think of this? Do you support these strikes and believe they are right or do you think they are exaggerated and harmful? I support these strikes and think they are right They are exaggerated and harmful Don’t know No answer Total n= 1179 59.5 37.1 2.5 0.9 West Bank n= 749 56.5 39.5 2.7 1.3 Gaza n=430 64.7 32.8 2.1 0.4 Page 10

Q27. Which of the following do you think is most helpful in achieving the goal of establishing an independent Palestinian state? Direct negotiations between Israel and Palestine under the sponsorship of the United States. An international peace conference Others Don’t know No answer Total n= 1179 27.6 49.5 9.1 10.9 2.9 West Bank n= 749 30.0 48.9 7.1 11.1 2.9 Gaza n=430 23.3 50.7 12.8 10.7 2.5 Q28. In general, which of the following do you believe the International Community is trying to achieve in regards to the Palestinian-­‐Israeli conflict? Ending the conflict in a way that serves Israeli interests more Ending the conflict in a way that serves Palestinian interests more. Ending the conflict in a way that serves the interests of both parties(Palestinian and Israeli) Managing the conflict without reaching a solution Don’t know No answer Total n= 1179 32.0 13.7 24.1 23.1 6.0 1.1 West Bank n= 749 31.0 13.1 25.1 21.6 7.5 1.7 Gaza n=430 33.7 14.7 22.3 25.6 3.5 0.2 Page 11

Q29. Which political or religious faction do you trust the most?* Fatah Hamas PFLP Islamic factions Other Islamic factions Others I don’t trust anyone No answer Total n= 1179 39.2 19.1 3.1 1.1 2.4 3.3 25.8 6.0 West Bank n= 749 37.5 15.8 3.5 1.5 0.8 3.9 29.1 7.9 *This was an open-­‐ended question no options were read to the interviewee Q30. Which Palestinian personality do you trust the most?* Mahmoud Abbas(Abu Mazen) Ismail Haniyeh Marwan Barghouthi Khaled Mish’al Others I don’t trust anyone No answer Total n= 1179 23.9 12.9 6.0 3.9 14.3 31.7 7.3 West Bank n= 749 24.6 9.1 5.6 3.9 11.9 35.6 9.3 *This was an open-­‐ended question no options were read to the interviewee Gaza n= 430 42.1 24.9 2.3 0.5 5.1 2.3 20.0 2.8 Gaza n= 430 22.8 19.5 6.7 4.0 18.6 24.9 3.5 Page 12