Sromis istoria ირაკლი ირემაძე გაბრიელ ჩუბინიძე ქეთი სართანია Sromis istoria ირაკლი ირემაძე გაბრიელ ჩუბინიძე ქეთი სართანია kulturul urTierTobaTa centriKU კავკასიური სახლი THE CENTRE FOR CULTURAL RELATIONS CAUCASIAN HOUSE თბილისი 2024 UDC(ᲣᲐᲙ) 331(479.22)(09) Ი–765 publikacia momzadebulia kavkasiuri saxlis mier fridrix ebertis fondis mxardaWeriT ideis avtori irakli iremaZe „kavkasiuri saxlis“ aRmasrulebeli direqtori proeqtis xelmZRvaneli levan lorTqifaniZe „kavkasiuri saxlis“ gamgeobis Tavmjdomare samecniero redaqtori da winasityvaobis avtori dimitri SveliZe istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori publikaciaSi gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi SesaZloa ar emTxveodes fridrix ebertis fondis pozicias. dauSvebelia fondis mier gamocemuli masalebis fondis werilobiTi Tanxmobis gareSe komerciuli mizniT gamoyeneba. © kavkasiuri saxli © Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung ISBN 978-9941-9756-6-0 sarCevi winaTqma wignisaTvis„Sromis istoria saqarTveloSi“...... 5 oriode sityva„Sromis istoriis“ Sesaxeb........................... 12 ნაწილი I შრომის ისტორია 1870 წლიდან 1921 წლამდე Sromis politika da mSromelebi 1870-1905 wlebSi........... 19 social-demokratebi da saqarTvelos muSaTa klasi....... 33 Sromis politika saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikaSi................................................................................ 43 profesiuli kavSirebi respublikis pirobebSi................. 48 Sromis politikis reformireba............................................. 52 satarifo palatis Seqmna.......................................................... 55 profesiuli kavSirebi 1918-1921 wlebSi: gaficvebi da muSaTa mdgomareoba.............................................................. 61 axali sakanonmdeblo baza........................................................ 81 muSaTa politikuri orientacia – antibolSevikuri ganwyobebi...................................................................................... 84 muSebi respublikis sadarajoze............................................ 87 Sejameba.......................................................................................... 92 ნაწილი II შრომა საქართველოს საბჭოთა სოციალისტურ რესპუბლიკაში Sesavali........................................................................................ 103 pirveli wlebi sabWoTa ekonomikaSi.................................... 105 sabWoTa profkavSirebi........................................................... 110 qalebi axal politikur wesrigSi......................................... 113 stalinizmi da ekonomika......................................................... 115 koleqtivizacia......................................................................... 117 industrializacia.................................................................... 121 represiebi................................................................................... 133 meore msoflio omi................................................................... 136 omis Semdgomi periodi............................................................ 142 meoTxe xuTwledi...................................................................... 144 industriis giganti rusTavi................................................. 145 quTaisis saavtomobilo qarxana........................................... 147 3 poststalinuri periodi da elmavalmSenebeli qarxana... 149 axali sabinao politika........................................................... 153 sanatoriumebi da dasveneba................................................... 156 Crdilovani da meoreuli ekonomika.................................... 159 uZraobis xana da„miwerebi“.................................................... 163 Sroma respublikis sazRvrebs miRma................................... 167 gardaqmnis politika da sabazro ekonomika...................... 170 dasasruli................................................................................... 176 ნაწილი III სახელმწიფოსა და მშრომელებს შორის: საქართველოს პროფესიული კავშირ(ებ)ის ისტორია 1989-2020 savaldebulo erTianoba......................................................... 187 damoukidebeli profkavSiris daarsebis mcdeloba saqarTveloSi............................................................................. 188 pirveli reformebi saqarTvelos damoukidebel profkavSirSi.............................................................................. 194 saqarTvelos damoukidebeli profkavSiris (konfederaciis) yrilobebi................................................... 203 saqarTvelos damoukidebeli profkavSirebis gaerTianebis ZiriTadi gamowvevebi 2000-2004 ww............. 214 Sromis politika„vardebis revoluciamde“..................... 217 Sromis politika da„vardebis revolucia“...................... 225 liberaluri demokratizacia da 2006 wlis reformebi.. 231 Sromis inspeqciis samsaxuri.................................................. 237 sazogadoebis ganwyobebi profkavSirebis mimarT.......... 241 axali damoukidebeli profkavSirebis formireba 2013-2020 ww............................................................ 247 metros(memanqaneTa) profkavSiri –„erToba 2013“........ 249 servisis sferos profkavSiri„solidarobis qseli“ –„Sroma ar aris ioli“.... 253 socialur muSakTa gaerTianeba(2019)................................. 258 aWaris sazogadoebrivi mauwyeblis profkavSiri(2020).... 262 saxelovnebo profesiuli kavSiri„gildia“(2020).......... 265 profkavSirebis axali gaerTianeba da„Rirseuli Sromis platforma“.................................................................. 270 Sejameba........................................................................................ 273 4 winaTqma wignisaTvis „Sromis istoria saqarTveloSi“ bolo ramdenime aTeuli welia saqarTvelos moqalaqeebis mniSvnelovani nawili cdilobs daamtkicos, rom Cveni qveyana evropuli Tanamegobrobis Rirseuli wevris statuss imsaxurebs. samoqalaqo sazogadoebis warmomadgenlebi aRniSnuli miswrafebis dasabuTebis mizniT sxvadasxva arguments iSvelieben. bevrisTvis saqarTvelos evropuli identobis safuZveli dominanti religiaa. saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi evropis sxva saxelmwifoebis msgavsad saqarTvelos RirebulebaTa sistemis qvakuTxedic qristianoba da misi eTikuri standartebi gaxldaT. qarTuli kultura da literatura, socialuri urTierTobebi qristianobis niSniT aris aRbeWdili, rac evropis erebisa da saqarTvelos saerTo gamocdilebaze mianiSnebs. religiuri argumentebis garda, xSirad moismenT msjelobas erTiani warsulisa da istoriis Sesaxeb. saqarTvelo, rogorc evropis nawili, viTardeboda berZnul-romauli samyaros gavleniT, qarTuli feodalizmi Tavisi struqturiTa da SinaarsiT namdvilad enaTesaveboda evropul ierarqiul sistemebs, ganmanaTleblobis ideebmac gvian, magram mainc CamoaRwies kavkasiis regionSi da saqarTvelo maTi dacvis mTavari asparezi gaxldaT, mecxramete saukunis bolos Cvens qveyanaSic gamoCnda urbanizaciisa da 5 industrializaciis niSnebi, rac dasavlur samyarosTan siaxlovis upirobo mtkicebulebas warmoadgenda. maSasadame, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saqarTvelom TiTqmis yvela is istoriuli epoqa gamoiara, romelmac Tanamedrove evropuli Tanamegobrobis arsi ganapiroba. ubralod, Cveni politikur-geografiuli mdebareobisa da geopolitikuri viTarebis gamo ramdenime nabijiT yovelTvis CamovrCebodiT dasavleTis mTavar saxelmwifoebs. modernis xanaSi gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba da funqcia SeiZina Sromam, rogorc socialurma fenomenma. Sromis organizeba da danawileba, Sromis sazogadoebrivi da ekonomikuri daniSnuleba iqca garemoebad, romelsac SeeZlo ganesazRvra konkretuli xalxis evropuli sivrcisadmi mikuTvnebulobis sakiTxi. britaneli sociologis, zigmunt baumanis wignSi „Txevadi modernuloba“ ganxilulia Sromis uaxlesi istoriis is ori ZiriTadi etapi, romlebic meoce saukuneSi dasavlurma samyarom ganvlo. pirveli etapi evropis SromiT urTierTobebSi didi transformaciebis xana gaxldaT, romelmac Sedegad Sromisa da kapitalis axali tipis urTierTdamokidebuleba moitana. „mSromelebi damokidebulni iyvnen damqiraveblebze, raTa sasicocxlo saSualebebi moepovebinaT. kapitali ki damokidebuli iyo daqiravebulebze, raTa zrdisa da ganviTarebisTvis mieRwia. isini erTmaneTs mudmiv misamarTze xvdebodnen, arc erTs 6 SeeZlo am adgilidan gaqceva – masiuri qarxnis kedlebi daxuruli iyo da saerTo cixeSi iWerda orive partniors“(baumani, 2019). amgvarma urTierTdamokidebulebam safuZveli Cauyara socialuri saxelmwifos arsebobas, romlis mTavar miznad kapitalisturi saqmianobis Sedegad warmoqmnili anomaliebis aRmofxvra gamocxadda. socialuri saxelmwifo cdilobda Tavidan aecilebina is socialuri katastrofebi, romelTac SeiZleba safrTxe SeeqmnaT kapitalisa da Sromis aliansisTvis.„meore msoflio omis Semdeg ganviTarebul ekonomikebSi kapitalisturi epoqis Tavdapirveli areuloba Canacvlda Zlieri profkavSirebiT, keTildReobis saxelmwifos garantiebiTa da masStaburi korporaciebiT“(baumani, 2019). aRniSnuli sami instrumentis erTobliobam Seqmna„relatiuri stabilurobis“ era – nebismier msxvil warmoebaSi dasaqmebulma muSam icoda, rom mis samuSao adgils wlobiT ar daemuqreboda safrTxe, gaCnda sayovelTao xelmisawvdomoba ganaTlebaze, jandacvasa Tu sacxovrisze, amuSavda socialuri dacvis sxva meqanizmebi. dasavlur samyaroSi Sromis uaxlesi istoriis ukanaskneli epoqa 1980-ian wlebSi dadga, rodesac nel-nela ZalaSi Sevida„vaSingtonis konsensusis“ 1 Sedegad dadgenili wesrigi da ukiduresad gaaqtiurda ekonomikuri globalizaciis procesi.„vaSingto1 politikuri da ekonomikuri reformebis sarekomendacio paketi, romelic ganviTarebadi da/an krizisSi myofi qveynebisaTvis SeimuSaves vaSingtonSi moqmedma finansurma institutebma – msoflio bankma, saerTaSoriso savaluto fondma da amerikis finansTa saministrom. 7 nis konsensusis“ mTavari sayrdenebi gaxldaT: vaWrobis liberalizacia, adgilobrivi Tu saerTaSoriso bazrebis deregulacia da mTavrobis mier marTuli ekonomikuri aqtivebis agresiuli privatizacia. neoliberaluri reformebis Sedegad globalur CrdiloeTSi tradiciuli kavSiri Sromasa da kapitals Soris dairRva, demokratiuli industriuli sazogadoebis nacvlad daiwyo imgvari socialur-ekonomikuri da politikuri sistemis Camoyalibeba, romelsac germanelma sociologma ulrix bekma„riskebis sazogadoeba“( Risikogesellschaft ) uwoda. es aris sazogadoeba, sadac dasustebuli, samoqmedo berketebisgan gaZarcvuli saxelmwifo veRar axerxebs ekonomikuri globalizaciis Sedegad warmoqmnili politikuri, socialuri da ekologiuri riskebisgan adamianTa jgufebis dazRvevas( Beck , 1986). Sromis deregulirebisa da kapitalis eqsteritoriulobis, mobilobis umaRlesi donis wyalobiT tradiciuli samuSao adgilebi nadgurdeba da„mesame samyaros“ qveynebSi inacvlebs. SromiT urTierTobebSi gansakuTrebul adgils ikavebs droebiTi samsaxuri. adamianebi samuSao adgils sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi saSualod 10-15-jer icvlian, arastabiluroba iwvevs profkavSirebis kriziss da moqalaqes kapitalis winaSe individualurad, martos uwevs moqmedeba. maSasadame, „riskebis sazogadoebaSi“ mSromels ar aqvs garantirebuli sasicocxlo saSualebebi, misi socialur-ekonomikuri poziciebi da uflebebi arakeTilsaimedoa, ganusazRvrelia dasaqmebulis momavali da 8 adamiani, misi sakuTreba, misi socialuri kavSirebi sruliad daucvelia. arc keTildReobis saxelmwifos periodSi da arc „riskebis sazogadoebis“ xanaSi ar arsebobda winapirobebi Sromis im idealis gansaxorcieleblad, romelzec fric Sumaxeri saubrobs Tavis sayovelTaod cnobil wignSi„patara mSvenieria“:„...Sromas sul mcire sami funqcia, sami amocana aqvs:(1) misces adamians Tavisi SesaZleblobebis gamoyenebisa da ganviTarebis Sansi;(2) saerTo saqmeSi Tanamonawileobis gziT misces adamians sakuTari egocentrulobis gadalaxvis saSualeba da(3) Seqmnas Rirseuli cxovrebisTvis aucilebeli saqoneli Tu momsaxureoba“ ( Schumacher , 1973). sainteresoa, hgavs Tu ara saqarTvelos SromiTi urTierTobebis uaxlesi istoria gzas, romelsac bolo 100-150 wlis ganmavlobaSi evropuli saxelmwifoebi adganan; anu SromiTi urTierTobebisa da maTi istoriis TvalsazrisiT miekuTvneba Tu ara saqarTvelo evropas. aRniSnul kiTxvebze pasuxebis moZebnaSi dagvexmareba irakli iremaZis, gabriel CubiniZisa da qeTi sarTanias TanaavtorobiT gamocemuli publikacia „Sromis istoria saqarTveloSi“, romlis momzadeba fridrix ebertis fondisa da„kavkasiuri saxlis“ TanamSromlobis Sedegad moxerxda. wignSi sami erTmaneTisgan sruliad gansxvavebuli periodia aRwerili: Tavdapirvelad, gaecnobiT saqarTvelos demok9 ratiuli respublikis gamocdilebas, romlis mizani gaxldaT Zlieri, keTildReobis saxelmwifosa da Sesabamisi institutebis Camoyalibeba, profkavSiruli moZraobis gaZliereba da agraruli sazogadoebis modernizeba. cxadia, saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis gamocdileba mxolod drois 3-4 wliani monakveTiT ar Semoifargleba. igi aerTianebs mecxramete saukunis miwuruls saqarTveloSi dawyebuli social-demokratiuli moZraobis tradiciebsa da miRwevebsac. waikiTxavT sabWoTa warsulis ucnobi aspeqtebis Sesaxeb. Tanamedrove mkvlevrebi gansakuTrebuli vnebiT ikvleven bolSevikur represiebs, stalinis biografiis saidumloebiT mocul detalebs, disidenturi winaaRmdegobis pirvel nabijebs, magram faqtobrivad yovelTvis aviwydebaT mSromelTa bedis Seswavla, uswrafesi politikuri da ekonomikuri cvlilebebis dros muSaTa klasis mdgomareobis analizi. wignis„Sromis istoria saqarTveloSi“ meore nawili aRniSnuli napralis amovsebas cdilobs da sabWoTa gardaqmnebs mSromelTa perspeqtividan ganixilavs. publikaciis ukanasknel TavSi ki mimoxilulia deindustrializebul sazogadoebaSi prekariatis 1 warmoqmnis xelSemwyobi faqtorebi da warmoCenilia profkavSirebis roli Tu funqcia postsabWoTa transformaciis pirobebSi. vfiqrob, publikacia axalgazrda mecnierebs, is1 socialuri fena, romelsac ar aqvs stabiluri samuSao, cxovrobs siRaribis mudmivi riskis qveS, praqtikulad ar aqvs socialuri pirobebis gaumjobesebisa da SenarCunebis Sansi. 10 torikosebsa da sociologebs axali sakvlevi dargebis aRmoCenaSi daexmareba, risTvisac gansakuTrebul madlierebas gamovxatav avtorebis, redaqtorisa da proeqtis mxardamWerebisadmi. gamoyenebuli literatura: 1. baumani, zigmunt(2019) Txevadi modernuloba ; fridrix ebertis fondis samxreT kavkasiis regionaluri ofisi, Tbilisi. 2. Beck, U.(1986) Risikogesellschaft. Auf dem Weg in eine an dere Moderne. Suhrkamp, Frankfurt am Main. 3. Schumacher, E. F.(1973) Small Is Beautiful: A Study of Eco nomics As If People Mattered, Blond& Briggs. levan lorTqifaniZe politologi, „kavkasiuri saxlis“ gamgeobis Tavmjdomar e 11 oriode sityva„Sromis istoriis“ Sesaxeb winamdebare naSromi istoriulad vrcel periods moicavs – 1870 wlidan vidre dRevandelobamde. igi oTx did epoqas aerTianebs: I. 1870-1917 wlebi; II. 19171921; III. 1921-1980-iani wlebi da IV. postsabWoTa anu damoukidebeli saqarTvelos Tanamedrove 30-wleuli. saintereso retrospeqtivaa. avtorTa amgvari Canafiqris mixedviT Seqmnili winamdebare naSromi mkiTxvels, vinc ar unda iyos igi, saSualebas aZlevs, oTxi sxvadasxva periodisa da realobis Sromis organizacia, formebi da Sedegebi Seadaros erTmaneTs da Sesabamisi daskvnebi gamoitanos. naSromis pirveli nawilis pirveli naxevari SedarebiT ukeT Seswavlili periodia. am xanis Sroma, misi saxeebi da formebi, SeiZleba, erTi terminiT SevafasoT – Sroma da misi Sedegebi iyo eqsploatatoruli. swored Sromis amgvarma eqsploatatorulma da araTanabarma ganawilebam gamoiwvia socialuri revoluciebi, romlebmac sabolood daamxo ruseTis monarqistuli imperia. rac Seexeba saqarTvelos, naSromis pirveli nawilis avtori irakli iremaZe SemTxveviT ar amaxvilebs yuradRebas qarTvel social-demokratebze, romelnic xelmZRvanelobdnen saqarTveloSi revoluciur moZraobas da didi popularobiTac sargeblobdnen qveynis rogorc muSaTa, ise glexur mosaxleobaSi. popularobis mTavari mizezi iyo Sromis organizaciis Zireuli gardaqmnis dapireba, rasac social-demokratebi lobirebdnen. 12 ukve 30 welze metia, rac qarTul istoriografiaSi mimdinareobs saqarTvelos pirveli respublikis istoriis Seswavlis intensiuri procesi. arsebobs naSromebi demokratiuli respublikis politikuri, ekonomikuri, sakanonmdeblo, sameurneo, kulturuli Tu socialuri da sxva mxareebis Sesaxeb. Znelia dasaxeldes romelime iseTi aspeqti, istorikosTa kalami met-naklebad mainc rom ar Sexebodes. magram, miuxedavad demokratiuli respublikis xanmokle arsebobisa, jer kidev aris Temebi, romelnic, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom TiTqmis Seuswavlelia. erT-erTi maTgani aseve daismis winamdebare naSromis pirvel nawilSi – Sromis istoria saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikaSi. metismeti droiTi xanmokleobis gamo 1918-1921 wlebSi TiTqmis veraferi ver moeswro. bolomde vercerTi proeqti ver ganxorcielda. magram uamravi ram ki daiwyo da uamrav saintereso did saqmes, sferos, movlenas Caeyara safuZveli. swored es wamowyebebi gaxldaT pirveli qarTuli respublikis didi damsaxureba. unikalur qarTul demokratiul saxelmwifos Caeyara safuZveli, romelic, arc Tu gadaWarbebuli iqneba, vTqvaT, rom nimuSad gamodgeboda momavali evropisaTvis, dasavleTisaTvis, – amas ucxoelebi ambobdnen da werdnen. pirveli respublikis erT-erTi sayuradRebo wamowyeba gaxldaT Sromis organizacia. swored am problematikas eZRvneba winamdebare naSromis pirveli nawilic, romelic irakli iremaZis avtorobiTaa Sesrulebuli. Cven mxolod naSromis ramdenime Taviseburebas da 13 Rirsebas aRvniSnavT da imasac SevecdebiT, mivaniSnoT mkiTxvels – ratom unda waikiTxos es wigni. jer erTi – bevri paraleli arsebobs maSindel da dRevandel saqarTvelos Soris. dasaqmebis problema da Sromis organizacia winandel da dRevandel viTarebaSi msgavsia. ra gzebiT cdilobdnen maSindeli qarTveli xelisuflebebi – Sromis, dasaqmebisa da anazRaurebis problemebis gadaWras? ra SeiZleba maTi gamocdilebidan gamoiyenos dRevandelma Tu SemdgomSi mosasvlelma qarTulma xelisuflebebma? am kiTxvebze pasuxebis gasacemad winamdebare naSromze ukeTess verafers waikiTxavs dRevandeli mkiTxveli. naSromis pirveli nawili TiTqmis mTlianad eyrdnoba 1918-1921 wlebis istoriis saarqivo da presis masalebs, statistikur monacemebs, mTavrobis, xelisuflebis struqturebis, sazogadoebriv-politikuri organizaciebis, partiebis, samrewvelo sawarmoebisa Tu sameurneo seqtoris maSindel monacemebs, dokumentebs da a. S. naSromidan kargad Cans, rom qarTvelma socialdemokratebma, mas Semdeg, rac isini damoukidebeli saqarTvelos xelisuflebis saTaveSi movidnen, erTgulad gaagrZeles mosaxleobis mSromeli umravlesobis, anu qalaqisa da soflis muSebis(glexobis) interesebis dacva. am sferos calke arsebuli – Sromisa da momaragebis saministro kurirebda. yvelaze didi siaxle gaxldaT Zireuli reformebi, romelnic muSaTa Sromis uflebaTa dacvas emsaxureboda. unikaluri iyo muSaTa dacva mrewvelTa 14 mxridan nebismieri normis gadaxvevisagan – avadmyofobis, moxucebulobis, ganTavisuflebis SemTxvevaSi. saxelganTqmuli germaneli politikuri Teoretikosis, karl kauckis yuradReba miipyro da mis mier evropuli kanonmdeblobisaTvis sanimuSod iqna miCneuli saqarTveloSi Seqmnili e. w. satarifo palatis instituti. yuradReba mivaqcioT Cvenc, Tanamedroveebma, ra Sedioda satarifo palatis funqciebSi: muSaTa bazris mdgomareobisa da xelfasebis Seswavla; muSaTa moTxovnebis, maTi koleqtiuri xelSekrulebebis, sacxovrebeli minimumis garkveva; Sromis normebis dadgena da gamomuSavebis normalizacia; fasebis gaZvirebasTan brZola da sxva uamravi detali. isic sainteresoa, rom TviT palata paritetuli warmomadgenlobiT irCeoda. Cven aRar moviyvanT kauckis sityvebs satarifo palatis Sesaxeb, romelsac imowmebs naSromis am nawilis avtori irakli iremaZe. naSromis amave nawilSi ganxilulia agreTve pirveli respublikis dros arsebuli Sromis kanonmdebloba, profkavSirebis da sxva sakiTxebi. calke saubris Temaa saqarTvelos muSuri mosaxleobis didi erTguleba social-demokratiuli partiisa da xelisuflebisadmi. Sromis organizacia sabWoTa saqarTveloSi warmoCenilia naSromis meore nawilSi, romlis avtoria gabriel CubiniZe. avtori xazs usvams, rom sabWoTa xanaSi Sroma gaxda saxelmwifos mxridan muSebisa da, zogadad, mSromeli mosaxleobis represiebis gziT damorCilebis iaraRi. muSa gaxda„SromiTi eqsplu15 ataciis“ subieqti. Tumca g. CubiniZe im garemoebasac aRniSnavs, rom amgvarma represiulma politikam„arnaxuli ekonomikuri zrda“ gamoiwvia sabWoTa saxelmwifosa da saqarTveloSi:„aigo uamravi qarxana-fabrika da TiTqmis arafrisgan Seiqmna mravali industriuli dargi da mimarTuleba“. yovelive zemoTqmulis fonze, cxadia, sainteresoa Sromis organizaciis iseTi sfero, rogoricaa profesiuli kavSirebis roli da mdgomareoba Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi. Tumca suraTi, romelsac mesame nawilis avtori qeTevan sarTania warmogvidgens, araa sanugeSo da saxarbielo. avtoris daskvna dRevandeli profkavSiruli realobis amsaxvelia da damafiqrebelia. mkiTxvelis winaSea metad saintereso koleqtiuri naSromi. gavimeorebT, mas saSualeba eZleva, erTi Tvalis gadavlebiT Seadaros oTxi didi epoqis Sromis organizaciis istoria da saTanado daskvnebi gamoitanos, rogorc dRevandeli saqarTvelos moqalaqem. am mxriv winamdebare kvleva erTairad aqtualuria rogorc samecniero, ise socialur-politikuri TvalsazrisiT. dimitri SveliZe istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori, ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti 16 ნაწილი I შრომის ისტორია 1870 წლიდან 1921 წლამდე ირაკლი ირემაძე Sromis politika da mSromelebi 1870-1905 wlebSi 1897 wlis sayovelTao aRweris Tanaxmad, ruseTis mosaxleobis 17% anu 22 milioni adamiani msubuq da mZime samrewvelo SromaSi iyo CarTuli 1 . Tumca amave dros saqarTveloSi araTu 1897 wels, aramed 20 wlis Semdeg, 1917 welsac ki samrewvelo seqtorSi moqalaqeebis 10 procentic ki ar monawileobda. igive maCvenebeli imperiis dasavleT nawilSi saqarTvelosTan SedarebiT 3-4-jer ufro maRali iyo 2 . 1870-1880-ian wlebamde, amierkavkasiaSi rkinigzis gayvanamde, saqarTveloSi industriuli dawesebulebebi da saSualo moculebis sawarmoebi, faqtobrivad, ar arsebobda. rkinigzis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis samxedro ministri da XIX saukunis socialuri istoriis mkvlevari grigol giorgaZe werda: „axalma mimosvlis saSualebebma SesaZlebeli gaxades aReb-micemobis da mrewvelobis ganviTareba da, amasTan dakavSirebiT ekonomiurad da politikuradac gaaerTianes saqarTvelo. rom davafasoT am faqtoris gavlena cxovrebaze, saWiroa gaviTvaliswinoT is mimosvlis saSualebani, romelnic Sescvala rkinis gzam. rkinis gzebis gayvanamde saqarTvelo warmoadgenda TavisTavad da 1 grigol giorgaZe, sazogadoebrivi urTierToba saqarTveloSi 1864-1905, Tbilisi, saxelgami, 1928, gv. 107 2 konstantine kandelaki, saqarTvelos erovnuli meurneoba, wigni meore, damoukidebeli saqarTvelo: misi socialuri da ekonomiuri mdgomareoba, parizi, Institute for the study of the USSR, Paris, 1950, gv. 87 19 SigniTac mimosvlis mxriT karCaketil qveyanas. cxeni da uremi iyo erTad-erTi mimosvlis saSualeba, xolo qaravnebi savaWro transporti“ 1 . industrializaciis ganviTarebas xeli Seuwyo dasavleT da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos damakavSirebeli rkinigzis gayvanam. rkinigzam gaamartiva mobiloba regionebs Soris, aTi aTasobiT moqalaqe soflebidan qalaqad gadacxovrda da proletarul samuSaoebSi CaerTo. 1886 wels Tbilisis mosaxleoba daaxloebiT 78 aTas kacs Seadgenda, 1897 wlis sayovelTao aRweris mixedviT ki amierkavkasiis administraciul centrSi ukve 160 aTasi kaci cxovrobda. amave periodSi quTaisis mosaxleoba 22 aTasidan 32 aTasamade gaizarda, baTumisa – 14 803-dan 28 000-mde 2 . 1886 wels qalaqad cxovrobda mosaxleobis 11.5%, 1897 wels ki – 15.5% 3 . 1870-ian wlebamde saqarTveloSi samrewvelo dawesebulebebi, faqtobrivad, primitiul doneze idga da maT mier warmoebuli produqciis Rirebulebac mizeruli iyo. 1860-ian wlebSi TbilisSi funqcionirebda orTqlis Zravaze momuSave 1 sadurglo, romelic wliurad 15 000 maneTis Rirebulebis produqcias awarmoebda, aseve funqcionirebda spilenZis WurWlis qarxana, romlis mier warmoebuli produqciis Rirebuleba mxolod 4 500 maneTs aRwevda. aqve iyo ludis 1 qarxana, romelic aseve 4 500 maneTis 1 grigol giorgaZe, sazogadoebrivi urTierToba saqarTveloSi 1864-1905, Tbilisi, saxelgami, 1928, gv. 113 2 iqve, gv. 152 3 iqve, gv. 153 20 luds awarmoebda. kavkasiis centrSi moqmedebda tyavis 10 sawarmo, romelTa mier wliurad warmoebuli produqciis Rirebuleba 60 000 maneTs Zlivs aRwevda, sapnis 8 qarxana jamurad 17 000 maneTis produqcias uSvebda bazarze gasayidad. TbilisSi moqmedi aguris 60 qarxana jamSi 228 000 maneTis samSeneblo masalas awarmoebda, Tambaqos 7 qarxana ki 21 000 maneTis produqcias amzadebda 1 . jamSi Tbilisis sawarmoebi naxevari milioni maneTis samrewvelo produqciasac ki ver awarmoebdnen. kidev ufro dabali maCvenebeli hqonda sxva qalaqebs, magaliTad, gorSi sul 13 saamqro moqmedebda: zeTis, Tixis WurWlis, saRebavebisa da aguris, romlebic saerTo jamSi wliurad 2 250 maneTis nawarms Zlivs uSvebda. pirveli didi sawarmo TbilisSi 1865 wels gaixsna Zmebi mirzoevebis mier. sawarmo specializebuli iyo bambis gadamuSavebaze. sawarmoSi, ZiriTadad, ymobisagan axlad ganTavisuflebuli glexebi dasaqmdnen. rogorc sxvadasxva wyarodan zustdeba, sawarmoSi mZime SromiTi pirobebi iyo, ris gamoc 1872 da 1875 wlebSi muSaTa gaficvebic moewyo 2 . gaficva, faqtobrivad, dagmo im periodSi gamorCeulma qarTulma Jurnalma„iveriam“ – „sasurveli ki iyo, rom CvenSi am pirvel dawyebul saqmes fexi moekidna, mtkiced Tavi Seemagrebia Cveni qveynis simdidris aqve dasatrialeblad da sazogadod qveynis gasamdidreblad. imedi gvqonda, rom Cvens fulian kacs gabriel minaiCs 1 grigol giorgaZe, sazogadoebrivi urTierToba saqarTveloSi 1864-1905, Tbilisi, saxelgami, 1928, gv. 129-130 2 iqve, gv. 130 21 sxva fulis patronebic mihbaZavdnen da sxva da sxva qarxnebi gaimarTeboda, magram mis(gaficvis) mnaxveli, sxvebi uamisodac gaubedavi ZnelaT Tu amas iqiT rames am gvars gabedaven“ 1 . mirzoevebis sawarmoSi ganxorcielebuli gaficvebis Semdeg, 1878 wels, gaificnen germaneli komersantis, zaiceris fabrikis muSebi, romlebic aprotestebdnen damsaqmeblis mier samuSao xangrZlivobis 14 saaTidan 17 saaTamde TviTneburad gazrdas. sabolood, gaficvis masStaburobidan gamomdinare, zaicerma gaiTvaliswina muSaTa moTxovnebi da 14-saaTiani samuSao dRis xangrZlivoba daabruna. zogadad, 14-16-saaTiani samuSao dro 1880-iani wlebis dasawyisisaTvis Cveuli tendencia iyo. Semdegi masStaburi gaficva Sedga 1880 wels ukve amierkavkasiis rkinigzis mTavar saxelosnoSi. aqac muSebi samuSao saaTebis Semcirebas da samuSao pirobebis gaumjobesebas cdilobdnen. sabolood, es gaficva uSedegod dasrulda. 1889 wels rkinigzis mTavar saxelosnoSi gaficva kvlav ganmeorda. amave wels gaficva moewyo baTumSi, nobelebis navTobgadamamuSavebel qarxanaSi. Tumca es gaficvebi ar iyo masStaburi da maT raime Sedegi ar gamouRia 2 . bunebrivi resursebis pirveli SedarebiT masStaburi mopovebiTi saqmianoba 1820-ian wlebSi Tbilisis guberniis borCalos mazraSi, Cataxsa da alaverdSi daiwyo Tujisa da spilenZis sabadoebze. 1 grigol giorgaZe, sazogadoebrivi urTierToba saqarTveloSi 1864-1905, Tbilisi, saxelgami, 1928, gv. 131 2 iqve, gv. 493-494 22 mopovebiTi samuSaoebi CataxSi sul 2 wels gagrZelda, xolo alaverdis spilenZis sabadoebi da qarxana dResac aqtiuria somxeTis respublikaSi. 1873 wels, saimperio xelisuflebis mier gamoqveynebuli statistikis mixedviT, Tbilisis guberniaSi sul 2 320 muSa iricxeboda, 1887 wels ki – 6 107. 1887 wels quTaisis guberniaSi 6 208 muSa iTvleboda, ZiriTadad, baTumsa da WiaTuraSi. 1894 wels Tbilisis guberniaSi muSaTa raodenoba 1887 wlis monacemebTan SedarebiT gaormagda da 12 500 kaci Seadgina, amaTgan 4 000 amierkavkasiis rkinigzis mTavar saxelosnoSi iyo dasaqmebuli. 1892 wels quTaisis guberniaSi 10 328 muSa iricxeboda, 1899 wels ki – 14 335 1 . quTaisis guberniaSi muSaTa koncentraciis xuTi ZiriTadi areali iyo: baTumisa da foTis navsadgurebi, baTumis navTobgadamamuSavebeli da navTobis WurWlis damamzadebeli qarxnebi, WiaTurisa da tyibulis maRaroebi; asobiT muSa iyo dasaqmebuli arTvinis olqSi arsebul ZanZulis spilenZis sabadosa da qarxanaSic. 1886 wels Tbilisis guberniaSi 253 wvrili fabrika-qarxana funqcionirebda, romlebic saSualod 15 muSas asaqmebda(jamSi daaxloebiT 3 800 muSas). fabrikebis mier warmoebuli produqcia wliurad saSualod 4.7 milioni maneTis Rirebulebisa iyo 2 . sawarmoo dargebs Soris yvelaze meti Rirebulebis – 930 000 maneTis – produqcias 12 tyavis qarxana awarmoeb1 grigol giorgaZe, sazogadoebrivi urTierToba saqarTveloSi 1864-1905, Tbilisi, saxelgami, 1928, gv. 179 2 iqve, gv. 132 23 da. tyavis qarxnebSi 646 muSa iyo dasaqmebuli. mniSvnelovani iyo Tambaqos 8 qarxana 619 muSiTa da 670 000 maneTis produqciiT. mesame adgilze CiTeulis mwarmoebeli erTaderTi qarxana idga, romelSic, yvelaze meti, 380 muSa muSaobda. qarxana naxevari milioni maneTis produqcias awarmoebda. rkinigzis Spalebis damamzadebeli 1 qarxana 60 muSas asaqmebda da 375 000 maneTis produqcias uSvebda. Tbilisis guberniaSi 10 xe-tyis gadamamuSavebeli qarxana muSaobda 161 muSiT, maT mier warmoebuli produqciis Rirebuleba 247 000 maneTs udrida. germanelebis mier daarsebuli 5 ludis qarxana 239 000 maneTis luds awarmoebda. yvelaze didi raodenobisa ki xilis aryis miniqarxnebi funqcionirebda – 72, Tumca maTSi sul 289 muSa iyo dasaqmebuli da produqciis Rirebulebac 44 600 maneTs ar aRemateboda 1 . oficialuri statistikiT, 1885 wels Tfilisis guberniaSi moqmedi fabrika-qarxnebis mier warmoebuli produqciis mTliani Rirebuleba 3.5 milion maneTs udrida, 1886 wels – 4.7-s, 1887 wels – 5 milions. igive maCvenebeli iyo 1888 wels, xolo 1889 wels 20%-iani vardna dafiqsirda da nawarmis Rirebulebam 4 milioni Seadgina 2 . aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi moqmedi qarxnebis didi nawili erovnebiT somex komersantebs ekuTvnoda, mcire nawili ki – rus, qarTvel da germanel mewarmeebs. 1893-1896 wlebSi saqarTveloSi aRricxuli iyo 1 grigol giorgaZe, sazogadoebrivi urTierToba saqarTveloSi 1864-1905, Tbilisi, saxelgami, 1928, gv. 133-134 2 iqve, gv. 134 24 27 695 xelosani – mosaxleobis 1.35% 1 . 1902 wels TbilisSi yvelaze meti – 3 000-mde muSa – iyo dasaqmebuli rkinigzis mTavar saxelosnoSi(1884 wlidan moyolebuli Tbilisis saxelosnoSi dasaqmebulTa raodenoba Semcirda, radganac muSebi sarkinigzo sakvanZo qalaqebSi – xaSurSi, yvirilasa da samtrediaSi – gadaanawiles). bozarjiancis Tambaqos qarxana asaqmebda 260 adamians, 249 kaci muSaobda Tambaqos qarxana„mir“-Si, xolo 136 – safarovis Tambaqos qarxanaSi. 254 adamiani muSaobda efianjiancis fabrikaSi, adelxanovis tyavis qarxnebsa da qarvaslebSi ki 300-ze meti muSa iyo dasaqmebuli. TbilisSi aTamde stamba moqmedebda, romlebSic 500-ze meti muSa iyo dasaqmebuli. 1902 wels baTumis portsa da navTobqarxnebSi 6 500-mde muSa iyo dasaqmebuli 2 . tyibulSi, imereTis guberniaSi, 1840-iani wlebidan daiwyo qvanaxSiris mopoveba – ZiriTadad, naxevrad kustaruli gziT. 1871 wlidan komersantma novosolicevma misca tyibulis qvanaxSiris warmoebas samrewvelo forma. 1886 wels niko nikolaZis iniciativiT quTaisidan tyibulSi rkinigzis gayvanam ufro metad ganaviTara qalaqis samrewvelo potenciali: 1880 welTan SedarebiT 1900 wels tyibulis qvanaxSiris warmoeba 13-jer iyo gazrdili 3 . 1882 wels baTumSi pirveli didi qarxana gaixsna, romelic navTobisaTvis Tunuqis patara avzebs amza1 grigol giorgaZe, sazogadoebrivi urTierToba saqarTveloSi 1864-1905, Tbilisi, saxelgami, 1928, gv. 126 2 iqve, gv. 180-181 3 iqve, gv. 137-138 25 debda. warmoebis wamomwyebi palaSovski iyo, romelic male cnobilma komersantma rotSildma Caanacvla. 1884 wels amuSavda germaneli komersantis, rixteris Tunuqis qarxana, 1886 wels ki cnobilma Tbiliselma komersantma manTaSevma gaxsna baTumSi navTobis gadamamuSavebeli qarxana. 1890 wels qalaqSi ukve 10 didi qarxana muSaobda, romelTa mier warmoebuli navTis, misi Casasxmeli Tunuqisa da xis yuTebis Rirebuleba 26 600 000 maneTs aRemateboda. 1990 wlisaTvis baTumSi iseTi didi komersantebi moqmedebdnen, rogorebic iyvnen rotSildebisa da nobelebis ojaxebi. baqos navTobis tranzitis gamo baTumSi namdvili komerciuli bumi idga, baTumis portSi moZravi saqonlis Rirebuleba ki wliurad 90 milion maneTs aRemateboda. baTumi daifara navTobis rezervuarebiT, qalaqi 18 didi kompaniis saqmianobis arealad iqca 1 . qalaqSi dasaqmebul muSaTa raodenoba mudmivad icvleboda, pikis dros maTi raodenoba 7 000 adamians aRemateboda. 1879 wels quTaisis guberniaSi, WiaTuraSi daiwyo madnebidan Savi qvis – igive manganumis amoReba. warmoebis dawyebis ideis avtori akaki wereTeli iyo, romlis ideebsac Tavdapirvelad misive axloblebi da ojaxis wevrebic ki dascinodnen. 1880-ian wlebSi, evropaSi mZime metalurgiuli industriis tempebis zrdis fonze, WiaTuris manganumisadmi interesi araerT evropul firmas gauCnda. maleve WiaTuraSi germanuli, franguli da italiuri kompaniebi gamoCnd1 grigol giorgaZe, sazogadoebrivi urTierToba saqarTveloSi 1864-1905, Tbilisi, saxelgami, 1928, gv. 142-144 26 nen. WiaTuraSi warmoebis tempi, 1884-1888 wlebTan SedarebiT, 1904-1908 wlebSi daaxloebiT 15-jer gaizarda, 1900 wlisTvis WiaTuraSi 3 700-ze meti muSa iyo dasaqmebuli 1 . muSaTa mdgomareoba 1890-iani wlebis bolosac ki umZimesi iyo. Tavad quTaisis general-gubernatoric werda muSaTa mZime mdgomareobis Sesaxeb Tavis saidumlo moxsenebebSi – „samwuxarod unda aRvniSno, rom baTumis mwarmoeblebi ar iCenen araviTar survils ramdenimeT mainc gaaumjobeson muSebis mdgomareoba. muSebs ar aqvT saeqimo daxmareba; mxolod zog qarxanaSi kviraSi erTxel Camoivlis eqimi. muSebis daqiravebis vada erTi kviraa, Tumca muSebis umetesoba ramdenime weliwads muSaobs qarxanaSi. muSaobis pirobebi Zlier antihigienuria. saWmel-sasmeli Zviri da ara noyieria. im muSebis mdgomareoba romelnic qarxnis gareT muSaoben, kide uaresia. ase„manTaSeis“ da„kaspiis Savi zRvis sazogadoeba“-Si. sxva qarxnebSi mdgomareoba ufro cudia. patara qarxnebSi muSebi cxovroben im civ xis sardafebSi, sadac manqanebia moTavsebuli. saeqimo daxmareba araviTari ar aqvT“ 2 . kidev ufro rTuli iyo WiaTureli maRaroebis mdgomareoba, ris Sesaxebac grigol giorgaZe Tavis naSromSi muSa ladime Todrias mogonebebiT mogviTxrobs: „maRaros muSebis da agreTve gadmomzidveli Calvardebis muSaobis dro gansazRvruli ar iyo, 1 grigol giorgaZe, sazogadoebrivi urTierToba saqarTveloSi 1864-1905, Tbilisi, saxelgami, 1928, gv. 146-148 2 iqve, gv. 182 27 muSaoba grZeldeboda 16-18 saaTs dReSi. erTi kubi saJeni marganecis damuSavebaSi e. i. moTxra, gadmozidva, gawmenda da garecxva, muSas eZleoda 25-30 maneTamde. mere ar ikiTxavT, rogori saJeni unda yofiliyo? iqauri joxisagan gamoWrili arSini Seicavda 22 verSoks(„arsenas arSini“). aseTi arSiniT izomeboda iqauri saJeni, romelic sinamdvileSi iyo saJen-naxevari, TviTeul muSas dRiuraT 18 saaTis muSaobiT ujdeboda eqvsi Sauri an ara umetes ori abazisa“ 1 . WiaTuris maRaroebSi arsebul mZime mdgomareobas detalurad aRwers muSa valiko CubiniZe – „1903 wels, roca WiaTuris yvela madnis muSam da Calvadarmac did gaficvaSi monawileoba miiRo, dairazma, sasworebi dawva, kantorebic milew-molewa da moiTxova:„1. yvela dawesebulebebSi iyos SemoRebuli rva saaTis samuSao dRe; 2. aikrZalos Tvramet wlamdis mozrdilebis muSaoba Savi qvis warmoebaSi; 3. moispos yovelive„skidka“ da wona srulad iqnes Cawerili saangariSo wignakebSi da girvanqebic ki Caiwereso; 4. moispos yovelgvari nardi muSaoba da iqnes SemoRebuli dRiuri sadac nardiT muSaoben; 5. dRiuri qiris „minimumi“ anu ukanaskneli qira ar unda davides qvemod naCveneb ricxvze: a) yelismWrelTaTvis ori maneTi, b) gamomtanTaTvis(metaWkeebi) maneT naxevari, g) garCevisaTvis anu gareT momuSaveT erTi maneTi, d) damtvirTvelebisaTvis ori maneTi, anu TiTo vagonis datvirTvaSi; daxurulisa ori maneTi, dauxuravisa 1 1 grigol giorgaZe, sazogadoebrivi urTierToba saqarTveloSi 1864-1905, Tbilisi, saxelgami, 1928, gv. 183 28 man. da 20 kap., dauxuravisaTvis rodesac taWkiT amseben 1 man da 50 kap.; 2) mandnebidan erTi fuTi qvis Camotana sasyidlaT ar unda davides 2 kapeiks qveviT. 6) uqme dReobiT muSaobaSi unda eZleodes dRe naxevaris qira: a) zedmeti muSaobisaTvis saaTSi unda eZleodes saaTnaxevris qira. 7) madnebSi janmrTeli sadgomebis aSeneba iaf-fasiani sasadiloebiT da samkiTxvelo sakvirao SkoliT, sadgomebis ricxvi savsebiT unda akmayofilebdes moTxovnilebas, e.i. mTlad itevdes im momuSaveebs. 8) Tavlebisa da maT siaxloves CalandrebisaTvis higienuri sadgomebis aSeneba. 9) saWiro samuSao iaraRi unda iyos warmoebisa da rodesac SekeTeba dasWirdeba mwarmoeblebma unda SeakeTos Tavis xarji. 10) mkacri yuradReba iqnes miqceuli mTavrobisagan tunelebis garigebaze. 11) tunelSi saukeTeso sistemis lampebi iqnes SemoRebuli, rom isedac daxSul haers ar axSobden myrali mbolavi lampebiT. 12) yvela Savi qvis momuSaves mogveces qudi, tanTsacmeli da fexT-sacmeli mwarmoeblebisagan. 13) namuSevari fuli mogveces SabaTobiT da isic samuSao drois angariSiT, e. i. ara ugvianes saRamos xuTi saaTisa. 14) dazRveul iqnes muSebi, Calandrebi da sxva. 15) madnebis maxloblaT gayvanili iqnes sufTa sasmeli wyali. 16) moispos sasyideli abanoTi sargeblobaze muSebisTvis da gaixsnas erTi abanoc WiaTuraSi. 17) sastiki yuradReba iqnes miqceuli saavaTmyofoze da dauyovnebliv iqnes gamocvlili eqimi da smotriteli, rogorc ara aRmasrulebeli Tavisi movaleobisa da udierad mompyrobni avaTmyofebTan. 29 18) agreTve sastiki yuradReba iqnes miqceuli abanoze, rom daniSnul droze mainc muSaobdes da rigze qondes, rogorc civi, agreTve cxeli wyali. 19) daniSnul iqnes gansakuTrebiT WiaTuris raionSi safabriko inspeqtori“ 1 . gaficvis Semdeg gaixsna iafiani sasadilo da gaumjobesda abanos pirobebi, aseve mcirediT gaumjobesda samuSao pirobebi, sxva mxriv ki TiTqmis yvelaferi ucvlelad darCa. amierkavkasiis rkinigzaSi, romelic yvelaze met muSas asaqmebda im droisTvis, aseve mZime samuSao pirobebi iyo. 1898 wlis dekemberSi rkinigzis mTavar saxelosnoSi muSaTa didi gaficva daiwyo. grigol giorgaZe 1898 wlis gaficvis Sesaxeb werda – „sanam amier. – kavkasiis rkinis gza imyofeboda kerZo sazogadoebis xelSi, muSa-xelosnebi imyofeboden ukeTes pirobebSi xelfasis mxriT. 1898 wels mTavrobam, romlis xelSi am dros imyofeboda aRniSnuli rkinis gza, mospo is SeRavaTebi da daxmareba, romelsac rkini gzis muSa xelosnebi iRebdnen“ 2 . 14 dekembers daiwyo gaficva, masSi monawileoba muSaTa 80%-ze metma miiRo. 16 dekembers policiam daapatimra rkinigzis mTavar saxelosnoSi momuSave 76 adamiani. xelisuflebam ki muSebs gaficvis Sesawyvetad dro 21 dekembramde misca. gaficuli muSebi iZulebuli gaxdnen, gaficva SeewyvitaT, rkinigzis sammarTvelos ufrosi inJineri vedeneevi ewinaaRmdegeboda gaficulTaT1 valiko CubiniZe, mogoneba 1905 wlidan 1921 wlis 15 martamde, parizi, 1938, gv. 9-10 2 grigol giorgaZe, TviTmpyrobeloba da revolucia: sabuTebi revoliucionur moZraobis istoriisTvis saqarTveloSi 18701902, Tbilisi, saxelgami, 1929, gv. 130 30 vis ganacduri dReebis anazRaurebas 1 . sabolood, depodan dakavebul muSebTan erTad gaficvis meTauri 19 muSac daiTxoves 2 . 1900 wels social-demokratTa organizebiT gaficva moawyves rkinigzis muSebma. wamoayenes moTxovnebic – a) xelfasebis gazrda 30-50%-iT, b) zeganakveTuri samuSaos mospoba, g) xelfasebis kviraSi orjer darigeba, d) adamianuri da zrdilobiani mopyroba, e) higienuri pirobebis gaumjobeseba 3 . saxelosnom moTxovnaTa udidesi nawili ar gaiziara. gaficva 1900 wlis pirvel agvistos daiwyo, Tumca mzadeba ivlisis TveSi aqtiurad mimdinareobda. mzadebis procesSive Tbilisis guberniis policiam da rkinigzis Jandarmeriam 68 muSa da zeinkali daapatimra, ZiriTadad, politikurad aqtiurebi 4 . 1900 wlis 3 agvistos rkinigzis saxelosnoSi momuSave 2 265 muSidan samuSao adgilze mxolod 257 gamocxadda 5 . gaficulebma 1904 wlis 4 agvistos TavianTi moTxovnebi ufro mkafiod da punqtobrivad waradgines: „1. saRamoobiT zedmeti muSaobis mospoba rac Teoriuladac miRebulia(10 saaTiani samuSao dro), 2. dRiuri xelfasis momateba: vinc 1 maneTamde iRebs 50%-iT, vinc 1 grigol giorgaZe, TviTmpyrobeloba da revolucia: sabuTebi revoliucionur moZraobis istoriisTvis saqarTveloSi 18701902, Tbilisi, saxelgami, 1929, gv. 142-143 2 iqve, gv. 147 3 grigol giorgaZe, sazogadoebrivi urTierToba saqarTveloSi 1864-1905, Tbilisi, saxelgami, 1928, gv. 183 4 grigol giorgaZe, TviTmpyrobeloba da revolucia: sabuTebi revoliucionur moZraobis istoriisTvis saqarTveloSi 18701902, Tbilisi, saxelgami, 1929, gv. 161-162 5 iqve, gv. 166 31 1 maneTze mets iRebs – 30%-iT. 3) saakordo muSaobisaTvis xelfasis momateba, dRiuri xelfasis proporciulad gadidebis mixedviT. 4) erTi dRidan sam dRemde muSaobis gamotovisaTvis dajarimebis mospoba. 5) TveSi orjer samuSao tanisamosis micema. 6) ufros xelosnebs da brigadirebs usaTuod aekrZalos muSebisadmi uxeSi mopyroba. 7) muSaobis dros gigienur-pirobebis dacva. 8) am Cven moTxovnilebebze pasuxis gamocxadeba muSaTa raionebSi. 9) dapatimrebul amxanagebis gaTavisufleba“ 1 . moTxovnebis sapasuxod Jandarmeriam muSebis masobrivi dapatimreba daiwyo. 16 agvistos gaficvebis 16 aqtiuri monawile daakaves, 37 muSa gaasamarTles, gaficvis moTxovnebidan ki mxolod mciredi daakmayofiles. ruseTis imperiaSi 1903 wlamde Sromis regulirebis 7 kanoni iqna miRebuli: 1882 wels mcirewlovanTa (12 wlamde) Sroma aikrZala, 1885 wlis kanoniT – qalebisa da bavSvebis muSaoba RamiT, 1890 wels mcirewlovnebisa da qalTa Sromis pirobebis gaumjobesebisaTvis miiRes axali kanoni, 1897 wels samuSao saaTebis xangrZlivobis Sesaxeb dazustda kanoni, 1903 wels ki ori kanoni miiRes Sromis adgilze dazianebis SemTxvevaSi kompensaciebis gacemis Sesaxeb. es kanonebi aregulirebda normebs, 12-15 wlis mozardebisaTvis maqsimaluri samuSaos xangrZlivoba unda yofiliyo 8 saaTi. Tumca Semdeg wlebSi gamonaklisis saxiT 1 grigol giorgaZe, TviTmpyrobeloba da revolucia: sabuTebi revoliucionur moZraobis istoriisTvis saqarTveloSi 1870-1902, Tbilisi, saxelgami, 1929, gv. 67 32 gamocemuli dekretebis xarjze mrewvelebi 10 wlidan asaqmebdnen bavSvebs, amuSavebdnen RamiT 4 saaTs, xolo dRisiT, 8 saaTis nacvlad, amuSavebdnen 9 saaTs. fabrika-qarxnebSi saSualod 11.5 saaTs muSaobdnen, xSirad uqme dReebsac ar asvenebdnen. 1903 wlis kanonebic sabolood daredaqtirda da amieridan Sromis adgilze travmis Sedegad Sromis unaris dakargvis SemTxvevaSi muSa kompensaciad xelfasis 1/3-s an 2/3-s iRebda 1 . kanoni adgenda gamonaklisebsac: is ar vrceldeboda mSeneblobebze, soflis meurneobaze, rkinigzasa da xelosnobaze. sawarmoo travmebis udidesi nawili ki rkinigzaze modioda 2 . social-demokratebi da saqarTvelos muSaTa klasi 1890-1900-ian wlebSi baTumSi, WiaTurasa da TbilisSi gaficuli muSebi xelisuflebasTan erTad social-demokratebs mimarTavdnen daxmarebisaTvis. xSirad gaficvebi Tavad partiis mier iyo inspirirebuli. qarTuli social-demokratiuli moZraoba 1892 wels daibada, sawyis etapze is axalgazrda inteleqtualebis patara wres ar gascdenia. social-demokratiisaTvis samizne socialuri jgufebi – muSebi – imxanad isedac SezRuduli raodenobiT 1 grigol giorgaZe, sazogadoebrivi urTierToba saqarTveloSi 1864-1905, Tbilisi, saxelgami, 1928, gv. 188-189 2 iqve, gv. 190 33 iyvnen saqarTveloSi. amas emateboda saimperio reJimis mier mudmivi meTvalyureoba da devna. Tavad social-demokratebsac ar gaaCndaT muSebTan komunikaciis gamocdileba da social-demokratiisa da muSaTa urTierTobis Sesaxeb bevri ram mxolod Teoriul doneze gaegoT. mxolod 1890-iani wlebis Sua periodidan moaxerxes social-demokratebma muSaTa Soris partiuli organizaciebis formireba. Tavdapirvelad amgvari organizaciebi Seiqmna TbilisSi, rkinigzis mTavar saxelosnoSi, Tambaqosa da tyavis fabrikebSi. am droisTvis social-demokratebi cdilobdnen, muSebisaTvis eswavlebinaT wera-kiTxva da gaecnoT maTTvis marqsisa da lasalis ideebi 1 . baTumSi sawarmoo dawesebulebebSi social-demokratiuli organizaciebis Seqmna partiis or damfuZnebels, nikoloz CxeiZesa da isidore ramiSvils daevala, romlebmac warmatebiT gaarTves Tavi saqmes. baTumis social-demokratiuli organizaciebi muSaTa Soris didi gavleniT sargeblobda da mudam gaficvebis avangardSi idga. social-demokratebi saukunis miwurulidan moyolebuli uwevdnen organizebas 1-eli maisis dResaswaulsac. maT mier organizebuli muSaTa gaficvebi drodadro iCenda Tavs 1900 wlis Semdegac. 1902 wels baTumSi navTobgadamamuSavebel da navTobis Camosasxmeli WurWlis qarxnebSi dawyebuli gaficvebi muSebisTvis mZimed dasrulda – baTumis olqis 1 zaqaria CiCua(Semdgeneli), saqarTvelos social-demokratiul muSaTa partiis mokle istoria. parizi, saqarTvelos s.dem, m. p. sazRv.-gar. biuros gamomcemloba, 1933, gv. 12-13 34 general-gubernatorma aTasobiT muSa gaaZeva qalaqidan, maTi absoluturi umravlesoba guriis soflebidan iyo. baTumidan gaZevebuli muSebi 1902-1905 wlebSi guriaSi mimdinare revoluciuri moZraobis avangardSi aRmoCndnen social-demokrat maswavleblebsa da glexebTan erTad. saqarTvelos muSaTa klasi 1905 wlis revoluciuri moZraobis saTaveSi moeqca TbilisSi, baTumSi, WiaTurasa da guriaSi. TbilisSi muSebma udidesi gavlena moipoves, gansakuTrebiT, kavkasiis centrSi somxur-azerbaijanuli samoqalaqo dapirispirebis Cacxrobis Semdeg. muSebma social-demokratTa meTaurobiT moaxerxes sisxliani dapirispirebebis aRkveTa. Tumca 1906-1907 wlebSi revoluciuri moZraoba damarcxda, aTobiT muSa-revolucioneri represiebis qveS aRmoCnda, maTi sakmao nawili gadaasaxles kidec ruseTis imperiis aRmosavleT provinciebSi. revoluciuri procesebis Semdeg, 1905 wlis Semodgomaze imperatorma nikoloz meorem gamosca araerTi dekreti, romlebiTac moqalaqeebs samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebi gaufarTovdaT. maT Soris iyo dekretebis seria, romliTac moqalaqeebs SeeZloT profesiuli, politikuri da, zogadad, sazogadoebrivi organizaciebis Seqmna. 1905 wlidan SemoRebul iqna imperiis umaRlesi warmomadgenlobiTi organo – saxelmwifo saTaTbiro –„duma“. 1906 wlidan muSebma social-demokratTa daxmarebiT daiwyes profesiuli gaerTianebebis Camoyalibeba, romlebic 35 orientirebuli iyo maTi uflebebis dacvisaken. 1907 wels qalaq TbilisSi muSaTa 28 profkavSiri arsebobda, romlebic 13 000 muSas aerTianebda. muSebma sawevro Senatanebis safuZvelze social-demokratebis daxmarebiT manamde arsebuli aralegaluri saganmanaTleblo wreebis nacvlad daaarses muSaTa saxalxo universitetebi, biblioTekebi da wera-kiTxvis Semswavleli kursebi. 1907 wlis miwuruls saimperio xelisuflebam, faqtobrivad, kontrrevolucia wamoiwyo, manamde daTmobili uflebebi da SezRudvebis moxsna warsuls Cabarda, reJimma gaaaqtiura saidumlo policia, gansakuTrebiT antisistemuri gaerTianebebis mimarT. 1908 wlidan legaluri profkavSirebi dasustda da daiSala, muSebma ki TavianTi uflebebisa da socialuri gardaqmnebisaTvis brZola kvlav farulad da radikaluri moqmedebebiT gaagrZeles. 1908 wlisaTvis profesiul gaerTianebebSi muSaTa mcire nawili iyrida Tavs da maTi saqmianobac mudmivad devnisa da Seviwroebis safrTxis qveS mimdinareobda 1 . 1917 wlis Tebervlis revoluciam ruseTSi, faqtobrivad, CamoSala saimperio reJimi, maT Soris saimperio Sromis politikac. revoluciis Semdeg Zalaufleba jariskacebsa da glexebTan erTad xelSi, ZiriTadad, swored muSaTa klasma aiRo. revoluciis Semdeg, marTalia, formalurad Zalaufleba droebiT mTavrobas epyra, Tumca realuri Zalaufleba, 1 stiven jonsi, socializmi qarTul ferebSi: social-demokratiis evropuli gza. Tbilisi, ilias saxelmwifo universiteti, 2018, gv. 265-266 36 ZiriTadad, muSebsa da jariskacebs hqondaT, rogorc dedaqalaq peterburgSi, aseve imperiis ganapira mxareebSi. 1917 wlis martSi, revoluciidan sul ramdenime dReSi, droebiTma mTavrobam, romlebSic muSaTa mxardamWeri politikuri Zalebi mravlad Sedioda, miiRo debuleba, romlis ZaliTac ruseTSi SemoRebuli iqna 8-saaTiani samuSao dRe. axalma debulebam Sromis axali standartebic daakanona. 1917 wlis Tebervlis revoluciis monapovris Sesaxeb WiaTureli muSa valiko CubiniZe werda – „1917 wlis revoluciisa da gansakuTrebiT saqarTvelos damoukidebel respublikis ganmtkicebis Semdeg WiaTuris muSebma yovelgvari uSualo brZolis gareSe moipoves maTTvis sasurveli pirobebi: rva saaTis samuSao dRe kanonaT iqca. amas garda muSebs ufasod eZleoda specialuri tansacmeli orjer weliwadSi da yvelaferi is, rac 1913 wlis gaficvaSi iqna mogebuli da rac zemod CamovTvaleT“ 1 . axali Sromis standartebis Sesaxeb qarTul presaSi mravlad gaCnda statiebi. muSaTa wreebis yvelaze aqtiuri mxardamWeri da organizatori social-demokratiuli partiis gazeTi„erToba“ axali Sromis debulebis Sesaxeb werda –„am ori kviris win Cven fiqradac ar mogvividoda, rom ase male ganvTavisufldebodiT autanel mefis da misi damqaSebis batonobidan, amgvaradve Zneli warmosadgeni iyo 8 saaTis samuSao dRis ganxorcieleba. magram dRes erTic da meorec sinamdvilea. erTic da meorec ganxorcielda revo1 valiko CubiniZe, mogoneba 1905 wlidan 1921 wlis 15 martamde. parizi, 1938, gv. 21-22 37 lucioneri xalxis moTxovniT. rva saaTiani samuSao dRe ministris brZanebiT SemoRebulia yvela rkinis gzaze. ase rom male mTel ruseTSi es gamarjveba faqtiuraT yvelgan dakanondeba“ 1 . miuxedavad imisa, rom droebiTma mTavrobam daadgina 8-saaTiani samuSao dRis norma, es debuleba ar gulisxmobda yvela dargsa da yvela regionSi normis avtomatur amoqmedebas. magaliTad, TbilisSi igi mxolod 1917 wlis 19 aprilidan amoqmedda adgilobriv muSaTa da jariskacTa sabWos gadawyvetilebiT. amasTan norma ar Sexebia yvela dawesebulebas. muSebi TbilisSi aqtiurad miesalmebodnen axal debulebas da moiTxovdnen mis gavrcelebas yvela sferoze. Tavad muSebi pasuxobdnen debulebis mimarT gaCenil kiTxvas – Tu rogor aisaxeboda Semcirebuli samuSao dro Sromis nayofierebaze – imiT, rom axali norma da Semcirebuli samuSao dro, piriqiT, gazrdida maT motivacias da, Sedegad, Sromis nayofierebas 2 . Tumca, presis cnobebs Tu daveyrdnobiT, martivad gavarkvevT, rom 8-saaTiani samuSao dRis cxovrebaSi gatareba Zalian rTuli da winaaRmdegobrivi procesi iyo. magaliTad, TbilisSi 1917 wlis aprilSive gamoCndnen damsaqmeblebi, romlebmac daarRvies axali kanoni. am mimarTulebiT gansakuTrebiT gamorCeulebi aRmoCndnen puris mcxoblebi.„urCi damsaqmeblebi“ swored furneTa mepatroneebi gaxldnen, romlebsac, sxvaTa Soris, muSaTa da jariskacTa sabWoebma mkacri gafrTxileba misces kan1 gaz. erToba, 1917 wlis 19 marti, N 5, gv. 1 2 gaz. erToba, 1917 wlis 20 aprili, N 27, gv. 2 38 onis darRvevis SemTxvevaSi qonebis konfiskaciis Sesaxeb. presisave cnobiT, 1917 wlis zafxulSi furnis mflobel qamalians CamoerTva qoneba 8-saaTiani samuSao drois mravaljer darRvevis gamo 1 . Tebervlis revoluciam, faqtobrivad, moxsna barierebi profkavSirebis saqmianobasTan dakavSirebiT. 1917 wlis martidanve muSebma daiwyes profesiuli kavSirebis formireba. es procesi didi enTuziazmiTa da swrafi tempiT mimdinareobda. 1917 wlis dasawyisSi Seviwroebul profesiul gaerTianebaSi 13 000-ze naklebi muSa iyo gawevrianebuli, 1917 wlis agvistos miwuruls ki mxolod TbilisSi ukve 31 profesiuli kavSiri iyo Camoyalibebuli, romlebic 25 000 wevrs aerTianebda 2 . es procesi 1917 wlis Semodgomazec aqtiurad gagrZelda, 1917 wlis miwuruls profesiuli kavSirebis pirvel Tavisufal konferenciaze ki delegatebi 41 profesiuli gaerTianebidan iyvnen mowveulni. amave konferenciaze gacxadda, rom konferenciaze monawile profesiuli kavSirebi 29 000-ze met mSromels aerTianebda 3 . Tavisufal profesiul gaerTianebebSi socialdemokratiuli partiis warmomadgenlebi dominirebdnen, isini imarjvebdnen TiTqmis yvela profesiuli kavSiris sabWos arCevnebSi. amavdroulad, 1917 wli1 gaz. erToba, 1917 wlis 8 ivlisi, N 91, gv. 3 2 stiven jonsi, socializmi qarTul ferebSi: social-demokratiis evropuli gza. Tbilisi, ilias saxelmwifo universiteti, 2018, gv. 329-330 3 karl kaucki, saqarTvelo: social-demokratiuli glexTa respublika – STabeWdilebani da dakvirvebani. Tbilisi, Tsu, 2018, gv. 84 39 dan ukve sistemurad daiwyo social-demokratiul partiaSi wevrebis miReba. partiaSi muSebi umravlesobas Seadgendnen. social-demokratTa organizebiT profesiul kavSirebSi Camoyalibda„marqsist muSaTa“ wreebi, romlebic udides dasayrdens warmoadgendnen partiisaTvis 1 . XIX saukunis miwurulidan moyolebuli saqarTveloSi muSebi cdilobdnen, reJimidan momdinare safrTxeebis miuxedavad, aReniSnaT 1-eli maisis mSromelTa saerTaSoriso dResaswauli. xSirad amgvari aRniSvnebi Zalovani uwyebebis mier darbevebsa da dapatimrebebs moaswavebda. mxolod 1917 wlis 1-el maiss moaxerxes muSebma mSvidobiani demonstraciebis gamarTva da dResaswaulis aRniSvna. 1-eli maisi dasvenebis dRed gamocxadda. muSebma dResaswauli aRniSnes regionebSic. socialisturi gamocemebi gverdebs uTmobdnen aRniSvnis detalebis gaSuqebas. Tbilisis garda 1-eli maisi grandiozulad aRniSnes baTumSi, foTSi, WiaTurasa da quTaisSi.„erTobis“ wyaro quTaisidan iuwyeboda – „quTaisi. pirvel maiss gaimarTa grandiozuli mitingi; ilaparakes yvela adgilobrivi politikuri partiebis warmomadgenlebma. saerTo lozungi iyo zavi uaneqsioT da ukontribucioT 2 , 8 saaTis samuSao dRe, socializmi. mitingis Tavmjdomare evgeni gegeWkori“ 3 . 1917 wlis Semodgomidan gansakuTrebiT gamwvavda ekonomikuri krizisi. samoqalaqo omma moSala 1 gaz. erToba, 1917 wlis 9 maisi, N 43, gv. 2 2 msoflio omSi. 3 gaz. erToba, 1917 wlis 21 aprili, N 28, gv, 2 40 sawarmoo produqtebis satransporto qseli ruseTis imperiis SigniT, msoflio omma ki – importisa da eqsportis sistemebi. saqarTveloSi arsebul sawarmoTa didi nawili ruseTis sxvadasxva kuTxeebidan mowodebuli da importiT Semotanili nedleulis gamoyenebiT muSaobda, sawarmoebis nawili Tavis produqcias saeqsporto daniSnulebiT amzadebda. 1917 wlis miwuruls TbilisSi ramdenime sawarmo daixura sawarmoo resursebis simciris gamo, maT Soris erT-erTi udidesi – adelxanovis tyavis gadamamuSavebeli qarxana. 1917 wlis bolos umuSevrobis done gansakuTrebiT gaizarda. presis cnobiT, Tbilisi gaivso usaqmod myofi moqalaqeebiT, maT Soris, imperiis sxvadasxva kuTxidan Camosuli ltolvilebiT. profesiuli kavSirebi cdilobdnen umuSevari moqalaqeebis daxmarebas, qmnidnen umuSevarTa mcire fondebs. mTavroba TiTqos aorganizebda Sromis birJebs da cdilobda moqalaqeTa dasaqmebas, Tumca masobrivi umuSevrobisa da sawarmoTa sistemuri daxurvis fonze Sromis birJa ufunqcio elementad qceuliyo. profkavSirebma situaciis Sesamsubuqeblad daiwyes iafi sasadiloebisa da saCaieebis gaxsna 1 . 1917 wlis zafxulidan daiwyo muSaTa gaficvebi SromiTi davebis gadauWrelobis gamo. wlis bolos ki gaficvebi masStaburi gaxda, ificebodnen stambis muSebi. magaliTad, somxurenovan gazeT„horizontis“ stambaSi muSebi xelfasebis zrdas moiTxovd1 gaz. erToba, 1917 wlis 12 oqtomberi, N 168, gv. 1 41 nen 1 . yvelaze masStaburi gaficva 1917 wlis dekemberSi wamoiwyes maswavleblebma. pedagogebi kompleqsur moTxovnebs ayenebdnen – saskolo sivrceebis mowesrigebas, gaTbobas, janmrTelobis dacvis uzrunvelyofas, xelfasebis zrdas da inflaciis gaTvaliswinebiT jamagiris daangariSebas. gaficvis mimarT qarTuli politikuri partiebi gansxvavebul poziciebze idgnen, magaliTad, socialist-federalistebi, romelTa rigebSi pedagogebi mravlad iyvnen, gaficvas emxrobodnen da TanaugrZnobdnen, xolo social-demokratebi, romlebic droebiTi xelisuflebis organoebs marTavdnen amierkavkasiasa da saqarTveloSi, miuxedavad imisa, rom aRiarebdnen pedagogTa mZime yofas, mainc gmobdnen gaficvas da mas kontrrevoluciurs uwodebdnen 2 . maswavlebelTa gaficvas arc profkavSirebis centraluri sabWo ar TanaugrZnobda. 1917 wlis bolos gamarTuli profkavSirebis konferenciis Semdgom gaerTianeba, faqtobrivad, axal safexurze gadavida, daiwyo organizaciuli sistemis gamarTva, biurokratiuli aparatis Seqmna. paralelurad, adgilobriv organizaciaTa gansaviTareblad centralurma sabWom daiwyo profkavSirebis adgilobriv organoTa liderebis momzadeba sistemuri samuSaoebis gasawevad. TbilisSi dainteresebul pirTaTvis daiwyo leqciebi da saswavlo kursebi, romelTa saSualebiTac isini Seiswavlidnen profkavSirebisa da muSaTa gaficvebis isto1 gaz. erToba, 1917 wlis 20 oqtomberi, N 175, gv. 2 2 gaz. erToba, 1918 wlis 17 ianvari, N12, gv. 1 42 rias, gaficvebis praqtikul unarebs, kooperatiul saqmianobas, ekonomikis safuZvlebs, finansebis sabazo unarebs da a.S. profesiul kavSirebSi 1906 wlidan aqtiurad iyvnen CarTuli qali mSromelebi, gansakuTrebiT, Tambaqos qarxnebSi dasaqmebuli muSebi. maTi erT-erTi lideri iyo mariam berianiZe, romelic efianjiancis Tambaqos qarxanaSi muSaobda, amavdroulad ki social-demokratiuli partiis wevri iyo(1919 wels damfuZnebeli krebis arCevnebisaTvis social-demokratiuli muSaTa partiis sakandidato siaSic Sedioda). qali mSromebeli aqtiurad ibrZodnen SromiTi pirobebis gaumjobesebisa da, gansakuTrebiT, orsul da meZuZur qalTa uflebebis dacvisaTvis. Sromis politika saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikaSi 1918 wlis 26 maiss saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika gaxda pirveli saxelmwifo evropaSi, romlis saTaveSic social-demokratiuli muSaTa partia aRmoCnda. politikuri Zala, romlis saxelSive gacxadda, rom is, pirvel rigSi, muSaTa interesebis gamomxatveli politikuri organizacia iyo, ra Tqma unda, deklarirebulad uWerda mxars mSromelTa klass da cdilobda realur cxovrebaSi gaetarebina muSaTa moTxovnebi. saqarTvelos damoukideblobis 43 aqtze 1918 wlis 26 maiss 15-mde muSam moawera xeli, garda amisa, xelmomwerTa Soris iyvnen glexebi, social-demokratTa klasifikaciiT –„soflis muSebi“. 1918 wlis maisSi Seqmnil koaliciur mTavrobaSi 8 ministridan 7(1918 wlis 24 ivnisidan ki – 9-dan 8) socialisti iyo(4(5) social-demokrati, 2 socialist-federalisti da 1 socialist-revolucioneri), xolo 1919 wlis martidan ministrTa kabineti sruliad social-demokratiuli gaxda. 1919 wlis 14-16 Tebervals gamarTuli damfuZnebeli krebis arCevnebis Semdeg saqarTvelos umaRles warmomadgenlobiT-sakanonmdeblo organoSi 130 deputatidan 122 socialisturi mimarTulebis partiebs warmoadgenda. socialisturi partiebi dominirebdnen respublikis adgilobriv TviTmmarTvelobebSi. 1918 wlis maisis miwuruls Seqmnil mTavrobaSi Sromis ministris portfeli calke ar arsebobda, is miwaTmoqmedebis saministrosTan erTad funqcionirebda da mis pirvel ministrad noe xomeriki iyo arCeuli. Tumca ministr xomeriks hyavda moadgile (amxanagi), romelic swored Sromis politikas kurirebda. 1919 wlis martSi axalSekvecil mTavrobaSic Sromis saministro kvlav miwaTmoqmedebis saministrosTan iyo gaerTianebuli da xomerikis daqvemdebarebaSi rCeboda. Tumca 1919 wlis bolos noe Jordanias iniciativiTa da damfuZnebeli krebis TanxmobiT Sromis saministro calke institutad Camoyalibda momaragebis uwyebasTan SerwymiT. sabolood, axal uwyebas„Sromisa da momaragebis samin44 istro“ ewoda, mis xelmZRvanelad social-demokrati, gavleniani muSa giorgi eraZe dainiSna, xolo Sromis politikis mimarTulebiT eraZis moadgilis posti ilia goldmanma daikava. 1918-1921 wlebSi mosaxleobis aRwera ar Catarebula, mxolod 1920 wlis bolos mimdinareobda am masStaburi procesisaTvis mzadeba. Sesabamisad, rTulia, zustad visaubroT muSaTa saerTo raodenobaze, Tumca 1926 wels ganxorcielebuli sayovelTao aRweris mixedviT – sabWoTa saqarTvelos mosaxleobis aRweraze dakvirvebiT, SegviZlia, vTqvaT, rom muSaTa ricxvi 1918-1921 wlebSi mosaxleobis 7-8%-s Seadgenda, mSromelTa klasi Sesabamisad 180 000-dan 200 000-mde adamians aerTianebda 1 . saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikaSi umuSevrobis done dRiTi dRe izrdeboda, resursebis uqonlobis gamo ixureboda patara sawarmoebic, amasTan, ruseTis samoqalaqo omis Sedegad saqarTvelos qalaqebi, gansakuTrebiT ki dedaqalaqi, savse iyo umuSevari moqalaqeebiTa da ltolvilebiT. 1918 wlis zafxulSive mTavrobam daiwyo muSaoba Sromis iZulebiTi begaris sistemis SemoRebis Sesaxeb, romlis mixedviTac umuSevar moqalaqeebs mandatoruli wesiT daasaqmebda saxelmwifo. marTalia, kanonproeqti 1918 wlis ivnisSive SemuSavda, Tumca 1918 wels is ar damtkicebula da realurad arc umoqmedia. kanonproeqtiT savaldebulo Sromis begara mx1 konstantine kandelaki, saqarTvelos erovnuli meurneoba, wigni pirveli. parizi, d. xelaZis gamocema, 1935, gv. 167 45 olod saqarTvelos moqalaqeebs Seexeboda da is ar gavrceldeboda sxva qveynebis moqalaqeebze. umuSevrobis done 1918 wlis zafxulSi aseve gazarda im faqtormac, rom 1918 wlis maisSi daSlili amierkavkasiis mmarTvelobiT organoebSi dasaqmebuli moqalaqeebi amierkavkasiis erTiani institutebis daSlis Semdeg usaqmod darCnen. mxolod calke aRebul saqarTvelos respublikas, ra Tqma unda, ar sWirdeboda im moculobis biurokratiuli aparati, romelic manamde ruseTis saimperio reJimis kavkasiur administracias gaaCnda. amasTan, saqarTveloSi momuSave, ZiriTadad, rusi erovnebis moqalaqeebisaTvis, romlebmac qarTuli ena ar icodnen, cxadia, rTuli iyo saqarTvelos instituciebSi muSaobis gagrZeleba. 1918 wlis zafxulSi mTavrobis gankargulebiT Seiqmna„salikvidacio komisia“ da specialuri fondi, romlis saSualebiTac mcired kompensacias aZlevdnen sajaro samsaxurebidan daTxovnil adamianebs 1 . yofil saimperio moxeleebze kompensaciis saxiT asiaTasobiT maneTi gaica. yofil moxeleTa mniSvnelovanma nawilma datova kidec saqarTvelo. umuSevrobasTan erTad mSromelTa klasisTvis, iseve, rogorc respublikis yvela moqalaqisaTvis, udides gamowvevas warmoadgenda sursaTis simcire. saqarTveloSi 1918-1921 wlebSi, mezobeli saxelmwifoebisgan gansxvavebiT, adgili naklebad hqonda masobriv SimSilobas, Tumca sasursaTo produqtebis deficiti da maTze fasebis swrafi zrda namdvilad 1 saqarTvelos centraluri saistorio arqivi(SemdegSi scsa), fondi 1861, anaw. 3, saqme 3, furc. 50 46 did problemas warmoadgenda. 1918-1921 wlebSi sasursaTo kalaTis fasebi calkeul produqtze astronomiulad gaizarda(calkeul SemTxvevebSi 300-jerac ki). sasursaTo krizisi, bunebrivia, moqmedebda mSromelTa saerTo ganwyobilebasa da Sromis nayofierebaze. Tumca am krizisze metad problemuri iyo masobrivi„alkoholizmis“ niSnebi. presis cnobiT, samuSao adgilebze loToba Cveul ambad iyo qceuli 1 . alkoholis Warbi moxmareba, zogadad, respublikaSi problemur sakiTxs warmoadgenda, rasac Tavisi mizezi gaaCnda. msoflio omisa da ruseTis samoqalaqo omis gamo, faqtobrivad, Sewyvetili iyo alkoholuri sasmelebis sazRvargareT gatana, qveyanaSi warmoebuli alkoholi ki srulad moixmareboda adgilze, Sesabamisad, alkoholuri sasmelebi xelmisawvdomi da sakmaod iafic iyo. 1918 wlis zafxulidan demokratiuli respublikis mTavroba cdilobda, Seemsubuqebina muSaTa mdgomareoba, axalisebda iafi sasadiloebisa da saCaieebis Seqmnas muSaTaTvis. sajaro gamosvlebSi Riad saubrobdnen muSaTa mier bolo aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi ganvlil gzasa da im brZolaze, romelmac qveyanas demokratiuli cvlilebebi moutana 2 . 1918 wlis dasasruls mTavrobisa da profesiuli kavSirebis organizebiT daiwyo e.w.„muSaTa magidebis“ Seqmna, romelic, Tavis mxriv, gulisxmobda mSromelTaTvis 1 gaz. erToba, 1918 wlis 30 ivlisi, N 159, gv. 3 2 saqarTvelos saxelmwifos xelmZRvanelebi, tomi XIII, noe Jordania, Tbilisi, saqarTvelos parlamentis erovnuli biblioTeka, 2018, gv. 51 47 sursaTis iafad miwodebis gzas specialuri maRaziebisa da saqvelmoqmedo RonisZiebebis saSualebiT (SemdgomSi es instituti mTavrobam gadaibara). profesiuli kavSirebi respublikis pirobebSi amierkavkasiis profesiuli gaerTianebebi erTi qolgis qveS imyofebodnen, Tumca respublikaTa damoukideblobis gamocxadebisa da, gansakuTrebiT, baqoSi probolSevikuri Zalebis profesiul kavSirebSi gabatonebis Semdeg kavkasiis profesiul moZraobaTa erTianoba daiSala, rac 1919 wlis aprilSi dadasturda kidec. 1918 wlis maisidan neli tempiT, magram daiwyo profesiuli kavSirebis saqmianobis gaqarTuleba. manamde mTeli biurokratiuli aparati, ZiriTadad, rusul enaze funqcionirebda. am process Tavisi logikuri axsnac moeZebneboda – TbilisSi da, zogadad, kavkasiaSi moqmedi mSromelTa gaerTianebebi multinacionaluri iyo, qarTvelebis garda muSaTa Soris mravlad iyvnen rusebi, somxebi, amierkavkasiis muslimebi(SemdgomSi azerbaijanelebi). 1918 wlisaTvis yvelaze did profesiul kavSirad rkinigzelTa gaerTianeba iTvleboda. rkinigzelebi 1890-iani wlebis bolodan moyolebuli social-demokratTa myar dasayrdens warmoadgendnen. rkinigzelebi 1917 wlidan kidev ufro aqtiurad da 48 Riad uWerdnen mxars social-demokratebs da maT politikas. miuxedavad mZime pirobebisa, rkinigzelebi ar gaficulan social-demokratiuli mmarTvelobis pirobebSi. rkinigzisa da misi muSebis Sesaxeb statiebi TiTqmis yoveldRe ibeWdeboda presaSi. rkinigzis profkavSirebi muSebsa da, zogadad, sazogadoebas acnobda gaerTianebis miznebs –„1. rkinis gzis kavSiri isaxavs Tavis miznaT: a) rkinis gzis muSa-mosamsaxureTa gaerTianebas, b) Tavis wevrTa politikur, uflebriv, klasobriv, profesionalur da ekonomiur interesebis dacvas, am interesebisaTvis brZolas da Tavis wevrTa kulturul da klasobriv TviTSegnebis ganviTarebas. 2) am miznis misaRwevaT kavSiri scdilobs ganaxorcielos: a) samuSao dRis mogvareba, b) samuSao xel-fasis momateba, g) warmoebaSi gigienuri pirobebis damyareba da d) saxelmwifosagan socialuri darRvevas muSebisas umuSevrobisagan, ubedur SemTxvevebisagan, avaTmyofobisagan, moxucebulobisagan da invalidobisagan, qalTa da mcire wlovanTa Sromis dacvas, da sazogadoT muSaTa klasis uflebebis kanomdeblobis gziT dakanonebas“ 1 . 1918 wels kvlav aqtiurad mimdinareobda axali profesiuli kavSirebis formireba, radganac bevrgan jer kidev ar iyo Camoyalibebuli adgilobrivi ujredebi. 1918 wlis agvistoSi gazeT„erTobaSi“ gamoqveynda werili, romliTac muSa mouwodebda quTaisel mkerav qalebs, SeeqmnaT profesiuli gaerTianeba, 1 scsa, fondi 2047, anaw. 1, saqme 2, furc. 1 49 raTa ukeT daecvaT TavianTi uflebebi da ufro gaeSalaT kulturul-partiuli saqmianoba –“miuxedavaT revoliuciis brwyinvale sxivebisa, aqaur mkerav muSa-qalebs mainc ver eRirsa gaRviZeba. isini Zveleburad ganagrZoben yofa-cxovrebas. pirobebi metad autanelia, miuxedavad amisa muSa qalebs ara aqvT survili, rom SekavSirden da ase awarmoon brZola Tavis pirobebis gasaumjobeseblad. saWiroa exlave kavSirSi darazma da ase kulturul-partiuli muSaobis warmoeba, Torem mere gvian iqneba. aq. S-Ze“ 1 . miuxedavad imisa, rom 1918 wlis maisidan(de faqto 1917 wlis martidan) social-demokratebi flobdnen Zalauflebas da formalurad mainc cdilobdnen muSaTa interesebis gatarebas Sromis politikis kuTxiT, sajaro sivrceSi muSaTa masStaburi gaficvebis Tavidan acileba ver moxda. 1918 wlis zafxulSi farTomasStabiani gaficva daiwyo foTis portSi, gaificnen mtvirTavebi, romelTa movaleobac iyo WiaTuris manganumis datvirTva. muSebi„gelzenkirxenis manganumis sazogadoebis“ daqiravebulebi iyvnen. mtvirTavebi moiTxovdnen Sromis anazRaurebis zrdas da pirobebis gaumjobesebas. gaficvam, faqtobrivad, portis paralizeba moaxdina, ris gamoc gaficvis daregulirebaSi Caeria miwaTmoqmedebisa da Sromis saministro. sabolood, mSromelebs moTxovnebi didwilad daukmayofildaT da protestis es formac Sewyda 2 . respublikis erT-erTi yvelaze masStaburi da 1 gaz. erToba, 1918 wlis 3 agvisto, N 163, gv. 4 2 gaz. erToba, 1918 wlis 14 seqtemberi, N 197, gv. 2 50 xmauriani sagaficvo kera tyibulis qvanaxSiris maRaroebi iyo. tyibulis qvanaxSirs isedac didi mniSvneloba hqonda respublikisaTvis, Tumca 1918 wlis gazafxulidan baqoSi Seqmnili arastabiluri samxedro-politikuri mdgomareobis gamo tyibulis qvanaxSiris mniSvneloba qveynis energetikuli, satransporto da saTbobi daniSnulebiT mravaljer gaizarda. gazeTma„erTobam“ moqalaqeebs 1918 wlis 20 seqtembers acnoba, rom tyibulSi gaficva daiwyo. „rogorc ityobinebian, tyibulis qvanaxSiris maRaroebis muSebi kvlav gaficulan da saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobisTvis axali moTxovnebi wauyenebiaT. aseTive gaficva moaxdines maT, Tu ar vcdebi, am erTi Tvis winaT da mTavrobam ramdenaTac ki SeeZlo daakmayofila maTi dros da garemoebis Seuferebeli ekonomiuri moTxovnebi. dRes isini xel-axlaT gaficulan da metaT Seusabamo moTxovnebi wamouyenebiaT. Tqven warmoidgineT, xelfasis momatebasTan erTad moiTxoven sxvadasxva sagnebis naturiT gadaxdas, raic mTel respublikaSi metaT Zneli saSovaria“ 1 . tyibulis maRaroebi saxelmwifos eqvemdebareboda, Sesabamisad, moTxovnebi xelisuflebas unda daekmayofilebina. maRaroebis mniSvnelobidan gamomdinare, maTi didi xniT gaCereba respublikisaTvis egzistencialur safrTxes warmoadgenda. sabolood, xelisufleba daTanxmda muSebis moTxovnebs da xelfasebi TiTqmis 50%-iT gauzarda. 1 gaz. erToba, 1918 wlis 20 seqtemberi, N 201, gv. 1 51 social-demokratebi, romlebic opoziciaSi yofnisas, saimperio reJimis Jams, Tavad uwevdnen muSaTa gaficvebs organizebas, 1918-1921 wlebSi ukve xelisuflebaSi myofebi, akritikebdnen da gmobdnen gaficvebs. isini miiCnevdnen, rom mZime samxedro-politikur mdgomareobaSi myof qveyanaSi gaficva muSaTa interesebis Ralats niSnavda –„CvenSi, saubeduroT, ase ar xdeba. zogi dargis muSebi mxolod moTxovnilebebs ayeneben, xolo Tavis movaleobis asrulebas gulgrilaT eqcevian. ase moiqcnen, magaliTad tyibulis muSebi... muSaTa klasis bedi TviT muSebma unda gadasWran. dRes muSebisve xelSia maTi bedi da Cven imedi gvaqvs rom Seqmnil mdgomaroebiT marjveT isargebleben isini da saerTo saqmes ar uRalateben. visac uflebiT sargebloba surs, is movaleobis asrulebasac unda SeeCvios. muSaTa sakiTxis am mxares unda mieqces dRes gansakuTrebuli yuradReba“ 1 . Sromis politikis reformireba 1918-1921 wlebSi saqarTvelos politikur speqtrSi, rogorc aRvniSneT, socialisturi mimarTulebis partiebi srulad dominirebdnen. 1919 wlis TebervalSi gamarTuli damfuZnebeli krebis arCevnebze Sromisa da muSaTa sakiTxi erT-erT umniSvnelovanes adgils ikavebda. yvela ZiriTadi partiis saarCev1 gaz. erToba, 1918 wlis 22 oqtomberi, N 226, gv. 1 52 no programaSi iyo asaxuli maTi mosazrebebi Sromis sistemis reformirebis Sesaxeb. social-demokratebi acxadebdnen: „8 saaTis samuSao dRe yvela daqiravebul muSebisTvis savaldebulo yovelkvireuli dasvenebiT ara nakleb 42 saaTisa; zedmet muSaobis sruliad mospoba iq, sadac is aucilebel saWiroebas ar warmoadgens; 16 wlamde bavSvebis muSaobis akrZalva; mcire wlovanTa da qalTa Sromis SezRudva; mrewvelTa mier zedmeti yvlefisagan muSaTa dacva da mrewvelTa pasuxismgebloba ubedur SemTxvevis gamo. agreTve moiTxoven saxelmwifoebriv dazRvevas – avaTmyofobisa, moxucebulobisa da umuSevrobisagan. soc-demokratebi moiTxoven Sromis inspeqciis dawesebas muSaTagan arCeul pirTa monawileobiT da sastik sanitarul Tvalyuris devnebas im Senobebisas, sadac muSaoba swarmoebs da muSebi cxovroben. dasasrul, moiTxoven Sromis kanonis darRvevisaTvis damqiravebelTa sisxlis samarTlis wesiT pasuxismgeblobaSi micemas, momrigebel kamerebisa da Sromis birJebis yovel adgilas daarsebas da sxv“ 1 . social-federalisturi partia, romelic 1918 wlidan kidev ufro memarcxene mimarTulebis politikur Zalad gadaiqca, Tavis saarCevno programaSi acxadebda, rom aucilebeli iyo saxelmwifos muSe1 irakli iremaZe, levan lorTqifaniZe, sofiko SubiTiZe, xviCa yazaiSvili, qarTuli memarcxeneobis qrestomaTia, t. I. Tbilisi, Tbilisis fabianuri sazogadoeba, 2015, gv. 143. aseve, irakli iremaZe, Sromis sakiTxi da profkavSirebi saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikaSi, krebuli –„saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis gaxseneba 100 wlis Semdeg – modeli evropisTvis? Tbilisi, Tsu, 2018, gv. 361 53 bisaTvis mieca ufleba, srulfasovani monawileoba mieRoT fabrika-qarxnebis mmarTvelobaSi –„moviTxovT, rom gaZlierdes muSa xalxis roli da gavlena mrewveloba-warmoebaSi da dawesdes misi monawileoba mrewvelobis marTva-gamgeobaSi da muSebs mieceT nawili mogebisa“ 1 . socialist-revolucionerebi TavianT programaSi asaxavdnen yvela im debulebas, romelsac memarcxene-centristuli social-demokratiuli muSaTa partia da social-demokratebisgan marcxniv mdgomi socialist-federalistebi ayenebdnen. socialist-revolucionerebi SedarebiT radikali memarcxeneebi iyvnen da, Sesabamisad, kidev ufro met moTxovnebs ayenebdnen. magaliTad, isini moiTxovdnen minimaluri xelfasis gansazRvras –„soc.-rev. partia moiTxovs minimalur xelfasis dawesebas da warmoebaze muSaTa kontrols“ 2 . miuxedavad imisa, rom mTavar memarjvene partias – erovnul-demokratebs saarCevnod programa ar SeumuSavebiaT, maT mier 1917 wels gamoqveynebul programaSi mniSvnelovani adgili ekava Sromis sakiTxebs. edp emxroboda 8-saaTian samuSao dRes, Sromis pirobebisa da samuSao garemos inspeqcias, qalTa da mcirewlovanTa Sromis mkacr reglamentacias da a.S. realurad, Sromis politikis ZiriTadi standartebis kuTxiT yvela partiis programa didwilad erTmaneTs emTxveoda. 1 irakli iremaZe, levan lorTqifaniZe, sofiko SubiTiZe, xviCa yazaiSvili, qarTulim emarcxeneobis qrestomaTia, t. I. Tbilisi, Tbilisis fabianuri sazogadoeba, 2015, gv. 153 2 iqve, gv. 161 54 saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli krebis arCevnebis Sedegad sruli gamarjveba moipova social-demokratiulma partiam, romelmac 130 mandatidan 109 moipova, 8-8 mandati miiRes socialist-federalistebma da erovnul-demokratebma, xolo socialist-revolucionerebma – 5. damfuZnebeli krebis 130 wevridan 25 Tavisi socialuri statusiT muSa iyo, xolo 8 –„soflis muSa“ anu glexi 1 . muSebi, ra Tqma unda, srulad social-demokratTa siiT gavidnen sakanonmdeblo organoSi. 1918-1921 wlebSi, Tavdapirvelad, erovnul sabWoSi, Semdgom parlamentSi da, bolos, demokratiulad arCeul damfuZnebel krebaSi moqmedebda Sromis komisia(komiteti), romelic orientirebuli iyo Sromis kanonmdeblobis Seqmnasa da daxvewaze, muSaTa interesebis dacvasa da saxelmwifos politikis gatarebaze. satarifo palatis Seqmna satarifo palata 1919 wlis maisSi Seiqmna, Tumca politikuri gadawyvetileba msgavsi dawesebulebis Seqmnis Sesaxeb 1919 wlis aprilSi iqna miRebuli Sromis saministros mxridan profesiuli kavSirebis masStabur konferenciaze/yrilobaze, romelic TbilisSi gaimarTa. damfuZnebeli krebis mier damtkicebul dokumentSi„debuleba satarifo palatisa“ vkiTxulobT: 1 irakli xvadagiani, saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli kreba 1919. Tbilisi, Sovlab , 2016, gv. 42-43 55 1. Sromis fasis nayofierebis da daqiravebul Sromis yvela dargSi mTels respublikaSi arsdeba satarifo palata. 2. satarifo palata asrulebs Semdeg funqciebs: a) cnobebs krefs muSaTa bazris mdgomareobaze. b) cnobebs krefs muSaTa xelfasze. g) iZleva cxovrebis siZviris Sesaxeb daskvnebs. d) arkvevs da iZleva daskvnas muSaTa wamoyenebul moTxovnilebebze. e) ixilavs da amtkicebs koleqtiur-xelSekrulebebs. v) respublikis yvela qalaqsa da an mazraSi awesebs da arkvevs sacxovrebel minimums. z) awesebs normalur xelfass, profesiis-kategoriis warmoebis da raionis mixedviT. T) awesebs gamomuSavebul tipur normebs. i) awesebs zedmet muSaobis dros xelfasiT dakmayofilebas. k) asrulebs arbitraJis funqcias xel-fasis sakiTxebSi. l) awesebs dros periodiuls da gansakuTrebiTs, xelfasis gadasasinjavaT. m) poulobs yovelive sazoms spekuliaciasTan da siZviresTan sabrZolvelaT. n) amuSavebs kiTxvebs, romlebic exeba warmoebis ZalTa ganviTarebas da xelfasis gaTanasworebas. 56 o) amuSavebs proeqtebs savaldebulo dadgenilebisa dakanonebisa Sromis ministrTan warsadgenaT. 3. satarifo palata arsdeba paritetul principis warmomadgenlobiT muSaobisa da damqiravebelTa organizaciebidan, Sromis saministros mier daniSnul TavmjdomareobiT da Sesdgeba 21 wevrisgan: 4. muSaTa organizaciebidan irCevian warmomadgenlebi: a) sami – saqarTvelos[profkavSirTa] centralur kavSirTa sabWodan b) oTxi rkinis-gzelebis centraluri kavSiridan g) sami tfilisis kavSirTa centralur sabWodan 5. damqiravebelTa organizaciebis warmomadgenlebi: a) erTi saqarTvelos vaWroba-mrewvelobis palatisagan b) ori tfilisis meqarxne-mrewvelTa raionidan g) erTi WiaTuris Savi qvis-mrewvelTa sabWodan d) erTi qalaqTa kavSiridan e) erTi bankebis komitetidan v) erTi erobis centraluri biurodan z) erTi vaWroba-mrewvelobis saministrodan T) erTi gzaTa saministrodan i) erTi miwaT-moqmedebis saministrodan. 6. satarifo palatis wevrebi irCevian erTi wlis vadiT. 57 7. saWiroebis gamo respublikis zogierT adgilas arsdeba satarifo palatis ganyofileba 8. satarifo palatas cnobebis misawvdenaT hyavs yvelgan korespodentebi 9. satarifo palata yofs wevrebidan prezidiums 5 kacs, romelnic miuZRveba palatis muSaobas 10. warmoebaTa dargis mixedviT satarifo palata iyofa seqciebaT 11. seqciis sxdomaze iRebs monawileobas dainteresebuli mxaris warmomadgenlebi“ 1 . satarifo palatis Seqmnis idea moiwones rogorc muSebma, ise damsaqmeblebma. es kolegialuri organo orive interesTa jgufidan kompleqtdeboda da emateboda mTavrobis(miwaTmoqmedebis saministros) warmomadgeneli. palatis saqmianobis Sesaxeb xSirad ibeWdeboda statiebi. satarifo palatis gamarTuli muSaobis Sedegad ufro martivi iyo xelfasebis zrdis, inflaciis realuri maCveneblebisa da sxva detalebis dazusteba. karl kaucki 1921 wels saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis satarifo palatis Sesaxeb werda – „masSi erTiandebian muSebi da damqiraveblebi aT-aTi warmomadgenliT. sabWos Tavmjdomare aris Sromis ministri, gasul zamTars is gaxldaT g. eraZe. satarifo palata valdebulia, ixelmZRvanelos saarsebo minimumisa da dasaqmebulTa xelfasis gaTvaliswinebiT; Seiswavlos muSaTa davebi; ganixilos koleqtiuri xelSekrulebebi da miiyvanos isini Se1 proeqti: debuleba satarifo palatisa, gaz. saqarTvelos respublika, 1919 wlis 29 maisi, N 116, gv. 2-3 58 Tanxmebamde. sabolood ki, muSaTa da damqiravebelTa davebis dros imoqmedos, rogorc Suamavalma. am uwyebam dRevandlamde yvela saxis Ria konfliqtis Tavidan arideba moaxerxa. 1919 wlis maisidan moyolebuli, rodesac man funqcionireba daiwyo, profkavSirebs arc erTi gaficva ar mouwyviaT, miuxedavad imisa, rom, bolSevikuri ruseTisagan gansxvavebiT, gaficva akrZaluli ar yofila – am TvalsazrisiT saqarTvelo unikaluria“ 1 . kauckis mosazrebebs, faqtobrivad, emTxveva vladimer voitinskis Sefasebebic, romelic, garda imisa, rom noe Jordanias mrCeveli iyo, profesiiT swored Sromis ekonomikis specialisti gaxldaT. voitinski satarifo palatis Sesaxeb werda – „satarifo palatam muSaTa jgufebis didi simpaTia da mxardaWera moipova. samuSaosa da kapitalis urTierTobis sakiTxis regulaciis axalma meTodma srulad Caanacvla specialuri SeTanxmebebis Zveli sistema da misgan gamowveuli konfliqtebic daasrula. garda arbitraJisa, satarifo palatas, gamomdinare Tavisi funqciebidan, romelic moicavs rogorc saxelfaso normebis SemuSavebasa da maT zrdas, aseve spekulaciisa da fasebis zrdis winaaRmdeg brZolis saSualebebis moZiebas, xSirad uwevs warmoebis yovelgvari pirobebis Seswavla, zogjer kerZo sawarmoebSi, zogjer ki – mTel industriul sivrceSi. aucilebeli informaciis 1 karl kaucki, saqarTvelo: social-demokratiuli glexTa respublika – STabeWdilebani da dakvirvebani. Tbilisi, Tsu, 2018, gv. 84-85 59 Segrovebis mizniT, palata specialur kiTxvars ugzavnis kompetentur pirebs da, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, gansakuTrebuli komisiis daxmarebiT atarebs kvlevas. am ukanasknels yvelgan Sesvlis ufleba aqvs da TanamSromlebi valdebulni arian, moTxovnisamebr warudginon maT savaWro wignaki. miuxedavad imisa, rom industriis kontroli palatis pirdapir kompetenciaSi ar Sedis, is kontrols axorcielebs imdenad, ramdenadac amas dasaqmebulTa interesebis dacva moiTxovs“ 1 . satarifo palatis Seqmnis Semdeg 1919-1920 wlebSi muSaTa saprotesto gamosvlebi xSirad aRar imarTeboda. gamonakliss warmoadgenda 1919 wlis zafxulSi varcixeSi, saxelmwifo mamulSi dasaqmebul muSaTa gaficva, romlebic uCiodnen adgilobriv administracias, moiTxovdnen cvlilebebs mmarTvelobaSi da samuSao pirobebis gaumjobesebas. gaficva swrafad dasrulda, radganac SromiTi davis ganxilvaSi miwaTmoqmedebis saministro Caeria 2 . 1920 wels muSaTa morigi gaficva moxda foTis portSi, sadac isev mtvirTavebi gaificnen da kvlavindeburad samuSao pirobebis mkacri kontroli moiTxoves. gaficva warmatebiT dasrulda. amas xeli im faqtormac Seuwyo, rom SromiTi davis daregulirebis procesSi Tavad ministric CaerTo, radganac portis paralizeba safrTxes uqmnida qveynis satranzito sistemas. 1 vladimer voitinski, qarTuli demokratia. Tbilisi, Tsu 2018, gv. 225 2 dimitri SveliZe(avtor-SemdgenelTa jgufis xelmZRvaneli/redaqtori), damoukideblobis 1028 dRe. Tbilisi, Tsu, 2013, gv. 162 60 profesiuli kavSirebi 1918-1921 wlebSi: gaficvebi da muSaTa mdgomareoba 1918 wels muSebi agrZelebdnen profesiuli gaerTianebebis formirebas, gansakuTrebiT, lokaluri ujredebis Seqmnas. 1918 wlis ganmavlobaSi profkavSirTa centralurma sabWom ver SeZlo yrilobis/konferenciis organizeba, 1919 wlis dasawyisidan ki Seudga farTomasStabiani yrilobis organizebas, romelzec delegatebi ara mxolod saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis farglebidan, aramed mezobeli saxelmwifoebidanac iqnebodnen mowveuli(am ambicias isic aCenda, rom Tbilisis sabWo Tavis Tavs amierkavkasiis muSaTa centralur organod miiCnevda). 1918-1919 wlebSi ekonomikuri krizisi kidev ufro gamwvavda rogorc sagareo faqtorebis, – msoflio omis mimdinareobis da omisSemdgomi gamowvevebis, ruseTis samoqalaqo omis, azerbaijan-somxeTis konfliqtis, importis ciklis rRvevis, – aseve saSinao – bolSevikuri/glexTa ajanyebebis, sawarmoo infrastruqturisa da resursebis simcirisa da a.S., – gamo. Sedegad, damatebiT aTasobiT muSam dakarga samuSao adgili. profkavSirebma TavianTi roli dainaxes umuSevarTa daxmarebaSi, radganac am periodSi saxelmwifos ar gaaCnda sistemuri politika umuSevarTa daxmarebis kuTxiT. profkavSirebi gaxdnen umuSevarTaTvis solidarobis kampaniebis mTavari organizatorebi. 1918, 1919 da 1920 wlebSi profesiuli kav61 Sirebis organizebiT gaimarTa„umuSevarTa dReebi“. 1919 wels profkavSirebi presis saSualebiT moqalaqeebs mimarTavdnen – „Tfilisi umuSevrebiT aivso. mravali qarxana gaCerebulia, cxovreba ki sazRaproT Zviri, amiT umuSevarTa bedi erT-erTi saSineli da autaneli Seiqmna. spekuliacia yovel Tvis xalxs vnebs. umuSevrebs ki yoveli mouwyoblobis codvebi atydebaT Tavze... umuSevarT mieciT lukma! igi Cveni gamdidrebis sawindaria. umuSevarT daudeT wili Tqvens mogebaSi: igi maTi oflis RvriT da tanjviT mopovebulia... 7-8-9 marts gamocdaa erTxel kidev Tqveni sazogadoebis“ 1 . 1918 wlis zafxulis Semdeg, rodesac tyibulis qvanaxSiris SaxtebSi dasaqmebuli muSebi gaificnen, respublikaSi 1919 wlis gazafxulamde, ZiriTadad, muSaTa mcire masStabis gaficvebs hqonda adgili. 1919 wlis gazafxulze Tfilisis TviTmmarTvelobaSi momuSave moxeleebma gaficva daiwyes. TviTmmarTvelobis moxeleebi Tveebis ganmavlobaSi arsebuli saxelfaso davalianebebis gadaxdas da, zogadad, xelfasebis zrdas moiTxovdnen. sainteresoa, rom profesiuli kavSirebis centralurma sabWom Tbilisis qalaqis TviTmmarTvelobis moxeleTa gaficva dagmo, gaficulebs ki demokratiis winaaRmdeg mebrZolTa razmi uwoda 2 . gaficvis winaaRmdeg mmarTveli partiis presis organoebSi masStaburi kampania agorda, presis furclebidan akritikebdnen gaficulebs da xandaxan kontrrevolucionerebadac moixseniebd1 gaz. erToba, 1919 wlis 7 marti, N 53, gv. 1 2 gaz. erToba, 1919 wlis 10 aprili, N 80, gv. 1 62 nen. Savi kampania agorda TviTmmarTvelobis gaficuli eqimebis winaaRmdeg, romlebsac, faqtobrivad, pacientTa sikvdilis xelSewyobaSi adanaSaulebdnen 1 . gaficulTa winaaRmdeg gamovidnen damfuZnebeli krebis wevrebi, maT Soris muSebi, aseve sxvadasxva qalaqis TviTmmarTvelobis moxeleebic 2 . calkeuli aqtorebi im aspeqtsac usvamdnen xazs, rom gaficulTa umravlesoba saimperio reJimis drosac muSaobda, eTnikurad ar iyo qarTveli da kontrrevoluciur Zalebs TanaugrZnobda. miuxedavad imisa, rom gaficva profkavSirebis centralurma sabWom dagmo, opoziciuri erovnuldemokratiuli partia gaficvisagan miRebul ekonomikur sirTuleebze pasuxismgeblobas mTavrobasTan erTad profkavSirebsac akisrebda, radganac mTavrobam da profkavSirebma TiTqmis 1 wlis ganmavlobaSi ver SeZles Sromis axali politikis SemuSaveba da sakanonmdeblo doneze reglamentireba 3 . sabolood, protesti gaficulTaTvis, faqtobrivad, ukuSedegiT dasrulda. Tavdapirvelad maT Soris gaCnda winaaRmdegoba da calkeuli municipaluri samsaxurebis muSebma Sewyvites saprotesto gamosvlebsa da gaficvebSi monawileoba. gaficulebs negatiurad uyurebdnen qalaqis moqalaqeebic. qalaqis mmarTvelobam gaficvis SesaCereblad gegma SeimuSava, romlis ZaliTac gaficulTa nawili umuSevari darCa. gaficulTa Soris mravlad iyvnen eT1 gaz. erToba, 1919 wlis 25 marti, N 67, gv. 1 2 scsa, fondi 2075, anaw. 1, saqme 30, furc. 110 3 gaz. saqarTvelo, 1919 wlis 2 aprili, N73, gv. 1 63 nikurad rusi da somexi moqalaqeebi, romlebic ar flobdnen qarTul enas, qalaqis administracia ki, 1918 wlis 1-eli oqtombris kanonis Tanaxmad, ukve qarTul enaze awarmoebda biurokratias. qalaqis sabWom da qalaqis Tavis(meris) aparatma gaficulebis mniSvnelovan nawils samuSaos dakargvisaTvis gaTvaliswinebuli sakompensacio Tanxa gadauxada da samsaxuridan daiTxova. gaficvis Semdeg qalaqis TviTmmarTvelobam saqmianoba srulad qarTul enaze ganagrZo. Tbilisis TviTmmarTvelobis moxeleebis gaficvis paralelurad mimdinareobda mzadeba profkavSirebis masStaburi yrilobisaTvis. delegatebs agzavnidnen saqarTveloSi arsebuli yvela profesiuli gaerTianebidan. delegatTa anketebidan naTlad ikveTeba, rom saqarTvelos profesiuli kavSirebi Zalze multieTnikuri iyo. am aspeqtis gaTvaliswineba SemdgomSi saxelmwifosac mouxda Sromis kanonmdeblobis damtkicebisas, sadac dasvenebis dReebis, gansakuTrebiT religiuri dReebis, arCevis saSualebas utovebda multieTnikur da mravalkonfesiur muSaTa klass 1 . 1919 wlis 11 aprils TbilisSi daiwyo profesiuli kavSirebis masStaburi yriloba, romelzec 65 profesiul gaerTianebas warmoadgenda 198 delegati. calkeul profesiul kavSirs, wevrTa simciridan gamomdinare, ar hyavda Tavisi delegatebi da sxva pirebi iTavsebdnen maTi warmomadgenlis statuss. 1 gaz. erToba, 1920 wlis 4 aprili, N 77, gv. 2 64 1919 wlis aprilSi respublikaSi 87 profesiuli kavSiri iyo Camoyalibebuli, romlebSic sul 54 701 muSa iricxeboda 1 . yrilobaze delegatebi monawileobdnen respublikis sxvadasxva kuTxidan, maT Soris soxumisa da baTumis olqidan(am ukanasknels am periodSi britaneTis jarebi akontrolebdnen). am droisaTvis soxumis olqSi 12 profkavSiruli ujredi arsebobda, romlebic 2000-mde dasaqmebuls aerTianebda 2 . profkavSirebis yrilobam 6 dRes gastana, yrilobis Tavmjdomared damfuZnebeli krebis wevri muxran xoWolava airCies, romelic social-demokratiul partias warmoadgenda. yrilobaSi monawileobas iRebdnen mTavrobisa da uSualod Sromis saministros warmomadgenlebi. 6 dRis ganmavlobaSi mniSvnelovani adgili daeTmo ekonomikur kriziss, inflacias, muSaTa mZime mdgomareobas, umuSevrobasa da profesiuli kavSirebis saqmianobis gaumjobesebis gzebis ganxilvas 3 . profesiuli kavSirebis centraluri sabWos aRmasrulebeli komitetis Tavmjdomared cnobili social-demokrati seiT devdariani airCies, xolo mis moadgiled aseve social-demokrati alfesi xelaZe. saqarTvelos profesiuli kavSirebis centris gankargulebaSi Tbilissa da regionebSi araerTi sazogadoebrivi dawesebuleba iyo: mSromelebs hqondaT TavianTi muSaTa Teatrebi, samkiTxveloebi 1 aleqsandre bendianiSvili, saqarTvelos pirveli respublika(1918-1921 ww.). Tbilisi, mematiane, 2001, gv. 252 2 gaz. erToba, 1919 wlis 16 aprili, N 85, gv. 1 3 irakli iremaZe, Sromis sakiTxi da profkavSirebi saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikaSi, krebulSi – saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis gaxseneba 100 wlis Semdeg – modeli evropisTvis? Tbilisi, Tsu, 2018, gv. 362 65 mTeli respublikis masStabiT, wera-kiTxvis wreebi; sasursaTo krizisisas profesiuli kavSirebi sargeblobdnen iafi sasadiloebiTa da saCaieebiT sxvadasxva qalaqSi; muSebma Camoayalibes klubebi, romlebic saxalxo universitetis leqciebs, ganxilvebsa da saxelovnebo warmodgenebs eTmoboda; muSebi klubebTan aarsebdnen kafeebs, marTavdnen TamaSebs. xSirad amgvari klubebis Seqmnas adgilobrivi da centraluri xelisuflebebi uwyobdnen xels 1 . profesiuli kavSirebi iyvnen araformaluri ganaTlebis gamorCeuli institutis – saxalxo universitetebis mxardamWerni. Tavis mxriv, saxalxo universitetebis msmenelTa umravlesobasac muSebi Seadgendnen. 1920 wlisaTvis muSaTa gaerTianebebs TbilisSi ekava naZaladevis muSaTa klubi(romelic 1900-iani wlebidan TavSeyris mTavari adgili iyo) da plexanovis gamzirze arsebuli muSaTa sasaxle. 1920 wels muSebs gadaecaT dedaqalaqis centrSi, rusTavelis gamzirze mdebare, saxelganTqmuli mrewvelisa da filanTropis, miqael aramiancis sasaxle(dRes sastumro Tbilisi marioti), romelic saxelmwifom gamoisyida(sakmaod dabal fasad) mflobelisagan 2 . muSaTa axali sasaxle 1920 wlis 28 dekembers sazeimod gaixsna noe Jordaniasa da sapatio stumris, karl kauckis mier 3 . gaxsnis ceremonialze noe Jordani1 scsa, fondi 2075, anaw. 1, saqme 54, furc. 111. 2 marTalia, mTavrobam mamulsa da sastumroSi 3 milion maneTze meti gadaixada, Tumca arsebuli kursis gaTvaliswinebiT, es Tanxa, ra Tqma unda, araadekvaturi iyo qonebis realur RirebulebasTan SedarebiT. 3 scsa, fondi 2075, anaw. 1, saqme 104, furc. 2 66 as mier warmoTqmuli sityva ki albaT yvelaze ukeT asaxavda demokratiuli respublikis xelisuflebis damokidebulebas muSebisadmi – „amxanagebo, neba momeciT, mogilocoT Tqven muSaTa sasaxlis gaxsna. es saxli garegnulaT srulad ar gavs muSaTa saxls. arc es quCa gavs im quCebs, romelzedac uxdebodaT cxovreba muSebs. da ai, muSaTa sasaxlis gaxsna swored am saxlSi, romelic agebuli iyo maRali klasebisaTvis, swored es gviCvenebs revoliuciis azrsac, gviCvenebs imasac, rom muSebi gamodian TavianT bneli, viwro quCebidan da ikaveben saukeTeso saxlebs Cven deda qalaq tfilisisas. mas Semdeg, rac muSebma daipyres politikuri Zalaufleba da daikaves is sasaxle(damfuZnebeli krebis sasaxle), sruliad bunebrivia am muSaTa sasaxlis dakaveba. da ai, am sasaxlis gaxsna gviCvenebs, rom muSebi ufro axlo dgebian, mWidro kavSirs ikaveben im xalxTan, romelnic imyofebian im sasaxleSi da romlebic Tqvenze eyrdnobian. Cven miCveuli varT Tqvengan direqtivebis, daxmarebis miRebas da me imedi maqvs, rom Tqven kvlav ar mogvaklebT am daxmarebas, gaagrZelebT Tqvens politikas. Tumca profesionaluri kavSirebi politikas ar ewevian, magram wminda profesionaluri moZraoba ar yofila da arc SeiZleba iyos. da ai, Tqven unda gvikarnaxoT direqtivebi da Cven maT cxovrebaSi gavatarebT muSaTa klasis saxeliT, misi interesebis mixedviT. ai am saxlSi gaerTianebulia Tfilisis profesionaluri kavSirebi da me visurveb, rom am saxlSi gaerTianebuliyvnen mTeli saqarTvelos kavSirebi. 67 es cotaa, me visurvebdi, rom es saRi politika, romelsac Tqven awarmoebT, gadasrolil iyos saqarTvelos sazRvrebs gareSe, gansakuTrebiT baqoSi da sxva centrebSi. gilocavT brwyinvale dRes“ 1 . saqarTvelos profesiuli kavSirebi cdilobda urTierTobis damyarebas rogorc samezobloSi arsebul muSaTa gaerTianebebTan, aseve saerTaSoriso muSaTa kavSirebTan. es ukanaskneli gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani iyo, radganac evropaSi mSromelTa masebs didi politikuri wona hqondaT da SeeZloT, gavlena moexdinaT TavianTi qveynebis politikosTa gadawyvetilebebze, romelTa keTilganwyobac mniSvnelovani iyo saqarTvelos damoukideblobis saerTaSorisod aRiarebisaTvis. 1919-1921 wlebSi profesiuli kavSirebis centralurma sabWom araerTi werili gaugzavna Tavis evropel kolegebs 2 . saqarTvelosa da evropis muSaTa klass Soris urTierTobis gaRrmavebis procesi gansakuTrebiT gaaqtiurda 1920 wlis seqtemberSi, rodesac demokratiul respublikas belgiidan, safrangeTidan, didi britaneTidan da germaniidan socialistTa delegacia ewvia. delegacia am qveynebis socialisturi partiebisa da muSaTa moZraobebis liderebisagan Sedgeboda: didi britaneTidan leiboristuli partiis lideri ramsei makdonaldi, muSaTa gaerTianebis lideri Tomas Sou da sufraJistTa lideri eTel 1 saqarTvelos saxelmwifos xelmZRvanelebi, tomi XIII, noe Jordania(mTavar. red. stiven jonsi, red. emzar jgerenaia). Tbilisi, saqarTvelos parlamentis erovnuli biblioTeka, 2018, gv. 196-197 2 gaz. saqarTvelos respublika, 1919 wlis 26 ivlisi, N 164, gv. 2 68 snoudeni, safrangeTidan – socialisturi partiis erT-erT lideri pier renodeli, partiis wevri andre marke da franguli muSaTa gaerTianebebis erT-erTi lideri alber ingelsi; belgiidan delegaciis wevrTa Soris iyvnen: emil vandervelde – socialisturi partiis erT-erTi damaarsebeli da moqmedi saxelmwifo ministri, kamil hiusmansi – meore internacionalis generaluri mdivani da profesori lui de briukeri – belgiis socialisturi partiis gazeTis redaqtori da profesiuli kavSirebis warmomadgeneli; germaniidan ki cnobili Teoretikosi karl kaucki. evropelma socialistebma baTumSi, WiaTurasa da TbilisSi Sexvedrebi gamarTes saqarTvelos muSebTan da profesiul gaerTianebebTan, de briukerma specialuri moxsenebac waikiTxa profkavSirelebisaTvis. evropeli socialistebi gansakuTrebiT interesdebodnen Sromis axali kanonmdeblobiT, romelic erT-erT yvelaze demokratiulad da muSaTa klasis interesebis gamomxatvelad miaCndaT. 1919-1920 wlebSi kidev araerTi profesiuli gaerTianeba Camoyalibda. magaliTad, 1920 wels samxedro eqimebma da eqTnebma Seqmnes TavianTi profesiuli gaerTianebebi. 1920 wlis zafxulSi, baTumis olqis demokratiuli respublikis sazRvrebSi Sesvlis Semdeg, daCqarebuli wesiT Seiqmna adgilobrivi profkavSiruli organizaciebi. 1920 wlis agvistos monacemebiT, baTumis olqSi 7 500 muSa iyo gawevrianebuli 31 profesiul kavSirSi 1 . 1 gaz. erToba, 1920 wlis 21 agvisto, N 189, gv. 3 69 profesiuli kavSirebisa da maTSi gawevrianebul wevrTa raodenoba yovelTviurad izrdeboda. 1920 wlis bolos saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikaSi 113 profesiuli gaerTianeba funqcionirebda, romlebSic 64 000-ze meti muSa iricxeboda. 33 000 muSa iyrida Tavs TbilisSi, sadac 33 profesiuli kavSiri moqmedebda. 80 profesiuli gaerTianeba arsebobda saqarTvelos mazrebsa da qalaqebSi, gansakuTrebiT, baTumis olqSi, Sorapnisa da quTaisi mazrebSi, aseve qalaq soxumsa da foTSi. 1919 wels profesiuli kavSirebis centri gamoscemda Jurnal „muSaTa cxovrebas“, romlis tiraJi 4 500-s aRwevda. yvelaze did gaerTianebas, rkinigzelTa kavSirs, hqonda Tavisi qarTul- da rusulenovani Jurnali „rkinisgzeli“, romelic qarTul enaze 10 000-iani tiraJiT gamodioda xolo rusulad – 3 000-ianiT 1 . profkavSirebSi social-demokratTa dominireba 1919-1921 wlebSic TvalSisacemi iyo –profkavSirelebis im wevrTa 90%, romlebic partiebSic iyvnen gawevrianebuli, social-demokratebi gaxldnen. es logikuric iyo, radganac Tavad muSebi, Tavis mxriv, umravlesobas Seadgendnen social-demokratiuli partiis wevrTa Soris 2 . profesiul gaerTianebebSi Seqmnis dRidan aqtiurad funqcionirebda qalTa organizaciebi, Tumca 1917 wlidan am procesma kidev ufro farTo masStabi SeiZina. profesiul kavSirebSi qalTa ricxvis 1 scsa, fondi 2077, anaw. 1, saqme 1, furc. 3. 2 erik li, eqsperimenti: saqarTvelos miviwyebuli revolucia. Tbilisi, poezia, 2018, gv. 159 70 zrda TavisTavad zrdida mSromeli qalebisaTvis damatebiT arsebuli Cagvris meqanizmebze sajaro saubrebis SesaZleblobas 1 . 1919 wlis aprilis yrilobidan moyolebuli profesiuli kavSirebis centraluri sabWo cdilobda gamarTuli biurokratiuli aparatis formirebas profesiuli kavSirebis Sesaqmnelad. es procesi umtkivneulod ar mimdinareobda, profkavSirebs gansakuTrebiT uWirda, kanonis Sesabamisad, saqmianobis qarTul enaze warmarTva, radganac muSaTa wre multieTnikuri iyo 2 . profesiuli kavSirebis erT-erT mTavar gamowvevas warmoadgenda finansebis simcire, amasTan maT xSirad ar gaaCndaT sakuTari sivrceebi mmarTvelobiTi aparatis gansaTavseblad. profesiuli kavSirebi 1918-1921 wlebSi xSirad iviwyebdnen TavianT mTavar funqcias da, muSaTa uflebebis dacvaze metad, zogadad, qveynis Tavisuflebis dacvaze, demokratizaciasa da ganviTarebaze ufro met energias xarjavdnen. muSebi respublikis erT-erT mTavar dasayrdenad miiCneodnen, amas mowmobs karl kauckis Sefasebebi, romelic 1920 wlis bolos TbilisSi intensiurad swavlobda profesiul kavSirTa centraluri organizaciebis saqmianobas – „profesiuli kavSirebi organizebuli arian ara profesiuli niSniT, aramed mrewvelobis dargebis 1 qalebi da qalTa sakiTxi saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikaSi 1918-1921(avtor-Semdgenlebi: lela gafrindaSvili (samec. red), irakli iremaZe, cisana goderZiSvili, salome WanturiZe, levan TaqTaqiSvili). Tbilisi, qalebis iniciativa TanasworobisTvis( WIE ), 2018, gv. 165 2 scsa, fondi 2075, anaw. 1, saqme 86, furc. 16 71 mixedviT. profesiuli principi jer myarad ar aris fexmokidebuli. TbilisSi aRniSnuli kavSirebi floben TavianT nagebobebs, Teatrs, Sexvedrebis adgils – plexanovis muSaTa sasaxles, romelic muSebma didi msxverplis fasad aaSenes. rkinigzelebs specialurad gankuTvnili Senobac aqvT TavianTi organizaciisaTvis. profkavSirebis organoebi da misi miswrafebebi dasavleT evropuls hgavs. magram momeCvena, rom profkavSirebi sagrZnob daqsaqsulobas ganicdian. TumcaRa, moZraoba, romelic sul raRac sami wlisaa, srulyofili ver iqneba. imis gamo, rom organizacia axlad Camoyalibebulia, misi interesi ar aris viwro da mxolod profesiuli. igi ar Semoifargleba mxolod muSaTa sakiTxebiT, aramed koncentrirebulia mTel sazogadoebaze. es TvalsaCinod ikveTeba profkavSirebis damokidebulebaSi gaficvis mimarT. isini gaficvas proletariatis klasobriv brZolaSi yvelaze basr iaraRad miiCneven. is, Tu ramdenad did mniSvnelobas aniWeben profkavSirebi amas, cxadi xdeba im faqtiT, rom isini konstituciaSi gaficvis uflebis asaxvas iTxoven. maT isic kargad ician, rom es mrisxane iaraRi mxolod ukiduresi saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi unda gamoiyenon“ 1 . kauckis azrebs emTxveoda vladimer voitinskis Sefasebebic – „qarTulma proletariatma sworad Seafasa arsebuli viTareba – revoluciis periodSi xalxis mmarTvelis rolSi yofna da muSaTa klasis 1 karl kaucki, saqarTvelo: social-demokratiuli glexTa respublika – STabeWdilebani da dakvirvebani. Tbilisi, Tsu, 2018, gv. 83-84 72 moTxovnebis realizacia misgan did sifrTxiles moiTxovda. aq unda davinaxoT social-demokratiuli skolis gavlena, romelmac qarTvel muSaTa politikuri cnobiereba Camoayaliba. saqarTveloSi muSaTa politikas maqsimalizmi ar axasiaTebda. misi ideali da arsi socialisturi iyo, magram socializmisken miemarTeboda ara amboxebaTa da teroris, aramed demokratiis gziT. aq politikuri amocanebi ar scdeboda SesaZleblobaTa farglebs, magram qveyanaSi, romelic ekonomikur aRmavlobas ganicdida, farTo asparezs aZlevda muSaTa klass misi materialuri da moraluri mdgomareobis garantirebiT. am wyobam dadebiTi Sedegi moitana evropis ganviTarebuli qveynebisTvis, qarTvel muSaTa kanonmdebloba ki mxolod etapobrivad midioda samuSaosa da kapitals Soris arsebul mimarTebaTa radikalur transformaciamde. am gzaze gadadgmul TiToeul met-naklebad gabedul nabijs win uZRoda Sedegebis vrceli da siRrmiseuli Seswavla... sabolood, unda iTqvas, rom saqarTvelos muSaTa politika diametralurad gansxvavdeboda sabWoTa ruseTis Sromis politikisagan“ 1 . miuxedavad imisa, rom respublikis xelisufleba mondomebuli iyo, Sromis politika muSaTa interesebisTvis moergo, finansTa da vaWroba-mrewvelobis ministris, konstantine kandelakis SefasebiT arsebuli resursebis simciridan gamomdinare es mondomeba naklebad aisaxeboda realur politikaze 1 vladimer voitinski, qarTuli demokratia. Tbilisi, Tsu 2018, gv. 219 73 – „bevris warmodgeniT Tumca damoukidebel saqarTveloSi nivTieri gasaWiri didi iyo, magram radgan xelisufleba socialistebs eWira, muSebi didi privilegiebiT sargeblobdnen da amitom saukeTeso nivTier mdgomareobaSi imyofebodnen sazogadoebis farTe wreebTan SedarebiT. samwuxaroT,... es sul ase ar yofila. muSa mosamsaxuris mdgomareoba damoukidebel saqarTveloSi saerTod iseTive iyo, rogorc danarCen sazogadoebis, isinic ganicdidnen nivTier gaWirvebas. da ara imitom, rom maT ar hqondaT profesiuli organizaciebi da Tavis uflebebs da moTxovnebs sakmarisad ver icavden, aramed swored imitom, rom isini, darazmulni profesiul kavSirebSi da politikur organizaciebSi, srulis SegnebiT erkveoden arsebul mdgomareobaSi. demagogias ar miyvebodnen, ganuxorcielebel moTxovnilebebs ar ayenebdnen da yovelgvar upasuxismgeblo nabijis gadadgmas eridebodnen. am mxriv saqarTvelos muSaTa klasi iseT TavdaWerilobas da politikur simwifes iCenda, rom misi yofaqceva im dros sanaqebo da didi pativiscemis Rirsi iyo, gansakuTrebiT mas Semdeg, rac Cven davinaxeT mravali magaliTi muSaTa TavdauWerlobis, evropis zogierT qveynebSic ki, aseTive krizisebis da gardamaval xanis periodSi“ 1 . muSaTa mdgomareobis Sesaxeb kandelaks Tavis naSromSi araerTi statistika mohyavs, romliTac naTeli xdeba, rom respublikaSi Seqmnili ekonomikuri mdgomareoba ar iZleoda saSualebas muSaTa mdgomareobis 1 konstantine kandelaki, saqarTvelos erovnuli meurneoba, wigni meore. parizi, ssrk-s Semswavleli instituti, 1960, gv. 135 74 kardinaluri cvlilebisaTvis. kandelaks mohyavs inflaciisa da xelfasebis zrdis statistika – 19141920 wlebSi muSebis gasamrjelo sxvadasxva sferoSi 50-100-jer gaizarda. Tumca amave periodSi inflacia cifrebSi ase aisaxa – 1914 wels 1 girvanqa xorcis Rirebuleba 14 kapiki iyo, 1920 wels – 15.5 maneTi. amave periodSi 1 girvanqa puris fasi 4 kap.-dan 10.6 man.-mde gaizarda, xorcisa da zeTisa ki 18 kap.-dan 60 man.mde 1 . es cifrebi aCvenebs, rom xelfasebis realuri zrda inflaciam STanTqa da xSirad, piriqiT, samomxmareblo kalaTis fasis zrda ufro meti iyo vidre xelfasebis. Tumca kardinalurad Seicvala samuSao saaTebis raodenoba da samuSao pirobebi. amasTan muSebs respublikis periodSi sursaTi sabazro fasebze ufro dabal fasad miewodeboda specialuri sasursaTo„muSaTa magidebis“ saSualebiT. respublikis ekonomikuri problemebi arTulebda muSaTa mdgomareobas, 1917 wlidan moyolebuli inflaciis tempebi mudmivad izrdeboda. ekonomikuri problemebi xSirad gare faqtorebs ukavSirdeboda – jer kidev dausrulebel msoflio oms da omis Semdgom problemebs, ruseTis samoqalaqo oms, kavkasiis regionSi somxur-azerbaijanul konfliqtebsa da oms, osmaleTis yofili sruteebis faqtobriv blokadas, bolSevikuri da denikinuri Zalebis SemoWris safrTxeebs. Tumca qveynis ekonomika arc saSinao gamowvevebis nakleblobas uCioda. qveynis biujeti, ZiriTadad, mxolod axali kupiurebis beWdviT ivseboda, 1 konstantine kandelaki, saqarTvelos erovnuli meurneoba, wigni meore. parizi, ssrk-s Semswavleli instituti, 1960, gv. 139 75 sagadasaxado sistema moSlili iyo, saxelmwifos mier warmoebuli monopolizaciis kampania – xarveziani da arcTu ise warmatebuli. saSualo da dabal rgolebSi korufcia iCenda Tavs da kidev ufro Rrmavdeboda. kontrabanda da spekulacia ki gansakuTrebiT izrdeboda sasursaTo seqtorSi. arcTu iSviaTi iyo saxelmwifo qonebis miTvisebis faqtebic 1 . inflaciis erT-erTi mTavari faqtori iyo valutis swrafad cvalebadi gacvliTi kursi – 1920 wels april-maisSi sul 23 dReSi erTi girvanqa sterlingis kursi 600 maneTidan 1 000 maneTamde gaizarda 2 . inflaciis masStabis aRsawerad Tavad muSebis mier presaSi gamoqveynebuli werilebic gamodgeba, magaliTad, muSaTa werilebidan irkveva, rom sul Tve-naxevarSi, 1919 wlis mart-aprilSi, girvanqa mWadis fasi 2.2 maneTidan 3.6 maneTamde gaizarda – 64%-iani zrda drois mokle monakveTSi, maSin, rodesac mWadi erT-erTi mTavari sakvebi produqti iyo. aRniSnul droSi 60%-ze maRali zrda dafiqsirda xorcis fasTan mimarTebiT, msgavsi tendencia iyo sxva sasursaTo produqtebis SemTxvevaSi 3 . inflaciis gavlenis Sesamcireblad mTavroba drodadro xelfasebis zrdas mimarTavda. 1919 wlis maisidan, rodesac Camoyalibda satarifo palata, 1 beqa kobaxiZe, irakli iremaZe, irakli xvadagiani, daviT xvadagiani, saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis kontroli/ The State Controller’s Office of the Democratic Republic of Georgia , Tbilisi, saxelmwifo auditis samsaxuri, 2020, gv. 106-107 2 saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli kreba – sxdomis oqmebi – tomi VII. Tbilisi, saqarTvelos parlamentis erovnuli biblioTeka, 219, gv. 371-372 3 scsa, fondi 2075, anaw. 1, saqme 37, furc. 28 76 xelfasebis zrdis prerogativa swored am organos mieniWa. palata Tavadve swavlobda sasursaTo fasebsa da inflaciis maCveneblebs. satarifo palatam arasruli 2 wlis ganmavlobaSi ramdenjerme moiTxova xelfasebis zrda. palata Tavisi daangariSebiT xelfasebis zrdis rekomendaciebs gascemda ara mxolod rigiT mSromelebTan mimarTebiT, aramed mTavrobis Tavmjdomaris xelfasis zrdasTan dakavSirebiTac ki. magaliTad, 1919 wlis agvistoSi noe Jordanias xelfasi 1 000 maneTiT gaizarda da 7 000 maneTi Seadgina, mTavrobis wevrebis xelfasebi 500 maneTiT gaizarda da 5 000 maneTi Seadgina 1 . 1919 wlis agvisto-oqtomberSi inflaciis maCvenebeli kidev ufro swrafi tempiT izrdeboda, amitom 1919 wlis 10 oqtombers damfuZnebelma krebam axali saxelfaso ganakveTebi daadgina: mTavrobis Tavmjdomaris xelfasi 10 000 maneTi gaxda, ministrebis xelfasi 3 000 maneTiT gaizarda da 8 000 maneTiT ganisazRvra 2 . 1919 wlis noemberSi damfuZnebeli krebis wevrTa xelfasebi 3500 maneTiT gaizarda da 6 000 maneTi Seadgina 3 . amave periodSi gaizarda sajaro moxeleebis xelfasebi 5070%-iT, amave dros anazRaurebisa da gaweuli Sromis dasabalanseblad sajaro samsaxurebSi samuSao dro 6 saaTamde Semcirda. 1919 wlis noemberSi satarifo palatam gamosca rekomendacia, romlis safuZvelzec mTavrobam daadgina, rom respublikis yvela 1 scsa, fondi 1861, anaw. 3, saqme 15, furc. 211 2 iqve, furc. 255 3 iqve, furc. 262 77 mSromelis xelfasi unda gazrdiliyo 40-50%-iT 1 . ori Tvis Semdeg, 1920 wlis ianvarSi, satarifo palatis mier momzadebuli axali daskvnebis safuZvelze xelfasebi 60%-iT gaizarda, Tumca inflaciis maCveneblis gaTvaliswinebiT realuri xelfasebi Semcirda 2 . satarifo palatis dadgenilebiTve izrdeboda pensiebi. am periodSi sistemuri sapensio programa ar arsebobda da pensiebi miecemodaT im mSromelebs, romlebmac dazianeba miiRes samuSao adgilebze. 1920 wels met-naklebad dastabilurda ekonomikuri mdgomareoba, Sesabamisad, xelfasebis radikaluri zrda aRar momxdara. Tumca 1920 wlis bolos momzadebuli axali angariSebis safuZvelze satarifo palata 1921 wlis ianvarSi xelfasebis 60100%-iT zrdas moiTxovda. xelfasebis zrdis moTxovnas mudmivad ayenebda muSaTa profkavSirebic, metic, 1919-1920 wlebSi profkavSirebis centraluri sabWos mier ganxiluli sakiTxebis 90% swored xelfasebis zrdis moTxovnas Seexeboda 3 . calkeul seqtorebSi dasaqmebulTa xelfasebi satarifo palatis daangariSebis gareSec izrdeboda, magaliTad, 1919 wlis 29 noembers damfuZnebelma krebam daadgina, rom pedagogTa xelfasebi, romelic erT-erTi yvelaze dabali iyo, 100%-iT gazrdiliyo. pedagogTa xelfasebis gaormagebis aucileblobis Sesaxeb damfuZnebel krebaSi social-demokratma nikifore imnaiSvilma ganacxada – „Tavis mosamsaxure1 scsa, fondi 1861, anaw. 3, saqme 20, furc. 41 2 gaz. saqarTvelos respublika, 1920 wlis 18 ianvari, N13, gv. 1 3 scsa, fondi 2075, anaw. 1, saqme 41, furc. 16, 18, 21. 78 Ta qonebrivi uzrunvelyofis mxriv arc erTi uwyeba ise CamorCenili ar aris, rogorc saxalxo ganaTlebis uwyeba da arc erTi moxele saxelmwifoSi – SeiZleba ise daCagruli ar iyos, rogorc mosamsaxureni am uwyebisa – maswavlebeli. es usamarTloba imaT mimarT iyo Zveli weswyobilebis dros da saubedurod revoluciis Semdeg is ar Secvlila dRemdisac. amis gamo iyo, rom SeuZlebeli gaxda uzrunvelyofa respublikis skolebis maswavlebelTa sakmao ricxvis mxriT“. pedagogTa xelfasebis 100%-iT zrdis miuxedavad, skolebSi dasaqmebulTa jamagiri 1919 wlis noemberSi 1 660 maneTidan(dawyebiTi orklasiani skolis pedagogTaTvis) 3 800 maneTamde(saSualo skolebis direqtorTa xelfasi) meryeobda 1 . pedagogebi mZime socialuri fonis gamo xelfasebis zrdas 1920 welsac aqtiurad moiTxovdnen 2 . pedagogTa xelfasebis simciris Sesaxeb kritikuli statiebi xSirad ibeWdeboda opoziciur gamocemebSi. satarifo palataSi xelfasebis zrdis moTxovnis sakiTxis SeswavlisaTvis aTobiT werili Sedioda. palata, rogorc wesi, Seswavlis Semdgom gascemda rekomendaciebs xelfasebis zrdis Sesaxeb, Tumca iyo gamonaklisebic. magaliTad, satarifo palatam 1919 wlis oqtomberSi uari Tqva, daekmayofilebina Tbilisis farmacevtTa profesiuli kavSiris moTxovna. Tavad farmacevtTa profesiulma kavSirma 1 saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli kreba – sxdomis oqmebi – tomi IV. Tbilisi, saqarTvelos parlamentis erovnuli biblioTeka, 219, gv. 100-102 2 scsa, fondi 2047, anaw. 1, saqme 1, furc. 129 79 mwvave protesti gamoTqva am uaris gamo da gaficva daiwyo, ris Sedegadac Sewyvites muSaoba Tbilisis afTiaqebma 1 . gaficva ukanonod scno da dagmo profesiuli kavSirebis centralurma sabWom. gaficvis sawinaaRmdego gancxadebebi gaakeTes mTavrobasa da sakanonmdeblo organoSi. gaficva gaakritika presam da muSaTa sawinaaRmdego werilebi gamoaqveyna. garda xelfasebis sistematurad zrdis tendenciisa, calkeul TveebSi didi ekonomikuri Cavardnebis fonze satarifo palata mouwodebda damsaqmeblebs, gaecaT erTjeradi daxmarebebi –„daevalos yvela damqiraveblebs dauyonebliv miscen maT yvela muSebs da mosamsaxureebs erTi Tvis jamagiris odeni erTdrouli daxmareba. magram ara umetes 3 000 maneTi yovelives, imnairaT, rom aRniSnuli daxmarebidan ar iqneba araviTari gamoklebuli. es gancxadeba ukve ecnoba damqiraveblebs sisruleSi mosayvanad. Tavmjdomare satarifo palatisa – ilia goldmani 2 , mdivani treimani“ 3 . inflaciisa da sasursaTo krizisis fonze 1919 wlidan mTavrobam SemoiRo„muSaTa magidebi“, Tavisi arsiT sasursaTo marketebis msgavsi, romelTa saSualebiTac muSebi sursaTs sabazro fasze bevrad iafad iZendnen. muSebze gaicemoda specialuri talonebi sursaTis SesaZenad.„muSaTa magidebi“ 1920 wels bevrgan gaixsna da masStaburi xasiaTi miiRo. magaliTad, 1920 wlis TebervalSi„muSaTa 1 scsa, fondi 2075, anaw. 1, saqme 82, furc. 12 2 Sromis ministris moadgile. 3 gaz. erToba, 1920 wlis 17 ivnisi, N 134, gv. 3 80 magidebidan“ 50 000 dasaqmebuli iZenda sursaTs. programaSi 600 dawesebulebaze meti iyo CarTuli. Semdgom periodSi„muSaTa magidis“ momxmarebelTa raodenoba gaizarda 1 .„muSaTa magidebs“ saxelmwifo da kerZo seqtori erTdroulad afinansebda da amaragebda sursaTiT 2 . es instituti mosalodneli SimSilis erTgvari saprevencio dawesebulebis rols iTavsebda momaragebis saministrosTan erTad. 1919-1921 wlebSi umuSevrobis done swrafad izrdeboda, amas Tan erTvoda isic, rom sawarmoo resursebis gamo ixureboda didi sawarmoebi. garda amisa, dedaqalaqi aivso ltolvilebiTa da samuSaos saZebnelad qveynis SigniT gadaadgilebuli pirebiT. problemis gadasaWrelad profesiulma kavSirebma da xelisuflebam Camoayalibes„Sromis birJa“, romlis mizanic iyo samuSaos maZiebelTa xelSewyoba da dasaqmeba, Tumca es procesi rTulad mimdinareobda – oficialuri statistikis mixedviT,„Sromis birJis“ saSualebiT dasaqmeba am institutisTvis mimmarTvelTa 6%-ma Zlivs SeZlo. axali sakanonmdeblo baza miuxedavad imisa, rom satarifo palatis, rogorc Sromis politikis regulirebis umTavresi organos, formireba 1919 wlis maisSi moxda, sakanonmdeblo 1 gaz. saqarTvelos respublika, 1920 wlis 3 Tebervali, N 25, gv. 1 2 gaz. erToba, 1920 wlis 13 oqtomberi, N 232, gv. 3 81 doneze kidev araerTi detali iyo dasazustebeli da dasaxvewi. 1920 wlis zafxulSi damfuZnebelma krebam daiwyo Sromis axali sakanonmdeblo CarCos SeqmnisaTvis muSaoba. kanonproeqti damfuZnebeli krebis sxdomaze saxeliT –„Sromis xelSekrulebis kanoni“ ganixileboda. krebis sxdomebze ganxilva xangrZlivad mimdinareobda, procesSi yvela partiis warmomadgenlebi monawileobdnen. kanonproeqts, principSi, yvela opoziciuri partia akritikebda. memarcxene opozicia, marTalia, iziarebda ZiriTad principebs, Tumca moiTxovda muSaTa interesebis dacvis kidev ufro maRali standartebis SemoRebas. socialist-federalistebi da socialist-revolucionerebi moiTxovdnen, rom kanoni gavrcelebuliyo dasaqmebis yvela seqtorze(kanonproeqtis mixedviT is ar vrceldeboda soflis meurneobasa da sajaro administraciaze) 1 . kanonproeqti gaakritika erovnul-demokratiulma partiam, romlis erT-erTi lideric, aleqsandre asaTiani krebis sxdomebze sityviT araerTxel gamovida. misi kritika mimarTuli iyo iqiTken, rom kanonproeqti mxolod muSaTa interesebze iyo agebuli da ignorirebuli iyo damsaqmebelTa interesebi 2 . damfuZnebelma krebam kanoni 1920 wlis 14 agvistos sxdomaze daamtkica. 1 saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli kreba – sxdomis oqmebi – tomi VII. Tbilisi, saqarTvelos parlamentis erovnuli biblioTeka, 2019, gv. 51-68 2 irakli iremaZe, Sromis sakiTxi da profkavSirebi saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikaSi, krebuli – saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis gaxseneba 100 wlis Semdeg – modeli evropisTvis? Tbilisi, Tsu, 2018, gv. 364-365 82 „Sromis xelSekrulebis kanoni“ 14 Tavsa da 91 muxls moicavda da detalurad gansazRvravda axal normebsa da standartebs. pirvelive muxli acxadebda – „1. am kanons eqvemdebareba Sromis yoveli xelSekruleba, romliTac erTi piri – daqiravebuli – Tavis samuSao Zalas aZlevs sxva pirs – damqiravebels – gansazRvruli an ganusazRvreli vadiT an garigebul samuSaos damTavrebamde da valdebuli xdeba damqiraveblis mier naCvenebi gansazRvruli saxis moqmedeba Seasrulos sasyidliT – samuSao fasiT, romelic aRiricxeba drois mixedviT, naWrobiT an sxva saSualebiT.* SeniSvna: am kanons ar eqvemdebarebian: a) saxelmwifosi da adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis dawesebulebaTa Tanamdebobis pirni da administraciaSi mosamsaxureni; b) is xelSekrulebani, romelsac dasdeben sazogadod administratiuli moqmedebisaTvis daqiravebulni; g) agreTve is pirni, romelnic sazogadoebis wevrTa ganusazRvrel ricxvs awvdian damoukidebeli xelobis saxed maT mier SekavSirebulsa an pirad Sromas“ 1 . kanoni aregulirebda xelSekrulebis dadebasa da mis gauqmebas, azustebda da icavda mSromelTa uflebebs, acxadebda SromiT normebsa da samuSao pirobebs, mkafiod ayalibebda Sromis usafrTxoebis standartebs 2 . profesiuli kavSirebi sruliad eTanxmeboda 1 saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis samarTlebrivi aqtebis krebuli(spec. red. v. SaraSeniZe). Tbilisi, iverTa mxare, 1990, gv. 408 2 irakli iremaZe, Sromis sakiTxi da profkavSirebi saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikaSi, krebuli – saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis gaxseneba 100 wlis Semdeg – modeli evropisTvis? Tbilisi, Tsu, 2018, gv. 365-366 83 kanonproeqts da moiTxovda mis gavrcelebas yvela sferoze, Tumca mmarTvelma partiam Tavis pozicias ar gadaxeda da kanoni ar gaavrcela centraluri da adgilobrivi xelisuflebis organoebsa da soflis meurneobaSi dasaqmebul pirebze. kanonSi mkafiod iyo gansazRvruli, rom misi darRveva gamoiwvevda damrRvevis sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobiT pasuxisgebas. Sromis Sesaxeb Canawerebi gakeTda 1921 wlis 21 Tebervals damtkicebul saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis konstituciaSi da misi XIII Tavi –„socialur-ekonomikuri uflebani“ srulad imeorebda „Sromis xelSekrulebis kanonis“ ZiriTad principebs. konstituciis 117-e muxlSi gacxadebuli iyo respublikis politikuri speqtris ZiriTadi Teza Sromis sakiTxis Sesaxeb, kerZod – „Sroma safuZvelia respublikis arsebobisa da misi uzrunvelyofa respublikis gansakuTrebuli movaleobaa“ 1 . muSaTa politikuri orientacia – antibolSevikuri ganwyobebi bolSevikebsa da saqarTvelos social-demokratebs(menSevikebs) Soris urTierToba 1917 wlis oqtombris revoluciamdec(gadatrialebamde) sakmaod rTulad mimdinareobda, Tumca oqtombris ga1 saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis samarTlebrivi aqtebis krebuli(spec. red. v. SaraSeniZe), Tbilisi, iverTa mxare, 1990, gv. 476 84 datrialebis Semdeg, faqtobrivad, isini gamocxadebul mtrebad iqcnen. bolSevikebi cdilobdnen saqarTvelos muSaTa klasze gavlena moepovebinaT, Tumca es mcdelobebi arcTu warmatebulad mimdinareobda, gansxvavebiT glexebisgan, romelTa Sorisac, agraruli reformis gatarebamde, 1918 wlis zafxulSi, bolSevikebi sakmao gavleniT sargeblobdnen da ramdenime ajanyebac moawyves agrarul niadagze. profesiul kavSirebSi bolSevikTa gavlenas, garda uSualod muSebis mier gamoCenili winaaRmdegobisa, respublikis usafrTxoebis Zalebic ewinaaRmdegeboda. usafrTxoebis samsaxurma – sagangebo razmma – ramdenime bolSeviki muSa-agitatoric daakava, romlebic muSebs ajanyebisa da xelisuflebis damxobisken mouwodebda. bolSevik agitatorTa dapatimrebas amarTlebda profkavSirebis gaerTianebac 1 . 1920 wels moqmedi 100-ze meti profesiuli kavSiridan mxolod ramdenimeSi SeZles bolSevikebma fexis mokideba, maT Soris – mestambeTa, tyavis mwarmoebelTa, liTonze momuSaveTa da metyeveTa kavSirebSi. centralur sabWoSi social-demokratebis dominirebis gamo metyeveTa kavSiri saerTod garicxes profesiuli kavSirebis centraluri uwyebidan 2 . respublikaSi arsebuli gaerTianebebis 90%-ze metSi social-demokratebi iyvnen gabatonebulni. es logikuric iyo, radganac saimperio reJimis drosac muSaTa organizaciebi, ZiriTadad, swored social-demokratebis(menSevikebis) mier iyo Seqmnili. 1 gaz. erToba, 1919 wlis 4 Tebervali, N 27, gv. 3 2 gaz. erToba, 1920 wlis 18 ivlisi, N 160, gv. 3 85 komunistTa(bolSevikTa) partia, faqtobrivad, aralegalurad moqmedebda respublikaSi, komunistebi cdilobdnen farulad moemzadebinaT muSaTa gamosvlebi, amis mcdeloba hqondaT 1920 wlis 1-el maissac, moaxloebul samxedro SemotevebTan koordinaciaSi. muSebma Zalovan uwyebebTan erTad SeZles bolSevikTa provokaciebis Tavidan acileba 1 . komunistebi xSirad avrcelebdnen saagitacio bukletebs muSaTa Soris, romelic mSromelebs amboxebisa da demokratiuli respublikis gasabWoebisaken mouwodebda. amasTan, komunistebi baqosa da moskovSi avrcelebdnen cnobebs, TiTqos saqarTvelos demokratiuli mTavroba arbevda da awiokebda saqarTvelos mSromelebs, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, qveyanaSi uxmobdnen komunistebs da cdilobdnen sabWoTa xelisuflebis SemoRebas. komunistTa propaganda gansakuTrebiT aqtiuri iyo rkinigzis profkavSirebSi. es logikuric iyo, radganac es gaerTianeba yvelaze mZlavri iyo da aq fexis mokideba gadamwyvet faqtorad esaxebodaT. miuxedavad mravali mcdelobisa da sakmao finansuri resursis daxarjvisa, 1921 wlis dasawyisSic rkinigzis profesiul gaerTianebaSi social-demokratebma TavianTi gavlenebi gaimyares 2 . komunistTa mxridan sakuTar muSaTa wreebSi antiqarTuli propagandis gagrZeleba iyo aseve isic, rom sabWoTa xelisuflebam uari Tqva qarTvel muSaTa delegaciis miRebaze moskovSi. am delegaciis 1 gaz. erToba, 1920 wlis 7 maisi, N 101, gv. 4 2 gaz. erToba, 1921 wlis 11 ianvari, N 6, gv. 1 86 mizani iyo rusi mSromelebisTvis aexsnaT, rom isini kmayofili iyvnen saqarTveloSi Sromis pirobebiT, qveynis demokratiuli ganviTarebis gziT da mxars uWerdnen demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobas 1 . saqarTvelos muSebi vizitis miznad aseve saxavdnen imasac, rom rusi mSromelebisgan moepovebinaT solidaruli damokidebuleba da prevencia moexdinaT sabWoTa ruseTis mier SesaZlo Tavdasxmaze. muSebs sjerodaT, rom mSromelTa Soris ndobisa da solidarobis gancdis zrda xels SeuSlida sabWoTa xelisuflebas, martivad moexdina masebis mobilizeba saqarTveloze Tavdasasxmelad. muSebi respublikis sadarajoze 1917 wlis dekemberSi social-demokratebis mier muSebze dayrdnobiT Seqmnilma„wiTelma gvardiam“ amierkavkasia bolSevizmis safrTxes gadaarCina. ramdenime TveSi„wiTeli gvardia“„saxalxo gvardiad“ gardaiqmna, romelmac sam welze meti xnis ganmavlobaSi erTgulad daicva amierkavkasia da saqarTvelo. gvardiaSi gaerTianebulma muSebma ibrZoles yvelgan, sadac respublikas uWirda. muSebi jariskacebTan, iunkrebTan da moxaliseebTan erTad aRmoCndnen frontze 1921 wlis TebervalSi sabWoTa ruseTis wiTeli armiis pirispir saqarTvelos dasa1 scsa, fondi 2077, anaw. 1, saqme 5, furc. 1-4 87 cavad. gvardia ar iyo regularuli samxedro Zala, Tumca aqtiurad ibrZoda yvela frontze. muSebi 1921 wlis Teberval-martSi ara mxolod fronts amagrebdnen, aramed zurgSic aqtiurad moqmedebdnen. profkavSirebis centraluri sabWo mouwodebda yvela muSas, aeRo xelSi iaraRi da daecva samSoblo – `saqarTvelos yvela muSaTa organizaciebs! amxanagebo! saqarTvelos Semoesia sazizRari mteri! sabWoTa somxeTs miemata sabWoTa azerbeijanic! isic qurdulaT moparviT dagvesxa Tavs. TavdasxmaSi monawileobas iReben sabWoTa ruseTis jarebi. TavdamsxmelTa mizania saqarTvelos dapyroba, misi damoukidebeli miwa wylis ganadgureba, misi Tavisufali xalxis awiokeba. fexze dadeqiT demokratiuli respublikis dasacavad! davirazmoT dauyovnebliv da SemovikriboT brZolis velze mTeli mSromeli xalxi, mTeli eri! dRes aRar arsebobs calke partia, calke organizacia: arsebobs mxolod erTi mTliani, saqarTvelos damcveli fronti! amxanagebo! ar daigvianoT arc erTi wuTiT, axlave SeadgineT moxaliseTa razmebi, romelnic jarsa da gvardiasTan erTad mters sasikvdilo laxvars Cascemen. Cven Semogvyurebs dRes mTeli kacobrioba! saqarTvelos sazRvrebze swydeba ara marto Cveni, aramed mTeli saerTaSoriso demokratiis bedi! amxanagebo! maS, win, gamarjvebisaken! Cven unda gavimarjvoT, – Cven gavimarjvebT! amisi Tavmdebia Cveni xalxis erTsulovneba da aRfrTovaneba. Zirs Savi Zalebi! gaumarjos Tavganwirulad mebrZol 88 muSaTa klass! gaumarjos Cveni wiaRidan gamosul demokratiul karsa da saxalxo gvardias! Zirs imperializmi! gaumarjos socializms! saqarTvelos profesionalur kavSirTa centraluri sabWos aRmasrulebeli komiteti“ 1 . 1921 wlis Teberval-martSi asobiT muSa daeca frontis xazze. profkavSirebi da muSaTa wreebi 1921 wlis martidan antisabWoTa winaaRmdegobis erT-erTi mTavari kerebi aRmoCnda. sabWoTa saokupacio xelisuflebam maleve gadaayena profkavSirebis centraluri sabWo da bolSeviki muSebi daniSna maT adgilze. muSaTa antisabWoTa ganwyobebis naTeli demonstrireba iyo 1921 wlis ivlisis dasawyisSi Tbilisel muSebTan ioseb stalinis Sexvedra naZaladevis muSaTa klubSi. muSebma gavlenian komunists sityva mravaljer Seawyvetines, erTgvari obstruqcia mouwyves da mouwodes, gaeyvana saqarTvelodan saokupacio wiTeli jarebi, xolo leninisaTvis moexsenebinaT bolSevikebis mier saqarTveloSi Cadenili danaSaulebebi. ra Tqma unda, am Sexvedris Semdeg sabWoTa„Cekam“ aTobiT muSa, gansakuTrebiT ki gavleniani social-demokratebi daapatimra. sabWoTa reJimis gamkacrebis paralelurad saqarTvelos mSromelebma evropel kolegebs araerTi werili gaugzavnes da mxardaWera sTxoves bolSevikTa winaaRmdeg. social-demokrati muSebi sajarod upirispirdebodnen komunistebs, 1921 wlis oqtomb1 saqarTvelos yvela muSaTa organizaciebs, gaz. saqarTvelos respublika, 1921 wlis 19 Tebervali, N 39, gv. 2 89 erSi muSaTa delegaciam specialuri deklaraciac warudgina sabWoTa„revkoms“, deklaraciaSi iTxovdnen: „1. saqarTvelos darRveul damoukideblobis aRdgenas da qarTuli enis dacvas. 2. rusis jaris gayvanas saqarTvelodan da qarTuli laSqris Sedgenas. 3. muSaTa organizaciebis, krebis, sityvis, presis, arCevnebis Tavisuflebas da binis da pirovnebis xeluxleblobas. 4. rom SimSiliT ar daixocos muSaTa ojaxebi, muSebis nivTieri mdgomareobis dauyonebliv gaumjobesebas. 5. muSebis daTxovnis da ucxoeTSi gadasaxlebis SeCereba-mospobas. 6. ucxo moxeleebis Zaladobis mospobas. 7. saqarTvelos soflebSi rusis jaris ekzekuciebis moxsnas da 8. politikur devnilebis da tusaRebis ganTavisuflebas“ 1 . muSaTa deklaracia ar miiRo filipe maxaraZem, muSaTa meTaurTa umravlesoba ki daakava da politsapatimroebSi gamoamwyvdia. 1921 wlis bolos metexsa da sxva sapatimroebSi aTobiT profkavSireli muSa iyo dapatimrebuli, romlebic Riad upirispirdebodnen sabWoTa reJims 2 . politpatimrebiT gadavsebuli iyo saqarTvelos sapyrobileebi. muSebi, gansakuTrebiT gvardieli muSebi, sabWoTa xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg brZolas agrZelebdnen 1921 wlis martis Semdegac. gavleniani WiaTureli muSa da gvardieli valiko CubiniZe Tavis mogonebebSi 1921 1 evropis da amerikis muSebs ganurCevlad mimarTulebisa, Jurn. Tavisufali saqarTvelo, 1921 wlis 20 dekemberi, N 14(aseve ix. https://civil.ge/ka/archives/462687 , nanaxia 03.01.2023) 2 scsa, fondi 2117, anaw. 1, saqme 41.(aseve ix.: https://civil.ge/ka/ archives/462591 nanaxia 14.01.2023) 90 wlis 16 marts werda: „...muSa gvardielebma davadgineT: mTeli Cveni Zal-RoniT okupantebis winaaRmdeg yovelgvari saSualebiT vibrZoloT im dromde, sanam samSoblos gavaTavisuflebT da am mizniT yovlad SemZle da uryevi imediT daviSaleniT“. muSaTa es dadgenileba da fici didwilad Sesrulda, muSebi wina flangze iyvnen 1924 wlis agvistos erovnuli ajanyebisas, swored amitom msxverplTa didi nawili swored muSaTa Soris iyo. revolucioneri – social-demokrati muSebi mravlad Seewirnen 1936-1938 wlebis sabWoTa did terorsac. 91 Sejameba saqarTvelos muSaTa moZraobebis istoriaSi 18701905 wlebi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani, gamokveTilad rTuli, magram amavdroulad nayofieri iyo. industrializaciis dabali donisa da tempebis pirobebSi daqsaqsuli isedac mcire muSaTa klasi 1870-1880-ian wlebSi, erTiani socialur-politikuri xedvebisa da organizaciuli kavSiris gareSe, faqtobrivad, daucveli da uZluri idga rogorc kapitalis mflobelebis, ise saimperio xelisuflebis Zalmomreobis winaSe. 1880-iani wlebis miwuruls kavkasiaSi baqosa da WiaTuris bunebrivi resursebis garSemo dawyebulma samrewvelo bumma gaaCina, erTi mxriv, muSaTa klasis zrdis, meore mxriv ki, muSaTa interesebis gamomxatveli jgufebis gaCenis niadagi. marTalia, saqarTveloSi muSaTa socialuri interesebis gamomxatveli sazogadoebrivi da politikuri jgufebi Tavad muSaTa wridan ar warmoSobila, Tumca 1890-ian wlebSi SesaZlebeli gaxda axalgazrda inteleqtualebis mier Camoyalibebuli social-demokratiuli politikuri moZraobis dakavSireba muSaTa wreebTan. faqtobrivad, aqedan moyolebuli 1921 wlis okupaciamde saqarTvelos social-demokratiuli muSaTa partia(1902-1918 wlebSi ruseTis social-demokratiuli partiis„menSevikuri“ fraqcia) iqca ara mxolod muSaTa interesebis ga92 momxatvel da damcvel organizaciad, aramed muSebis politikaSi rekrutirebis mTavar institutadac. ruseTis 1905 wlis revolucia muSaTa klasisa da social-demokratiuli partiis sabolood SerwymisaTvis mniSvnelovani procesi iyo. muSebi politikuri brZolis barikadebze aRmoCndnen saqarTvelos sxvadasxva qalaqsa da mazraSi, gansakuTrebiT ki qalaq Tbilissa da guriis mazraSi. 1907-1908 wlebSi legalurad Seqmnili muSaTa pirveli profesiuli kavSirebis organizeba muSebma swored social-demokratiuli partiis mxardaWeriT SeZles. 1917 wlis Tebervlis revoluciis Semdeg realuri Zalaufleba social-demokratebisa da sxva politikuri partiebis organizebiT Seqmnil muSaTa, glexTa da jariskacTa sabWoebis xelSi aRmoCnda. saqarTvelos muSaTa klasis warmomadgenlebma swored 1917 wels SeZles realuri Zalauflebisa da mniSvnelovani politikuri gavlenis mopoveba, Tumca gardamaval periodSi arsebuli politikuri problemebis, ekleqturobisa da gamowvevebis fonze 1918 wlamde muSaTa interesebis gamtarebeli politikis realobaSi danergva ver xerxdeboda. 1918 wlis 26 maisis Semdeg saqarTvelos multieTnikuri muSaTa klasi axali realobis winaSe aRmoCnda. erTi mxriv, misi warmomadgenlebi axlad Seqmnili demokratiuli respublikis„damfuZnebeli mamebi“ aRmoCndnen da realuri Zalaufleba gaiziares, meore mxriv ki, maT mouxdaT TavianTi internacionalu93 ri miswrafebebis gadaxedva, radganac axal respublikas maTi mxridan mxardaWera da dacva sWirdeboda. 1918-1921 wlebSi muSaTa uflebrivi mdgomareoba mniSvnelovnad gaumjobesda, myarad damkvidrda 8-saaTiani samuSao dro, Sromis pirobebis monitoringi, Sromis dazRveva, travmebis SemTxvevaSi sapensio sistemiT sargeblobis SesaZlebloba, arasrulwlovanTa da qalTa Sromis reglamentireba, profkavSirebis organizebis sruli Tavisufleba da a.S. SemoRebuli iqna„satarifo palata“,„Sromis birJa“ da„muSaTa magida“. 1919 wlis TebervalSi 25 muSa airCies sakanonmdeblo organoSi, social-demokratiulma muSaTa partiam sruli politikuri Zalaufleba moipova. Tumca es sazianoc aRmoCnda saqarTvelos muSaTa wreebisaTvis. kerZod, mmarTveli social-demokratiuli partiisa da profesiuli kavSirebis srulma aRrevam gamoiwvia is, rom konkretul SromiT davebSi, konfliqtebsa da gaficvebis procesSi profkavSirebi gamodiodnen ara muSaTa interesebidan, aramed zogadsaxelmwifoebrivi da, xSirad, uSualod mmarTveli partiis interesebidan. saxelisuflebo partiam, faqtobrivad, STanTqa profkavSirebis damoukidebloba da misi umTavresi funqcia – muSaTa interesebis dacva. 1918-1921 wlebSi muSaTa klasma demokratiuli respublikis dasacavad didi msxverpli gaiRo, ibrZola yvela frontze. muSebi 1921 wlis Teber94 val-martSic frontis xazze sangrebSi aRmoCndnen. sabWoTa ruseTis mier saqarTvelos okupaciis Semdeg ki represiebis erT-erTi pirveli talRa 1921 wlis zafxulsa da Semodgomaze swored im muSaTa wreebisadmi iyo mimarTuli, romlebic aprotestebdnen sabWoTa Zalmomreobas, demokratiuli institutebis mospobas, damoukideblobis ganadgurebas da Tavisufali profkavSirebis ngrevas. muSebi aRmoCndnen didi represiuli talRebis msxverplni 1924 wlis erovnuli ajanyebisa da 1937-1938 wlebis sabWoTa didi teroris drosac. 95 wifis gvirabi – erovnuli arqivi rkinigza – marelisis sadguri. dimitri ermakovis foto. saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivi 96 baTumis porti. dimitri ermakovis foto. daculia saqarTvelos parlamentis erovnul biblioTekaSi WiaTuris maRaroebi – safosto marka. foto internetwyaroebidan 97 safrnageTis profesiuli kavSirebis erT-erTi lideri alber ingelsi WiaTuris maRaroebis muSebTan, 1920 weli. foto saqarTvelos erovnuli arqividan saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa ministri noe ramiSvili WiaTuris maRaroebTan, 1920 weli. foto Tsu-is biblioTekidan 98 saqarTvelos profesiuli kavSirebis konferencia, 1919 wlis aprili. foto saqarTvelos erovnuli arqividan momaragebisa da Sromis saministros TanamSromlebi, centrSi ministri giorgi eraZe. foto saqarTvelos erovnuli arqividan 99 1919 wlis 1 maisi TbilisSi. foto saqarTvelos erovnuli arqividan saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli krebis wevrebi. foto saqarTvelos erovnuli arqividan 100 ნაწილი II შრომა საქართველოს საბჭოთა სოციალისტურ რესპუბლიკაში გაბრიელ ჩუბინიძე Sesavali saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis istoria 1921 wels bolSevikuri ruseTis mier misi okupaciiT dasrulda. pirveli msoflio omis miwuruls sami imperiis(osmaleTis, ruseTis da avstria-ungreTis) rRvevis periodSi aRmocenebulma axalma qarTulma saxelmwifom ver SeZlo damoukideblobis SenarCuneba. dausrulebeli Sida da sagareo samxedro konfliqtebi Tu krizisebi, faqtobrivad, gamoricxavda saxelmwifos stabilur socialur-ekonomikur ganviTarebas. saqarTvelo sabWoTa kavSiris respublikad 70 weli iTvleboda. am xnis ganmavlobaSi saxelmwifos damokidebuleba Sromisa da adamianis mimarT saerTodac ar iyo erTgvarovani – periodulad icvleboda, xandaxan radikaluradac ki. SegviZlia gamovarCioT stalinisa da poststalinuri periodi. pirvel SemTxvevaSi, mTels sabWoTa kavSirSi, qalaqebsa da soflebSi iwyeba koleqtivizaciisa da industrializaciis politika. erTi mxriv, imperias hqonda arnaxuli ekonomikuri zrda, Sendeboda axali qalaqebi, qarxnebi da fabrikebi, magram, meore mxriv, es yvelaferi keTdeboda moqalaqeebis SromiTi eqspluataciis, Zaladobisa da represiebis xarjze. meore radikaluri cvlileba ki ukve nikita xruSCovis periodSi dgeba, roca daiwyo komunizmis„maSenebeli“ sazogadoebis momxmareblur sazogadoebad gardaqmna – anu, sabWoTa kavSirSi macxovrebeli moqalaqeebi 103 ara mxolod Sromobdnen imisTvis, rom odesme aaSenebdnen komunizms da Semdeg datkbebodnen misiT, aramed maT, ukve, komunizmis dadgomamdec miecemodaT saSualeba, yofiliyvnen fufunebasa da komfortSi – sxva sityviT rom vTqvaT, sabWoTa kavSirma miiRo „adamianuri saxe“. totaluri kontrolis meqanizmebi Semcirda, Sromis pirobebi gaumjobesda, gaizarda sacxovrisze xelmisawvdomoba, iseve, rogorc Seiqmna mravali sxva sajaro sikeTe. Tavis mxriv, izrdeboda Crdilovani ekonomika da masSi CarTul adamianTa ricxvi. sabWoTa sawarmoebi ver uzrunvelyofdnen maRali xarisxisa da Sesabamisi raodenobis samomxmareblo produqtis warmoebas, ris gamoc cxovreba permanentuli deficitis pirobebSi mimdinareobda – produqtebisa Tu nivTebis sia ki izrdeboda. sabWoTa kavSirma sakuTari arsebobis pirobebSi muSaTa keTildReobisTvis mravali progresuli wesi da kanoni SemoiRo – gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia nabijebi qalTa uflebebisa da emansipaciis mxriv. Tumca xSirad es yvelaferi mxolod kanonis doneze arsebobda, srulad misi praqtikaSi danergva ar an ver xerxdeboda. rogorc ar unda iyos, sabWoTa kavSirSi metad saintereso da kompleqsuri ekonomikuri da SromiTi politika Seiqmna, romelmac didi gavlena iqonia masSi Semaval respublikebze. 104 pirveli wlebi sabWoTa ekonomikaSi sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyarebidan xuTi Tvis Tavze revoluciurma komitetma gamosca dekreti purze naturaluri gadasaxadis Sesaxeb, romlis mixedviTac, respublikas yovelwliurad erTi milioni puris fuTa unda gadaexada. amavdroulad glexebs miecaT ufleba, puris magivrad gadaexadaT lobioTi, simindiT, RomiT da a.S. Tavis mxriv, meurneobebi 14 kategoriad daiyo gansxvavebuli sagadasaxado pirobebiT 1 . es movlena pirdapir ukavSirdeboda soflis meurneobis produqtis warmoebis zrdas. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, glexi iZulebuli xdeboda, eSroma ara mxolod sakuTari TavisTvis, rogorc adre, aramed efiqra mis zedmet warmoebazec – surda mas es Tu ara. soflis msgavsad, mZime mdgomareoba iyo qalaqebSic. muSaTa klasi TiTqmis ar arsebobda e.i. ar iyo qarxana-fabrikebi, rom aRaraferi iTqvas mZime mrewvelobaze. sabWoTa wyaroebis mixedviT, 1913 welTan SedarebiT, 1921 wels warmoeba 2.5-jer iyo dacemuli 2 . dedaqalaqSi, TbilisSi, 1923 wlis samrewvelo aRweriT, funqcionirebda 2 500-mde sawarmo, aqedan: z 134 saxelmwifo sawarmo, romelSic muSaob1 n. bendeliani, saqarTvelos bolSevikebis brZola v.i. leninis mier SemuSavebuli axali ekonomikuri politikis ganxorcielebisTvis. 1986, gv. 49-50 2 saiubileo krebuli 1921-1946, saqarTvelo politeqnikuri instituti, gv. 4 105 da 7 709 adamiani, anu saSualod TiToSi 57 dasaqmebuli. z 26 kooperatiuli sawarmo, sul 260 adamiani, anu saSualod TiToSi 10 dasaqmebuli. z 2 356 kerZo sawarmo, sul 6 273 muSiT, anu saSualod TiToSi 2.6 dasaqmebuli. respublikis dedaqalaqSi, ZiriTadad, wvrili xelosnuri sawarmoebi muSaobda, Tumca iyo msxvili industriuli obieqtebic, magaliTad, Tambaqos ori fabrika, tyavis, sapnis, Rvinis, koniakis, zeTsaxdeli qarxnebi, amierkavkasiis rkinigzis saremonto qarxana da sxva 1 . saqarTvelos ss respublika ar iyo erTaderTi, sadac mZime socialuri krizisi idga. krizisi exeboda mTlianad sabWoTa kavSirs. marTalia, bolSevikebma SeZles da yofili ruseTis imperiis teritoriebis sazRvrebis didi nawili aRadgines, magram pirveli msoflio omisa da Semdgomi mravalwliani samoqalaqo omis ekonomikuri da socialuri efeqti damangreveli aRmoCnda. soflis meurneoba 1921 wlisTvis Semcirda 60%-iT, xolo industriuli amoReba 1913 wlis monacemebTan SedarebiT – 77%-iT 2 . omebis Sedegad mTel imperiaSi ganadgurda fabrika-qarxnebi, infrastruqtura, soflis meurneoba da yvela is dargi, romelic saxelmwifos warmatebuli ganviTarebisTvis iyo aucilebeli. krizisis dasaZlevad 1921 wels 1 b. nanitaSvili, Tbilisis industriuli profili, 1975. gv. 4 2 Ronald Suny, The Soviet Experiment Russia, The USSR, and the Successor States, 1998. gv. 318 106 mTel sabWoTa kavSirSi saerTo ekonomikuri politikis gatareba daiwyo, romelic istoriaSi Sevida„nepis“ anu axali ekonomikuri politikis saxeliT. is Tavis TavSi moiazrebda sabazro ekonomikis principebis damyarebas, kerZo seqtorsa da Tavisufal vaWrobas. politika miznad isaxavda soflis meurneobis waxalisebas, raTa aRmofxvriliyo sabWoTa kavSirSi arsebuli sursaTis deficiti da, garda amisa, sofels ewarmoebina Warbi produqti, raTa SemdgomSi gaetanaT is eqsportze da Semosuli TanxiT eyidaT teqnologiebi: dazgebi, Carxebi da yvelaferi is, rac industriis aRdgenasa da Seqmnas Seuwyobda xels 1 . sabWoTa kavSirSi axali ekonomikuri politikis pirvel wlebSi soflis meurneoba warmatebiT viTardeboda – glexs adrindelTan SedarebiT meti Semosavali hqonda, Tavis mxriv metsac xarjavda. samagierod, ver viTardeboda industria – mcire da saSualo sawarmoebi, iseve, rogorc mZime mrewveloba, romlebic kerZo pirebis xelSi iyo. saxelmwifos ki ar hqonda maTi nacionalizaciisa da Semdgomi eqspluataciis resursi. mocemuli problemebidan gamomdinare, gadawyda, rom bazarze daeSvaT ucxouri kapitali – investiciebi da swored maTi xeliT ganeviTarebinaT industria. saqarTvelo am mxriv privilegirebuli respublika iyo. jer kidev damoukideblobis dros gadioda eqsportze araerTi produqti, aqedan gamomdinare arsebobda kapitalistur qveynebTan TanamSromlobis gamocdilebac, 1 Ronald Suny, The Soviet Experiment Russia, The USSR, and the Successor States, 1998. gv. 318 107 rac amartivebda ucxoelebis dainteresebas sabWoTa saqarTveloTi. 1921 wlis 4 agvistos pirveli xelSekrulebac daido: bzifis satyeo agaraki 40 wliT koncesiis wesiT gadaeca moqalaqe Cadaevsa da germanel gorst fon lersners. investori valdebuli iyo aego 3 000-cxenisZaliani eleqtrosadguri, xe-tyis saxerxi qarxana da sxvadasxva saxis fabrikebi 1 . 1923 wels Siraqis navTi eqspluataciisTvis gadaeca italiur-belgiur kompanias. pirveli sami wlis ganmavlobaSi investori valdebuli iyo, gamoekvlia teritoriis geologiuri mdebareoba da damatebiT gadaexada sxvadasxva gadasaxadi, sami wlis Semdeg ki daewyo madnis mopoveba 30 wlis vadiT – ise, rom saxelmwifo miiRebda mopovebulis 15%-s 2 . 1925 wels„WiaTurmanganezi“ amerikel magnats, averel harimans, gadaeca. WiaTuraSi madnis mopovebis 50-wliani istoria arsebobda. mefis ruseTis dros madnis amoReba xdeboda muSebis mZime SromiTi eqspluataciis xarjze – maTi samuSao dRe 18 saaTs Seadgenda. ar arsebobda saTanado anazRaureba, kveba da sacxovrebeli sivrceebi. 1913 wels muSebi 55 dRiT gaificnen – mTavari moTxovna 8-saaTiani samuSao dRis daweseba da SromiTi anazRaurebis gazrda iyo. 1920 wlis monacemebiT, WiaTurmanganezi moipovebda msoflio madnis 13%-s. 1924 wels harimanma situaciis adgilze Sesaswavlad sakuTari warmomadgeneli gamogzavna. WiaTuraSi 1 gazeTi komunisti, 21/08/1921, N 132 2 gazeTi komunisti, 25/10/1923, N 246 108 qaoturi mdgomareoba iyo Seqmnili, yvelaferi saxelmwifos ekuTvnoda, magram samuSao procesi, rogorc mopovebis, iseve transportirebisa, primitiuli xerxebiT mimdinareobda 1 . erTwliani molaparakebebis Sedegad, harimanma miiRo 20-wliani koncesia mravali sxvadasxva pirobiTa Tu gadasaxadiT. saboloo daangariSebiT, koncesiis ganmavlobaSi is gadaixdida 60 milion dolars, xolo mogebis saxiT miiRebda 120 milions. dRevandeli inflaciis gaTvaliswinebiT, es Tanxa ori miliardi dolaris ekvivalentia 2 . maRaroebis eqspluataciis periodSi harimans ramdenime problema Seeqmna: 1924 wlis ajanyeba swored WiaTuridan daiwyo, harimani ki mosaxleobisTvis umalve iqca moskovTan garigebul personad; saWiro iyo warmoebis gafarToeba, rac SeuZlebeli iyo garSemo infrastruqturis mowesrigebisa da ganaxlebis gareSe(xidebi, gzebi, rkinigzis relsebi da a.S.), risi resursic mas ar hqonda; SromiTi pirobebi dasaqmebuli muSebisTvis iyo mZime, ris gamoc isini, adgilobrivi profkavSirebis xelSewyobiT, xSirad mimarTavdnen sabotaJs da amcirebdnen warmoebas; imperiis centrSi, moskovSi, or dapirispirebul banaks, trockis da stalins Soris Zlierdeboda politikuri krizisi, ris gamoc trocki, romelsac Cabarebuli koncesiebis komiteti, frTxilobda kapitalistebTan TanamSromlobas 3 . am da, SeiZleba, sxva 1 giorgi cincaZe, eqstraqtivistuli reJimebi da CamorTmeva dagrovebiT WiaTuraSi, 2021. gv. 28 2 iqve. 3 iqve. 109 mizezebis gamoc, 1927 wels harimanis kompaniam datova WiaTura im pirobiT, rom Semdegi 15 wlis ganmavlobaSi miiRebda kompensacias. WiaTurmanganezi saxelmwifo mflobelobaSi gadavida. sabWoTa xelisuflebam WiaTuraSi umalve mkacri wesrigi daamyara: gadaasaxles im pirTa nawili, romlebic amerikul kompaniasTan muSaobdnen, xolo adgilobrivi profkavSirebi represiebis qveS moeqca. sabWoTa profkavSirebi profkavSirebis roli da funqcia jer bolSevikur ruseTSi da, Semdeg ki, sabWoTa kavSirSi, drois mcire monakveTSi ramdenjerme Seicvala. 1917 wels, Tebervlis revoluciis Semdeg, ganaxlda diskusia profkavSirebis Sesaxeb da Camoyalibda ori ZiriTadi mimarTuleba. menSevikebi fiqrobdnen, rom profesiuli gaerTianebebis roli unda yofiliyo dasaqmebulTa uflebebis dacva da isini damoukidebeli unda yofiliyo saxelmwifosgan; bolSevikebis TqmiT, profkavSirebi iyo instrumenti muSebis xelSi, e.i. isini aqtiurad unda yofiliyvnen CarTulni saxelmwifos mSeneblobasa da ekonomikis organizebaSi 1 . maT sakuTar Tavze unda aeRoT Sromis warmoeba, organizeba, kontroli, gadanawileba, sabotaJTan brZola 1 Sarah Ashwin and Simon Clarke, Russian Trade union and industrial relations in transition, 2002. gv. 9 110 da a.S. faqtobrivad, profkavSirebi iTavsebda saxelmwifos funqciebs. 1918 wlis bolSevikuri revoluciis Semdeg mas daemata sxvadasxva pasuxismgebloba Tu funqcia, maT Soris is, rom Sromis adgilze gaezarda muSaTa produqtiuloba da daemyarebina maRali disciplina. amavdroulad daiwyo qarxnebisa da fabrikebis nacionalizacia,„narkomtrudi“, profkavSirebi ki aqtiurad monawileobdnen am procesSi. swored am ukanasknels unda daedo muSebTan koleqtiuri SeTanxmebebi, romlebic Seexeboda Sromis pirobebsa da xelfass – faqtobrivad, is iqca Suamavlad muSebsa da saxelmwifos Soris. ruseTSi samoqalaqo omis dawyebidan maleve axali bolSevikuri profkavSirebi pirdapir CaerTnen samxedro konfliqtSi. Sromis adgilze profkavSirebis CarTulobiT gaZlierda SromiTi disciplina(rac Tavis TavSi gulisxmobs adamianTa eqspluataciasac). garda amisa, profkavSirebi pirdapir monawileobda mebrZolTa rekrutirebaSi, gawvrTnasa da ideologiur damuSavebaSi – metic, demobilizebuli jariskacebisgan iqmneboda„mSromelTa armiebi“, romlebsac gadaisrodnen xolme erTi adgilidan meoreSi, raTa SeevsoT konkretul teritoriebze muSaxelis nakleboba 1 . samoqalaqo omisa da ukve sabWoTa kavSiris formirebis Semdeg gasamxedroebuli profkavSiris etapi dasrulda. axali ekonomikuri politikis peri1 Sarah Ashwin and Simon Clarke, Russian Trade union and industrial relations in transition, 2002. gv. 11 111 odSi kapitalisturi ekonomikis principebis daSvebam ganapiroba profkavSirebis funqciis kidev erTxel Secvla – maT Suamavlobis funqcia daubrundaT, magram, amasTan, daemataT axalic: amjerad maT samuSao adgilze muSebi unda daecvaT„eqspluatatori“ kerZo damqiraveblisgan, ganesazRvraT samuSao saaTebi, xelfasebi, daecvaT Sromis usafrTxoeba da a.S. 1925 wels, quTaisis mazraSi, profkavSirebis daxmarebiT 48 koleqtiuri da 22 satarifo xelSekruleba daido. orive dokumenti vrceldeboda 4 920 kavSiris wevrze – „xelfass mTel mazraSi Rebuloben 1:8 pirveli xarisxisaTvis satarifo minimum 12 maneTs udris. dasasvenebel saxlebSi: borjomSi, waRverSi da mcxeTaSi gagzavnilia 65 muSa-mosamsaxure“ 1 . samuSao adgilze, muSebis uflebebis dasacavad muSaobdnen Sromis inspeqtorebic – gazeTi„muSa“ 1925 wels ityobineba: „mSenebelTa kavSiris centralurma gamgeobam saWirod scno moiwvios erTi Sromis inspeqtori, vinaidan aRmSeneblobis dros, muSebis eqspluataciis xSir SemTxvevebs aqvs adgili“ 2 . profkavSirebisadmi saxelmwifo davaleba iTvaliswinebda ara mxolod Rirseuli Sromis mimarT garkveuli RonisZiebebis gatarebas, aramed muSebis kulturuli ganviTarebis uzrunvelyofasac – warmoebis adgilebze masobrivad ixsneboda wera-kiTxvis Semswavleli wreebi, did qarxnebSi ewyoboda Teatraluri warmodgenebi da a.S. 1 gazeTi muSa, 09.01.1925, N 8 2 gazeTi muSa, 11.01.1925, N 9 112 qalebi axal politikur wesrigSi oqtombris revoluciis Semdeg bolSevikurma xelisuflebam axali genderuli politikis gatareba daiwyo. maTTvis es ar iyo siaxle. sakiTxis Sesaxeb diskusiebi mravali aTwleuli mimdinareobda, xolo praqtikaSi mxolod revoluciis Semdgom gaxda SesaZlebeli misi ganxorcieleba. bolSevikebi, termini muSaTa klasis gamoyenebisas, yuradRebas ar aqcevdnen mis genderul aspeqts, arada qalis sastarto pozicia gansxvavdeboda – is jer ojaxuri Sromidan unda gamosuliyo, gadalaexa kulturuli da tradiciuli kodebi da mxolod amis Semdgom eZleoda saSualeba CarTuliyo sazogadoebriv SromiT cxovrebaSi. mocemul sakiTxebze samuSaod Tavad komunistur partiaSive Seiqmna qalTa ganStoeba. saqarTveloSi mowesrigda qorwinebis kanonmdebloba, qalis daojaxebis minimalur asakad ganisazRvra 16 weli, xolo kacisa – 18; aikrZala mravalcolianoba; qorwinebis baTilad cnoba SesaZlebeli gaxda calmxrivi survilis SemTxvevaSi; daojaxebis Semdgom SeZenili qoneba cxaddeboda saerTo sakuTrebad, maT Soris, aikrZala iseTi qonebrivi xelSekrulebis dadeba, romelic erT-erT mxares mainc SeuzRudavda qonebriv uflebebs. garda am da sxva mravali sakiTxisa, qalis mier ojaxSi gaweuli Sroma gamocxadda Sromad, kerZod – „colis Sroma, gaweuli ojaxuri saqmisa da Svilebis mosavlelad, imave uflebas aniWebs cols qonebaze, rasac ki aniWebs 113 qmars misi Sroma, gaweuli cxovrebis saxsris mosapoveblad“ 1 . saqarTveloSi specialur organoebs daevalaT, aRmoefxvraT qalisa da kacis ekonomikuri da uflebrivi uTanasworoba – „mravalcolianobasTan, yalimobasTan, qalis motacebasTan, mcirewlovanTa qorwinebasTan da sxv. sabrZolvelad“ daemuSavebinaT Zveli ojaxuri yofacxovrebisgan qalTa ganTavisuflebis sakiTxebi – „im Sexedulebebis mospoba, rom qali monaa; brZola Cadris axdisTvis da sxva. sakiTxebi sabWoTa meurneobebSi, kooperaciaSi, sadelegato krebebSi[...] qalTa Cabmis Sesaxeb“ da a.S. 2 amoqmedda socialuri dazRvevac, romelic bevr sxvadasxva sikeTesTan erTad, muSebs, maT Soris qalebs, sTavazobda dekretul Svebulebebs – „dedakacs eZleva fuliT daxmareba orsulobis dros da mSobiarobis Semdeg,[...] damzRvevi dawesebulebebi zrunaven bavSvis janmrTelobazec, iZlevian sagangebo daxmarebas„bavSvis samziTod“.[...] Cveni kanonmdeblobiT, orsuli qali Tavisufldeba samsaxuridan 4 TviT(8 kvira mSobiarobamde, 8 kvira mSobiarobis Semdeg), Tu igi eweva gonebriv Sromas, maSin mas miecema sruli jamagiri“ 3 . politika Seicvala qalTa Sromisa da dawinaurebis kuTxiTac, amrigad, profkavSirebsa da partiul organoebs unda gaezardaT samuSao adgilebze qalTa xvedriTi wili – am mxriv, regionSi 1 saqarTvelos centraluri saistorio arqivi(SemdegSi scsa), fondi 284, anaweri 1, saqme 856, furceli 2 2 scsa, fondi 284, anaw. 1, saqme 1556, furc. 1-2 3 gazeTi muSa, 14.01.1925, N 11 114 saqarTvelo mowinave iyo. magaliTad, 1925 wlis monacemebiT, amierkavkasiis rkinigzaze sul dasaqmebuli iyo 1 859 muSa-qali, aqedan saqarTveloSi – 1 184, azerbaijanSi – 590, somxeTSi – 58 1 . sabWoTa saqarTvelos arsebobis pirvel wlebSi respublikaSi met-naklebi stabiluroba damyarda, ramac xeli Seuwyo ekonomikis gaZlierebas, socialuri politikis danergvasa da amoqmedebas. aRsaniSnavia qalTa uflebebis mimarT gadadgmuli sxvadasxva progresuli nabiji, romlebic emsaxureboda qalTa uflebriv da SromiT emansipacias. izrdeba profkavSirebis rolic muSaTa yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi – marTalia, is nawilobriv saxelmwifos danamati xdeba, Tumca jer kidev inarCunebs sakuTar bunebriv valdebulebas, daicvas mSromelTa uflebebi da interesebi. axali ekonomikuri politika sabWoTa kavSirSi sul 7 weli gagrZelda. is Canacvlda koleqtivizaciisa da industrializaciis yovlismomcveli politikiT, romelmac srulad Secvala adamianTa yoveldRiuroba rogorc qalaqSi, ise sofelSi. stalinizmi da ekonomika 1920-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi mTel sabWoTa kavSirSi radikaluri ekonomikuri da socialuri cvlilebebi iwyeba. axali ekonomikuri politika 1 gazeTi muSa, 05.02.1925, N 29 115 krizisSi Sevida – soflis meurneobaSi iklebda xorblis wliuri mosavali. dabali fasis gamo glexebi inaxavdnen da ar abarebdnen mosavals. meore mxriv, ver viTardeboda industria – marTalia, is ukve aRwevda 1913 wlis warmoebis dones, magram metad ganviTareba aRar SeeZlo. mosaxleobis raodenoba izrdeboda, magram saxelmwifo teqnologiurad ver viTardeboda da isev omamdel doneze rCeboda 1 . im drois sabWoTa kavSiri kidev ufro CamorCenili iyo, vidre mefis ruseTi, radgan man dakarga industriulad ganviTarebuli poloneTi. xelisufleba miiCnevda, rom industrializaciis gareSe SeuZlebeli iqneboda qveynis im donemde ganviTareba, rom is srulad TviTkmari gamxdariyo. 1920-iani wlebis miwuruls sabWoTa kavSirSi daiwyo ori urTierTdamokidebuli – koleqtivizaciisa da industrializaciis – politika. industrializacia avtomaturad niSnavda saxelmwifoSi urbanizaciis zrdas, axali qalaqis mSeneblobasa da fabrika-qarxnebis agebas, rac sruliad Secvlida sazogadoebis demografiul da socialur struqturas. qalaqebis gazrdil moTxovnaze Sesabamisadve unda epasuxa sofelsac – gaezarda warmoeba da moemaragebina igi naturaluri produqtebiT, metic – mas unda ewarmoebina imaze meti, vidre qalaqisa da sakuTari Tavis Sesanaxad iyo saWiro, kerZod, nawili mosavlisa unda gasuliyo eqsportze, Semosuli Tanx1 Ronald Suny, The Soviet Experiment Russia, The USSR, and the Successor States, 1998. gv. 232-233 116 ebiT ki saxelmwifos unda SeeZina sxvadasxva teqnologiebi industriis gansaviTareblad. saxelmwifos ekonomikuri gegmebi(xSirad maqsimalisturi) daiyo xuTwledebad, romlebic unda Sesrulebuliyo vadaze adre. warmatebebi miiRweoda adamianebis SromiTi eqspluataciis, Zaladobis, represiebisa da sxva arahumanuri aqtebis xarjze. koleqtivizacia „stalini ambobda, ro yvela erTnairad unda cxovrobdeso. bevrs ar undoda, magram ZaldatanebiT... aSinebdnen, magram rogor aSinebdnen, ar vici. visac eqvsi xari hyavda da xuTi Zroxa, raT undoda imas koleqtivi! visac erTi xari hyavda, imas uxaroda. ase Seiqmna koleqtivi, xuTi TiTiviT maxsovs, bazaleTSi, CrdilianT karis ubani iyo, sabWo erTi iyo. mand erTi didi triali mindori iyo da ukan tye, es iyo koleqtivi, yvela sofelSi iyo erTi koleqtivi, ginda ormoci ojaxi yofiliyo, ginda samasi ojaxi – erTi koleqtivi“ 1 , – ixsenebs mesxeTSi mcxovrebi qalbatoni, Tamar nadiraZe, 2016 wels. Tavdapirvelad, koleqtivizacia marcvleulis krizisis daZlevisa da misi problemis gadasaWrelad daiwyo, aqedan gamomdinare is, pirvel rigSi, marcvleulis momyvan regionebSi unda ganxorcielebuliyo. swored amitomac saqarTvelo mesame jgufSi 1 nino beqiSvili, qali sabWoTa sofelSi, 2017. gv. 42 117 moxvda – koleqtivizaciis forsireba respublikaSi gvian unda dawyebuliyo, kerZod, pirveli xuTwledis dasasruls(1933 weli) 1 . koleqtivis msgavsi kooperaciebi saqarTveloSi sabWoTa xelisuflebis damkvidrebis dRidan nel-nela viTardeboda da izrdeboda, magaliTad, komunebi, artelebi, miwis erToblivi damuSavebis amxanagobebi da a.S. masobriv koleqtivizaciamde respublikaSi, oficialuri statistikiT, sul iyo 8 komuna, 35 sasoflo-sameurneo arteli, 60 miwis erToblivad damuSavebis amxanagoba da 30 samanqano amxanagoba 2 . koleqtivizacia saqarTveloSi gvian, magram daCqarebulad daiwyo. partiis mizani da survili iyo, koleqtivizaciis doniT daweuliyvnen ruseTis ekonomikurad da politikurad ganviTarebul regionebs 3 . meurneobebi, ZiriTadad, Raribi glexebis xarjze iqmneboda, radgan swored es socialuri klasi iyo msgavsi kooperaciebis SeqmniT dainteresebuli da misi mxardamWeri. samagierod, mas ewinaaRmdegebodnen saSualo SeZlebis da mdidari glexebi, romlebsac saerTodac ar surdaT sakuTari pirutyvisa da mosavlis daTmoba saxelmwifosTvis. 1928 wlidan soflebSi mdidari glexebis mimarT represiebi iwyeba, formebi gansxvavebulia – dawyebuli qonebis konfiskaciiT, dasrulebuli daxvretiT. „mimdinare wlis 10 Tebervals, sofel meRvrekisSi 1 aleqsandre dauSvili, kolmeurneoba saqarTveloSi, 2020. gv. 228 2 iqve, gv. 229 3 iqve, gv. 241 118 daarsda koleqtivi saxelwodebiT„traqtoristi“. samwuxarod koleqtivis gamgeobaSi gaZvrnen kulakebi da yofili vaWrebi. gamgeobis Tavmjdomare aris sabWoTa xelisuflebis dauZinebeli mteri, yofili memamule pavle lorTqifaniZe. warsulSi, mas piradad araviTari muSaoba ar uwarmoebia. qiraobda muSebs da maTi xeliT amuSavebda Tavis mamuls. muSebs Canax purSi 3-4 dRes amuSavebda, maTTan laparaks arc ki kadrulobda“ 1 . „kulaks“ ar hqonda zogadi samarTlebrivi deficinia. igi cxaddeboda Temisa Tu sasoflo sabWoebSi Raribi glexebis warmomadgenlebis mier. aqedan gamomdinare,„kulaki“ SeiZleboda yofiliyo nebismieri, vinc adamianTa garkveuli jgufis warmodgeniT iyo mdidari da azianebda meurneobas. maT arTmevdnen saxls, miwebs, saqonels, cxens da yvelafers, risi CamorTmevac SeiZleboda. „papaCemi, dedis mama yofila Zalian mdidari kaci. imdeni futkari gvyavdao, ro wavidoda da waiRebda Tafls gasayidado, qvabebiT, balonebi sad iyo maSin? erTi Savi farTuki hqonda da is ro hqonda mokruli da totebi aweuli, hoda fuliT savse moitanda da dayridao, Cemi dedinacvali inaxavdao, imdeni fuli gvqonda! mere gagvakulakeso, es fulic wagvarTves, es futkarico, ori sami Ziri dagvitoves, danarCeni wagvarTveso, dedaCems mwared axsovda es gakulakebis ambavi“ 2 , – ixsenebs Tamara nadiraZe 2016 wels. soflebSi warmatebiT yalibdeboda koleqtiuri 1 gaz. koleqtivi, 28.03.1930, N 21 2 nino beqiSvili, qali sabWoTa sofelSi, 2017. gv. 43 119 meurneobebi, magram praqtikaSi mas bevri problema hqonda. kolmeurneoba, organizebis ufro maRali formaa, vidre glexuri meurneoba. xSir SemTxvevaSi, ar kmaroda kvalificiuri muSaxeli arcerT doneze, es ki pirdapir aisaxeboda meurneobis efeqturobaze. agroteqnikuri baza iyo Zalian Raribi, meurneobebis nawili fuladi saxsrebis simwiris gamo ver yidulobda teqnikas, amavdroulad iyo profesionali kadrebis deficitic. glexebis nawili ki saerTodac traqtors skeptikurad uyurebda da miwis isev xeliT damuSavebas amjobinebda 1 . 1936 wels, stalinma ganacxada, rom koleqtivizaciam sabolood gaimarjva – moispo memamuleebisa da kulakebis klasi 2 , xolo miwebi gaxda saerTo sakuTreba. realurad, koleqtivizia mTels sabWoTa kavSirSi mkveTrad negatiurad aisaxa soflebze, metic – zog regionSi gamoiwvia masobrivi SimSili da sikvdili, maT Soris Crd. kavkasiaSi, yazaxeTsa da ukrainaSi(ukrainis istoriaSi es procesi Sevida holodomoris saxeliT). koleqtivizaciam sruliad gardaqmna cxovreba sofelSi. glexebi daeqvemdebarnen saxelmwifo meurneobebs da gaxdnen masze damokidebulni. koleqtivizaciis procesi ar iyo martivi, mosaxleobis saSualosa da mdidar fenas is ar surda, Tumca centris gaTvla Rarib mosaxleobaze iyo, romelsac dasakargi araferi hqonda, samagierod, iRebda garkveul finansur Tu naturalur sargebels. 1 aleqsandre dauSvili, kolmeurneoba saqarTveloSi, 2020. gv. 253-258 2 dauSvili, iqve, gv. 350 120 industrializacia koleqtivizaciis politika, sxvadasxva doniT, mZimed aisaxa sabWoTa kavSiris mTels teritoriaze. saxelmwifo mZime sasursaTo krizisSi aRmoCnda, daiwyo SimSiloba. soflad gaRatakebulma mosaxleobam saarsebos Zebna qalaqSi daiwyo. mSierTa ajanyebebi Cveulebrivi movlena iyo ruseTSi – mxolod 19291930-iani wlebSi 2 883 msgavsi ajanyeba iqna registrirebuli, romlebSic sul 400 aTasamde adamiani monawileobda 1 . arc Tavad qalaqebSi iyo kargi mdgomareoba, industrializaciis politikam ara mxolod axali qarxana-fabrikebi warmoSva, aramed gamoiwvia muSaTa SromiTi eqspluatacia. sasursaTo krizisi qalaqebsac exeboda, qarxanaSi muSaoba ki erTgvar privilegias warmoadgenda, radgan muSebze specialuri saWmlis kuponebi gaicemoda. misi vermiRebac martivi iyo – samuSao adgilze 15 wuTiT dagvianeba kuponis dakargvas anu mSivrad darCenas niSnavda. 1932 wels mTeli qveynis maStabiT iwyeba Sida pasportizaciis politika. mis Seqmnas mravali mizezi hqonda, magram umTavresi iyo ori: pirveli – industrializaciis periodSi saxelmwifos unda ekontrolebina adamianTa gaxSirebuli TviTneburi migracia; meore – sofelSi gamwvavebuli ekonomikuri da politikuri krizisi ar unda gadmosuliyo qalaqSi, radgan is SeiZleba masobrivi areulobis mizezi gamxdariyo. Sesabamisad, qalaqebSi unda daeSvaT maT1 Алберт Байбурин, Советский паспорт- история, структура, 2017. gv. 92 121 Tvis sasurveli adamianebi, – an piriqiT, gaeZevebinaT isini 1 . Sida pasportis aReba savaldebulo iyo or SemTxvevaSi: Tuki moqalaqe cxovrobda sapasporte moqmedebis zonaSi da meore, Tuki is iyo dasaqmebuli. Tavis mxriv, erTi zonidan meoreSi gadasvlisas aucilebeli iyo droebiTi pasportis aReba, magram droebiTi pasportiT adamiani muSaobas ver daiwyebda 2 . faqtobrivad, es iyo Caketili wre, kanonmdebloba, marTalia, adamians utovebda Sanss, ar aeRo Sida pasporti, magram praqtikulad es SeuZlebeli iyo. 1933 wels, sabWoTa respublikebis dedaqalaqebisTvis generaluri ganviTarebis gegmebi Seiqmna – maT Soris TbilisisTvisac. 1-3-sarTuliani saxlebiT ganaSenianebul qalaqSi cxovreba ar iyo advili. 1932 wlis monacemebiT, erT adamianze 3.5 kv.m. sacxovrebeli sivrce modioda. wyalmomarageba mxolod mosaxleobis 69%-isTvis iyo xelmisawvdomi. kanalizacia mxolod mosaxleobis naxevars akmayofilebda, xolo arsebuli ki mtkvarSi Caedineboda, ris gamoc mdinare mZimed binZurdeboda. qalaqi arc sakmarisad iyo gamwvanebuli – erT mosaxleze 2.5 kv.m. gamwvanebuli sivrce, rac ukiduresad mcirea iseTi cxeli qalaqisTvis, rogoric Tbilisia 3 . generalur gegmaSi qalaqi Tbilisi ganisazRvra rogorc amierkavkasiis industriuli centri. amis mixedviT unda aSenebuliyo sxvadasxva fabrika, cexi 1 Алберт Байбурин, Советский паспорт- история, структура, 2017. gv. 93-94 2 iqve, gv. 171 3 Tbilisis centraluri arqivi, fondi 14, anaweri 4, saqme 6, furceli 6-8 122 da qarxana: Cais, Tambaqos, avtosaremonto da a.S.; msubuqi mrewvelobis dargebidan: matylis, xelovnuri abreSumis, fexsacmlis da a.S.; unda momxdariyo qsovilebis, trikotaJisa da sxva fabrikebis modernizeba. msubuqi mrewvelobidan Semosavali, gegmis mixedviT, unda gazrdiliyo 80 milionidan 780 milion rublamde. industriis ganviTarebisTvis meore xuTwledSi gamoiyofoda 350 milioni rubli(gansxvavebiT pirveli xuTwlediT gansazRvruli 32 milioni rublisa), xolo muSaTa klasi ki unda gamxdariyo qalaqis mTavari socialuri jgufi 1 . industriis ganviTarebasTan erTad unda gazrdiliyo sabinao fondic, – mSeneblobis bolo etapze saSualo sacxovrebeli sivrce unda gazrdiliyo 11 km.m.-mde 2 . TbilisSi muSaTa klasis didi nawili sezonuri iyo – garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi isini muSaobdnen qalaqSi, xolo Semdgom ki brundebodnen sofelSi. axali profesionali kadrebis gasazrdelad da e.w. disciplinis dasamyareblad aucilebeli Seiqna am muSebis qarxnebze„damagreba“. 1931 wlis monacemebiT, foTis raionSi„damagrda“ 2 443 muSa; quTaisis raionSi – 2 932; aWaris assr-Si – 1 086; afxazeTis assr-Si – 837; samxreT oseTis avtonomiur olqSi – 56 3 . industrializaciis pirvelive wlebSi naTeli gaxda, rom respublika(iseve rogorc mTlianad qveyana) uCioda profesionali teqnikuri kadrebis simcires. 1 Tbilisis centraluri arqivi, fondi 14, anaweri 4, saqme 6, furceli 6-8 2 За социалистическую реконструкцию Тифлиса, 1934 , gv. 24 3 iqve, gv. 117 123 sabWoTa kavSirSi piradi kontaqtebi bevris ganmsazRvreli iyo, miT umetes Tu mas eTnikuri faqtoric erTvoda Tan. qarTvelebi stalinis droindel saxelmwifoSi, imperiis centrSi mravlad iyvnen warmodgenilni. industrializaciis ministri qarTveli sergo orjonikiZe iyo. is gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aqcevda qarTvelebisa da, miT umetes, Tavisi megobrebis karierul dawinaurebas: misi biZaSvili, giorgi gvaxaria, makeevkaSi, donbasis regionSi iqna gagzavnili metalis qarxnis direqtorad. inJineri elena jafariZe(orjonikiZis Zveli megobris, alioSa jafariZis Svili) codnis amaRlebis Semdeg gaigzavna magnitogorskSi; Salva eliava gagzavnil iqna yazaxeTSi da a.S. Tavis mxriv, yvela maTgani orjonikiZesTan inarCunebda axlo-megobrul, sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, patron-klientur urTierTobas. umetesoba codnis asamaRleblad igzavneboda moskovSi, xolo kidev ufro gamorCeulebi – germaniaSi 1 . profesionali kadrebis Seqmna uSualod saqarTveloSic daiwyo, amitomac izrdeboda profesiul-teqnikur saswavlebelTa ricxvic. 1928-1929 wels momzadda 357 sxvadasxva profesiis mSenebeli da 563 industriuli muSa, 1929-1930 wlebSi – 1980 mSenebeli da 1 553 muSa. 1931 wlis meore naxevridan ki kvalificiur muSaTa da sawarmoo-teqnikuri inteligenciis momzadebis amocana partiam gadaWriT daayena 2 . 1932 wlisTvis respublikaSi ukve arsebob1 Erik Scott. Familiar Strangers – The Georgian Diaspora and the Evolution of Soviet Empire, 2016. gv. 65-70 2 iqve, gv. 120 124 da 189 specialuri teqnikumi 21 804 moswavliT da 17 umaRlesi da umaRlesi teqnikuri saswavlebeli 13 837 studentiT 1 . moskovi industrializacias rogorc ideologiurad, ise politikurad aRiqvamda saxelmwifos ganviTarebisTvis aucilebel gzad – miT umetes maSin, roca ganviTarebul qveynebTan SedarebiT, sabWoTa kavSiri kvlav agrarul saxelmwifod rCeboda. komunisturma partiam pirvelive xuTwledSi sruliad ararealuri amocanebi daisaxa, magaliTad: muSaTa produqtiulobis gazrda 110%-iT, xolo xelfasebisa – 65%-iT 2 . partiis mizani iyo, maqsimalurad meti resursi Cadebuliyo industrializaciis politikaSi, rogorc finansuri, ise represiuli – muSaTa SromiTi eqspluataciis mxriv. gaZlierda ideologiuri muSaobac, iqmneboda axali simRerebi, sloganebi, plakatebi da a.S. sabWoTa kavSiris arsebobis pirvel wlebSi, stalinis Zalauflebis saTaveSi mosvlamde, muSebi realurad flobdnen sawarmoze kontrols, amavdroulad, saxelmwifom samuSao dRe 10-dan 7 saaTamde Seamcira, samagierod, gazarda weliwadSi samuSao dReebis ricxvi. centrSi miaCndaT, rom dRis ganmavlobaSi samuSao saaTebis Semcireba, magram, saerTo jamSi, weliwadSi misi gazrda aamaRlebda muSaTa 1 savle SariqaZe, saqarTvelos muSaTa klasi saxalxo meurneobis ganviTarebis meore xuTwliani gegmis SesasrulebisTvis brZolaSi(1932-1936), 1959. gv. 36 2 Ronald Suny, The Soviet Experiment Russia, The USSR, and the Successor States, 1998. gv. 481 125 produqtiulobas: 1913 wels weliwadSi 278 samuSao dRe iyo, xolo 1928 wels – 300. axali kanoni mxolod furcelze rCeboda, xolo muSebi kvlav 1913 wlis standartiT agrZelebdnen muSaobas, magaliTad, 1934 wels, saSualod, muSa 265.4 dRe muSaobda 1 . problema iyo ara mxolod samuSao dReebi, aramed uSualod procesSi Sromis organizeba. dasaqmebulebi xSirad sapatio da arasapatio mizezebiT acdendnen samsaxurs, garda amisa, arc Tavad adgilze ar mimdinareobda drois efeqturi marTva. am da sxva bevri mizezis gamo industriuli ekonomika sakmarisad swrafad ver viTardeboda. 1932 wlidan iwyeba samuSao adgilebze muSebisTvis uflebebis warTmeva da sawarmoebis direqtorebisTvis uflebebis gadacema – sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, mkacrdeboda Sida kanonmdebloba, raTa muSebs aRar SesZlebodaT Tavis dacva, sawarmos direqtori ki xdeboda axali feodali, romelsac sakuTar koleqtivze TiTqmis SeuzRudavi uflebebi hqonda. gauqmda koleqtiuri xelSekrulebebi da Canacvlda individualuriT, raTa muSebs aRar hqonodaT winaaRmdegobis gawevis efeqturi saSualeba. samsaxurSi 20-wuTiani dagvianeba an misi adre datoveba sakmarisi iyo qarxnis saerTo sacxovreblidan gagdebisTvis. samsaxuris gacdena arasapatio mizezebiT(romelTa ricxvic aseve Seikveca) kriminalizda da ganisazRvra 2-dan 4 Tvemde patimrobiT. Semcirda qalebisTvis dekretuli Svebulebis gansazRvruli 1 Donald Filtzer, Soviet workers and Stalinist industrialization, 1987. gv. 156 126 vadebi – 16 kviridan 9-mde. dasaqmebul muSebs, faqtobrivad, aekrZalad samsaxuris nebiT datoveba – oficialur doneze maT hqondaT amis ufleba, Tumca awydebodnen mraval bariers, magaliTad: qarxnis direqtors SeeZlo mis Sromis wignakSi negatiuri Sefasebis dawera, es ki, saSualebas ar miscemda muSas, epova axali samsaxuri da, amasTan, verc xandazmulobis dros veRar aiRebda pensias. axali kanonebiT, samuSao saaTebi gaizarda da TiTqmis yvelgan 8 saaTi gaxda, meore mxriv, ararealurad gaizarda Sromis gegmebic, romelTa Sesruleba aucilebeli iyo. faqtobrivad, saxelmwifo, iribad Tu pirdapir, mianiSnebda dasaqmebulebs, rom maT zeganakveTurad, ufasod, aunazRaureblad unda emuSavaT 1 . swored am da sxva mravali axali kanoniTa Tu cvlilebiT, industrializaciis periodSi miiRweoda arnaxuli ekonomikuri ganviTareba. sabWoTa samecniero literatura muSaTa sabrZolo amocanis Sesaxeb gvamcnobs: „muSaTa masebis mier wamoyenebuli lozungi„xuTwledi oTxwledSi“, rogorc mTel sabWoTa kavSirSi, ise saqarTveloSi gaxda sabrZolo amocana muSaTa klasebisTvis“ 2 . 1929 wlidan iwyeba saqarTvelos sawarmoTa TviTgamowvevisa da Sejibrebebis etapi. gamarjvebuli iqneboda is sawarmo, romelic yvelaze karg Sedegs miiRebda, es ki ver miiRweoda Sromis organizebis 1 Donald Filtzer, Soviet workers and Stalinist industrialization, 1987. gv. 233236 2 lida baramia, saqarTvelos muSaTa klasi socialisturi industrializaciisa da saxalxo meurneobis rekonstruqciis periodSi, 1965. gv. 112 127 daxvewis, produqciis TviTRirebulebis klebis, warmoebis procesis gaumjobesebisa da, SeiZleba, muSebis eqspluataciis gareSe. 1929 wlis 27 aprils, rostovis orTqlmaval-vagonSemkeTebelma qarxanam SejibrebaSi gamoiwvia Tbilisisa da Tan warudgina konkretuli valdebulebebi:„1928/29 sameurneo wlebis Sesruleba 100%-iT, Sromis nayofierebis amaRleba 17%-iT, TviTRirebulebis Semcireba 12%-iT 1 . „Tbilisi orTqlmaval-vagonSemkeTebel qarxanaSi, socialisturi Sejibrebis gaSlis Sedegad, orTqlmavlis daSlis xangZlivoba 7 dRidan 3 dRemde Semcirda, rasac miaRwies muSaobis gardaqmniTa da warmoebis procesebis gaumjobesebiT. am qarxnebis muSebma gardamavali wiTeli droSa CamoarTves rostovis saremonti qarxnis muSebs“ 2 . Sejibrebam TavisTavad warmoSva saukeTeso brigadebic, romelTac damkvreloba ewoda. msgavsi jgufebi gamoirCeodnen Sromis maRali efeqturobiT. maT eZleodaT ufleba, SeemowmebinaT sxva muSebis Sromis efeqturoba, sajarod ekritikebinaT isini, maT Soris, sawarmos direqciac: „rkinigzis administracias jer kidev ara aqvs Segnebuli socialisturi Sejibrebis mniSvneloba. muSebis wasaxaliseblad, ar iReben araviTar zomebs. damkvrelma brigadam Txova administracias SemoeRo dafebi, ma1 mayvala naTmelaZe, saqarTvelos muSaTa klasi mrewvelobis ganviTarebis pirveli xuTwliani gegmis ganxorcielebisaTvis brZolaSi(1928-1932), 1958. gv. 50 2 lida baramia, saqarTvelos muSaTa klasi socialisturi industrializaciisa da saxalxo meurneobis rekonstruqciis periodSi, 1965. gv. 113 128 gram administraciam es ar Seasrula. administracia araviTar yuradRebas ar aqcevs damkvreli brigadis muSaobis aRricxvas, miuxedavad imisa, rom amis Sesaxeb araerTxel miuTiTa damkvrelma brigadam da sawarmoo TaTbirma“ 1 . Sromis intensifikaciasTan erTad iqmneboda Sromis organizebis sxvadasxva formebic – garda Sejibrebebisa da damkvrelobisa, aseve Seiqmna„sazogadoebrivi buqsiric“, romelic iTvaliswinebda CamorCenil sawarmoebSi specialuri koleqtivebis SeSvebas da SemdgomSi warmoebis efeqturobis zrdas. koleqtiuri Sromis efeqturobis zrdasTan erTad, arsebobda individualuric – staxanovuri moZraoba – mowinave muSebis gamorCeva. gansxvavebiT damkvreluri Sromisgan, romelic, ZiriTadad, gegmis gadaWarbebisken iyo mimarTuli, staxanovuri Sroma niSnavda yvela arsebuli normis damsxvrevas da mis gadaWarbebas ise, rom manamde arsebuli normebi moZvelebuliyo. yvelaferi 1935 wels donbasis maRaroebSi daiwyo, romlis drosac aleqsei staxanovma rekordulad didi raodenobiT naxSiri moangria. am faqts maleve mohyva saxelmwifos mxridan orkestrirebuli sainformacio kampania, romelmac safuZveli Cauyara axal, staxanovur moZraobas. is propagandirebda Sromis maRal efeqturobas, maT Soris, SromiTi usafrTxoebis darRvevebis xarjze da mis araproporciul fulad anazRaurebas. erTi mxriv, es muSebs 1 gazeTi socialisturi Sejibreba, 25.10.1929, N 3 129 garkveul privilegiebs aniWebda – maT miecemoda garkveuli bonusebi, sabinao fondi da a.S., meore mxriv, maTi Sroma saxelmwifos saSualebas aZlevda konkretuli argumentebiT gaemyarebina ararealuri samuSao normebis daweseba 1 . 1936 wels, qarxana-fabrikebma sxvadasxva industriaSi Sromis axali, gazrdili normebi miiRes. is yvelgan gaizarda minimum 20%-iT, xolo maqsimaluri ki miiRo saaviacio industriam – mTeli 55% 2 . saqarTveloSi WiaTurelma maRaroelebma, samxaraZem da fofxaZem, 1935 wlis 14 oqtombers, erT cvlaSi gegmiT gaTvaliswinebuli 9 tonis nacvlad 15 tona manganumi moangries. staxanovelebi iyvnen warmoebis TiTqmis yvela dargSi, magaliTad: „staxanovelma nozaZem maudis fabrikaSi erT manqanaze gamoSvebis SesaZlo teqnikuri normiT gaTvaliswinebul 59 300 dakvris raodenoba 400 000-mde aiyvana. amave fabrikis staxanovelma muSam muradovma SeZlo teqnikuri normiT gaTvaliswinebuli 70 000 erTeulis magivrad 90 000 miRweva“ 3 . industrializaciis periodSi mTeli sabWoTa kavSiris maStabiT mravali axali qalaqi aSenda. urbanizaciis done TiTqmis erT aTwleulSi gaormagda – 1926 wlis monacemebiT, qalaqebSi cxovrobda 26 milioni adamiani, xolo 1939 wels – 56 milioni. 1 Donald Filtzer, Soviet workers and Stalinist industrialization, 1987. gv. 181183 2 iqve, 184 3 savle SariqaZe, saqarTvelos muSaTa klasi saxalxo meurneobis ganviTarebis meore xuTwliani gegmis SesrulebisaTvis brZolaSi(1933-1937), 1959. gv. 136 130 msgavsi cvlilebebi Seexo saqarTvelosac, magaliTad, TbilisSi 1926 wels 294 aTasi adamiani cxovrobda, xolo 1939 wels – 519 aTasi. tyvarCelSi daiwyo qvanaxSiris amoReba, riTac is iqca afxazeTis industriul centrad; mwyobrSi Cadga rionhesi, zahesi(meore etapis mSenebloba), awhesi; daiwyo xramhesis mSenebloba; eleqtroficirda rigi regionebi, maT Soris, rkinigza; ganviTarda dazgaTmSenebloba; ganviTarda navTobis mrewveloba; zestafonSi aSenda feroSenadnobis uzarmazari qarxana, WiaTuraSi – manganumis madnis gamamdirebeli qarxana da a.S. sabWoTa qarTuli samecniero wyaroebis mixedviT, xelfasi, 1928 welTan SedarebiT, 1937 wels TiTqmis gasammagda: gaizarda 846-dan 3 333-mde 1 . 1928-1939 wlebSi, industriaSi kapitaldabandebam Seadgina 1.784,7 miliardi rubli, aqedan 729.7 milioni gamoiyo mZime industriisTvis, xolo mis mier gamomuSavebuli produqti 15-jer aRemateboda adrindels 2 . ekonomikis ganviTareba nawilobriv ar asaxula moqalaqeebis yoveldRiur cxovrebaze – piriqiT, magaliTad, TbilisSi sabinao mSenebloba ver eweoda gazrdil moTxovnas, ris gamoc sabinao norma, zrdis magivrad, Semcirda 3 . situacia imdenad mZime iyo, rom sacxovrebeli sivrcis problema awuxebda ara mxolod rigiT muSaTa klass, aramed SedarebiT maRal socialur klasebsac. magaliTad, 1935 wels 1 savle SariqaZe. iqve, gv. 191 2 saiubileo krebuli 1921-1946, saqarTvelo politeqnikuri instituti, gv. 8 3 scsa fondi 14, anaweri 4, saqme 295, furceli 17 131 Tbilisis sabWos komunalur ganyofilebaSi Sesul werilSi vkiTxulobT: „Tbilisis saxelmwifo samedicino institutis mTeli rigi profesorebi imyofeba binis mxriv Zlier mZime da Seuferebel pirobebSi, mag: anatomiis kaTedris gamge prof. a. naTinaSvili cxovrobs anatomiis kaTedris SenobaSi, sadac gvamebia moTavsebuli da warmoebs studentebis muSaoba am gvamebze“ 1 . damZimda qalTa mdgomareobac – gansxvavebiT sabWoTa kavSiris arsebobis pirveli wlebisgan, romlis drosac qalebma emansipaciisken mimarTuli rigi uflebebi miiRes. stalinis mmarTvelobis periodSi uflebebi Seikveca da politika isev konservatiuli gaxda. adamiani aRqmuli iyo, rogorc potenciuri SromiTi Zala, aqedan gamomdinare, qalebic aqtiurad iyvnen CarTulni ekonomikaSi. miuxedavad amisa, qalebi, ZiriTadad, rCebodnen dabali rangis muSebad da iSviaTad Tu aRwevdnen warmatebas. amavdroulad xelisufleba aZlierebda ojaxis aRqmis konservatiul Rirebulebebs, ris gamoc qalebs, garda qarxanasa Tu kolmeurneobaSi Sromisa, Tan emateboda saojaxo saqmeebis keTebisa da Svilebis movlis movaleobac. qalebi eguebodnen reproduqciis patriarqalur struqturas, xSirad maT ar hqondaT mSobiarobisTvis adekvaturi pirobebic, aCendnen bavSvebs saxlSi, eqimisa Tu bebiaqalis gareSe 2 . industrializaciis periodi sabWoTa saqarTveloSi SegviZlia ori mxridan davinaxoT: saxelmwifos 1 Tbilisis arqivi, fondi 14, anaweri 1, saqme 122, furceli 53 2 aia beraia, qali sabWoTa sofelSi, 2018. gv. 4-6 132 mier warmoebuli ekonomikuri politikis Sedegad respublikaSi aigo mravali sawarmo Tu qarxana, maT Soris industriuli gigantebi, amaTgan nawili axleburi saxiT dRemde muSaobs, – magaliTad, Tbilisis centroliti; icvleboda mosaxleobis struqturac, Zveli, agrarulidan iqmneboda axali muSaTa urbanuli sazogadoeba, romelic moqalaqeebs sTavazobda socialuri mobilobis axal Sansebs; meore mxriv, ekonomikuri ganviTareba 1930-ian wlebSi naklebad Tu aisaxeboda rigiT adamianze, rig SemTxvevaSi ki is ufro metad gauaresda – gaizarda SromiTi eqspluatacia, Seikveca SromiTi uflebebi da a.S. represiebi sabWoTa kavSiris mesame xuTwledis periodi (1937-1942) metad mZime gamodga misi moqalaqeebisTvis. jer iyo didi terori, romelmac milionobiT adamiani imsxverpla, Semdgom ki xuTwledi naadrevad dasrulda – nacisturi germania sabWoTa kavSirs Tavs daesxa, ris Sedegadac sabWoTa moqalaqeebi CaerTnen meore msoflio omSi. 1936 wels, mTeli qveynis maStabiT didi terori daiwyo, ramac piks 1937 wels miaRwia. daRupulebis zusti raodenoba ucnobia, magram is aRwevs 1 milionamde, rom aRaraferi iTqvas gadasaxlebulebsa Tu dapatimrebulebze. represiebis mizezebsa da miznebze, Tu risi miRweva surda moskovs, dRemde mimdinare133 obs dava, Tumca, faqtia, rom mas hqonda rogorc eTnikuri, ise socialuri da politikuri ganzomileba. saqarTveloSi sul 29 051 adamiani iqna represirebuli, aqedan 14 372 – daxvretili da 14 679 – gadasaxlebuli. represiebis absoluturi umravlesoba rigiT mSromel adamianebs Seexo. im dros Sedgenili dokumentebiT gamoiyo represiebis sami tipi: kulakuri operacia, nacionaluri operacia, miliciis sameuli 1 . kulakuri operaciebi gulisxmobda sisxlis samarTlis damnaSaveebsa da antisabWoTa elementebTan brZolas. Tavis mxriv, es gulisxmobda Zveli menSevikebis, social-demokratebis, anarqistebis, mRvdelmsaxurebis, TeTri armiis jariskacebisa da sxva politikurad SeuTavsebeli pirebis dasjas. sul sabWoTa kavSiris maStabiT 800 000-mde saqme iqna aRZruli kulakuri operaciis safarqveS. nacionaluri operaciebi gamoirCeoda eTnikuri xasiaTiT da Seexo sul 365 aTas adamians. kulakuri operaciis Semdeg, yvelaze masStaburi xasiaTi miliciis sameulebma SeiZina, romlis drosac sasamarTlos gareT, sameulis mier xdeboda ganaCenis gamotana. oficialurad sameulebs unda ganexilaT„saqmeebi sisxlis samarTlis, deklasirebuli elementebisa da sapasporte wesebis borotad damrRvevTa Sesaxeb“. sameulebis saxeliT represiebi Seexo 420-450 aTas adamians. 1 mark iunge, omar TuSuraSvili, bernd bonveCi, bolSevikuri wesrigi saqarTveloSi, 2015. gv. 31-37 134 saqarTveloSi, iseve, rogorc zogadad sabWoTa kavSirSi, represiebis udidesi nawili kulakur operaciebze modioda – 21 107 adamiani; stalinuri siebiT represirebul iqna – 3 621; nacionaluri operaciebiT – 2 119; miliciis sameulebiT – 2 204. kulakur operaciebSi represirebulTa 68% iyo mciremcodne an dabali ganaTlebisa, amavdroulad „kulakuri“ sameulis msxverplTa Soris maTi wili [mosamsaxureni] 1937-1938 wlebSi TiTqmis 70%-s aRwevda. mosamsaxureni sabWoTa pirobebSi yovelTvis iyvnen„saxelmwifo msaxurni“. gamonakliss ar warmoadgendnen ukve didi xnis win nacionalizirebuli sawarmoebi da qarxnebi an sasoflo sabWos muSakebi.„kulakuri“ sameulis msxverplTa Soris muSaTa wilma Seadginda 5%(532 adamiani), glexebma – 27%(3 031 adamiani) 1 . miliciis sameulebis msxverplni ki, ZiriTadad, deklasirebuli elementebi aRmoCndnen, magaliTad, usaxlkaroni, Ratakni da a.S. 1 382 adamianidan maTi wili iyo 75%.„miliciam gamoiyena samarTlebrivi ganukiTxaobis situacia imisTvis, rom banakebSi gaegzavna marginaluri jgufebis warmomadgenlebi[...] glexebi, muSebi, mosamsaxureebi, studentebi, romelTa wilmac miliciis sameulis mier represirebulTa Soris Seadgina 6%“ 2 . socialur statusebsa da ganaTlebaze dakvirvebiT, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom represiebis ZiriTadma 1 mark iunge, omar TuSuraSvili, bernd bonveCi, bolSevikuri wesrigi saqarTveloSi, 2015. gv 71-72 2 iqve, gv. 73 135 talRam rigiT adamianebze gadaiara. maTi umetesoba araTu sabWoTa politikur sistemas ar ebrZoda, aramed isev saxelmwifosTvis muSaobda. meore msoflio omi meore msoflio omi kacobriobis istoriaSi udidesi omi iyo, romelsac saerTo jamSi 50-56 milioni adamiani emsxverpla. sabWoTa kavSiris mosaxleobisTvis omi da omis ritorika ar iyo siaxle. industrializaciis politikidan moyolebuli, saxelmwifo mosaxleobas kvazisaomar mdgomareobaSi amyofebda: erTi mxriv, gamocxadebuli iyo SromiTi mobilizaciebi da ukiduresad gamkacrebuli – Sromis kanonmdebloba; meore mxriv, saxelmwifo industrializaciis politikas lozungebis, posterebisa Tu gancxadebebis saSualebiT warmoaCenda rogorc oms. 1941 wlis 22 ivniss, germaniis ssrk-ze Tavdasxmidan umalve, qveyanaSi sruli samxedro mobilizacia gamocxadda, 1904-1922 wlebSi dabadebuli mamakacebi ki savaldebulo gawvevas daeqvemdebarnen. mTeli omis ganmavlobaSi sul 20 milioni adamiani iqna gawveuli, es ki imasac niSnavda, rom qveynis industriul Tu agrarul kompleqss moakldeboda muSaxeli. gamocarielebuli adgilebis dakaveba ki qalebma daiwyebs: 1941 wlisTvis ekonomikaSi CarTuli iyo 61% mamakaci da 39% qali, 1945 wlisTvis – 44% mamak136 aci da 56% qali 1 . gaormagda samxedro industriaSi CarTul adamianTa ricxvi – 9.8 milioni adamianidan 17.3-mde(1942 wlis monacemebi), xolo industriis 96% samxedro seqtors emsaxureboda 2 . gamkacrda isedac umkacresi kanonmdebloba – amjerad samsaxuris nebiT datovebis SemTxvevaSi saqme samxedro prokuraturas gadaecemoda da piri dezertirad cxaddeboda. ekonomikurma krizisma, demografiulma katastrofam da uzarmazarma migraciulma procesebma Sroma umZimesi gaxada mTeli sabWoTa kavSiris teritoriaze – mosaxleoba uCioda ara mxolod sayofacxovrebo produqtis, aramed saWmlisa da sufTa wylis naklebobas. samxedro Teatri dedamiwis sam kontinentze iyo gadaWimuli, maT Soris, saqarTvelos teritoriazec – 1942 wels daibomba soxumi, foTi da baTumi. kavkasionis myinvarebze, maruxisa da qluxoris uReltexilebze, mimdinareobda uTanasworo brZolebi, ZiriTadad, qarTul diviziebsa da germanel medesanteebs Soris. saqarTveloSi, iseve, rogorc mTels sabWoTa kavSirSi, 1941 wlis 22 ivniss nacisturi germaniis ssrk-ze Tavdasxmidan meore dRes, samxedro mobilizacia gamocxadda. 27 ivnisisTvis ki frontze gaigzavna 74 aTasamde jariskaci, 4 319 manqana, 334 traqtori da a.S. 3 ivlisis monacemebiT, moxalised omSi wasasvle1 Sheila Fitzpatrick, War and Society in Soviet Context: Soviet Labor before, during, and after World War II, 1989. gv. 42 2 Martin Kragh, Soviet Labour Law during the Second World War. War in His tory, 2011. gv. 535 137 lad komisariatebs mimarTa 6 430 adamianma. komsomoli naTela imerliSvili sakuTar gancxadebaSi werda: „me srulyofilad vflob germanul enas, SemiZlia didi sargebeli movutano Cems samSoblos, gTxovT gamagzavnoT frontze“ 1 . 1941-dan 1942 wlis dasawyisamde mobilizacia Seexo 19-25 wlis qalebsac. maTi umravlesoba gadanawilda kavSirgabmulobisa da sahaero Tavdacvis armiebSi. mxolod 1941 wlidan 1944 wlamde, sabWoTa wyaroebiT, 582 756 adamiani iqna mobilizebuli 2 . garda mobilizebuli jariskacebis sxvadasxva frontze gagzavnisa, iqmneboda nacionaluri diviziebic. 1942 wlisTvis saqarTveloSi 18 divizia Seiqmna(maTi udidesi nawili qarTvelebisgan Sedgeboda), romlebic 99 334 jariskacs aerTianebda 3 . qarTuli diviziebi, ZiriTadad, kavkasiaSi ibrZodnen, Tumca gansakuTrebiT sisxliani da tragikuli aRmoCnda 224-e diviziis bedi, romelic sabWoTa genStabis arakompetenturobis gamo qerCis naxevarkunZulze TiTqmis srulad ganadgurda. garda jariskacTa mobilizaciisa, iwvrTneboda adgilobrivi saxalxo batalionebi, mosaxleoba swavlobda qimiuri iaraRisgan Tavdacvas, kamuflaJiT imoseboda strategiuli obieqtebi da a.S. saqarTveloSi masobrivad ixsneboda samxedro saavadmyofoebi – wyaltuboSi, borjomSi, TelavSi, 1 Иване Бабалашвили, вклад Грузии в обшее победы над фашизмом, 1975. gv. 19 2 iqve, gv. 19 3 iqve, gv. 50 138 TbilisSi da a.S. sul, 1941 wlis monacemebiT, 24 760 sawoli iyo mobilizebuli da maTi ricxvi wlidan wlamde izrdeboda 1 . fortifikaciuli nagebobebi Sendeboda sanapiroebsa da uReltexilebze, ewyoboda TavdacviTi zolebi. aseve Sendeboda mcire nagebobebic, magaliTad, mxolod saqarTvelos samxedro gzaze 1000-mde doti aigo. saerTo jamSi, respublika emzadeboda nacisturi germaniis SemoWrisTvis. omidan ramdenime dReSi saqarTvelos ssr-is ekonomika mTlianad samxedro relsebze gadavida. nacistur germanias imdenad swrafi samxedro teritoriuli warmatebebi hqonda, rom 1942 wels brZolebi ukve mdinare volgaze, qalaq stalingradSi mimdinareobda. sabWoTa ekonomika, romelSic jaWviviT iyvnen gadabmulni sxvadasxva qarxnebi, fabrikebi, regionebi Tu respublikebi, dasustda – WiaTura nikopolis dacemis Semdeg ssrk-Si manganumis erTaderTi mompovebeli gaxda. 1942 wlidan, donbasis dacemis Semdeg ki, saqarTvelo qvanaxSiris mTavar mimwodeblad iqca mTlianad kavkasiis frontisTvis. omis pirveli wlebi, Zalian mZime gamodga saqarTvelos qvanaxSiris industriisTvis. adgilze momuSave gamocdili kadrebi omSi iqnen gawveulni, maTi adgili daikaves qalebma(magaliTad, tyvarCelis maRaroebSi dasaqmebul qalTa ricxvi 25%-mde iyo gazrdili). maTi umravlesoba pirvelad Cadioda miwisqveS, es ki amcirebda Sromis efeqturobas. miuxe1 Иване Бабалашвили, вклад Грузии в обшее победы над фашизмом, 1975. gv. 21 139 davad yvelafrisa, wina welTan SedarebiT, 1941 wels, qvanaxSiris mopoveba 6.5%-iT gaizarda 1 . kvalificiuri muSaxelis deficiti SeimCneoda warmoebis yvela dargSi. mTeli sabWoTa kavSiris masStabiT mxolod pirveli Tveebis ganmavlobaSi warmoebaSi CaerTo naxevari milioni qali da 360 aTasi VIII-X klasis moswavle 2 . sakavSiro masStabiT 1940-1944 wlebis periodSi samuSao ZalaSi qalTa xvedriTi wona gaizarda 38.4%-idan 57.4%-mde. aseTive mzardi tendenciebi iyo saqarTveloSic, magaliTad, Tbilisis qeCis fabrikam omis dasawyisSi miiRo 77 muSa, aqedan 58 – qali. safeiqro mrewvelobaSi, 1945 wlis monacemebiT, 5 326 muSa iyo CarTuli, aqedan 4 313 – qali, rac muSaTa 81%-s udrida, xolo kvebis mrewvelobaSi 7 431 muSidan 5 256 qali iyo 3 . qalTa Sroma gaizarda soflis meurneobaSic: Tuki 1941 wels sakolmeurneo saqmianobaSi CarTul pirTa 51.4% iyo qali, 1944 wels maCvenebelma 60.4%-s miaRwia 4 . omis gamo gazrdili moTxovnebi aucilebels xdida imas, rom warmoebis yvela dargi gadarTuliyo samxedro miznebze. uwinares yovlisa, gamoiyo is sawarmoebi, romlebsac SeeZlo iaraRis warmoeba sxva sawarmoebTan kooperirebis pirobebSi. aseT sawarmoTa raodenoba 14-s aRwevda, ris gamoc is daiyo or jgufad, pirvelSi moxvdnen: sergo orjonikiZis, 26 komisris, sergei kirovisa da sxva qarxnebi; meore 1 babalaSvili, iqve, gv. 142 2 Jurnali ekonomisti, 1986. N -17 3 iqve, gv. 73 4 iqve, gv. 86 140 jgufSi – stalinis saxelobis orTqlmaval-vagonSemkeTebeli qarxana, saorTqlmavlo depo da sxva. TiToeuli sawarmo amzadebda iaraRis garkveul detals, xolo mis mTlian damzadebaze pasuxismgebeli iyo meTauri sawarmo. pirveli jgufisTvis aseTi iyo orjonikiZis manqanaTsamSeneblo qarxana, meore jgufisTvis – stalinis saxelobis Tbilisis orTqlmaval-vagonSemkeTebeli qarxana. daiwyo qarxnebis gadarTva samoqalaqodan samxedro warmoebaze, magaliTad, TbilisSi daiwyo pistolet-tyviamfrqvev„ppS“-is masobrivi warmoeba; sxvadasxva qarxnebi, maT Soris, centroliti, awarmoebda „bm-13 katiuSasTvis“ saWiro detalebs; kaspis cementi da quTaisis liTofoni – asafeTqebel fugasebs; goris sakonservo qarxana – xelis yumbarebs da a.S. 1943 wlis pirvel kvartalSi dagegmili iyo, rom saqarTvelos ssr-s armiisTvis gadaeca Semdegi SeiaraReba: 54.540„ppS“; 165 aTasi naRmmtyorcnis naRmi; 110 aTasi 55 mm-iani naRmi; 39 aTasi„katuSas“ raketa. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani iyo Tbilisis saaviacio qarxnis saqmianoba. mSenebloba 1940 wels daiwyo, Tumca meores msoflio omis dawyebis gamo SeCerda da konservacias daeqvemdebara. 1941 wlis miwuruls mSenebloba taganrogisa da sevastopolis evakuirebuli saaviacio qarxnebis xarjze gagrZelda da amave wels pirveli TviTmfrinavebic gamouSva. adgilze ramdenime aTasi adamiani muSaobda – maT Soris 4 028 muSa iyo gadmosaxlebuli, – ZiriTadad, kvalificiuri muSaxeli. muSaoba or cvlaSi 12-13 saaTi 141 grZeldeboda, dasvenebis dReebis gareSe – swored Tbilisis saaviciao qarxana iyo amierkavkasiis jarebisTvis TviTmfrinavebis erTaderTi mimwodebeli. 1944 wlisTvis, qarxanam 2500-mde gamanadgurebeli „lag-3“ gamouSva da gadaerTo ufro Tanamedrove modelebis warmoebaze. sabWoTa wyaroebis mixedviT, saqarTvelos ssr omis periodSi gegmebs yovelTvis gadaWarbebiT asrulebda, miuxedavad 1941-42 wlebis samxedro katastrofisa, rasac mohyva didZali, ekonomikurad mdidari teritoriebis germanuli okupaciis qveS moqceva. saqarTvelos ekonomikam mainc SeZlo da ganagrZo funqcionireba. qarxnebi, fabrikebi, kolmeurneobebi – yvelaferi samxedro relsebze gadaerTo. omSi wasuli mamakacebis samuSao adgilebi qalebma daikaves. faqtobrivad, qals uxdeboda gazrdil samuSao grafiksa da damZimebul pirobebSi industriasa da kolmeurneobebSi muSaoba, xolo Semdeg – ojaxSi Svilebis gazrda meuRlis gareSe. omis Semdgomi periodi 1945 wlis 9 maiss germaniam kapitulacia gamoacxada da evropaSi omi dasrulda. sabWoTa kavSirma germanuli nacizmis winaaRmdeg gamarjvebaSi udidesi wvlili Seitana, swored mis teritoriebze ganadgurda nacisturi armiis ZiriTadi nawili, gaimarTa omis gardamtexi brZolebi. oms Seewira imaze ramdenjerme 142 meti sabWoTa meomari, vidre yvela sxva mokavSire saxelmwifosi erTad aRebuli. omis Semdeg samyaro bipolaruli gaxda da daiyo or – aSS-sa da sabWoTa banakebad. geopolitikurad gafarTovda moskovis gavlenis zonebic da amjerad is TiTqmis mTel aRmosavleT evropas moicavda. miuxedavad omSi miRebuli udidesi warmatebisa, sabWoTa kavSirs rTulad Tu eTqmoda gamarjvebuli. omis Sedegad daiRupa 27 milioni adamiani, rac udidesi dartyma iyo qveynis demografiisa da SromiTi resursisaTvis. kidev ramdenjerme meti daiWra da daxeibrda – gaxda Sromisuunaro. amasTan erTad, ganadgurda aseulobiT qalaqi, qarxana, fabrika, sameurneo miwa; Zlieri iyo migraciuli procesebi da a.S. 1946-47 wlebi ki katastrofuli aRmoCnda qveynisTvis – xSiri gvalvebis Sedegad ar movida xorblis sakmarisi raodenoba, ris gamoc ukraina, moldaveTi da ruseTis centraluri nawilebi masobrivma SimSilma moicva. omidan ramdenime weliwadSi TiTqmis yvela dargi samuSao Zalis naklebobas ganicdida 1 . samuSao Zalis Sevseba, ZiriTadad, ori gziT daiwyo – frontidan dabrunebul jariskacTa nawili valdebuli iyo anazRaurebasTan Seusabamo an sulac aunazRaurebeli Sroma gaewia SromiT banakebSi. gansakuTrebiT es exebodaT germanuli tyveobidan dabrunebul jariskacebs(omis periodSi tyved Cavardna danaSaulad gamocxadda), rom aRaraferi iTqvas germanel da 1 Donald Filtzer, Soviet Workers and Late Stalinism: Labour and the Resto ration of the Stalinist System after Worl War II, 1989. gv. 21 143 iaponel samxedro tyveebze, romelTa ricxvi saerTo jamSi erT milions aWarbebda. frontidan sxvadasxva gziT mobilizebuli SromiTi Zala ekonomikis TiTqmis yvela seqtorSi muSaobda, dawyebuli soflis meurneobiT, dasrulebuli mSeneblobiT. meoTxe xuTwledi 1946 wels axali, rigiT meoTxe xuTwliani gegma daiwyo, romelic mimarTuli iyo ganadgurebuli ekonomikis aRdgenisa da samxedrodan samoqalaqo relsebze gadawyobisken. miznad dasaxul iqna omamdeli ekonomikuri maCveneblebis miRweva. Tavdacvis biujeti Semcirda, Tumca mZime industriaSi fuladi dabandeba kvlav prioritetuli iyo. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba mieqca samTamadno mrewvelobas(marganeci, qvanaxSiri, da sxv.), metalurgias, eleqtroenergetikasa da manqanaTmSeneblobas. saerTo miznad dasaxuli iyo 1940 wlis monacemebisTvis mrewvelobis produqciis 50%-iT gadaWarbeba. 1948 wels metalis warmoebis moculoba gauTanabrda omamdels. meore mxriv, swrafi ekonomikuri warmateba proporciulad ar aisaxeboda mosaxleobis keTildReobaze. samomxmareblo produqciis warmoeba mkacrad Seikveca da saxelmwifo wliurad ufro nakleb fexsacmels awarmoebda, vidre moqalaqe hyavda 1 . meore mxriv, 1948-1954 wlebSi aucile1 Ronald Suny, The Soviet Experiment Russia, The USSR, and the Successor States, 1998. gv.745 144 beli sakvebi produqtebis(magaliTad, puris) fasebi ganaxevrda da, adrindelTan SedarebiT, pirveladi saxis produqti ufro xelmisawvdomi gaxda. industriis giganti rusTavi meoTxe xuTwledi saqarTveloSi ara mxolod ekonomikis aRdgenas, aramed mZime industriis axali dargebis ganviTarebasac gulisxmobda, kerZod – metalurgiuli da saavtomobilo mrewvelobis Seqmnas. soflis meurneobis materialur-teqnikuri bazis ganviTarebisTvis aigo da eqspluataciaSi Sevida ramdenime sarwyavi arxi, didi sairigacio mSenebloba mimdinareobda samgorSi, ganaxlda kolxeTis dablobis amoSrobis samuSaoebi. 1944 wels, roca evropaSi omis dasrulebis mxolod konturebi Canda, saqarTveloSi, Tbilisidan 22 kilometrSi, axali industriuli gigantis, rusTavis mSenebloba daiwyo. jer kidev 1930-ian wlebSi gaCnda amierkavkasiis metalurgiuli centris mSeneblobis idea, romelic warmoebis srul cikls Caatarebda. Tavdapirvelad fiqrobdnen mis quTaisSi ganTavsebaze, Semdgom ki misi ageba TbilisTan axlos gadawyda. sabolood SeirCa dRevandeli rusTavis teritoria, romelic istoriulad dasaxlebuli iyo, magram meoce saukuneSi misgan mxolod naqalaqari SemorCeniliyo. SerCeul teritorias ramdenime upiratesoba hqonda: pirvel rigSi, is, saqarTvelos geografiuli 145 maxasiaTeblebis gaTvaliswinebiT, uCveulod vake iyo, advilad dakavSirebadi rkinigzasTan, Camoudioda mdinare da istoriuli konteqsti garkveul simbolurobasac aniWebda 1 . axali qalaqis mSeneblobas Tan sdevda saxelmwifo propaganda, rasac xSirad inteligenciac ubamda mxars. narativi metwilad aigo mkvdari miwis aRorZinebis ideis garSemo, rac simbolurad gamarjvebas da naTeli momavlis perspeqtivas ganasaxierebda. 1954 wels gamovida filmi„isini Camovidnen mTidan“, romelSic moTxrobili iyo mTielebis istoria, romlebmac gadawyvites, gamxdariyvnen metalurgebi. filmi saxelmwifo propagandis nawili iyo, romelic mayurebels uxsnida baris upiratesobas mTasTan SedarebiT da gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas atarebda cocxali SromiTi resursis deficitis dros. saxelmwifo rogorc Sefarulad – propagandis saSualebiT, ise Zalismieradac cdilobda, mosaxleoba mTisTvis moewyvita da qalaqad daesaxlebina, rac aixsneboda mTis tradiciuli sazogadoebis ekonomikuri da socialuri CamorCenilobiTa da saerTo saxelmwifo ekonomikaSi misi CarTvis saWiroebiT. marTlac, rusTavi, ZiriTadad, mTasa da soflad mcxovrebi mosaxleobisagan Seivso. oficialurad rusTavi 1948 wlis 19 ianvars gaixsna. igi respublikaSi feradi liTonebis mTavar sawarmos warmoadgenda. 1 Tea qamuSaZe, rusTavis sabWoTa memkvidreoba, 2022. gv. 40-43 146 quTaisis saavtomobilo qarxana sabWoTa saqarTveloSi icvleboda manqanaTmSeneblobis geografiuli ganlagebac. Tuki omamde is TiTqmis mTlianad iyo koncentrirebuli TbilisSi, axla is moedo rusTavs, foTs, baTumsa da sxva qalaqebs. rusTavis paralelurad quTaisSi daiwyo kidev erTi gigantis – saavtomobilo qarxnis mSenebloba. meore msoflio omis miwuruls damarcxebuli germaniidan Camoitanes daSlili opelis qarxana da ganaTavses quTaisSi, gaSlil velze. „roca quTaisSi CamovediT, maRlakis trial mindorze SemkeTebel-meqanikuri da n1 sawnexe korpusebi iyo damTavrebuli, Ria cis qveS SefuTuli ewyo germanuli Carxebi, romelic„alam-opelis“ demontaJis Semdeg Camoitanes. mTavari specialistebi ruseTis qarxnidan iyvnen movlenilni“ 1 , – ixsenebs inJineri Tamar bebia. manqanebis warmoebisTvis quTaisi ramdenime mizezis gamo SeirCa: rusTavSi Sendeboda metalurgiuli sawarmo, rac respublikas saSualebas aZlevda, kidev ufro gaefarToebina sawarmoo produqcia; qalaqi mdebareobda rkinigzasa da portTan axlos; am teritoriaze jer kidev 1940 wels iyo dawyebuli saaviacio qarxnis mSenebloba. meore mxriv, quTaisisTvis, iseve rogorc mTlianad respublikisTvis, qarxana moitanda did ekonomikur sargebels da Seqmnida axali dargebis ganviTarebis pirobebs. 1 liana iosebiZe, quTaisis saavtomobilo qarxnis matiane, 2007. gv. 35 147 1945 wlis 6 maisis dadgenilebiT, quTaisSi daiwyo grandiozuli mSenebloba, romelic gulisxmobda, ara mxolod warmoebisTvis aucilebeli yvela qarxnis agebas, rkinigzisa da saavtomobilo gzebis gayvanas, aramed sacxovrebeli ubnis gaSenebasac. mSeneblobis paralelurad daiwyo muSaxelis moZieba, ZiriTadad, quTaisis garSemo mdebare regionebSi. did problemas warmoadgenda kvalificiuri muSaxelis ararseboba, swored amitomac maleve daiwyo adgilobrivi kadrebis gagzavna da gadamzadeba ruseTisa da ukrainis sxvadasxva qalaqSi. garda amisa, ruseTidanac mravali profesionali Camovida codnis deficitis Sesavsebad. 1950 wlisTvis qarxanaSi iricxeboda 3 451 adamiani, aqedan 650 inJineri da teqnikosi, xolo 2 180 – muSa. maTTvis qarxanasTan axlos aSenda dasaxleba – biniT dakmayofilda 506 ojaxi da 611 martoxela muSa 1 . qarxana nel-nela ikrefda Zalas da izrdeboda mis mier gamoSvebuli produqciis nairsaxeoba – 1951 wlis 18 agvistos, 16:30 saaTze, stalinis didi portretis TanxlebiT, qarxnis teritoriidan zar-zeimiT gamovida pirveli qarTuli avtomobili„kaz-150“. ramdenime aTeul weliwadSi qarxana ramdenjerme gaizarda da uSvebda mravali saxis manqanas – maT Soris SeiZleba gansakuTrebul miRwevad CaiTvalos avtomobili„kaz-605 kolxida“, romelSic – sabWoTa kavSirSi pirvelad – gamoyenebuli iyo – im droisTvis progresuli – kabinis ujredSi ganTavsebuli 1 liana iosebiZe, quTaisis saavtomobilo qarxnis matiane, 2007. gv. 36-37 148 Zravis teqnologia; uSualod soflis meurneobisTvis gankuTvnili satvirTo avtomobilebi da a.S. qarxana uSvebda samxedro produqciasac – aRsaniSnavia sabrZolo manqana„obieqt-1015“, romelic iyo sabWoTa armiis mTavari javSantransportiorobis pretendenti. gamocdebis periodSi, ucnobi mizezebis gamo, samxedro komisiam upiratesoba mianiWa gorkis saavtomobili qarxnis produqt„ ГАЗ-49s“, romelsac seriul warmoebaSi daerqva„ БТР-60 “. meoTxe xuTwliani gegma, faqtobrivad, stalinizmis periodSi ukanaskneli iyo. 1946-1951 wlebSi, amrigad, daiwyo saqarTvelos samxedro relsebidan samoqalaqoze gadayvanis procesi da, sxva infrastuqturul Tu samSeneblo obieqtebTan erTad, safuZveli Caeyara or gigantur proeqts – rusTavis metalurgiul da quTaisis saavtomobilo qarxnebs, romlebmac Semdgom aTwleulebSi didi roli Seasrula sabWoTa saqarTvelos ekonomikis formirebaSi. poststalinuri periodi da elmavalmSenebeli qarxana 1953 wels, ioseb stalinis gardacvalebis Semdeg, xelisuflebaSi nikita xruSCovi movida. axalma mmarTvelobam Tan cvlilebebic moitana: totalurma kontrolma daiklo, yuradReba mieqca samomxmareblo produqtis warmoebas da adamianTaTvis konfortuli cxovrebis pirobebis Seqmnas. industriis ganviTare149 basTan erTad, didi investiciebi ganxorcielda soflis meurneobaSic. izrdeboda xelfasebic: Tuki 1952 wels soflis meurneobaSi CarTuli adamiani TveSi 67 rubls iRebda, misi anazRaureba 1964 wels 91 rublamde gaizarda. gauqmda rigi SromasTan dakavSirebuli mkacri kanonebisa, xolo samuSao saaTebi kviraSi 48-dan(1956 weli) 41 saaTamde Semcirda(1960 weli) 1 . saerTo jamSi, adamianTa yoveldRiuroba ukeTesobisken Seicvala – saxelmwifo, romelic agebuli iyo Zaladobasa da SiSze, SedarebiT humanuri gaxda. quTaisisagan gansxvavebiT, TbilisSi jer kidev omamde, 1939 wels, arsebobda orTqlmavalSemkeTebeli qarxana, romlis bazazec 1956 wels daiwyo elmavalmSenebeli qarxnis mSenebloba, romelic ara mxolod SeakeTebda, aramed gamouSvebda kidec magistraluri xazis matareblebs. qarxanam pirveli elmavlebi 1957 wels gamouSva. sakonstruqtoro-saeqspluatacio xazis ganyofilebis xazis memanqane vladimer maisuraZe ixsenebs – „Cvens pirvel elmavals normiT 4 000 tonis Semadgenloba unda gaewia, novosibirskidan Culimskaias mimarTulebiT pirdapiri mwvane xazi mogvces da daviwyeT sacdeli svla 7 000 toniani SemadgenlobiT, nacvlad 4 000 tonianisa. gamocdam brwyinvaled Caiara, dadga elmavalTan ganSorebis dRec da unda genaxaT ramxela naRveli damidga gulSi, roca Cveni pirveli elmavali inskaias depoSi davtove“ 2 . 1 Ronald Suny, The Soviet Experiment Russia, The USSR, and the Successor States, 1998. gv. 824 2 gazeTi elmavalmSenebeli, 14/07/1978 150 qarxana iqca erT-erT yvelaze Tanamedrove da mZlavr sawarmod mTel sabWoTa kavSirSi, metic, warmoebis 80% lokalizebuli iyo adgilze. 1961 wels ki TbilisSi Seiqmna sabWoTa kavSirSi erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli da Sesabamisad warmatebuli elmavali„ ВЛ-10 “. axlis SeqmnasTan erTad, qarxana iTvisebda sxvagan warmoebul sxvadasxva Tanamedrove modelsac. 1983 wels qarxanam sakuTari rekordi daamyara, roca erT weliwadSi gamouSva 138 lokomotivi. qarxanasTan axlos adgilobrivi muSa-koleqtivisTvis gaSenda sacxovrebeli ubani, romelsac Temqa daerqva(iSifreba rogorc Tbilisis elmavalmSenebeli qarxana). elmavalmSenebeli qarxnis 1961 wlis koleqtiuri xelSekruleba garkveul warmodgenas gvaZlevs Sromis pirobebze. magaliTad, xelSekruleba gansazRvravda valdebulebas, rom gafarToebuliyo samedicino punqti, konkretuli profesiebis mqone mSromelebs sakveb danamatad mieRoT rZe da karaqi da sxva 1 . muSebs eZleodaT sagzurebi sanatoriumebsa da dasasvenebel saxlebSi, maT Soris „socdazRvevis angariSze 250, warmoebis fondis angariSze 20, kurortologiis da gizioTerapiis angariSze 50 sagzuri. muSebis Svilebi ki bavSvTa(pionerTa) banakebSi igzavnebodnen. qarxana, valdebulebas iRebda muSaTa dabinavebaze, maT Soris saerTo sacxovreblis agebaze“. mimdinareoba kulturul-sportuli muSaobac, 1 v.i. leninis saxelobis Tbilisis elmavalmSenebeli qarxnis koleqtiuri xelSekruleba 1961 wlisaTvis, saqarTvelos erovnuli biblioTeka. 151 magaliTad, samuSao teritoriis midamoebSi unda agebuliyo stadioni da sportuli kompleqsi, saxelovnebo sivrceebi da klubebi, 1961 wels mowyobiliyo 35 eqskursia saqarTvelos istoriul adgilebSi da a.S. 1961-dan 1972 wlamde mravalmxriv gaizarda muSaTa socialuri privilegiebi, magaliTad, gaizarda samogzauro kvotebi, sabonuse sistema, aseve adgilze daiwyo qalTa profilaqtikuri Semowmebac. amavdroulad damatebiTi kadrebis moZiebiT unda Semcirebuli samuSao adgilze qalTa datvirTva, xolo Tu samuSao gansakuTrebiT mavne iyo, muSa qalebi unda gadaeyvanaT SedarebiT msubuq samuSaoze. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda mihqceoda qalTa sacxovrebeli sivrceebis higienas da a.S. 1 1960-ian wlebSi daiwyo muSebisTvis binebis gadacemac. saerTo gasanawilebeli sabinao farTis 30% mowinave muSebisTvis gadasacemad ganisazRvra. arsebobda saerTo sacxovrebelic, romelSic maqsimaluri Tviuri gadasaxadi Seadgenda 2.5 maneTs. samuSao drois xangZlivoba 7 saaTiT iyo gansazRvruli, xolo xelfasebi satarifo ganakveTebiT gansxvavdeboda: yvelaze maRali hqonda meeqvse ganakveTs, „sanardo sistemaze gansakuTrebiT mZime da mavne pirobebSi momuSaves“ – 88.6 maneTi, xolo yvelaze mcire ki – civi samuSaoebis droiT sistemaze momuSaves: pirveli ganakveTisas – 34.4 maneTi. yuradReba eqceoda 1 v.i. leninis saxelobis Tbilisis elmavalmSenebeli qarxnis koleqtiuri xelSekruleba 1971 wlisTvis, saqarTvelos erovnuli biblioTeka. 152 muSaTa janmrTelobas, ris gamoc xSirad tardeboda gamajansaRebeli RonisZiebebi, mSromelTa Semowmeba sxvadasxva daavadebebze(magaliTad, tuberkuliozze), tardeboda acrebi, ginekologiuri momsaxureba qalTaTvis da a.S. axali sabinao politika 1950-iani wlebis miwuruls mTels sabWoTa kavSirSi axali sabinao politika iwyeba – gansxvavebuli stalinis periodisagan, romlis drosac binebi, ZiriTadad, Sendeboda socialurad(an politikurad) dawinaurebuli socialuri jgufebisTvis, Senobebi umetesad iyo lamazi fasadis, moCuqurTmebuli da ZviradRirebuli. axali saxelmwifo politika sacxovreblebs uyurebda rogorc adamianis bazisur uflebasa da sajaro sikeTes, amitomac is ar unda gamxdariyo komerciuli, Semosavlis xerxi, metic, binis gayidva SeuZlebeli iyo, samagierod, daSvebuli iyo gacvla. 1928 wels sabWoTa kavSirma msoflioSi binis qiris yvelaze dabali zRvari daawesa – Tviuri Semosavlis 3% 1 . miuxedavad progresuli ideebisa, sabWoTa sabinao politika vera da ver eweoda realur moTxovnas, 1950 wlisTvis saSualod erT adamianze 15 kv.m. modioda(ZiriTadad,`komunalkebi~ da barakuli saxlebi). 1960-ian wlebSi, masobrivad gaiSala e.w. xruSovke1 Henry W.Morton, Housing in the Soviet Union, 1984. gv. 69 153 bis mSenebloba. is didad gansxvavdeboda stalinis periodSi arsebuli sabinao mSeneblobebisgan, pirvel rigSi, misi masobriobis gamo, romelic miiRweoda Senobis TviTRirebulebis maqsimaluri SemcirebiT. meore mxriv, daiSva kooperatiuli binaTmSenebloba, ramac didi biZgi misca masobriv mSeneblobebs – amjerad, mosaxleoba Tavad ixdida Senobis TviTRirebulebis 30-40%-s, romelic Sehqonda e.w.„mSenbankSi“, danarCens ki saxelmwifo faravda SeRavaTiani, wliuri 0.5%-iani sakredito pirobebiT, romelic wlebis ganmavlobaSi unda daefaraT kvartluri SenataniT 1 . individualur da kooperatiul binaTmSeneblobaSi 1963 wels gaica 1.2 mln maneTis krediti, 1966 wels – 8.3, xolo 1972 wels – 14.2 2 . aRsaniSnavia is faqtic, rom masobrivi dabalprocentiani dakrediteba 1950iani wlebis miwuruls iwyeba da kreditis aReba SeeZlo nebismier organizacias. Tavis mxriv, saxelmwifo mocemul fuls iRebda Semnaxveli salaroebidan, e.w. anabrebidan, romelsac moqalaqe an organizacia xsnida bankSi da inaxavda. 1972 wels yovel meoTxe mcxovrebs saqarTvelos ssr-Si hqonda msgavsi angariSi 3 . TbilisSi vaJa-fSavelas kvartlebi, diRmis masivi da varkeTilis masivebi pirveli ubnebi iyo, romlebic 3-5-sarTuliani„xruSovkebiT“ gaSenda. vaJa-fSavelas gamzirze kooperatiul binaSi mcxovrebi, Tbili1 nano zazanaSvili, levan asabaSvili, gvanca nikolaiSvili, sabinao politika saqarTveloSi 2018, gv. 25 2 sabWoTa saqarTvelos saxalxo meurneobis ganviTarebis Sedegebi da perspeqtivebi, 1975. gv. 563 3 iqve, gv. 564 154 sis univermaRis yofili TanamSromeli, romelmac 1965 wels kooperatiuli binaTmSeneblobiT miiRo saxli, dRes ixsenebs: „Tanxas kvartlurad vixdidiT, oriveni vmuSaobdiT, albaT 150 maneTi gvqonda Semosavali cal-calke, 15 weli unda gadagvexada da ravici, ise gadavixadeT rom arc ki SegvimCnevia.[...] remontSi fuli ar gadagvixdia, Sedioda isedac, centraluri gaTbobac iyo, cxeli wyali saqvabidan modioda, TiTqmis ufaso iyo“ 1 . kooperatiuli mSeneblobis SesaZleblobasTan erTad, saxelmwifo sakuTari saxsrebiT kvlav aSenebda binebs ufasod. arsebobda sauwyeboc – konkretuli organizacia sakuTari TanamSromlebisTvis aSenebda sacxovriss – magaliTad, 31-e qarxanam aaSena binebi dRevandel moskovis gamzirze. qarxnis yofili TanamSromeli naTela ixsenebs – „dimitrovis qarxanaSi vmuSaobdi[dRevandeli 31-e] da maT unda moecaT CemTvis bina, xelSekrulebaSi iyo gawerili sanam muSaobas daiwyebdi, rom binebiT unda davekmayofilebineT.[...] qarxnis komunalur sacxovrebelSi vcxovrobdi, jer rigSi viyavi ramdenime weli da bolos damizustda, rom 1993 wels unda mimeRo erToTaxiani moskovis gamzirze.[...] samwuxarod, me ver momeswro bina, axla ki isev am komunalkaSi vcxovrob, romelic 90-ianebSi dagvikanones“ 2 . 1919-1945 wlebSi, saqarTveloSi mxolod 54 974 sacxovrebeli aSenda, aqedan 15 041 – TbilisSi. 1946 1 respodenti gulo, interviueri gabriel CubiniZe, 01.02.2021 2 respodenti naTela, interviueri gabriel CubiniZe, 04.03.2021 155 wlidan ki binebis ricxvi, faqtobrivad, samjer izrdeba da 1961-1970 wlebSi uprecedento niSnuls aRwevs – 230 002-s. TbilisSi, msgavsi piki miRweul iqna 1971-1980 wlebSi, roca qalaqSi aSenda 72 473 sacxovrebeli. 1989 wels saqarTvelo 1 adamianze saerTo sacxovrebeli farTobis mixedviT sabWoTa respublikebs Soris me-4 adgils ikavebda(18.4 kv.m). am maCvenebliT mas uswrebda mxolod litva, latvia da estoneTi 1 . sanatoriumebi da dasveneba 1960 wels, sakavSiro mTavrobis dadgenilebis safuZvelze respublikis kurortebi, maT Soris, finansuri nawili, daqvemdebarebaSi gadaeca profkavSirebs. sabWoTa kavSiri 1930-ian wlebSi iyo pirveli saxelmwifo, romelic masobrivad uSvebda muSebs dasasveneblad da amiT saerTo kmayofilebasac iwvevda: es xels aZlevda damsvenebelsac da saxelmwifosac, – am ukanasknels imiT, rom samuSao adgilze morCili da bednieri muSa ubrundeboda. es warmatebuli sqema maleve gavrcelda kapitalistur qveynebSi, gansakuTrebiT ki – nacistur germaniasa da faSistur italiaSi. Tu naxseneb or saxelmwifoSi muSaTa dasveneba ubralod turizms niSnavda, sabWoTa kavSirSi mas mecnierulad uyurebdnen – dasveneba ar 1 nano zazanaSvili, levan asabaSvili, gvanca nikolaiSvili, sabinao politika saqarTveloSi Tbilisis magaliTze, 2020. gv. 24-26 156 iyo miCneuli tol-sworad garTobisa, mas samedicino mizanic unda hqonoda, raTa Sromisgan daRlili da janmrTelobaSeryeuli muSebi ukan janmrTelebi da ufro produqtiulebi dabrunebuliyvnen. swored amitomac mSomelebis sxvadasxva kurortze gagzavnaSi monawileobda samedicino seqtoric, swored eqimebis rekomendaciiT igzavnebodnen muSebi sabWoTa kavSiris sxvadasxva qalaqSi. 1 msgavsi turistuli adgilebi, romelSic profkavSirebi gzavnidnen sakuTar wevrebs, saqarTvelos TiTqmis yvela regionSi iyo, magram aqedan erT-erTi gamorCeuli wyaltuboa. qalaqi wyaltubo unikaluri iyo sakuTari gamajansaRebeli wyaroebiT, romlebic jer kidev me-19 saukuneSi aRmoaCines. barakuli dasaxlebidan misi ganviTarebul da keTilmowyobil qalaqad gardaqmna jer kidev 1930-ian wlebSi daiwyo. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom wyaltubo gaSenda da ganviTarda kurortis cnebis garSemo. aigo 21 sanatoriumi da pansionati, samecniero institutebi, parki, stadioni, univermaRi da a.S. wyaltuboSi ar arsebobda sezoni da is mudmivad muSaobda, Rebulobda sabWoTa da socialisturi blokis qveS myofi saxelmwifoebis moqalaqeebs. sanatoriumebis nawili profkavSirebis xelSi iyo, nawili ki sauwyebos(saministros) xelSi. sanatorium „Tbilisis“ direqtori ixsenebs: „Cvens sanatoriums dadebuli hqonda xelSekruleba„inturistTan“ da ucxoelebic mogvdiodnen xolme jgufebad – germanelebi, ruminelebi, bulgarelebi, individebi gvyav1 Diane P.Koenker, Soviet leisure travel 1930s, 2008. gv. 269-271 157 da amerikidanac, im dros es ucxoelebi Cven da„Saxtiors“ gvyavda mxolod“ 1 . 1985 wlis monacemebiT, sakurorto meurneobaSi CarTuli iyo 18 445 muSaki, aqedan 1 841 iyo sezonuri. mxolod 1971 wlis monacemebiT, profkavSirebis xelSi iyo 28 sanatoriumi 7 621 adgiliT, 18 dasasvenebeli saxli 5 077 adgiliT, 25 pansionati 7 233 adgiliT, 4 sakurorto sastumro 660 adgiliT, – es yvelaferi ki saerTo jamSi udrida 20 591 adgils. meoce saukunis meore naxevarSi saqarTvelos ssr-Si mrewvelobis TiTqmis yvela dargi iyo ganviTarebuli da, ZiriTadad, mwarmoebel ekonomikas miekuTvneboda. paralelurad, izrdeboda arasawarmoo dargebic, magaliTad, turizmi – afxazeTis avtonomiuri respublika sabWoTa moqalaqeebisTvis erT-erTi mTavari sakurorto mimarTuleba iyo. respublikis sabiujeto Semosavlebis 90% modioda saxalxo meurneobidan(sawarmoebisa da organizaciebis amonagebi), xolo mosaxleobis mier gadaxdili gadasaxadebis saxiT – 6.6%. SedarebisTvis, 1940 wels saxalxo meurneobis wili biujetSi iyo mxolod 40% 2 . 1921-1970-ian wlebSi saxelmwifo da kooperatiul sawarmoTa da organizaciaTa kapitaldabandeba (garda kolmeurneobebisa) Sesadari fasebis 11.9 miliard maneTs Seadgenda. Tanxis 60% axal mSeneblobebs moxmarda, aqedan 38% – mrewvelobis ganviTarebas, 1 respodenti giuli gigiaZe, interviueri gabriel CubiniZe, 2019 w. 2 sabWoTa saqarTvelos saxalxo meurneobis ganviTarebis Sedegebi da perspeqtivebi, 1975. gv. 551 158 14% – soflis meurneobas, 13% – sabinao mSeneblobas, 22% – vaWrobisa da komunalur sawarmoTa, mecnierebis, kulturis, xelovnebis, ganaTlebisa da janmrTelobis dacvas, 10% – transportsa da kavSirgabmulobas, xolo 3% – samSeneblo industriis ganviTarebas 1 . 1960-iani wlebidan gansakuTrebuli yuradReba mieqca kulturis sferos: masobrivad daiwyes filmebis gadaReba, literaturis gamocema da a.S. Tavis mxriv, kultura saxelmwifo propagandis gamtari unda yofiliyo da politikuri misiac unda Seesrulebina. 1972 wlisTvis respublikaSi ukve arsebobda 75 muzeumi, 23 Teatri, 206 kulturis saxli, 1 875 kinoTeatri da sxva. gafarTovda jandacvis seqtoric, romelic warmodgenili iyo 45.9 aTasi sawoliTa da 18.2 aTasi eqimiT. Crdilovani da meoreuli ekonomika 1960-ian wlebSi mosaxleobis gazrdil samomxmareblo survilebs ver eweoda saxelmwifo warmoeba. erTi mxriv, sabWoTa kavSirSi yvelaferi nawildeboda saerTo sagegmo institutis,„gosplanis“ mier, meore mxriv, is saerTodac ver gamoxatavda da ver iTvaliswinebda rigiTi soflebisa Tu qalaqebis interesebs. centralizebuli ekonomika da yoveldRiuri moxmarebis produqtis permanentuli deficiti noyier 1 sabWoTa saqarTvelos saxalxo meurneobis ganviTarebis Sedegebi da perspeqtivebi, 1975. gv. 556 159 niadags warmoadgenda araformaluri ekonomikis gansaviTareblad, Tumca sabWoTa saxelmwifo amaze Tvals xuWavda, radgan kargad aanalizebda, rom es resursebis gadanawilebis mSvenieri xerxi iyo. samagierod, Tu aralegaluri ekonomikuri saqmianobiT ver xeirobda oficialuri ekonomika, maSin igi mkacrad isjeboda 1 . yvelafers isic erTvoda, rom rigiTi dasaqmebulis xelfasiT socialuri mobiloba arc iseTi martivi iyo. swored am da sxva mravali mizezis gamo mTel sabWoTa kavSirSi meoreulma ekonomikam daiwyo ganviTareba 2 . saqarTvelos soflis meurneobis rig produqtebze monopolia hqonda, magaliTad, mxolod saqarTveloSi modioda citrusi, Cai; isxmeoda didi raodenobiT Rvino da a.S. zogierT produqtze fass respublika awesebda(magaliTad, mandarinze), xolo bazarze arsebuli moTxovna ki ganapirobebda mis ueWvel realizaciasac. rigma sawarmoebma daiwyes mogebis gazrdis mizniT xarisxisa da TviTRirebulebis kleba. mocemuli faqti jer kidev 1970 wlis dekembris Semajamebel sxdomaze iTqva sajarod finansTa ministris moadgilis mier 3 . xSir SemTxvevaSi qarTveli glexebi saerTod Tavs aridebdnen saxelmwifosTvis muSaobaze. kerZod, aralegalurad hyidnen Tundac Rvinos, radgan ase mogeba meti rCebodaT. 1965 wlis statistikis mixed1 Louise I. Shelley, The Second Economy in the Soviet Union, 1990. gv. 20 2 meoreuli ekonomika gulisxmobs yvela im ekonomikur aqtivobas(qrTami, produqtis falsifikacia, sawarmoo detalebis moparva, Savi bazari da a.S.), romelic xorcieldeba kanonis miRma. 3 gazeTi„komunisti“, 22/12/1970, N 299 160 viT, saqarTvelos mosaxleobis 25.7% saerTod ar iyo CarTuli meurneobaSi, anu dakavebuli iyo aralegaluri kerZo vaWrobiT. SedarebisTvis, saerTo sakavSiro monacemi iyo 17.2% 1 . saaviacio mimosvlis ganviTarebam ara mxolod daaCqara erTi adgilidan meoreSi gadaadgileba, aramed waaxalisa qarTvelTa aralegaluri saqmianoba – magaliTad, respublikis moqalaqeTa nawili moskovSi Cadioda adgilze deficituri produqtebiT, vTqvaT, yvavilebiT, da hyidda mas ramdenjerme gazrdil fasad. adgilobrivi yvavilebis kompania 1967 wels protests gamoTqvamda, rom saqarTveloSi SekveTili milioni yvavilidan, mxolod 200 000 miiRo 2 . 1960-1971 wlebSi, saqarTvelos mSp 102%-iT gaizarda da am maCvenebliT igi ssrk-Si bolodan mesame adgils ikavebda. samagierod, 1970 wels rigiT qarTvels TiTqmis orjer meti danazogi hqonda, vidre sxva sabWoTa respublikis moqalaqes 3 . xelfasebi oficialurTan SedarebiT maRali iyo, magaliTad: dalaqis saSualo Tviuri Semosavali 400is magivrad 600 rubli iyo; taqsis mZRolisa –10001200 rubli; maRaziis xelmZRvanelisa – 2000-2500 rubli da a.S. 4 araformalur ekonomikaSi, garkveuli saxiT, CarTuli iyo sazogadoebis didi nawili. saqarTvelos komunisturi partiis mdivnis, va1 Erik Scott. Familiar Strangers- The Georgian Diaspora and the Evolution of Soviet Empire, 2017. gv. 173 2 erik skoti, iqve, gv. 193. 3 Ronald Grigor Suny, Soviet Georgian in Seventies, 1979. gv. 6 4 Gerald Mars a& Yochanan Altman, The cultural bases of soviet Georgia’s second economy, 1983. gv. 532-533 161 sil mJavanaZis mTavroba didad arc ebrZoda respublikaSi gavrcelebul aralegalur ekonomikas, piriqiT, mTavrobis wevrebi Tavad iyvnen masTan dakavSirebuli da xSirad gvevlinebodnen mis mfarvelebad. aseTebi iyvnen, magaliTad, Zmebi laziSvilebi, romelTac piradad mJavanaZe mfarvelobda – isini saxelmwifo sawarmodan permanentulad iparavdnen masalebs da iyenebdnen sakuTari trikotaJis mwarmoebeli aralegaluri miwisqveSa sawarmosTvis. aRsaniSnavia is faqtic, rom masSi dasaqmebulebi ukeTes samuSao pirobebSi imyofebodnen, vidre saxelmwifo sawarmoSi. stalinizmis epoqis dasrulebis Semdeg, sabWoTa kavSirSi mcxovrebi mosaxleobisTvis cxovreba bevrad ufro usafrTxo da nawilobriv konfortulic gaxda. meore mxriv, diadi komunisturi ideisTvis mebrZoli saxelmwifo, romelic ar erideboda adamianTa SromiT eqspluataciasa da Zaladobas, nel-nela gadaerTo momxmarebluri sazogadoebis Camoyalibebisken. yuradReba eqceoda iseT sferoebs, dargebsa Tu produqtebs, romlebic mimarTuli iyo adamianebis kmayofilebis mosapoveblad – magaliTad, gaumjobesda Sromis pirobebi, Seiqmna axali sabinao politika, meti fuli ideboda qalaqebisa da raionebis keTilmowyobaze, sagzao infrastruqturaze, vaWrobaze, kvebis mrewvelobaze da a.S. saerTo jamSi, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom destalinizaciis Semdeg sabWoTa kavSiri axal saxes iRebs, xdeba ufro metad humanuri da adamianis keTildReobisken mimarTuli, 162 vidre manamde iyo. sistemis mxridan kompromisis Sedegad, mTel sabWoTa kavSirSi fexi moikida meoreulma, Crdilovanma ekonomikam. am mxriv gamoirCeoda saqarTvelos ssr, sadac Crdilovan ekonomikaSi partiuli elitidan rigiT adamianamde garkveuli formiT yvela iyo CarTuli. qarTvelTa socialuri da ekonomikuri keTildReoba wlidan wlamde izrdeboda, rac ganapiroba ara mxolod respublikis industriulma Tu agrarulma ganviTarebam, aramed aralegalurma ekonomikurma saqmianobebmac. uZraobis xana da„miwerebi“ 1970-iani wlebi sabWoTa kavSiris istoriaSi Sevida uZraobis xanis saxelwodebiT. leonid breJnevis mmarTveloba krizisSi Sedioda, ufro swored, saxelmwifo Sedioda krizisSi, xolo xelisufleba ki mis gamosasworeblad arafers akeTebda. sabWoTa politbiuro da komunisturi partiis umaRlesi eSelonebi Rrmad moxucebuli adamianebisgan Sedgeboda, romlebsac arc reforebis unari da arc survili ar gaaCndaT. ekonomika veRar viTardeboda, piriqiT, finansebis ZiriTadi nakadebi mimarTes soflis meurneobisa da samxedro seqtorisken, ris gamoc kidev ufro gaZlierda samomxmareblo nivTebsa da produqtebze deficiti. ver xerxdeboda verc axali teqnologiebis danergva da aTviseba, ris gamoc sul ufro da ufro xSirad yidulobdnen teqnologiebs 163 dasavleTidan an aziidan(iaponia, samxreT korea). daeca mSromelTa Sromis efeqturobac, aqedan gamomdinare, warmoebuli produqtis xarisxica da raodenobac. xelfasebi ar izrdeboda da kvlav dabali iyo, magram Tu aqamde es kompemsirdeboda sajaro sikeTeebiT(magaliTad, ufaso ganaTlebiTa da jandacviT), axla misi xarisxic daeca, uaresi – faqtobrivad, korufciisa da araformaluri ekonomikis buded iqca. 1979 wlis dekemberSi, sabWoTa jari avRaneTSi SeiWra, raTa ar daeSva qveynis sabWoTa gavlenis sferodan gasvla. sul ramdenime TveSi, 1980-1981 wlebSi poloneTSi profkavSirebi„solidaroba“ imdenad gaZlierda, rom moskovma SesaZleblad aRiqva adgilobrivi mTavrobis damxoba xalxis mier da ganizraxa samxedro operaciis Catareba. poloneTi sisxlisRvras gadaurCa, Tumca naTeli iyo, rom sabWoTa kavSiri ukiduresad dasustebuliyo da situaciaze kontrols kargavda. sabWoTa saqarTveloSi, yvelasgan gansxvavebuli gamodga mecxre xuTwliani gegma(1971-1975). Tavdapirvelad dawyebuli meurneobis ganviTarebis gegma gzadagza Seicvala da or nawilad daiyo – 19711972 wlebSi, oficialuri saxelmwifo narativiT, gavrcelebuli korufciisa da araformaluri ekonomikis gamo, Seiqmna gegmis CaSlis safrTxe, ris gamoc prioritetulad gamocxadda e.w. negatiur movlenebTan brZola, xolo 1972 wlis Semdeg yvelaferi adrindel mdgomareobas daubrunda. 164 1970-iani wlebis dasawyisSi respublikaSi gavrcelebuli mzardi meoreuli ekonomika ara mxolod centralur ekonomikas azianebda, aramed Sida politikuri brZolis mizezadac iqca. saqarTvelos ssris Sss ministrma eduard SevardnaZem komunisturi partiis pirveli mdivnis, vasil mJavanaZis, winaaRmdeg Sefarulad aagora kampania„negatiuri movlenebis winaaRmdeg“, romlis mizans ara mxolod ekonomikis gajansaReba, aramed brZolis gziT mJavanaZis klanebis ganadgureba da bolos politikuri xelisuflebis cvlileba warmoadgenda. meoreuli ekonomikis winaaRmdeg brZolis periodSi eduard SevardnaZe akavebda sxvadasxva maRalCinosans, rig SemTxvevaSi marTavda saCvenebel sasamarTloebsac, romelTagan erT-erTi pirveli da mniSvnelovani iyo qrTamebis aRebis faqtze samedicino institutis reqtoris, petre gelbaxianis, dakaveba da gasamarTleba. 1970 wels daakaves„cexaviki“ 1 da vasil mJavanaZis piradi mfarvelobis qveS myofi oTar laziSvili da masTan erTad 126 piri 2 . am politikas mxari auba kulturis sferomac – guram fanjikiZem gamosca romani „Tvali patiosani“, lana RoRoberiZem gadaiRo filmi „roca ayvavda nuSi“ da a.S.,— isini garkveuli kuTxiT aireklavda respublikaSi mimdinare procesebs da mxars uWerda mis gacxadebul politikas. 1 ekonomikuri saqmianoba, romelic xorcieldeba saxelmwifo sawarmodan moparuli masalebis gamoyenebiT, maTi iatakqveSa sawarmoSi gadatana, sxva produqtis Seqmna da gayidva. 2 Sss akademiis arqivi(II), fondi 14, anaw. 46, saqme 234, furc. 5-6 165 sabWoTa propaganda sazogadoebaSi damkvirdebul meoreul ekonomikas abralebda ara centralizirebuli sistemisa da partiul muSakTa cud muSaobas, aramed mas burJuaziuli kulturis mier damkvidrebul negatiur wes-Cveulebad miiCnevda –„imperialisturi burJuazia da misi ideologiuri msaxurni yovelnairad cdiloben, gamxrwneli zegavlena moaxdinon sabWoTa adamianebze garedan, gaaidealuron dasavleTis cxovrebis wesebi da Cveulebani, wambaZvelebi gaiCinon CvenSi“ 1 . 1972 wels, saqarTvelos komunisturi partiis generaluri mdivani, vasil mJavanaZe CamoSorebul iqna Tanamdebobas, xolo misi adgili daikava eduard SevardnaZem. miuxedavad saxelisuflebo cvlilebebisa, amiT respublikaSi ar dasrulebula meoreuli ekonomika, piriqiT is gaizarda da arnaxul masStabebs miaRwia. ironiulia, magram respublikuri xuTwledis gegmebis Sesruleba isedac ararealuri iyo, da mainc warmoeba ara mxolod asrulebda mas, aramed aWarbebda kidec. mravali qarxana, ubralod ayalbebda dokumentebs da werda imaze mets, vidre Seqmna. sazogadoebaSi am process„miwerebs“ eZaxdnen. raodenobis zrdis motiviT falsifikacias ukeTebdnen mraval produqts, maT Soris Rvinos, romelSic urevdnen Warxlis wvensa da sxva danamatebs. erTi mxriv, es mosaxleobas uzrdida Semosavlebs, magram, meore mxriv, grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi, anadgurebda mrewvelobis dargebs. warmoebis xarisxis dacema 1 b. lutiZe, negatiuri movlenebi da maTi daZlevis gzebi, 1977. gv. 16 166 anekdotebis wyarod iqca, maT Soris quTaisur avtomobilebze. 1975 welTan SedarebiT 1980 wels erToblivi sazogadoebrivi produqti 40%-iT gaizarda(nacvlad gaTvaliswinebuli 35%-isa). erovnuli Semosavali – 44%-iT(gegmiT gansazRvruli 41%-is nacvlad), soflis meurneobis produqcia – 35%-iT (nacvlad 29%-isa) da a.S. 1 gayalbebuli gegmebisa da miwerebis gamo kiTxvis niSnis qveS dgeba ara mxolod warmoebuli produqtis xarisxi, aramed mTlianad statistikuri monacemebi – kerZod is, Tu ramdenad sworad asaxavs masSi daTvlili da mocemuli cifrebi Tu daskvnebi realobas. Sroma respublikis sazRvrebs miRma irkutskis olqSi, mdinare nias marcxena sanapiroze mdebareobs dasaxleba nia-gruzisnkaia, romelic qarTvelma muSebma da saproeqto institutma„Tbilqalaqproeqtma“ aago 1975-1981 wlebSi. yvelaferi ki 1974 wels daiwyo, roca sabWoTa kavSirma daiwyo megaproeqtis, baikal-amuris magistralis farTo liandagiani sarkinigzo xazis mSenebloba (SemoklebiT bam). generalurma mdivanma leonid breJnevma mas saukunis proeqti uwoda. mSeneblobisTvis muSebi mobilizebulni iyvnen sabWoTa kavSiris yvela respublikidan, maT Soris, saqarTvelodan. swored 1 b. lutiZe, negatiuri movlenebi da maTi daZlevis gzebi, 1977. gv. 12 167 „bamisTvis“ Seiqmna organizacia„gruzbam“, romelsac saTaveSi Caudga mSenebeli anzor dvaliSvili. 1974 wlis 25 marts Tbilisis rkinigzis Senobidan baikal-amuris magistralis sarkinigzo xazis mSeneblobisken sazeimo viTarebaSi gaemarTa 54 sxvadasxva profesiis muSa. anzor dvaliSvili ambobs: „Cveni razmi 60 kacisgan Sedgeba, aqedan pirveli jgufi, rogorc iciT, 15 kacis SemadgenlobiT satvirTo matarebels 22 marts gahyva. matarebeli daniSnulebis adgils aprilis pirvel naxevarSi unda Cavides.„nia-gruzinskaia“ ase vuwodebT Cven, momavali mSeneblebi im adgils, sadac exla gauvali taigaa da rkinigzis sadguri unda avagoT. Cveni pirveli razmi niaSi aaSenebs droebiT saerTo sacxovrebels, klub-sasadilos, mmarTvelobis Senobas, abanos da mzad daaxvedrebs ZiriTad mSeneblebs“ 1 . 1981 wels dasaxleba eqspluataciaSi Sevida, kompleqsi moicavda 7 mravalsarTulian sacxovrebel korpuss, skolas, sabavSvo baRs, sazogadoebriv savaWro centrs, rkinigzis sadgurs da saqvabe oTaxs. qarTveli muSebi sabWoTa kavSiris sxvadasxva respublikasa Tu qalaqSi muSaobdnen. aRsaniSnavia sxvadasxva saproeqto institutTa roli, romlebic TbilisSi aproeqtebdnen konkretuli qalaqebisa Tu dasaxlebuli punqtebisTvis Senobebs. soWi, gelenjiki, adleri, maxaCkala, maikopi, orenburgi da a.S., – es im qalaqTa arasruli CamonaTval1 gazeTi komunisti, 27.03.1975 168 ia, romlebSic mxolod„Tbilznieepma“ 1 daaproeqta korpusebi, sanatoriumebi, dasasvenebeli saxlebi da sxva tipis Senobebi. qarTuli saproeqto institutebi gacilebiT Sorsac wavidnen, vidre danarCeni sabWoTa kavSiri. saqarTvelo, erTaderTi ssr iyo, romelSic arsebobda subtropikuli reliefi, aqedan gamomdinare – erTaderTi respublika, romelsac gaaCnda gamocdileba tropikSi mSeneblobis warmarTvisa da Tu daproeqtebis, amitomac swored qarTulma jgufma daaproeqta debeles sawarmoo raioni gvinea-bisauSi, vietnamSi hoabinis hidrokvanZisa da mozambikSi aluminis qarxnis dasaxleba da a.S. 1986 wels Cernobilis atomuri eleqtrosadguris afeTqeba kacobriobis istoriaSi yvelaze did teqnologiur katastrofad iqca. reaqtoridan haerSi gamoJonilma radiaciam aTeulobiT aTasi kilometri moicva, gansakuTrebiT daabinZura axlomdebare teritoriebi. salikvidacio samuSaoebSi CaerTnen qarTveli muSebic. sul saqarTvelodan 2000-mde adamiani gaigzavna, romlebic, ZiriTadad, salikvidacio samuSaoebSi iRebdnen monawileobas. gazeTi komunisti 1987 wels mkiTxvels sixaruliT acnobs, rom „Tbilisis rkinigzis vagzlidan smolenkis olqSi gaemgzavra Tbilisis saxelmwifo universtitetis studenturi razmi„saqarTvelo-87“. qarTveli studentebi atomuri eleqtrosadguris damkvrel mSeneblobaze imuSaveben. gaerTianebul razmSi 200 stu1 Tbilisis zonalur s/k tipuri da eqsperimentuli proeqtebis instituti 169 dentia. bevri maTgani orgzis da samgzis yamirelia. isini 850 aTasi maneTis samuSaoebs Seasruleben“ 1 . sazeimo ganwyobis miRma„Cernobilelebi“ saqmis Seusabamo anazRaurebas Rebulobdnen. nawils saerTodac ar surda muSaoba janmrTelobisTvis ukiduresad saSiS, radiaciulad dabinZurebul garemoSi. 1987 wels kievis olqSi, mdinare dnepridan 10 kilometrSi, axali qalaqis, slavutiCis, mSenebloba daiwyo. is gankuTvnili iyo Cernobilis atomuri eleqtrosadguris TanamSromlebisa da Tavad evakuirebuli qalaqis mosaxleobisTvis. gansxvavebiT sxva, tipuri sabWoTa qalaqebisgan, slavutiCi daCqarebuli wesiT, rva respublikis(ruseTi, litva, latvia, estoneTi, azerbaijani, saqarTvelo, somxeTi, ukraina) saerTo ZalisxmeviT aSenda. am respublikebma ara mxolod adgilze miavlines sakuTari muSaTa jgufebi, aramed aaSenes nacionaluri raionebi, romlebSic gamoxatuli iyo TiToeulisTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi. samuSaoebs adgilze eweoda„TbilisqalaqmSenis n5“ saxlTsaSenebeli kombinati, romelmac drois umokles vadaSi Seasrula 704 aTasi maneTis samSeneblo samontaJo samuSaoebi 2 . gardaqmnis politika da sabazro ekonomika 1983 wels, amerikul gazeT„vaSington postSi“ gamoqveynda ekonomist tatiana zaslanskaias broSura, 1 komunisti, 12.07.1987 2 axalgazrda komunisti, 19.10.1987 170 romelic amave wels darigda qalaq novosibirskis akademqalaqis sazogadoebisTvis daxurul erT-erT samecniero konferenciaze. Sexvedraze mecnieris mier wakiTxuli moxseneba Zalian gansxvavdeboda sxvebisgan – man isaubra imaze, rom sabWoTa ekonomika Rrma krizisSi imyofeboda da saWiroebda gardaqmnas. mTavar mizezad is asaxelebda mis ukidures centralizebas, avtori xazs usvamda imas, rom kavSiris ekonomikuri politika stalinis 1930-iani wlebis ekonomikisgan mxolod imiT gansxvavdeboda, rom soflis meurneoba bevrad meqanizirebuli da kompleqsuri gaxda. kompleqsurni gaxdnen Tavad adamianebic – maT ukve aRar akmayofilebdaT mxolod sakvebi da dRidan dRemde cxovreba – maTi saWiroebebi da miswrafebebi erTiorad iyo gazrdili. centralizirebuli sistema ki verc adgilze marTavda ekonomikis warmoebis process da verc adamianTa saWiroebebs akmayofilebda. samagierod, ukve ara adamianebi, aramed Tavad sawarmoebi erTmaneTSi awarmoebdnen farul ekonomikur garigebebs – faqtobrivad, 1980-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi sabWoTa kavSirSi arsebobda araoficialuri, Crdilovani ekonomika, romelze kontrolic dakarguli hqonda centrs. avtoris TqmiT, sawarmoebs ar hqonda ufleba, damoukideblad mieRoT gadawyvetilebebi. saxelmwifoSi konkurenciis ararseboba da mkacri centralizeba ki aqrobda maT motivaciasac. Tavis mxriv, umotivacio iyo rigiTi muSac, ris gamoc Sromis efeqturoba iyo Zalian dabali. Tu stalinis periodSi Sromis 171 efeqturobas amaRlebda umkacresi disciplina da SiSi, amjerad esec aRar arsebobda. mocemuli problemis Sesaxeb informirebulni iyvnen politbiuroSic da pirveli qmediTi nabijebi iuri andropovis mmarTvelobis periodSi gadaidga, romlis drosac, garkveuli dargebi decentralizacias daeqvemdebara. adgilze sawarmoebma miiRes bevrad meti damoukidebeli gadawyvetilebis miRebis ufleba, vidre aqamde hqondaT. andropovis mmarTvelobam mcire xans gastana, kidev ufro mcire iyo misi memkvidrisa –konstantine Cernenkosi. 1985 wels, centraluri kompartiis axali mdivani xdeba axalgazrda mixeil gorbaCovi, romelic iwyebs Zireul reformebs, romlebic sruli kraxiT – sabWoTa kavSiris daSliT dasrulda. 1985 wels aqseleraciis sloganis qveS centrma daiwyo Sromis efeqturobisa da zrdisken mimarTuli politika. ZiriTadad, is xorcieldeboda industriaSi samecniero miRwevebis danergviTa da samuSao adgilebze disciplinis damyarebiT. 1986 wels ki daiwyo siRrmiseuli ekonomikuri da politikuri reformebis kaskadi, romelic gaerTianda „gardaqmnis“ lozungqveS. gardaqmna – ase daerqva slogans, romelic Tavis TavSi moiazrebda sabWoTa respublikebSi gansaxorcielebel Zireul reformebs, maT Soris, demokratiis mTavari principebisa da sabazro ekonomikis damyarebas. ekonomikuri reforma sam nawilad daiyo: pirveli – 1985-1986 wlebSi umniSvnelo cvlilebebi 172 ganxorcielda; meore – 1987-1989 wlebSi radikaluri reformebi iqna gatarebuli centralizirebuli ekonomikis mimarT; mesame mZime Sida politikuri krizisebis periodSi mimdinareobda, ris gamoc is radikalur memarjvene ideebze dayrdnobiT ganviTarda, maT Soris, daiwyo saxelmwifo sawarmoebis masobrivi privatizacia 1 . 1987 wlis ivnisis bolos centraluri komitetis sxdomaze damtkicda dokumenti saxelwodebiT „ekonomikuri marTvis radikaluri restruqturizaciis ZiriTadi debulebebi“. ramdenime dRis Semdeg uzenaesma sabWom miiRo axali politikis gansaxorcieleblad Seqmnili dekretebis seria da aseve miiRo„kanoni saxelmwifo sawarmos Sesaxeb“, romelic ZalaSi Sevida 1988 wlis 1 ianvars. reformebis mizani iyo ekonomikis decentralizacia. sawarmoebs miecaT xelSesaxebi avtonomia, maT Soris, sakuTari ekonomikuri miznebis dasaxvis ufleba, xolo„gosplani“ valdebuli iyo, daesaxa grZelvadiani gegmebi da miznebi. respublikur da raionul sabWoebs miecaT ufleba, SeedginaT sakuTari gegmebi adgilobrivi konteqstis gaTvaliswinebiT, xolo muSebs miecaT sawarmos marTvis ufleba. reforma dainerga rogorc demokratizaciis nawili sakuTrebis mosvlasTan erTad. Tavad produqciis fasis nawils mainc saxelmwifo adgenda, magram xelSekrulebiT daSvebuli iyo misi Secvla. droTa ganmavlobaSi deregulacia gaizrdeboda da amis ab1 David M. Kotz& Fred Weir, Russia’s Path from Gorbachev to Putin, 2007. gv. 72 173 soluturi Sedegi iqneboda sawarmoebis TviTdafinansebaze gadasvla. samma mniSvnelovanma problemam maleve iCina Tavi: pirveli – ekonomikis decentralizacia da sawarmoebisTvis avtonomiis miniWeba ganxorcielda Sesabamisi institutebisa da adgilze arsebuli codnis gauTvaliswineblad. sawarmoebis xelmZRvanelebs, romlebic aqamde miCveulni iyvnen centris mimarT morCilebas, saerTodac ar esmodaT gayidvebi da is, Tu rogor unda gadasuliyvnen TviTdafinansebaze 1 . saxelmwifoSi ar arsebobda aranairi instituti, romelic Seiswavlida mocemul problemas da daexmareboda sawarmoebs sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlaSi. meore – sawarmoebisTvis meti Tavisuflebis miniWebam sawarmos Semosavlis ganawilebis gansazRvraSi, SesaZloa, potenciurad gamoiwvios disbalansi ekonomikaSi. sawarmom, SesaZloa daisaxos moklevadiani gegmebi da gazardos TanamSromlebis xelfasebi, magram ver gazardos warmoebuli produqtis raodenoba. erTi mxriv, es Seaferxebs saxelmwifos swrafi ekonomikuri ganviTarebis ideas, xolo meore mxriv, gazrdis mosaxleobis msyidvelunarianobas ise, rom ver gazrdis warmoebuli produqtis raodenobasa da xarisxs 2 . mesame – Zvel ekonomikur sistemaSi saxelmwifos arasdros ar hqonia gadasaxadebis akrefis problema, magram axal sistemaSi ar arsebobda axali gadasaxa1 David M. Kotz& Fred Weir, Russia’s Path from Gorbachev to Putin, 2007. gv. 76 2 iqve, 77 174 debi an gadasaxadebis politika – is igived darCa, rac iyo warsulSi. 1988 wlamde saxelmwifos SeeZlo daecva balansi Sinameurneobis Semosavlis zrdasa da xelmisawvdomi samomxmareblo saqonlis raodenobas Soris. magram „saxelmwifo sawarmos Sesaxeb“ kanonis Semdeg yvelaferi Seicvala. Semosavali samjer gaizarda, magram is bevrad CamorCa warmoebuli samomxmareblo produqciis raodenobas. sawarmoebma mniSvnelovnad gazardes xelfasebi da amavdroulad yuradReba gaamaxviles produqciis xarisxze da ara raodenobaze. daiwyo samomxmareblo da pirveladi mniSvnelobis produqtis didi deficiti – fuli iyo, magram produqti – ara. amgvarma krizisma xeli Seuwyo gadamyidvelebisa da araformaluri ekonomikis zrdas, situacias isic amZimebda, rom mosaxleoba winaswar rezervebisTvis yidulobda produqtebs, rac kidev ufro aZlierebda deficits. 1988 wlidan ekonomikurma zrdam daiwyo Seneleba. krizisma wina planze wamoswia saubari ekonomikaze. yvela Tanxmdeboda, rom aucilebeli iyo sabazro ekonomikis principebis Camoyalibeba, magram arsebobda gansxvavebuli azrebi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ris xarjze unda momxdariyo es. ekonomistebis nawili fiqrobda, rom socialisturi ekonomika unda SenarCunebuliyo, nawili ki bazris srul deregulirebas iTxovda. sazogadoebaSi izrdeboda skepticizmi socialisturi ekonomikis mimarT, paralelurad Zlierdeboda radikalurad memarjvene poziciebi. 175 1989 wlis 9 aprilis Semdeg, saqarTvelos ssr, faqtobrivad, gamoeTiSa centrSi mimdinare procesebs. 9 aprilis tragediam, srulad Secvala qarTuli sazogadoeba da mentalurad ganTavisuflda centris, moskovis, karnaxisgan, aqedan gamomdinare, is gamoeTiSa sabWoTa politikur diskurss da daiwyo swrafi svla saqarTvelos politikuri damoukideblobisken. dasasruli sabWoTa kavSirma, romlis nawilic iyo saqarTveloc, 70 weli iarseba. am xnis ganmavlobaSi ekonomikuri politika ar yofila erTgvarovani, is periodulad icvleboda, rac pirdapir aisaxeboda adamianebsa da Sromis politikaze. Tavdapirvelad dawyebuli „nepis“ politika, romelic gulisxmobda sabazro ekonomikis principebs, maleve iqna Canacvlebuli Zlier centralizirebuli mmarTvelobiT. stalinis mmarTvelobis periodSi saxelmwifo erTi xelis mosmiT cdilobda agraruli sazogadoebis industriulad gardaqmnas. ganviTarebis daCqarebul temps Tan axlda msxverplic – politika mimdinareobda represiebisa da SromiTi eqspluataciis xarjze. profkavSirebi, romelic unda gamxdariyo mSromelTa Tavdacvis iaraRi, srulad daemorCila saxelmwifos, srulad icvala saxe da represiuli manqanis nawilad iqca. meore mxriv, es yvelaferi ar176 naxuli ekonomikuri zrdiT aisaxa saqarTveloze – aigo uamravi qarxana-fabrika da TiTqmis arafrisgan Seiqmna mravali industriuli dargi da mimarTuleba. meore msoflio omma mravalmxriv Seaferxa ganviTareba, saqarTvelos ssr-m nacizmze gamarjvebaSi sakuTari mcire, magram patara erisTvis didi wvlili Seitana da saamisod didi msxverplic gaiRo. demografiuli cvlilebebi aisaxa ekonomikazec, gaizarda qalTa CarTuloba, TumcaRa mainc, SromiT bazarze muSaxelis deficiti xelSesaxebad igrZnoboda. omis Semdgom respublikaSi metalurgiis gigantis, qalaq rusTavis mSenebloba daiwyo. paralelurad, Sendeboda sxvadasxva didi qarxana, romlebic erTi-orad zrdida saqarTvelos industriul potencials. miuxedavad omis Semdgomi giganturi mSeneblobebisa, rigiT adamianTaTvis bevri araferi icvleboda – xelfasebi kvlav dabali iyo, Sromis pirobebi – mZime, xolo samomxmareblo produqti – mcire. destalinizaciasa da nikita xruSCovis mmarTvelobaSi mosvlas maleve mohyva cvlilebebi – sabWoTa kavSiri gadaerTo momxmarebluri sazogadoebis Camoyalibebisken, rasac Tanve mohyva represiuli politikis Serbileba, Sromis pirobebis gaumjobeseba, sabinao politika da sxva sajaro sikeTeebi. erTi SexedviT, Sromis anazRaureba kvlav Zalian mcire iyo, TumcaRa, respublikaSi mimdinare araformaluri Crdilovani ekonomikis wyalobiT, mosaxleobis did nawils gaaCnda zedmeti Semosavlebi, rac 177 saSualebas aZlevdaT, ecxovraT normalurad, miT umetes maSin, roca saxelmwifo maT mraval sajaro sikeTes sTavazobda. 1970-iani wlebis miwuruls sabWoTa ekonomika ukve Rrma stagnaciaSi Caeflo, Crdilovani ekonomika moedo TiTqmis yvela dargs, Tavis mxriv, Sromis efeqturoba vardeboda, iseve rogorc warmoebuli produqtis xarisxi. saboloo jamSi, 1986 wels, iwyeba e.w. gardaqmna, romlic iTvaliswinebda ekonomikis sabazro principebze gadasvlas da am gziT mis gajansaRebas. politikam sruli kraxi ganicada, mkacrad centralizirebulma da damoukidebeli muSaobis armcodne sawarmoebma Tu qarxnebma ver SeZles cvlilebebis miReba. krizisi da produqtebis deficiti yvela dargs Seexo. saboloo jamSi, 1991 wels sabWoTa kavSiri daiSala, masTan erTad ganadgurda mravali fabrika-qarxana da adamianTa yoveldRiurobac. erovnuli biblioTekidan 178 1931 wlis posteri. erovnuli biblioTekidan 179 1961 erovnuli biblioTekidan qalaqi rusTavi, 1950-iani wlebi. foto internetidan 180 elmavalmSenebeli qarxana, foto internetidan pirveli qarTuli avtomobili, kaz 150. quTaisi. foto internetidan 181 wyaltubo, sanatoriumi Tbilisi. foto internetidan qveyanaSi mimdinire korufciam, gansakuTrebiT daaziana Rvinis warmoeba. foto internetidan 182 qarTvelebi bamze, nuxa gogoSiZe – Tbilisis didubis raionis spotkomitetis yofili Tavmjdomare – anzor dvaliSvili – nia-gruzinskaias samSeneblo sammarTvelos ufrosi, socialisturi Sromis gmiri. foto erovnuli arqivi 183 tipuri proeqtebiT ganaSenianebuli gldani, fotos avtorebi, sergo ediSeraSvili da oTar Turqia, 1987 gardaqmna, gogi cagarelis foto 184 ნაწილი III სახელმწიფოსა და მშრომელებს შორის: საქართველოს პროფესიული კავშირ(ებ)ის ისტორია 1989-2020 ქეთი სართანია savaldebulo erTianoba saqarTvelos sabWoTa profesiuli kavSirebis gaerTianeba TiTqmis 66 wlis ganmavlobaSi, 1923 wlidan 1989 wlamde, sabWoTa kavSiris centraluri profesiuli gaerTianebis nawili iyo da erTiani sistemiT imarTeboda. Znelia imis dadgena, Tu rogor xdebodnen dasaqmebulebi profesiuli kavSiris wevrebi, Tumca, oficialurad, sabWoTa profkavSirebSi gawevrianeba arasodes yofila iuridiulad savaldebulo. miuxedavad amisa, praqtikaSi, am Temaze profkavSirebis meore kongresis mier miRebuli rezolucia ise gavrcelda, rom qarxnebisa da dawesebulebebis yvela muSisa da TanamSromlis savaldebulo rekrutireba xdeboda 1 . profesiul kavSirSi wevrobis nebayoflobiTi xasiaTis miuxedavad, sabWoTa muSas(dasaqmebuli) moeTxoveboda gadaexada sawevro gadasaxadi. Sesabamisad, profesiuli gaerTianebis wevroba dasaqmebulis arCevani ki ara, misi erTgvari valdebuleba iyo. amasTan, sabWoTa kavSirSi, sadac sakuTrebis erTaderTi mflobeli oficialurad saxelmwifo iyo da damsaqmebelsac is warmoadgenda, profesiuli kavSirebi saxelmwifosa da dasaqmebuls Soris Suamavlis funqcias asrulebda. aseT sistemaSi profkavSirebis mTavari amocana saganmanaTleblo, organizaciuli da ekonomikuri xasiaTis iyo, xolo profesiuli gaerTianeba warmoadgenda sabWoTa 1 Hewes, A.(1923). Trade Union Development in Soviet Russia. The American Economic Review, 13(4), p. 630-631. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1803875 187 saxelmwifos aparats, romelsac komunisturi partia xelmZRvanelobda 1 . 1985 wels sabWoTa xelisuflebis mier„gardaqmnisa“ da„sajaroobis“ gamocxadebis Sedegad, sazogadoebrivi azris sajarod dafiqsireba waxalisebuli iyo.„perestroikisa“ da„glastnostis 2 “ pirobebSi samoqalaqo aqtiurobam protestisa da quCis demonstraciebis forma miiRo(yazaxeTi – 1986 w.; azerbaijani – 1988 w.; saqarTvelo – 1989 w. da sxva provinciuli regionebi) 3 . demonstraciebi, romlebic erovnuli moZraobebis mier iyo organizebuli,„perestroikis mxardaWerasTan“ kavSirSi gaCnda 4 . sabWoTa kavSirSi mimdinare ekonomikuri da politikuri cvlilebebis gavlena saqarTvelos profkavSirebzec aisaxa. damoukidebeli profkavSiris daarsebis mcdeloba saqarTveloSi „gardaqmnisa“ da„sajaroobis“ pirobebSi sabWoTa saqarTveloSi sajaro aqtiuroba da saprotesto demonstraciebi yoveldRiuri cxovrebis naw1 The party and the trade unions.(1920). In Soviet history: 1921-2: Militariza tion of labor. https://soviethistory.msu.edu/1921-2/militarization-of-labor/mili tarization-of-labor-texts/the-party-and-the-trade-unions/ 2 gardaqmna da sajarooba. 3 Strovsky, D.,& Schleifer, R.(2020). Soviet politics and journalism under Mikhail Gorbachev’s perestroika and glasnost: Why hopes failed. Athens Journal of Mass Media and Communications, 7(4), p. 239-256 4 Kotkin, S.(2001). Armageddon averted: The Soviet collapse, 1970-2000. Ox ford University Press. P. 72 188 ilad iqca. ekologiis, socialuri problemebisa da erovnuli sakiTxebis garSemo sazogadoeba aqtiurad gamoxatavda sakuTar pozicias. 1989 wels saqarTveloSi mzardi antisabWoTa moZraoba arsebobda, romlis farglebSic saprotesto demonstraciebi ukve politikuri moTxovnebiT imarTeboda. erT-erTi aseTi moTxovna iyo saqarTvelos gamosvla sabWoTa kavSiridan da saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenis gamocxadeba. 1989 wlis 4 aprils, TbilisSi, afxazeTis avtonomiur respublikasTan dakavSirebiT gamarTuli demonstracia 7 aprils damoukideblobis aRdgenis moTxovnaSi gadaizarda. 9 aprils, gamTeniisas, sabWoTa armiis mier mSvidobiani mitingis Zaladobriv darbevas 21 adamianis sikvdili mohyva. am movlenas didi gamoxmaureba hqonda adgilobriv, sakavSiro Tu saerTaSoriso doneze 1 . imdroindeli profesiuli kavSirebis Tavmjdomaris, viqtoria siraZis 2 Tanamdebobidan gadayenebis oficialur mizezad swored 1989 wlis 9 aprilis movlenebis dros poziciis droulad ardafiqsireba saxeldeba 3 . Sedegad, 1989 wlis 2 agvistos profsabWos plenumze miiRes gadawyvetileba siraZis Tanamdebobidan gadayenebis Sesaxeb. saqarTvelos profkavSirebis 2017 wlis gamocemaSi naTqvamia, rom„ple1 saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saministros arqivi, 9 aprili, 2017, gv. 168. https://police.ge/files/9%20aprili 2 saqarTvelos profesiuli kavSirebis respublikuri sabWos Tavmjdomare 1986-1989ww. biografiuli leqsikoni, saqarTvelos parlamentis erovnuli biblioTeka. http://www.nplg.gov.ge/bios/ ka/00011837/ 3 qristesiaSvili karlo, saqarTveloSi profkavSiruli moZraobis qronikebi 1905-2010. Tbilisi, 2010, gv. 90 189 numis am gadawyvetilebiT mTavrdeba saqarTvelos profesiuli kavSirebis sabWouri periodi da iwyeba profkavSiruli moZraobis axali epoqa“ 1 . Tumca, aseve arsebobs mosazreba, rom profkavSirebis Tavmjdomaris cvlilebis motivs politikuri preferenciebi warmoadgenda. sabolood, 1989 wlis 2 agvistos imave plenumze, romelzec siraZe gadaayenes, axal xelmZRvanelad petre CxeiZe airCies. zogierTi avtori miiCnevs, rom CxeiZe Tanamdebobaze„komunisturi gzebiT“ movida 2 . 1989 wlisTvis saqarTveloSi arsebuli politikuri viTareba erovnul moZraobasa da mmarTvel komunistur partias Soris dapirispirebaSi gamoixateboda, xolo profkavSirSi mimdinare sakadro cvlileba am kriziss aireklavda. saqarTvelos profkavSiris yrilobam 1990 wlis 29 ivniss istoriuli momenti aRniSna – dilis 10 saaTze, saqarTvelos profkavSirebis kulturis sasaxleSi, vaJa-fSavelas prospeqtis N 43-Si 3 , profkavSiris riggareSe yriloba gaixsna. demokratiuli centralizmis principze dafuZnebuli„saqarTvelos profkavSirTa respublikuri sabWo“ sabWoTa saqarTvelos profesiuli kavSirebis bolo, XIX yrilobaze gauqmda. imave dRes gaimarTa„saqarTvelos damoukidebeli profkavSiris konfederaciis“ pirveli damfuZnebeli yriloba. yvela dargobrivi profkavSiri da konfederacia gamovida sabWoTa kavSiris profe1 saqarTvelos profkavSirebi. profkavSiruli moZraoba saqarTveloSi, 110 weli. Tbilisi, 2017, gv. 30 2 qristesiaSvili karlo, saqarTveloSi profkavSiruli moZraobis qronikebi, 1905-2010 w.w. gv. 92 3 gazeTi komunisti, N 151(20897), 1990 wlis 29 ivnisi, gv. 1 190 siuli kavSiris Semadgenlobidan da damoukidebloba gamoacxada. yrilobas eswreboda 542 delegati 1 , romlebic warmoadgendnen TiTqmis yvela dargsa da seqtors. amave yrilobaze miiRes saqarTvelos damoukidebeli profesiuli kavSirebis konfederaciis pirveli wesdeba, romelic gansazRvravda mis xedvas, misias, Rirebulebebsa da miznebs. formalurad, cvlilebebis es etapi niSnavda profkavSiris sabWoTa modelis dasasrulsa da demokratiis principze dafuZnebuli profkavSiris axali, damoukidebeli modelis Camoyalibebisken gadadgmul nabijs. sabWoTa profkavSiris mier damoukideblobis gamocxadebidan oTx TveSi, 1990 wlis 28 oqtombers saqarTveloSi pirveli mravalpartiuli da arasabWoTa saparlamento arCevnebi Catarda. arCevnebSi monawileoba miiRo amomrCeveli mosaxleobis 67%-ma(3 444 000-ma adamianma). Sedegebis mixedviT damajerebeli gamarjveba moipova saarCevno blokma „mrgvali magida – Tavisufali saqarTvelo“. arCevnebSi maJoritaruli da proporciuli siebis gadanawilebis mixedviT mTavari konkurentebi„mrgvali magida – Tavisufali saqarTvelo“ da„saqarTvelos komunisturi partia“ iyvnen – 250 mandatidan 124 aiRo „mrgvalma magidam“, xolo 61 –„saqarTvelos kompartiam“ 2 . arCevnebis Sedegebi miuTiTebda, rom sazoga1 qristesiaSvili karlo, saqarTveloSi profkavSiruli moZraobis qronikebi, 1905-2010 w.w. Tbilisi, 2010, gv. 96 2 1990 wlis saparlamento arCevnebisTvis sul amomrCeveli mosaxleoba Seadgenda 3 444 000 adamians. saqarTvelo, arCevnebis istoria 1990-2010. gv. 6. https://cesko.ge/static/res/old/other/9/9077. pdf?fbclid=IwAR0hkhrU2aMvUvhnaycbagGYWjlTa7ZTwd0InukRDG1zgD2-Ng MikdshNb0 191 doebis ZiriTadi politikuri ganwyobebi or partias Soris gadanawilda. miuxedavad imisa, rom mravalpartiul arCevnebSi amomrCevelTa xmebis didi nawili antisabWourad ganwyobilma, axladdaarsebulma politikurma blokma miiRo, sazogadoebaSi komunisturi da sxva politikuri partiebis mxardamWerebi aqtiur wevrebad rCebodnen. 1990 wlis 14 noembers, saqarTvelos uzenaesi sabWos pirvel sesiaze gauqmda saxelwodeba„saqarTvelos ssr“ da qveyanas ewoda„saqarTvelos respublika“, damtkicda respublikis axali erovnuli himni, saxelmwifo droSa da gerbi 1 . damoukidebeli respublikis identobis gamomxatveli axali atributebis nacionalizeba sxva uwyebebisa da organizaciebis cvlilebebis saWiroebazec mianiSnebda. saparlamento arCevnebisa da uzenaesi sabWos reorganizaciis Semdeg Zireuli gardaqmna profesiul kavSirebsac unda Sexeboda. qonebrivad da mravalricxovani wevrebis TvalsazrisiT mdidari organizaciis mimarT politikuri gaerTianebebis, partiebisa da liderebis interesi Zlierdeboda. 1990 wlisTvis saqarTveloSi erovnuli moZraobisa da axladdaarsebuli politikuri partiebis mizans warmoadgenda sabWoTa kavSirisgan gamoyofa, saqarT1 saqarTvelos parlamentis erovnuli biblioTeka. saqarTvelos saxelmwifos xelmZRvanelebi, oficialuri dokumentebi, mimarTvebi da interviuebi. tomi I, zviad gamsaxurdia, saqarTvelos respublikis kanoni saqarTvelos respublikaSi gardamavali periodis gamocxadebis Sesaxeb, gv. 19-22 https://dspace.nplg.gov.ge/bitstream/1234/38332/1/Zviad_Gamsaxurdia_ Tomi_I.pdf 192 velos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgena da mbrZanebluridan sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvla 1 . 1990 wlis 14 noembers saqarTvelos uzeanesi sabWos Tavmjdomaris, zviad gamsaxurdias gamosvlaSi saubaria ekonomikuri reformebis saWiroebaze. gamsaxurdias formulirebiT, saWiro iyo„centralur dagegmarebaze damyarebuli socialisturi ekonomikuri sistemis demontaJi da Tavisufal sabazro ekonomikaze TandaTanobiTi gadasvla“ 2 . 1990 wels mimdinare politikuri da struqturuli cvlilebebi aCvenebs, rom saqarTvelos profkavSiri erT-erTi pirveli organizacia iyo, romelmac sabWoTa modelisgan gansxvavebuli sistemis Camoyalibeba ganizraxa, Tumca Seicvala Tu ara rame „saqarTvelos damoukidebeli profkavSiris konfederaciaSi“ garda saxelwodebisa da liderebisa? ra principebs efuZneboda axali wesdeba? ra miznebsa da amocanebs isaxavda organizacia da ras hpirdeboda is mSromelebs axal istoriul, politikur da ekonomikur mocemulobaSi? rogor daZlevda axali organizacia sabWoTa memkvidreobas? da rac mTavaria, moaxerxebda Tu ara axali, damoukidebeli profkavSiri yofiliyo ara mmarTveli politikuri partiis dana1 saqarTvelos parlamentis erovnuli biblioTeka. saqarTvelos saxelmwifos xelmZRvanelebi, oficialuri dokumentebi, mimarTvebi da interviuebi. tomi I, zviad gamsaxurdia, uzenaesi sabWos Tavmjdomare(1990-1991), saqarTvelos uzenaesi sabWos Tavmjdomaris, baton zviad gamsaxurdias gamosvla 1990 wlis 14 noembris sxdomaze. gv. 23-35. https://dspace.nplg.gov.ge/bit stream/1234/159475/1/Zviad_Gamsaxurdia_Tomi_V.pdf 2 iqve, gv. 34-35. https://dspace.nplg.gov.ge/bitstream/1234/38332/1/ Zviad_Gamsaxurdia_Tomi_I.pdf 193 mati, aramed gamxdariyo realurad damoukidebeli, mSromelTa interesebis damcveli organizacia? es sakiTxebi met-naklebi intensivobiT Cans momdevno wlebSi gamarTul diskusiebSi, romelTa nawili profesiuli kavSirebis yrilobis Canawerebma da sagazeTo statiebma Semoinaxa. pirveli reformebi saqarTvelos damoukidebel profkavSirSi saqarTvelos damoukidebeli profesiuli kavSiris muSaobis pirveli wlebi qveyanis politikur da ekonomikur sferoebSi arsebul qaoss, diskusiebsa da daZabulobas aireklavda. Tavdapirvelad, profesiuli kavSiris reorganizacia sakadro cvlilebebSi gamoixateboda, Semdeg ki – organizaciul restruqturizaciaSi. qveyana, romelic sabWoTa socialisturi ekonomikuri formaciidan sabazro ekonomikaze swrafi tempiT cdilobda gadasvlas, saWiroebda axal realobaze morgebul samarTlebriv regulaciebs, sabazro ekonomikasTan adaptirebisTvis saWiro meqanizmebsa da maT ganmaxorcielebel kvalificiur profesiul kadrebs. valdimer papavas Tanaxmad, ekonomikuri sakiTxebi saqarTveloSi damoukideblobis ideasTan erTad 1989 wlis 9 aprilis Semdeg Cndeba da iqmneba ekonomikuri damoukideblobis koncefciebi. qarTveli 194 ekonomistebis winaSe ori ZiriTadi amocana idga: 1. sabWoTa kavSirisa da ruseTis federaciisgan damoukidebeli ekonomikis Seqmna da 2. mbrZanebluri sabWoTa ekonomikisgan sruliad gansxvavebuli, sabazro ekonomikuri modelis SemuSaveba. papavas Tanaxmad, ekonomistebis winaSe arsebul yvelaze did dabrkolebas warmoadgenda mbrZanebluri ekonomikidan sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlis Teoriis ararseboba, rac Secdomebis daSvebis albaTobas zrdida 1 . qarTuli sabWoTa profkavSirebis winaSec msgavsi amocana idga – rogor da ra meTodebiT unda gardaeqmnaT mbrZaneblur ekonomikaze morgebuli centralizebuli profkavSiri demokratiul organizmad, romelic sabazro ekonomikur pirobebSi SeZlebda dasaqmebulis interesis dacvas saxelmwifosa da kerZo damsaqmeblisagan? da rogor unda emarTa sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg miRebuli didZali qoneba damoukidebel profkavSirs? „saqarTvelos damoukidebeli profkavSiris konfederaciis“ pirveli damfuZnebeli yrilobidan TiTqmis erT welSi, 1991 wels, saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgena gamocxadda, xolo 1991-1992 wlebSi qveyana jer politikur krizisSi da Semdeg samoqalaqo omis 2 qaosSi gaexvia. 1991 wlis 19 agvistos moskovSi moewyo putCi, romlis drosac Zalaufleba droebiT xelSi Caigdo 1 papava vladimer(lado). saqarTvelos ekonomika reformebi da fsevdoreformebi, 2015. inteleqti. gv. 9-10 2 1991-1992 wlebis samoqalaqo, samxedro-SeiraRebul dapirispirebas sxvadasxva konteqstSi uwodeben„putCs“, Tbilisis omsa da antikonstituciur samxedro gadatrialebas. 195 samxedro pirebisgan Semdgarma sagangebo situaciaTa saxelmwifo komitetma( ГКЧП ) 1 .„gekaCepes“ mizani sabWoTa kavSiris SenarCuneba iyo. sxvadasxva wyaros mixedviT, moskovSi samxedro gadatrialebis mimdinareobisas TbilisSi Camovida ssrk-is Tavdacvis ministris moadgile generali vladimer Suravliovi, romelmac gamsaxurdiasgan erovnuli gvardiis gauqmeba moiTxova. Tu gamsaxurdia am moTxovnas ar daakmayofilebda, sabWoTa jari qarTul gvardias gaanadgurebda. sabolood, gamsaxurdiam xeli moawera brZanebulebas„erovnuli gvardiis reorganizaciis Sesaxeb“ 2 , romlis safuZvelzec gvardiis statusi droebiT Seicvala da igi daeqvemdebara Sinagan saqmeTa ministris moadgiles 3 . mogvianebiT, am brZanebulebam ganxeTqileba da mwvave dapirispireba gamoiwvia qarTul politikur wreebSi. miuxedavad qveyanaSi arsebuli politikuri daZabulobisa, profesiuli kavSirebis gaerTianebis meore riggareSe yriloba swored am mocemulobaSi 1991 wlis 24 agvistos mainc Catarda. am yrilobis Sesaxeb gazeTi„komunisti“ 4 iuwyeba, rom saqarTvelos profkavSiri erT-erTi pirveli iyo, romelmac 1 Bond, I.(2021). The Moscow coup(s) of 1991: Who won and why does it still matter? Athens Journal of Mass Media and Communications, 7(4), 239256. https://www.cer.eu/sites/default/files/insight_IB_moscow_coup91_17.8.21.pdf 2 akaki asaTiani gadacemaSi„saqarTvelos dabadeba“. atvirTulia 2019 wlis 15 dekembers. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3jOi pOR6irg 3 gazeTi„ganmanTavisuflebeli“,„miTebi zviad gamsaxurdias Sesaxeb“, 2017, N 53, gv. 3-4 4 gazeTi komunisti, N 167(187), gv. 3, 1991 wlis 24 agvisto. 196 damoukidebloba gamoacxada sakavSiro organoebis Semadgenlobidan, Tumca arc erTi nabiji win ar gadadgmula, rac, statiis mixedviT, gularxeinobiT, pasiurobiT, inertulobiT, saqmosnobiTa da funqciebSi Tvisebrivi cvlilebebis uqonlobiT aixsneba. komunistis statiaSi konfederaciis xelmZRvaneloba da aparati gakritikebulia gaugebari komerciuli saqmianobis gamo – ramdenime TviT adre maT konfederaciasTan Seqmnil komerciul centrebsa da firmebs komerciuli mogebis yovelgvari garantiis gareSe gadasces 45 milioni maneTis uZravi qoneba da fuladi saxsrebi. statiaSi naTqvamia, rom konfederacia dakompleqtebuli iyo maRali rangis partiuli funqcionerebisgan, xolo moZraobaSi arsebuli krizisi aixsneboda ara SecdomebiT, aramed kompartiisa da specsamsaxurebis gamiznuli moqmedebiT, rom profkavSirebisTvis reputacia SeelaxaT sazogadoebis TvalSi. 1991 wels gaerTianebis meore riggareSe yriloba iyo kritikuli momenti qarTuli profkavSiruli moZraobisTvis, radgan man gamoavlina Rrma krizisi da korufcia, romelic awuxebda sabWoTa periodis organizacias. yrilobam aCvena profkavSirebis struqturisa da funqciebis radikaluri reformisa da demokratizaciis aucilebloba. saqarTvelos profkavSirul moZraobas gardamaval periodSi mravali gamowveva da sirTule Seeqmna, magram mas aseve hqonda unikalu197 ri SesaZlebloba, sabazro ekonomikis damyarebis pirobebSi gamxdariyo mSromelTa uflebebisa da interesebis damcveli organizacia. damoukideblobis pirvel wlebSi saqarTvelos damoukidebeli profkavSiris Camoyalibeba konfliqtur da winaaRmdegobriv safuZvelze xdeboda, rac SesaZloa or mTavar dabrkolebad formulirdes. pirveli – es aris damoukidebeli profkavSiris funqciisa da rolis gansazRvris sakiTxi axal ekonomikur da politikur realobaSi – ra roli unda Seesrulebina damoukidebel profkavSirs sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi? rogor unda ganekarga sabWoTa memkvidreobidan darCenili didZali qoneba? rogor unda daecva mSromelebi da dasaqmebulebi da, yvelaze mniSvnelovani, rogori demokratiuli meqanizmebi unda Camoyalibebuliyo am miznebis misaRwevad? meore dabrkolebas ki warmoadgenda Sesabamisi kvalifikaciis mqone kadrebis ararseboba – vis unda ganesazRvra profkavSirebis axali politika da vin ganaxorcielebda mas? garda organizaciuli da sakadro gamowvevebisa, damoukidebeli saqarTvelos profesiuli kavSiris erT-erTi mTavari problema iyo axali samuSao standartebis Sesabamisi muSa-kadrebis gadamzadebis sakiTxi, mzardi umuSevroba da moqalaqeTa siRaribe.„komunistis“ statiaSi saubaria imaze, rom sabazro ekonomikis gavrcelebis pirobebSi saqarTvelos TiTqmis yovel mesame moqalaqes, axal realobasTan 198 swrafad adaptirebis mizniT, mouwevda profesiuli gadamzadeba. es maSin, roca saqarTveloSi im droisTvis oficialurad, milion-naxevari ojaxi iTvleboda, sadac erT sulze saSualo Tviuri Semosavali 100 maneTze naklebs Seadgenda 1 . aseT pirobebSi profesiul kavSirs didi politikuri roli da funqcia ekisreboda. zogierTi fiqrobda, rom gamosavali iyo profkavSirTa struqturuli cvlilebis sakiTxis dasma da regionuli(saqalaqo, raionuli) profkavSirebis Seqmna, poloneTis„solidarobis“ 2 magaliTis gavleniT. es xedva ganpirobebuli iyo gamsaxurdias mTavrobis im ramdenime sakanonmdeblo aqtis miRebiTac, romlebic farTo uflebamosilebas aniWebda mmarTvelobis adgilobriv organoebs. regionuli profkavSirebis Seqmna, SesaZloa, decentralizebuli marTvis demokratiuli meqanizmi yofiliyo, magram hqonda Tu ara am reformebis gasatareblad sakmarisi resursi da gamocdileba maSindel profkavSirebs, rTuli saTqmelia. kidev ufro rTuli dasadgenia, arsebobda Tu ara amis politikuri neba. 1990 wlis 28 oqtombris arCevnebidan 2 kviraSi gaimarTa axladarCeuli uzenaesi sabWos pirveli sesia, romelzec sabWos Tavmjdomared erTxmad airCies zviad gamsxurdia. 1990 wlis 14 noembers gamarTul sesiaze gamsaxurdiam e.w.„gardamavali periodi“ ga1 gazeTi komunisti, N 167(187), gv.3, 1991 wlis 24 agvisto. 2 solidaroba( Solidarność ), polonuri profkavSiruli organizacia, daarsda 1980 wlis seqtemberSi, gdanskSi. misi lideri iyo lex valensa, poloneTis prezidenti 1990–1995 wlebSi. 199 moacxada, romlis mizani iyo„saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenis safuZvlebis momzadeba“ 1 . 1990-1991 wlebSi axali mTavrobis mier miRebuli sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebi da gankargulebebi Seexeboda sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis TiTqmis yvela sferos, maT Soris, profesiuli kavSirebis saqmianobas. mTavrobis mier miRebuli sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebi da sajaro gancxadebebi aCvenebs, rom gansakuTrebuli iyo axali xelisuflebis interesi profesiuli kavSirebis mimarT. 1991 wlis 22 noembers gamoqveynebul prezidentis brZanebaSi„sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlis pirobebSi profesiuli kavSirebis uflebebis uzrunvelyofis Sesaxeb“ 2 Cans saxelmwifos meTauris xedva profesiuli kavSiris Sesaxeb, romelsac sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlis pirobebSi gansakuTrebuli roli ekisrebida, rac gulisxmobda mSromelTa socialuri da ekonomikuri interesebis dacvas. 1 saqarTvelos respublikis uzenaesi sabWo, saqarTvelos respublikaSi gardamavali periodis gamocxadebis Sesaxeb. 14 noemberi, 1990. https://www.matsne.gov.ge/ka/document/view/32056?publica tion=0 2 saqarTvelos respublikis prezidentis, zviad gamsaxurdias gankarguleba. 1991 wlis 22 noemberi, Tbilisi. sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlis pirobebSi profesiuli kavSirebis uflebebis uzrunvelyofis Sesaxeb. gv. 305-307. https://dspace.nplg.gov.ge/bit stream/1234/159475/1/Zviad_Gamsaxurdia_Tomi_V.pdf 200 saqarTvelos respublikis prezidentis, zviad gamsaxurdias gankarguleba. 1991 wlis 22 noemberi, Tbilisi. brZanebulebis teqstis mixedviT, profesiuli kavSiris 1991 wlis 24 agvistos yriloba„sabWouri struqturebis msxvrevis“ nawili iyo da axali kavSiri erovnul poziciebs atarebda. gamsaxurdias brZanebulebaSi ikiTxeba jer kidev Camoyalibebis procesSi myof profkavSirSi arsebuli arastabi201 luroba. uzenaesi sabWos axladarCeuli xelmZRvanelis SefasebiT, am daZabulobas„dromoWmuli Zalebi“ qmnidnen. 1991 wlis 22 noembris brZanebulebis mixedviT, mSromelTa uflebebisa da interesebis dacvis erTaderT garantad da yofili dargobrivi komitetebis qonebis memkvidred gamocxadda saqarTvelos Tavisufali profkavSirebis respublikuri centri. sxva sakiTxebTan erTad, brZanebulebaSi naTqvamia, rom unda Catarebuliyo molaparakebebi momdevno, 1992 wlisTvis, koleqtiuri xelSekrulebebis dasadebad(an masSi cvlilebebis Sesatanad), sabinao fondis privatizebis procesSi mSromelTa interesebis, moqalaqeTa ekologiuri, janmrTelobis dacvisa da sxva socialuri sakiTxebis gadasawyvetad. gamsaxurdias amave brZanebis mixedviT, unda daCqarebuliyo Sromis kodeqsis SemuSaveba da saboloo damtkiceba 1 . 1992 wlis 24 agvistos, meore riggareSe yrilobaze mwvave diskusia gaimarTa axali profkavSirebis wesdebis proeqtis irgvliv. sabolood, yrilobaze damtkicda axali wesdeba da airCies saqarTvelos damoukidebeli profkavSirebis Tavmjdomare zurab xoneliZe 2 . xoneliZis mmarTvelobis periods ukavSirdeba profkavSiris dargobrivi dayofis gauqmeba da centralizebuli struqturis Seqmna 3 , 1 gazeTi„saqarTvelos respublika“, 26/11/1992. 2 damoukidebeli saqarTvelos istoriaSi saqarTvelos profkavSirebis pirveli arCeuli Tavmjdomare. 3 CubiniZe g., profkavSirebi postsabWoTa saqarTveloSi. indigo, 2021. https://indigo.com.ge/articles/profkavshirebi-postsabchota-saqart veloshi 202 rac, savaraudod, erT-erTi berketi unda yofiliyo axali profkavSiris samarTavad da masze gavlenis mosapoveblad. 1991-1992 wlebSi ekonomikur stagnaciaSi myofi patara qveynis xelmZRvanelobisa da opoziciurad ganwyobili jgufebisaTvis saqarTvelos damoukidebeli profesiuli kavSiri, Tavisi didZali ekonomikuri memkvidreobiT, mravalferovani dargebiT, ormilionze meti wevriT politikuri loialobis, gavlenisa da ekonomikuri sargeblis miRebis mimzidvel wyaros warmoadgenda. Sesabamisad, saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenis pirvel wlebSi damoukidebel profesiul kavSirSi, misi reformirebis, axali funqciis gansazRvrasTan erTad, mTavari sakiTxi iyo is, Tu vin moipovebda masze gavlenas. saqarTvelos damoukidebeli profkavSiris(konfederaciis) 1 yrilobebi 1991-1992 wlebSi qveyanaSi arsebuli Sida politikuri krizisi gamwvavda da saqarTvelos sxvadasxva qalaqebSi fizikur dapirispirebaSi gadaizarda. 1991 wlis dekemberSi Seiqmna saqarTvelos respub1 1990-2006 wlebSi sul rva yriloba gaimarTa, aqedan pirveli, meore da mesame yriloba Caatara„saqarTvelos damoukidebeli profkavSirebis konfederaciam“(romelTagan meore da mesame iyo riggareSe yriloba), xolo 1995 wlis pirveli dekembridan (meoTxe) yrilobas atarebda„saqarTvelos profesiuli kavSirebis gaerTianeba“. 203 likis samxedro sabWo 1 , romelmac momavali arCevnebis Catarebamde xelSi aiRo Zalaufleba da miznad ekonomikuri reformebis Catareba daisaxa. 1992 wlis 2 ianvars samxedro sabWos xelmZRvanelobiT prezidenti zviad gamsaxurdia qveynidan gaaZeves, rasac mohyva droebiT konstituciis moqmedebis SeCereba da TbilisSi sagangebo mdgomareobis gamocxadeba. samxedro sabWos mmarTveloba 1992 wlis 10 marts dasrulda, roca man Zalaufleba saqarTvelos respublikis saxelmwifos sabWos gadaabara da saqarTveloSi moiwvia ssrk-is yofili sagareo saqmeTa ministri, eduard SevardnaZe 2 , romelic qveyanas marTavda momdevno 11 weli(1992-2003) 3 . qveyanaSi Seqmnili politikuri krizisisa da samxedro dapirispirebebis kvaldakval, saqarTvelos damoukidebel profkavSirebSic Sida ganxeTqileba da TanamdebobisTvis daundobeli brZola mimdinareobda. 1992 wlis agvistoSi, profkavSirebis konfederaciis Tavmjdomaris movaleobis Semsrulebelma, irakli tuRuSma saxelmwifo sabWos Tavmjdomares, eduard SevardnaZes werili gaugzavna. tuRuSi werilSi saubrobda profkavSirebSi arsebul daZabulobaze, TanamdebobisTvis brZolaze, maT Soris, 1 saqarTvelos respublikis samxedro sabWo, mogvianebiT, saqarTvelos respublikis saxelmwifo sabWo, arsebobda 19911992 wlebSi. 2 gazeTi saqarTvelos respublika, N 10, 22 ianvari, 1992 3 jonsi stiven, saqarTvelo: politikuri istoria damoukideblobis gamocxadebis Semdeg. socialuri mecnierebebis centri, Tbilisi, 2013[2012], gv. 112-115 204 Zalismieri meTodebiTac 1 . miuxedavad imisa, rom qveyanaSi samxedro gadatrialeba moxda, xelisufleba Seicvala da qveynis mTel teritoriaze aRdga sakrebuloebis saqmianoba 2 (rac profesiuli kavSirisTvisac cvlida arsebul realobas), saqarTvelos damoukidebeli profesiuli gaerTianeba TanamdebobisTvis brZolasa da urTierTdapirispirebas ar wyvetda. am werilis gagzavnidan mokle droSi, 8 oqtombers, profkavSirebis Tavmjdomaris arCevnebi unda gamarTuliyo, Tumca 16 seqtembers, kavSiris xelmZRvanelobis kandidat irakli tuRuSs ucnobi pirebi daesxnen Tavs da fexSi orjer esroles, Tumca misi mokvla ar ucdiaT. arCevnebi 18 dekembrisTvis gadaido da sabolood tuRuSma arCevnebSi gaimarjva 3 . mocemuli epizodi, marTlac adasturebs profesiul kavSirebSi damoukideblobis aRdgenis sawyis wlebSi mimdinare fizikuri, politikuri Tu pirovnuli dapirispirebebis triadas. Zalauflebisa da qonebis dapatronebisTvis brZolasTan erTad, es epizodi aseve miuTiTebs imaze, rom mSromelTa da umuSevarTa interesebis dasacavad aucilebeli reformebis nacvlad, xelCarTuli dapirispireba mimdinareobda. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saqarTvelos damoukidebeli profesiuli kavSirebis istoria 1 saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivi, f. 767, anaweri 1, saqme 126. gv.12-13 2 gazeTi saqarTvelos respublika, N 4(277), 1992 wlis 11 ianvari, gv. 1 3 gazeTi saqarTvelos respublika, N 252(531), 1992 wlis 11 dekemberi, gv. 2 205 mwvave pirovnuli dapirispirebebiT iwyeba. amasTan, aSkaraa is mizezebic, romelTa gamoc gaerTianeba Tavisi damoukideblobis pirvel wlebSi wevrebis raodenobis swraf klebasa da, Sesabamisad, sazogadoebis undoblobas ganicdis. 1992 wlis 18 dekembers medicinis muSakTa kulturis sasaxleSi Catarda rigiT mesame riggareSe yriloba, sadac moxsenebiT gamovida profkavSirebis konfederaciis Tavmjdomaris movaleobis Semsrulebeli irakli tuRuSi. man isaubra saqarTvelos damoukidebeli profesiuli kavSirebis saqmianobasa da amocanebze. miuxedavad dapirispirebul banakebs Soris arsebuli aSkara konfrontaciisa, yrilobaze miiRes saqarTvelos respublikis kanonis proeqti profesiuli kavSirebis Sesaxeb. aseve, daamtkices rezolucia„qveyanaSi mSromelTa socialur-ekonomikuri mdgomareobisa da profesiuli kavSirebis amocanebis Sesaxeb“. yrilobaze faruli kenWisyriT airCies gaerTianebis Tavmjdomare – irakli tuRuSi 1 , moadgileebad ki siko gegiaZe da mamuka kacitaZe. yrilobis gadawyvetilebiT ki profesiuli kavSirebis gaerTianebis Tavmjdomaris moadgileebad CaiTvalnen aWarisa da afxazeTis avtonomiuri respublikebis profesiuli kavSirebis gaerTianebaTa Tavmjdomareebi 2 . amiT yrilobam droebiT, Tumca mainc aCvena profkavSirebis mzaoba da unari, daZabulobis dros 1 saqarTvelos prosesiuli gaerTianebis Tavmjdomare 19922005 wlebSi. 2 gazeTi komunisti, N 259(538), 1992 wlis 22 dekemberi, gv. 3 206 gadaelaxaT Sida ganxeTqileba da CamoeyalibebinaT organizacia, romelic moaxerxebda krizisebis gadalaxvasa da arsebuli SesaZleblobebis gamoyenebas. saqarTvelos damoukidebeli profkavSirebis pirveli(damfuZnebeli), meore da mesame riggareSe yrilobebi 1991-1992 wlebSi samoqalaqo omis pirobebSi mimdinareobda, xolo meoTxe yriloba 1995 wlis 1-el dekembers gaimarTa. es procesi jer kidev Camouyalibebeli damoukidebeli demokratiuli institutebis, axladmiRebuli konstituciisa da erovnuli valutis pirobebSi mimdinareobda. samoqalaqo da teritoriuli samxedro dapirispirebebis Sewyvetis Semdeg politikuri stabilizaciisa da ekonomikuri aRmavlobis tendenciebi SeimCneoda, Tumca profesiuli kavSiris realuri funqciisa da potencialis gamovlena, Sidaorganizaciuli demokratiuli meqanizmebis SemuSaveba, dasaqmebulTa monawileobiTi instrumentebis Seqmna da SromiTi uflebebis dacvis kampaniebi jer kidev Soreuli perspeqtiva iyo. saqarTvelos profesiuli kavSirebis rigiT me-5 yriloba 2000 wlis 24 noembers 1 gaimarTa. am dros ukve qveyanaSi samewarmeo saqmianoba Semcirda. es iwvevda sabiujeto Semosavlebis klebas da grZelvadian kriziss moaswavebda. amas emateboda Crdilovani ekonomikisa da korufciis masStabebis zrda, xolo qveynis sagareo vali 2002 wlisTvis mSp-is 48%-s aRwevda. am ekonomikuri maCveneblebis fonze dasaqmebi1 xoStaria simon, saqarTvelos profesiuli kavSirebis gaerTianeba V yrilobidan VI yrilobamde(24.XI.2000-19.XI.2004), Tbilisi, 2004, gv. 9 207 sa da umuSevrobis done disbalansiT xasiaTdeboda. umuSevrobis maRali maCvenebeli ki SromiTi uflebebis darRvevis maStabebs zrdida da masobriv xasiaTs iRebda moklevadiani kontraqtebi. am periods aseve axasiaTebda xelfasebisa da pensiebis TveobiT dagvianeba an saerTod ar/vergacema. amdenad, profesiuli kavSiris mTavar funqciad iqca mSromelebisaTvis dagvianebuli xelfasebisa da pensiebis dabrunebisTvis brZola. amasTan, mzardi siRaribisa da politikuri krizisebisgan gadaRlil sazogadoebaSi saarsebo minimums gatolebuli Sromis anazRaurebisa da pensiebis dabruneba profkavSirebis Selaxuli reputaciis aRdgenis gzac SeiZleba yofiliyo. 2000-iani wlebis dasawyisSi profesiuli kavSiris erT-erTi gamokveTili roli siRaribis daZlevis programis monitoringi iyo. 2000 wlis pirvel ivliss Seiqmna„siRaribis daZlevisa da ekonomikuri zrdis SemmuSavebeli specialuri komisia“, romelmac moamzada programis Sualeduri dokumenti 1 . asociacia„mwvane alternativas“ mier momzadebul analitikur angariSSi„analizi da SeniSvnebi saqarTvelos siRaribisa da ekonomikuri zrdis programis sadiskusio masalaze“ 2 kritikulad aris Sefasebuli mTavrobis, saerTaSoriso savaluto fondisa(ssf) da msoflio bankis mier siRaribis daZlevis strategiaTa iniciativebi. 1994 wlidan saqarTvelos mTavrobis 1 programa gamoqveynda sadiskusio masalis saxiT. 2 mwvane alternativa, analizi da SeniSvnebi saqarTvelos siRaribisa da ekonomikuri zrdis programis sadiskusio masalaze. Tbilisi, 2001, gv. 5-6 https://greenalt.org/app/uploads/2021/05/Com ments-Geo.pdf 208 mier dawyebuli stabilizaciisa da reformebis programebi(struqturuli gardaqmnebi, privatizacia, liberalizacia) msoflio bankisa da ssf-is rekomendaciebis mixedviT xorcieldeboda. Tumca, reformebidan eqvsi wlis Semdeg, saerTaSoriso safinanso institutebma saqarTvelos Zlier davalianebul qveyanaTa siaSi CarTvis Sesaxeb daiwyes saubari 1 . 1999 wels ki 50 didi da saSualo sawarmos privatizaciis Sedegad ar Seqmnila axali samuSao adgilebi 2 . am magaliTebze dayrdnobiT, 2000-iani wlebis ekonomikuri Tu finansuri reformebi dasaqmebulTa cxovrebis donis gauaresebaze miuTiTebs. miuxedavad amisa, 2001 wlis ianvarSi msoflio bankma moiwona es dokumenti. 2002 wlis 22 noembers profesiulma kavSirma ganixila aRniSnuli proeqti da Seajama, rom programa warmoadgenda„liberaluri tranformaciis dasrulebis proeqts“. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom 1989-2000 wlebis damoukidebeli profkavSiris Camoyalibebisa da masSi mimdinare sakadro, organizaciuli da samarTlebrivi cvlilebebis periodi, Teoriulad,„liberaluri transformaciis“ konteqstSi mimdinareobda, Tumca praqtikaSi es procesi xasiaTdeba pirovnuli Tu ideologiuri dapirispirebebiT, aRuricxavi qonebis swrafi da qaoturi privatizaciiT, romelsac ar moutania moqalaqeTaTvis cxovrebis standartis gaumjobeseba da 1 mwvane alternativa, analizi da SeniSvnebi saqarTvelos siRaribisa da ekonomikuri zrdis programis sadiskusio masalaze. Tbilisi, 2001, gv. 6 https://greenalt.org/app/uploads/2021/05/Com ments-Geo.pdf 2 iqve. gv. 7 209 ukeTesi samuSao pirobebi. am procesebis savalalo Sedegebi momdevno wlebSi kidev ufro didi socialuri krizisis saxiT iCens Tavs. saerTaSoriso organizaciebis gavlenis zrdasTan erTad, damatebiTi garemoeba iyo sawarmoebisa da fabrika-qarxnebis privatizacia, Sedegad ki samuSao adgilebisa da xelfasebis Semcireba. ekonomikur kriziss Tan axlda profesiuli kavSirebis balansze arsebuli qonebis marTvisa da gasxvisebis(privatizaciis) gaumWvirvale procesi. gviani 2000-iani wlebisTvis saqarTvelos profkavSirebisTvis mniSvnelovan gamowvevas warmoadgenda dasaqmebulebsa da saxelmwifos Soris Semdegi sakiTxebis mediacia: moklevadiani samuSao kontraqtebi da SromiTi xelSekrulebebi; saxelfaso davalianeba da gauaresebuli SromiTi garemo. profkavSirebisTvis dasaqmebulTa uflebebis dacvis meqanizmebi, ZiriTadad, moicavda mTavrobis misamarTiT gagzavnil Ria werilebs, mimarTvebs, sagazeTo publikaciebs, konferenciebsa da sazogadoebis farTo masebis informirebas. amasTan, socialur-ekonomikur sferoSi arsebuli problemebi da sakiTxebi ganapirobebda sapirvelmaiso demonstraciisa da sxva koleqtiuri protestis miznobriv da Tematur xasiaTs, rasac xeli unda Seewyo dasaqmebulTa mosaxleobis socialuri da politikuri aqtiurobis zrdisTvis. Tumca, profkavSirebis yrilobebis monawile delegatebisa da profwevrTa Semcirebis tendencia sapirispiroze miuTiTebda, xolo organizaciis mimarT sazogadoebis ndoba iklebda. 210 Tu 1990 wlis damfuZnebel krebaze delegatebis raodenoba 642-s Seadgenda, 2005 wlisTvis maTi raodenoba ganaxevrda. ufro didi klebiT xasiaTdeba profwevrTa raodenoba. 1990 wels, oficialuri monacemebiT, saqarTvelos profkavSirebs 2 800 000 profwevri hyavda, xolo 15 welSi maTi raodenoba TiTqmis 90%-iT Semcirda da 259 167 adamiani gaxda 1 . unda iTqvas, rom 1990-1991 wlebSi kavSiris wevrTa raodenoba – 2 800 000 adamiani – yvelaze maRali maCvenebeli iyo, maT Soris, sabWoTa kavSirisa da damoukidebeli profkavSiris periodTan SedarebiT. cxrili N 1 2 პროფკავშირის ყრილობები თარიღი საქართველოს პროფკავშირების XIX ყრილობა საქართველოს დამოუკიდებელი პროფკავშირების კონფედერაციის I(დამფუძნებელი) ყრილობა საქართველოს დამოუკიდებელი პროფკავშირების კონფედერაციის II რიგგარეშე ყრილობა 1990 წლის 29 ივნისი 1990 წლის 29 ივნისი 1991 წლის 24 აგვისტო დელეგატთა რაოდენობა 662 პროფწევრთა რაოდენობა 2 800 662 2 800 562 2 800 1 qristesiaSvili karlo, saqarTveloSi profkavSiruli moZraobis qronikebi, 1905-2010 w.w. Tbilisi, 2010, gv. 82 2 cxrilSi mocemuli1990-2005 wlis yrilobebis Sesaxeb monacemebi gamoyenebulia naSromidan„saqarTveloSi profesiuli moZraobis qronikebi 1905-2010“, qristesiaSvili karlo, 2010. gv. 82., xolo 2007-2017 wlebis yrilobebis Sesaxeb monacemebi gamoyenebulia krebulidan„profkavSiruli moZraoba saqarTveloSi“, 110 weli, Tbilisi, 2017. gv. 26 211 საქართველოს დამოუკიდებელი 1992 წლის 505 პროფკავშირების 18 კონფედერაციის დეკემბერი III რიგგარეშე ყრილობა საქართველოს პროფესიული 1995 წლის 447 კავშირების გაერთიანების 1-ელი IV ყრილობა დეკემბერი საქართველოს პროფესიული 2000 წლის 491 კავშირების გაერთიანების 24 ნოემბერი V ყრილობა საქართველოს პროფესიული 2004 წლის 340 კავშირების გაერთიანების 19 ნოემბერი VI ყრილობა საქართველოს პროფესიული 2005 301 კავშირების გაერთიანების წლის 23 VII ყრილობა სექტემბერი საქართველოს პროფესიული 2007 წლის 21 267 კავშირების გაერთიანების დეკემბერი VIII ყრილობა საქართველოს პროფესიული 2007 წლის 21 200 კავშირების გაერთიანების დეკემბერი IX ყრილობა საქართველოს პროფესიული 2008 196 კავშირების გაერთიანების წლის 26 X ყრილობა დეკემბერი საქართველოს პროფესიული 2009 წლის 215 კავშირების გაერთიანების 25-26 XI ყრილობა სექტემბერი საქართველოს პროფესიული 2013 წლის 164 კავშირების გაერთიანების 20-21 XII ყრილობა სექტემბერი საქართველოს პროფესიული 2017 წლის 213 კავშირების გაერთიანების 14-15 XIII ყრილობა სექტემბერი 212 1 474 777 619 454 876 259 167 212 776 254 327 235 824 134 640 147 100 151 872 mocemuli monacemebi miuTiTebs damoukidebeli profkavSiris wevrebis raodenobis Semcirebaze, rac sami mizeziT unda aixsnas. pirveli, es aris profesiuli gaerTianebis mimarT ndobis Semcireba da wevrobis gauqmeba; meore – umuSevrobis donis zrda da mesame – axal politikur realobaSi dasaqmebulebs gauCndaT realuri ufleba, Tavad aerCiaT yofiliyvnen Tu ara kavSiris wevrebi. amdenad, monacemebi aCvenebs, rom saqarTvelos profkavSirul moZraobas 2000-iani wlebis bolos Seeqmna ramdenime gamokveTili problema: sagrZnoblad iklo wevrebis raodenobam da Semcirda misi gavlena, radgan man ver SeZlo efeqtiani Suamavloba gaewia dasaqmebulebs, saxelmwifosa da axladCamoyalibebul kerZo mesakuTreebs, damsaqmeblebs Soris; dakarga didZali qoneba da Semosavali. profkavSirebs sWirdebodaT epovaT axali gzebi, rom emarTaT sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg memkvidreobiT miRebuli didZali qoneba, adaptirebuliyvnen cvalebad socialur-ekonomikur da politikur garemosTan, SeeqmnaT SromiTi uflebebis dasacavad axali meqanizmebi da, rac mTavaria, aRedginaT mSromelTa Soris SromiTi organizaciis ideis mimarT dakarguli ndoba. 213 saqarTvelos damoukidebeli profkavSirebis gaerTianebis ZiriTadi gamowvevebi 2000-2004 ww. 2000-2004 wlebSi saqarTvelos mosaxleobis daaxloebiT 53.4%, yoveli meore, Raribad miiCneoda 1 . siRaribes amZafrebda saxelmwifos mxridan dasaqmebulebis winaSe saxelfaso davalianeba. kerZod, saxelfaso davalianebis zrdis tempi maRali iyo 1998-2000 wlebSi, xolo 2001 wlisTvis davalianebis saerTo odenoba 200 mln. lars aRwevda. 1999 wlis 4 ivnisidan qveyanaSi oficialurad dadginda minimaluri xelfasi – 20 lari 2 , romelic ar Seesabameboda sazogadoebis socialur da ekonomikur saWiroebebs. 2001 wlis dasawyisSi sammxrivi generaluri xelSekrulebis SemuSavebisas saqarTvelos profesiuli kavSirebis gaerTianebam daayena sakiTxi minimaluri xelfasis 50 laramde gazrdis Sesaxeb 3 . profkavSirebi xelfasis gazrdis mizniT mxars uWerda socialuri partniorobis meqanizmis efeqtian gamoyenebas. saqarTvelos damoukidebeli profkavSirebis Cam1 es normativi gamodis rogorc siRaribis zRvari. Tavisi SinaarsiT, saarsebo minimumi ver uzrunvelyofs samuSao Zalis damakmayofilebel kvlavwarmoebas da ar moicavs saqonlisa da momsaxurebis srul nakrebs, iTvaliswinebs mxolod mis aucilebel nawils. 2 saqarTvelos prezidentis brZanebuleba № 351, 1999 wlis 4 ivnisi, q. Tbilisi minimaluri xelfasis odenobis Sesaxeb. https:// matsne.gov.ge/ka/document/view/112786?publication=0 3 „saqarTvelos 2002 wlis saxelmwifo biujetis Sesaxeb“ kanonSi gardamavali debulebis 22-e muxlis me-19 punqtiT wlis meore naxevridan minimaluri xelfasi unda gazrdiliyo 50 laramde. 214 oyalibebidan gvian 2000-ian wlebamde gaerTianebis ZiriTadi gamowvevebi SeiZleba or mimarTulebad daiyos. pirveli – es aris axal politikur da ekonomikur realobasTan adaptireba, rac moicavda dasaqmebulebze orientirebuli organizaciuli, struqturuli da samarTlebrivi reformebis saWiroebas; xolo meore mimarTuleba iyo dasaqmebulTa da umuSevarTa winaSe arsebuli gamowvevebi, rogoric aris SromiTi xelSekrulebebi, anazRaureba, samuSao pirobebi da umuSevrobis maRali maCvenebeli. 2001 wlis gazafxulze, xelfasebis dafarvis moTxovniT mitingebi da gaficvebi gaimarTa qveynis qalaqebsa da regionebSi. gansakuTrebiT aqtiurobdnen pedagogTa, energetikosTa, samTo da metalurgiuli mrewvelobis sawarmos koleqtivebi. 2001 wlis 15 ivliss gamoica prezidentis gankarguleba „adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis(mmarTvelobis) organoebis biujetis dafinansebaze myofi ganaTlebis muSakTa Sromis anazRaurebSi warmoqmnili faqtobrivi davalianebis dafarvis Sesaxeb“, romlis safuZvelzec imave TveSi daifara pedagogTa xelfasis davalianebis nawili, 7 mln. 626 aTasi lari. saxelfaso davalianebasTan erTad problemas warmoadgenda mouwesrigebeli, moklevadiani SromiTi xelSekrulebebi, rac aisaxeboda mZime SromiT pirobebsa da umuSevrobis maRal maCvenebelze. gvian 1990-ian wlebSi siRaribis daZlevis programisa da liberaluri ekonomikuri reformebis gavleniT daiwyo mcire da saSualo sawarmoTa privatizeba. Tumca privatizebuli sawarmoebis Sede215 gi samuSao adgilebis Seqmna ar yofila. aseve, qveynis ekonomikuri zrdis maCvenebeli eqsportirebul saqonelze modioda da ara adgilobrivi warmoebis xelSewyobaze, rac samuSao adgilebis Seqmnas aferxebda 1 da umuSevrobas axalisebda. garda ekonomikuri da socialuri problemebisa, daZabuloba ar cxreboda saqarTvelos profesiuli kavSirebis gaerTianebaSi. 2005 wlis 23 seqtembers, saqarTvelos kulturis centrma gaerTianebis sxdomas umaspinZla. sxdomis mowvevis safuZveli gaxda 2004 wlis noembris ukanaskneli yriloba da arCevnebis Sedegebi, romlis mixedviTac yrilobam gaerTianebis Tavmjdomared irakli tuRuSi airCia. riggareSe sxdomis motivi wina arCevnebis SedegebiT ukmayofileba da organizaciis Tavmjdomareobis msurvel oponentebs Soris arsebuli dapirispirebis ganmuxtva iyo. yrilobaze 300-mde delegatma moismina organizaciaSi arsebuli mdgomareoba da Semdeg gaimarTa Tavmjdomaris arCevnebi, sadac erTmaneTs moqmedi Tavmjdomare irakli tuRuSi da momsaxurebis sferos profkavSiris xelmZRvaneli irakli petriaSvili daupirispirdnen. 2005 wlis saqarTvelos profesiuli kavSiris arCevnebSi irakli petriaSvilma 2 gaimarjva. amave wlis cnobebis mixedviT, profkavSirebSi mimdinare arCevnebis mimarT sazogadoebaSi 1 mwvane alternativa, analizi da SeniSvnebi saqarTvelos siRaribisa da ekonomikuri zrdis programis sadiskusio masalaze. Tbilisi, 2001, gv. 6. https://greenalt.org/app/uploads/2021/05/CommentsGeo.pdf 2 saqarTvelos profesiuli kavSiris Tavmjdomare 2005 wlidan dRemde(2024). 216 daintereseba naklebi iyo, radgan moqalaqeebi aseTi organizaciis arsebobas misi araefeqtianobis gamo formalobad miiCnevdnen 1 . 1989-2005 wlebSi saqarTvelos profesiulma kavSirma sami xelmZRvaneli gamoicvala da meoTxe airCia 2 . sajarod xelmisawvdom dokumentebsa da presis masalebSi profesiuli gaerTianebis arCevnebi politikuri gavlenebiTa da piradi dapirispirebiT xasiaTdeba, rac profkavSiris reputaciis Selaxvaze mianiSnebs. profesiulma kavSirma damoukideblobis aRdgenidan 15 wlis Semdegac ver moaxerxa Sida dapirispirebebisa da pirovnuli konfrontaciis gadalaxva, axal ekonomikur da politikur realobaSi ver gansazRvra sakuTari funqcia. Sromis politika„vardebis revoluciamde“ 1999-2000 wlebSi telekompania„rusTavi 2“-ze animaciuri seriali„dardubala“ gadioda, romelic mimdinare politikuri movlenebis groteskul aRweras warmoadgenda. serialis cnobil„saundtrekSi“ dagvianebuli pensiebi, korumpirebuli da meqrTame mTavroba normad aris warmoCenili: 1 rexviaSvili jimSer, vin uxelmZRvanelebs saqarTvelos profesiuli kavSirebis gaerTianebas; radio Tavisufleba, 2005. https://www.radiotavisupleba.ge/a/1543403.html 2 saqarTvelos gaerTianebuli profesiuli kavSirebis Tavmjdomareebi damoukideblobis 1987-2023 wlebSi: viqtoria siraZe – 1987-1989, petre CxeiZe – 1989-1992, irakli tuRuSi – 1992-2005, irakli petriaSvili 2005-dRemde. 217 „Tuki Sens mezobels daugvianes 11 Tvis pensia da Tuki qrTami Seni mTavrobis yoveldRiuri cxovrebis wesia. icode, rom araferi gansakuTrebuli ar xdeba. ar gabrazde. yvelaferi, rasac xedav, Seni saxli, Seni samSobloa – saqarTvelo“ 1 . eduard SevardnaZis prezidentobis(1992-2003) bolo wlebSi ekonomikurma stagnaciam ukidures maCveneblebs miaRwia. 2003 wlis presis mimoxilva aCvenebs, rom xelfasebis gacemis TvalsazrisiT, savalalo mdgomareoba iyo TiTqmis yvela dargSi. dagvianebuli xelfasebis masStabis TvalsaCino magaliTi pedagogTa SromiTi anazRaureba iyo. 2003 wlis ivnisSi saSualo skolebis pedagogebis mimarT 8 milioni laris saxelfaso davalianeba arsebobda 2 . mZime mdgomareobaSi iyo, aseve, saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli nawilebic 3 . ganaTlebis, sawarmoo, socialur Tu sxva dargebSi arsebuli finansuri da marTviTi krizisi farTovdeboda da sazogadoebis ukmayofileba izrdeboda, rac profkavSirebis politikur rols zrdida. profkavSirebis mTavari saqmianoba am droisaTvis saxelmwifosTan sakuTrebis ganawilebis 1 animaciur serial„dardubalas“ simRera: https://www.youtube. com/watch?v=7Xhf7w3fPVM 2 maswavlebelTa xelfasebis dagvianeba – politikuri Tu finansuri problema, radio Tavisufleba, 2003. https://www.radiotavi supleba.ge/a/1529125.html 3 Tavdacvisa da uSiSroebis saparlamento komitetis Tavmjdomare axali buntis safrTxeze saubrobs, radio Tavisufleba, 2003. https://www.radiotavisupleba.ge/a/1529249.html 218 davebi iyo 1 , aseve korufciuli skandalebisa da Sida daZabulobebis gamo profkavSirebi ver adaptirda axal ekonomikur da politikur realobaSi da ver Camoyalibda, rogorc qmediTi, sando da dasaqmebulTa interesebze orientirebuli gaerTianeba. 2003 wlisTvis, saqarTveloSi politikuri da ekonomikuri stagnacia sazogadoebis cxovrebis yvela doneze SeimCneoda. SevardnaZis prezidentobis bolo wels, ministrebis xelfasi sacxovrebel minimums mcired aRemateboda, rac maTi mxridan Tanamdebobebis piradi sageblisTvis gamoyenebis albaTobas zrdida. am problemis Tavidan asarideblad Seiqmna reformebisa da ganviTarebis fondi umaRlesi samTavrobo moxeleebisaTvis xelfasebis gadaxdis uzrunvelsayofad, rac ucxoeli donorebisa da qarTveli biznesmenebis mier finansdeboda 2 . fondma maRali xelfasebis dawesebiT sajaro samsaxurSi axalgazrda da kvalificiuri kadrebi miiwvia, Tumca biznesis mier dafinansebul saxelmwifo moxeleebs SesaZloa interesTa konfliqti hqonodaT biznesis sasargeblod. 2003 wlis„vardebis revoluciamdeli“ saxelmwifos erT-erT mTavar sisustes gadasaxadebis akrefis uunaroba,„Crdilovani ekonomika“ da korufcia war1 jonsi stiven, saqarTvelo: politikuri istoria damoukideblobis gamocxadebis Semdeg. socialuri mecnierebebis centri, Tbilisi, 2013[2012], gv. 180 2 nodia gia, alvaro pinto sqoltbaxi, saqarTvelos politikuri landSafti, politikuri partiebi: miRwevebi, gamowvevebi da perspeqtivebi. Tbilisi, 2006, gv. 30. http://www.cipdd.org/upload/files/ Political%20Parties%20achievements,%20challenges%20and%20prospects%20 -%20text%20ge.pdf 219 moadgenda 1 . am problemebis mogvarebis gzaze dabrkolebad sabWoTa marTvis stili da kulturuli midgomebi saxeldeboda, risi gadaWris gzadac daCqarebuli modernizaciis saWiroeba miiCneoda. miuxedavad kavSirSi arsebuli daZabuli mdgomareobisa, 2000 wlisTvis saqarTvelos profkavSirebis gaerTianeba sakanonmdeblo saqmianobaSi aqtiurad iRebda monawileobas da rigi gamarjvebebic hqonda mopovebuli. magaliTad, 1993 da 2001 wels „zogadi xelSekrulebis“ gaformebis iniciatori iyo, romelic 40-saaTian samuSao kvirasa da weliwadSi, minimum, 24-dRian Svebulebas iTvaliswinebda 2 . 1997 wels gaerTianebis monawileobiT miiRes profkavSirebis Sesaxeb axali kanoni, romlis 13.2. muxlis mixedviT SenarCunda sayovelTao gaficvis ufleba 3 : „profesiul kavSirs muSakTa SromiTi da socialur-ekonomikuri uflebebis dacvis mizniT ufleba aqvs, kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisad, moamzados da Caataros gaficva, mitingi, demonstracia da sxva masobrivi saprotesto aqcia 4 “ . kanonSi aseve Caiwera 1 nodia gia, alvaro pinto sqoltbaxi, saqarTvelos politikuri landSafti, politikuri partiebi: miRwevebi, gamowvevebi da perspeqtivebi. Tbilisi, 2006, gv. 30. http://www.cipdd.org/upload/files/ Political%20Parties%20achievements,%20challenges%20and%20prospects%20 -%20text%20ge.pdf 2 jonsi stiven, saqarTvelo: politikuri istoria damoukideblobis gamocxadebis Semdeg. socialuri mecnierebebis centri, Tbilisi, 2013[2012], gv. 181 3 2006 wels, axali Sromis kodeqsis miRebis Semdeg, es ufleba izRudeba. jonsi stiven, saqarTvelo: politikuri istoria damoukideblobis gamocxadebis Semdeg. socialuri mecnierebebis centri, Tbilisi, 2013[2012], gv. 182 4 saqarTvelos kanoni profesiuli kavSirebis Sesaxeb. https:// matsne.gov.ge/ka/document/view/33376?publication=6 220 muxli(mexuTe muxli) profesiuli kavSirebis politikuri damoukideblobisa da partiuli gavlenebisgan Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb 1 . erTi mxriv, profkavSiruli saqmianobis Sesaxeb demokratiuli sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebis miReba 1995 wels miRebuli konstutuciis gamoZaxili iyo, da, meore mxriv, es cvlilebebi qveynis politikuri stabilizaciis periods ukavSirdeba – samoqalaqo da aqtiuri SeiraRebuli dapirispirebebi dasrulda, qveyanas hyavda xelmZRvaneloba da hqonda axali konstitucia. am cvlilebebis Sedegad SesaZlebeli gaxda, profkavSiruli saqmianoba, quCis demonstraciebTan erTad, sakanonmdeblo organoSic gagrZelebuliyo. 2003 wlisTvis, parlamentSi saSemosavlo dabegvris progresuli sistemidan proporciulze gadasvlis ganxilvisas, cnobili gaxda, rom SemoRebuli iqneboda gadasaxadis 20%-iani kategoria. profesiuli kavSiris gaerTianeba am cvlilebas ewinaaRmdegeboda, radgan miiCnevda, rom dabali xelfasebis, umuSevrobisa da saxelfaso davalianebis pirobebSi saSemosavlo dabegvris gazrda kidev ufro did tvirTad daawveboda moqalaqeebs. 1 muxli 5. profesiuli kavSiris damoukidebloba: 1. profesiuli kavSirebi, profesiuli kavSirebis gaerTianebebi(asociaciebi) damoukidebelni arian saxelmwifo xelisuflebisa da adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebis, damsaqmebelTa, damsaqmebelTa gaerTianebebis(kavSirebis, asociaciebis), politikuri partiebisa da organizaciebisagan, ar arian maT winaSe angariSvaldebulni da ar eqvemdebarebian maT kontrols, garda kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebuli SemTxvevebisa. 2. profesiuli kavSiri ar qmnis da ar miekuTvneba arc erT politikur partias(gaerTianebas). 221 2003 wlisTvis mSromelTa 66% TviTdasaqmebuli, xolo 30% daqiravebuli iyo, soflad ki 78% miiCneoda TviTdasaqmebulad, rac samuSao adgilebis simciriT ufro iyo gamowveuli, vidre kerZo komerciuli saqmianobis zrdiTa da realuri TviTdasaqmebiT 1 . stiven jonsi mSromelTa uflebebisaTvis miyenebul pirvel dartymad dasaqmebis struqturis radikalur cvlilebebs, TviTdasaqmebulTa xarjze dasaqmebulTa raodenobis maCveneblis zrdasa da, privatizaciis Sedegad, saxelmwifo seqtoris daqveiTebas miiCnevs. meore mizezad jonss mohyavs umuSevrobis swrafi zrda. 2002 wels Catarebul kvlevaze dayrdnobiT, avtori miuTiTebs, rom dasaqmebulTa 20%-s hqonda xelfasiani samsaxuri da maTi naxevari saxelmwifo biujetze arsebul organizaciebSi muSaobda, kerZo seqtorSi ki mxolod 13-14%-s hqonda stabiluri xelfasi. mesame sirTule ki Crdilovani ekonomika iyo, romlis wilic eduard SevardnaZis prezidentobisas (1992-2003) 40-80%-s Seadgenda 2 . dasaqmebulebs saxelfaso Semosavali arastabiluri wyaroebidan hqondaT, rac xels uSlida samoqalaqo cnobierebis Camoyalibebas da dasaqmebulebis aqtiurad CarTvas sakuTari SromiTi interesebis dacvis procesSi. 2004 wlis saqarTvelos profkavSirebis angariSSi naTqvamia, rom organizacia jer kidev ver axorcielebda qmediT RonisZiebebs. misi ZiriTadi saqmianoba 1998-2003 wlebSi saxelfaso davalianebis 1 jonsi stiven, saqarTvelo: politikuri istoria damoukideblobis gamocxadebis Semdeg. socialuri mecnierebebis centri, Tbilisi, 2013[2012], gv. 179-180 2 iqve. 222 anazRaureba iyo. angariSSi mocemulia, rom, 2004 wlis monacemebiT, daaxloebiT 700 aTasidan 1 milionamde moqalaqe wavida qveynidan aralegaluri dasaqmebis mizniT, dasaqmebulTa procentuli gadanawileba(90%) umetesad saxelmwifo(69 000 adamiani) da arasaxelmwifo seqtoris sawarmoebze modioda (48 000 adamiani), xolo sabiujeto seqtorze mxolod – 9 000 adamiani 1 . es maCveneblebi miuTiTebs, rom Tu umuSevrebisTvis dasaqmeba iyo problema, dasaqmebulebisTvis dabali anazRaureba da arasaxarbielo SromiTi pirobebi qmnida krizisul mdgomareobas. orive jgufisTvis ki potenciur gamosavals SromiTi migracia warmoadgenda. miuxedavad imisa, rom mcirdeboda saxelmwifo seqtorSi dasaqmebulTa raodenoba, maT gamoTavisuflebul nakads, SezRuduli resursebisa da SesaZleblobebis gamo, ver iTvisebda kerZo seqtori, rac TviTdasaqmebulebis an umuSevrebis raodenobis zrdaSi aisaxeboda, da, sabolood, orive maCveneblis zrda ganuviTarebel ekonomikaze miuTiTebda. am periodSi gansakuTrebiT Semcirda mrewvelobis dargSi dasaqmebulTa raodenoba. privatizaciis Sedegad kerZo sakuTrebaSi gadasuli samrewvelo obieqtebis didma nawilma ver SeZlo moqalaqeebisTvis samuSao adgili arasaxelmwifo seqtorSi SeeTavazebina. amasTan, maRali fasebis gamo, warmoebuli produqcia naklebkonkurentuli iyo bazarze, 1 xoStaria simon, saqarTvelos profesiuli kavSirebis gaerTianeba V yrilobidan VI yrilobamde(24.XI.2000-19.XI.2004), Tbilisi, 2004, gv. 29 223 xolo sawarmoebi mxolod adgilobriv bazarze orientirebulobis gamo, mcire raodenobiT produqcias uSvebdnen da ver uzrunvelyofdnen sawarmos srul datvirTvas, rac maT umoqmedobasa da finansur zarals iwvevda. sajaro monacemebis mixedviT, saxelmwifos sakuTrebaSi arsebuli 1800 sawarmodan 70% wagebaze muSaobda 1 , rac maSin arakvalificiuri menejmentis, sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi dabali konkurentunarianobisa da moZvelebuli teqnologiebis arsebobiT aixsneboda. 2003 wlisTvis TviTdasaqmebulTa raodenoba 65-70%-s Soris meryeobda, xolo umuSevrobis oficialuri maCvenebeli 10-11%-s aRwevda, rac soflis meurneobaSi TviTdasaqmebulTa xarjze iyo Semcirebuli. maRali iyo TviTdasaqmebulTa wili vaWrobaSi, transportsa da sayofacxovrebo momsaxurebaSi. dabali anazRaurebis gamo izrdeboda meoradi dasaqmebis procentuli maCvenebeli, e.i. im adamianebis raodenoba, romlebic Semosavlis gazrdis mizniT meore da mesame samsaxurebSi muSaobdnen. amdenad, araregulirebuli an naklebad regulirebuli dasaqmebis sferoebis xarjze, qveynisa da moqalaqeebis ekonomikuri mdgomareoba stabilurad krizisSi iyo. cvlilebebis saWiroeba izrdeboda, dagrovili ekonomikuri problemebi da xangrZlivi stagnacia masobriv uimedobas iwvevda. undobloba izrdeboda ara mxolod profesiuli kavSiris, aramed saxelmwifos TiTqmis yvela institutis mimarT. 1 saxelmwifo sawarmoTa 70 procenti wagebaze muSaobs, radio Tavisufleba, 2003. https://www.radiotavisupleba.ge/a/1529278.html 224 Sromis politika da„vardebis revolucia“ 2003 wlis noemberSi saparlamento arCevnebis Sedegebis gamocxadebis Semdeg, ukmayofilo sazogadoebam saqarTvelos parlamentis Senobis win daiwyo Segroveba. miuxedavad imisa, rom protestis sababs gayalbebuli arCevnebi warmoadgenda, sazogadoebis ukmayofileba ekonomikuri da socialuri TemebiT iyo motivirebuli. maT Soris iyo dagvianebuli xelfasebi, pensiebi, energetika, zogadi cxovrebis done da korufcia. quCis saprotesto demonstraciebisa da xelisuflebis Secvlis Semdeg, axalma,„vardebis revoluciis“ gziT mosulma xelisuflebam liberaluri demokratiisa da liberaluri ekonomikis Seqmnis mizani daisaxa, Tumca sabazro ekonomikisa da individualuri uflebebis dasabalansebeli meqanizmebi mis sisustes warmoadgenda 1 . 2004 wlisTvis profesiuli kavSirebis mTavari gamowveva iyo umuSevari wevrebi anda is dasaqmebulebi, romlebsac xelfasebi/Sromis anazRaureba TveobiT ar hqondaT aRebuli. profkavSirebis saqmianobac am periodSi saxelfaso davalianebis anazRaurebis xelSewyobasa da saxelmwifos, dasaqmebulsa da kerZo kompanias Soris mediacias gulisxmobda, rac aferxebda SromiT sferoSi samecniero procesis, usafrTxo Sromis pirobebisa da profesiuli daavadebebis/zianis Semcirebaze an sxva tipis gamowvevebze 1 jonsi stiven, saqarTvelo: politikuri istoria damoukideblobis gamocxadebis Semdeg. socialuri mecnierebebis centri, Tbilisi, 2013[2012], gv. 149-152 225 muSaobas.„saqarTvelos profesiuli kavSirebis me-5 yrilobidan me-6 yrilobamde“ CanawerebSi saqarTvelos profkavSirebi miuTiTeben Sromis usafrTxo pirobebis savalalo mdgomareobaze, saxelmwifo inspeqtirebis sisustesa da Sromis dacvis fondis sam doneze Seqmnis aucileblobaze: centralur, municipalur da adgilobriv doneebze. aseve, gaerTianebis mixedviT, xSiri iyo Sromis koleqtiuri xelSekrulebebis darRveva, Tumca am darRvevebis winaSe profesiuli kavSiri uZluri iyo.„saqarTvelos eleqtrokavSiris“,„saqarTvelos fostis“, jandacvis muSakebisa da sxva dawesebulebebis SemTxvevaSi TanamSromlebi uxeSad gadahyavdaT vadian xelSekrulebebze an maT nawils aTavisuflebdnen samsaxurebidan 1 . imis gamo, rom mSromelTa uflebebis dacvis sakiTxi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas iZenda, profkavSirebi sxvadasxva gzas mimarTavda sazogadoebrivi kontrolis gasaZliereblad: sxdomebze ganixilavdnen kanonmdeblobis dacvis sakiTxebs, akeTebdnen sajaro gancxadebebs, mimarTvebs, moTxovnebs, awyobdnen saprotesto da sainformacio aqciebs, organizebas uwevdnen Sexvedrebs mTavrobisa da aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis xelmZRvanelobasTan, mimarTavdnen sasamarTlo organoebs, eweodnen mSromelTa Soris axsna-ganmartebiT muSaobas, awyobdnen SromiTi kode1 xoStaria simon, saqarTvelos profesiuli kavSirebis gaerTianeba V yrilobidan VI yrilobamde(24.XI.2000-19.XI.2004), Tbilisi, 2004, gv. 44-45 226 qsis ganxilvas, seminarebs, kadrebis swavlebas da a.S. 1 miuxedavad saqmianobis mravalferovnebisa, profesiuli kavSirebis mier am periodSi dawyebuli kampaniebi masStabur Sedegebs ver aRwevda. dargobrivi profkavSiruli organizaciebis xSiri msjelobis sagani iyo aseve dasaqmebul qalTa SromiTi da socialuri uflebebis dacva. miuxedavad imisa, rom saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, qalebs uwevdnen konsultaciebsa da sainformacio daxmarebas, problemaTa mravalferovnebisa da simravlis gamo, gaerTianebis mier gaweuli muSaoba arasakmarisi iyo 2 . dasaqmebuli jgufebidan calke romelime socialuri jgufis gamoyofa an konkretuli SromiTi uflebis darRvevis SemTxvevebze reagireba naklebad efeqtiani iyo, radgan qveynis masStabiT arsebobda obieqturi da subieqturi faqtorebi, romlebic Sromis kanonmdeblobis dacvis mdgomareobis ganxilvisas unda yofiliyo gaTvaliswinebuli. xoStaria miiCnevs, rom, pirvel rigSi, es iyo sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlis xelovnuri gaWianureba. Sromis kanonmdeblobis darRvevebTan brZolas arTulebda aseve kanonis darRvevebis masobrivi xasiaTi da is faqti, rom ganurCevlad saxelmwifo Tu kerZo seqtorisa, SromiTi uflebebis dacvis saWiroeba TiTqmis yvela tipis dawesebulebaSi mwvaved idga. am problemebs Tan erTvoda axali kanonmdebloba da maTi arcodna, rogorc 1 xoStaria simon, saqarTvelos profesiuli kavSirebis gaerTianeba V yrilobidan VI yrilobamde(24.XI.2000-19.XI.2004), Tbilisi, 2004, gv. 52 2 iqve, gv. 57-58 227 damqiravebelTa, ise daqiravebulTa mxridan; kanonis aRsrulebis efeqtiani meqanizmebis ararseboba; axali xelmZRvanelebis cvlileba da maTi mxridan problemasTan gamklavebis reformistuli midgoma – Zveli TanamSromlebis gaSveba da axali(sakuTari) kadrebis moyvana. miuxedavad imisa, rom es procesi SromiTi uflebebis daucvelobis elementebs atarebda, mis mimarT gulgrili rCeboda saxelmwifo 1 . 2000-iani wlebis dasawyisSi mSromelTa uflebebisa da arsebuli Sromis kodeqsis darRveva sajaro Tu kerZo dawesebulebebSi masobriv xasiaTs iRebda. problemas warmoadgenda aseve profesiuli kavSirebis gaerTianebis saqmianobisTvis xelis SeSlis magaliTebi. profkavSirebis saqmianobis aRwerebSi moyvanilia aseTi SemTxvevebis CamonaTvali, saidanac Cans, rom Sromis kodeqsis darRvevis faqtebi TiTqmis yvela sferoSi arsebobda. kerZod, 26-e poliklinikaSi administracia xels uSlida profkavSiruli organizaciis Seqmnas; ss„traqtebis“ administraciis mxridan direqtorma Tavad Seqmna e.w.„damoukidebeli profkavSiri“ da Tavad iqna Tavmjdomared arCeuli. angariSSi aseve naTqvamia, rom adgilobrivi xelisuflebis mxridan profkavSirul saqmianobaSi uxeSi Carevis faqti dadasturda bolnisis raionSi, sadac gamgebel jafariZis iniciativiT Seiqmna„bolnisis Tavisufali profkavSirebi“, romlis xelmZRvaneli gaxda bolnisis saarCevno komisiis Tavmjdomare da 1 xoStaria simon, saqarTvelos profesiuli kavSirebis gaerTianeba V yrilobidan VI yrilobamde(24.XI.2000-19.XI.2004), Tbilisi, 2004, gv. 60-61 228 skolis direqtori 1 . aseTi SemTxvevebi miuTiTebda, rom mmarTveli partia da profkavSiruli organizacia srulad an yovelTvis erTmaneTisgan gamijnuli ar iyo, rac damoukidebeli profkavSiris ideas Crdils ayenebda. 2004 wlis pirvel seqtembers saqarTvelos profesiuli kavSirebis gaerTianebam konstituciuri sarCeli Seitana saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTloSi da moiTxova, rom sasamarTlos arakonstituciurad ecno 2003 wlis 31 dekembris kanoni 2 „sajaro samsaxuris Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonSi damatebisa da cvlilebebis Setanis Taobaze“ 3 da 2004 wlis 24 ivnisis kanoni 4 „saqarTvelos Sromis kanonTa kodeqsSi cvlilebebisa da damatebebis Setanis 1 xoStaria simon, saqarTvelos profesiuli kavSirebis gaerTianeba V yrilobidan VI yrilobamde(24.XI.2000-19.XI.2004), Tbilisi, 2004, gv. 58-59 2 saqarTvelos kanoni saqarTvelos Sromis kanonTa kodeqsSi cvlilebisa da damatebis Setanis Taobaze. 2003 wlis 31 dekemberi(kanonma Zala dakarga 2006 wlis 3 ivliss). https://www.matsne. gov.ge/ka/document/view/13234?publication=0 3 xoStaria simon, saqarTvelos profesiuli kavSirebis gaerTianeba V yrilobidan VI yrilobamde(24.XI.2000-19.XI.2004), Tbilisi, 2004, gv. 64-66 4 2004 wlis 24 ivnisis cvlilebebiT sajaro samsaxuris marTvis centralizebuli modelis Seqmnisa da misi institutebis gaZlierebis mizniT, sajaro samsaxuris sferoSi erTiani politikis SemuSavebis, saqmianobis koordinaciisa da sajaro samsaxuris sferos mikuTvnebul sxva sakiTxebTan dakavSirebuli gadawyvetilebebis momzadebisaTvis saqarTvelos prezidentTan Camoyalibda sajaro samsaxuris sabWo, rogorc prezidentis saTaTbiro organo, xolo biuro gamoeyo mTavrobis kancelarias da Seiqmna sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piris formiT – sajaro samsaxuris sabWosa da misi wevrebis saqmianobis teqnikuri, sainformacio da saeqsperto uzrunvelyofis mizniT. saqarTvelos kanoni sajaro samsaxuris Sesaxeb, komentarebi. Tbilisi 2018, gv. 82-83. http://csb.gov.ge/media/3016/კანონის-კომენტარები.pdf 229 Sesaxeb“. sabolood, saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlom aRniSnul saqmeze 12 oqtombers uari uTxra saqarTvelos profesiuli kavSirebis gaerTianebas konstituciuri sarCelis miRebaze, radgan is„arasaTanado mosarCeled“ miiCnia 1 . saqarTvelos profesiuli kavSiris sakanonmdeblo saqmianobaSi monawileoba masStaburi Sedegebis momtani ar iyo dasaqmebulebisTvis, Tumca calkeul SemTxvevebSi xelisufleba da kerZo kompania iTvaliswinebdnen profkavSirebis moTxovnebs. magaliTad, 2001 wlis TebervalSi„Tbilsresis“ muSakTa samdRiani gaficvis Sedegad mSromelebs aunazRaurdaT 2 Tvis xelfasi;„e-i-es Telasis“ administraciam erTi wliT uzrunvelyo 2 300 muSaki sadazRvevo kompania „imedi L “-is samedicino dazRveviT 2 . miuxedavad im gamowvevebisa da gaurkvevlobisa, rasac saqarTvelos profkavSiri awydeboda 2000-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, is mainc garkveul rols asrulebda qveyanaSi Sromis kanonmdeblobis SemuSavebasa da ganxorcielebaSi. Tumca profkavSirebis monawileoba da gavlena yovelTvis ar iyo efeqtiani da Tanmimdevruli. momdevno wlebSi revoluciuri gziT mosuli xelisuflebis mier gacxadebuli liberaluri da radikaluri ekonomikuri xedvis pirobebSi, profkavSirebsa da dasaqmebulTa interesebis damcvel gaerTianebebs sxvadasxva dabrkoleba da 1 xoStaria simon, saqarTvelos profesiuli kavSirebis gaerTianeba V yrilobidan VI yrilobamde(24.XI.2000-19.XI.2004), Tbilisi, 2004, gv. 68 2 iqve, gv. 74 230 SezRudva SeeqmnaT, maT Soris, samarTlebriv, politikur da ekonomikur sferoebSi. liberaluri demokratizacia da 2006 wlis reformebi 2006 weli saqarTvelos socialuri da SromiTi politikis sferoSi mniSvnelovani sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebiT aRiniSna.„vardebis revoluciis“ mesame wels, qveyanaSi gauqmda Sromis inspeqcia. 2006 wels mimdinare reformebis talRis nawili iyo sxva maregulirebeli uwyebebis gauqmeba da socialuri daxmarebis Sesaxeb 1 axali kanonis miReba. liberaluri demokratizaciis reformebis farglebSi mimdinare masStabebisa da tempis aRsawerad iuristi vaxtang nacvliSvili termin„refolucias 2 “ iyenebs da afasebs, rom„socialuri daxmareba 2006 wlidan xelisuflebis mier RaribebisTvis gaRebul saCuqrad aris miCneuli“ 3 . 1 kanonproeqti„socialuri daxmarebis sistemis Sesaxeb“. 2006. https://parliament.ge/legislation/11059 2 termini refolucia ekuTvnis istorikos timoTi garon eSs ( Timothy Garton Ash ) da is gulisxmobs politikuri, socialuri da ekonomikuri cvlilebebis iseT process, romelic erTdroulad aerTianebs reformis elementebs an struqturul cvlilebebs da refoluciis elementebs. imis nacvlad, rom mTlianad daiSalos yofili sistema, axali politikuri demokratiuli sistemebi swored maTzea dafuZnebuli, ara mxolod maTi struqturiT, aramed personaliTac. https://calenda.org/407912 3 nacvliSvili vaxtang,`Wkuasustebi, loTebi, maTxovrebi~ – saqarTvelos socialuri kanonis mokle istoria, 2022. https://so cialjustice.org.ge/ka/products/chkuasustebi-lotebi-matkhovrebi-sakartvelos-sot sialuri-kanonis-mokle-istoria 231 2005 wels saqarTvelos profesiul kavSirebSi Catarebuli arCevnebis Sedegad xelmZRvaneli Seicvala da saqarTvelos gaerTianebuli profkavSiris Tavmjdomare gaxda irakli petriaSvili. petriaSvilis Tanaxmad, am wels axalgazrdebis gundi movida profkavSiris xelmZRvanelobaSi. am droisaTvis saqarTvelos gaerTianebuli profkavSiris mTavar gamowvevad is asaxelebs organizaciis rolis gaTavisebas sazogadoebriv da politikur cxovrebaSi, radgan didi xnis manZilze, daaxloebiT„2005 wlamde, maSindeli profkavSiri dakavebuli iyo imiT, rom eZebda siaxloves mTavrobasTan, da rac ufro metad eZebda amas, miT ufro Sordeboda[...] mravalricxovan wevrebs, romlebsac isini warmoadgendnen“ 1 . 2006 wlis 24 noembers saqarTveloSi profkavSirebis merve(riggareSe) yriloba gaimarTa, sadac aRiniSna saqarTvelos profesiuli kavSiris 100 wlisTavi. amave wels ganxorcielebul sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebsa da maregulirebeli institutebis gauqmebas savalalo Sedegebi mohyva TiTqmis yvela dargsa da sawarmoSi – gauaresda dasaqmebulTa SromiTi mdgomareoba, kerZod, gaizarda dasaqmebulTa masobrivi daTxovnis SemTxvevebi, garTulda profkavSirebis Seqmnis procesi, Sromis saxelmwifo inspeqciis gauqmebis Semdeg bevr sawarmoSi saTanado yuradRebis miRma darCa Sromis usafrTxoebis sakiTxebi, ramac gamoiwvia samuSaoze dazaralebulTa raodenobis zrda, zeganakveTuri samuSaos Ses1 interviu saqarTvelos gaerTianebuli profkavSiris xelmZRvanel irakli petriaSvilTan Cawerilia 2023 wlis noemberSi. 232 ruleba anazRaurebis gareSe normad iqna miCneuli da sxva. 2006 wels Sromis kodeqsis cvlilebaze profkavSiris pasuxi quCis saprotesto demonstraciebi iyo. erT-erT aseT saprotesto Sekrebaze, petriaSvilis Tanaxmad, 14 000 adamiani gamovida TbilisSi, parlamentis Senobis win. axali kodeqsis mixedviT, damsaqmebels SeeZlo dasaqmebulis samsaxuridan gaTavisufleba yovelgvari axsna-ganmartebis gareSe, rac arasasurveli kadrebis Tavidan moSorebis gza SeiZleba yofiliyo. petriaSvili am kodeqss ase afasebs –„valdebulebebi dasaqmebulebisTvis, uflebebi damsaqmeblebisTvis“ 1 . sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg miRebuli 1995 wlis saqarTvelos konstitucia da 1997 wlis saqarTvelos Sromis kanonTa kodeqsSi Setanili cvlilebebi aRiarebda Sromis Tavisuflebas da ugulebelyofda iZulebiTi Sromis princips. specialuri kanonebi –„profesiuli kavSirebis Sesaxeb“,„koleqtiuri xelSekrulebisa da SeTanxmebis Sesaxeb“ da „koleqtiuri SromiTi davis mowesrigebis wesis Sesaxeb“ amyarebda konstituciiTa da Sromis kodeqsiT gaTvaliwinebul principebs. Tumca 1997 wels miRebuli sagadasaxado kodeqsis Sesaxeb stiven jonsi wers, rom`xelisuflebis da biznesis urTierTobebi bolo ori aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi avadmyofuri intimurobiT xasiaTdeba. 1997 wels miRebuli sagadasaxado kodeqsi mewarmeebma parlaments Svidi wlis 1 interviu saqarTvelos gaerTianebuli profkavSiris xelmZRvanel irakli petriaSvilTan Cawerilia 2023 wlis noemberSi. 233 ganmavlobaSi 75-jer Seacvlevines, saxelmwifosgan mfarveloba rom mieRoT da SeRavaTebiT esargeblaT 1 “, rac imaze miuTiTebs, rom 1990-ian wlebSi dawyebuli faruli Tu Ria samarTlebrivi brZola damsaqmeblebs(bizness), saxelmwifosa da dasaqmebulebs Soris Tavidanve uTanasworod da am ukanasknelis sawinaaRmdegod mimdinareobda. 2006 wels saqarTvelos parlamentma miiRo axali Sromis kodeqsi da Zaladakargulad gamocxadda yvela xsenebuli normatiuli aqti, garda„profesiuli kavSirebis Sesaxeb“ kanonisa. 2006 wlis Sromis kodeqsSi mocemuli samarTlebrivi xedva mxareebis – damsaqmeblisa da dasaqmebulis SeTanxmebas aniWebda upiratesobas. maSasadame, Tu dasaqmebuli da damsaqmebeli SeTanxmdebodnen, es garigeba miiCneoda kodeqsTan SedarebiT meti Zalis mqoned. amasTan, mxareebs SeeZloT SeTanxmebuliyvnen Sromis kodeqsisgan gansxvavebul SromiT pirobebze. qveyanaSi arsebuli ekonomikuri krizisis, socialuri fonisa da umuSevrobis maRali maCveneblis gamo, moqalaqeebi gamouval mdgomareobaSi rCebodnen da Sromis anazRaurebis miRebis mizniT mZime SromiT pirobebze Tanxmdebodnen. 2006 wlis Sromis kodeqsi„damsaqmeblis interesze morgebul kanonmdeblobad“ da saerTaSoriso Sromis standartebTan Seusabamobis TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovani problemebis mqone kanonad 1 jonsi stiven, saqarTvelo: politikuri istoria damoukideblobis gamocxadebis Semdeg. socialuri mecnierebebis centri, Tbilisi, 2013[2012], gv. 166 234 Sefasda 1 . erT-erTi aseTi Seusabamoba iyo Sromis saerTaSoriso organizaciis gaerTianebis Tavisuflebis komitetis 2008 wlis daskvna, romlis mixedviTac 2 , profkavSiris daarsebis msurvelTa minimaluri zRvari(100 piri), sasurveli iyo, Semcirebuliyo 15-20 adamianamde. profkavSirebis gaerTianebis Tavmjdomaris moadgilis, raisa lipartelianis TqmiT, 2010-iani wlebisTvis dasaqmebulTa dacvis erTaderTi meqanizmi sasamarTlo iyo, Tumca„2012-2013 wlebamde saerTo sasamarTloebSi faqtobrivad yvela dava dasaqmebulTa wagebiT sruldeboda 3 “. amdenad, 2000-iani wlebis bolosTvis saqarTveloSi Sromis kanonmdebloba xasiaTdeboda Sromis bazris deregulaciiTa da liberalizaciiT. aseve, dasaqmebulebs hqondaT SezRuduli wvdoma marTlmsajulebaze, radgan wlebis manZilze sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebi damsaqmebelTa gamarjvebiT sruldeboda. 2010 wlis bolos sakonstitucio reformis Se1 SveliZe zaqaria, saqarTvelos Sromis samarTali da saerTaSoriso Sromis standartebi. saxelmZRvanelo mosamarTleebis, iuristebisa da samarTlis pedagogebisaTvis. 2017, gv. 22-23. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_dialogue/---lab_admin/docu ments/publication/wcms_627047.pdf 2 profkavSirebis kanonis me-2 muxlis me-9 punqtis regulireba ar Seesabameba Sromis saerTaSoriso organizaciis standarts. qarTuli Sromis samarTlis istoria, problemebi da rekomendaciebi. axalgazrda iuristTa asociacia, 2011, gv. 32-33. https://gyla. ge/files/news/gamocemebi2012-2013/2011წელი/ქართული%20შრომის%20 სამართლის%20ანალიზი.pdf 3 Sromis inspeqciis istoria saqarTveloSi| ras moicavs samsaxuris gazrdili mandati, raisa liparteliani, 2021. publika. https://publika.ge/blog/shromis-inspeqciis-istoria-saqartveloshi-ras-moi cavs-samsakhuris-gazrdili/ 235 degad Sromis kodeqsis statusma organuli kanonis saxe miiRo, xolo 2013 wlis ivlisSi saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsSi Sesuli cvlilebebis Sedegad SromiT-samarTlebrivi urTierTobis araerTi aspeqti axleburad daregulirda 1 . 2013 wels Sromis kodeqsSi cvlilebebis saWiroeba ganpirobebuli iyo saqarTveloSi SromiTi urTierTobebis xelaxla gansazRvris mizniT, dasaqmebulis samarTlebrivi garantiebis gazrdisa da saerTaSoriso doneze saqarTvelos mier nakisri valdebulebebis Sesrulebis aucileblobiT. 2006 wels miRebulma kodeqsma momdevno Svidi wlis ganmavlobaSi dasaqmebulebis mdgomareoba daamZima, radgan es kodeqsi ver uzrunvelyofda dasaqmebulis samarTlebriv dacvas. amis gamo ki saqarTvelos Sromis politikaze pasuxismgebeli uwyebebi adgilobrivi Tu sxvadasxva saerTaSoriso organizaciis kritikis adresatebi iyvnen. 2013 wels Sromis kodeqsi Seicvala. cvlilebebis miRebis motivs warmoadgenda evrokavSirTan savaWro-ekonomikuri da kulturuli integraciisken swrafva. Tavis mxriv, es procesi moiTxovda kanonTa harmonizebas 2 . amdenad, miuxedavad dasaqmebulebis protestis, adgilobrivi Tu saerTaSoriso organi1 SveliZe zaqaria, saqarTvelos Sromis samarTali da saerTaSoriso Sromis standartebi. saxelmZRvanelo mosamarTleebis, iuristebisa da samarTlis pedagogebisaTvis. 2017, gv. 22-23. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_dialogue/---lab_admin/docu ments/publication/wcms_627047.pdf 2 sanikiZe zurab, saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsi – ra cvlilebebi Sedis Sromis kodeqsSi? 2013. https://liberali.ge/articles/view/3194/ saqartvelos-shromis-kodeqsi--ra-tsvlilebebi-shedis-shromis-kodeqsshi 236 zaciebis kritikisa, 2013 wels damsaqmebelze morgebul Sromis kodeqsSi cvlilebis Setana evrokavSirTan asocirebis xelSekrulebiT iyo ganpirobebuli, rac kidev erTxel miuTiTebs SromiTi uflebebisa da SromiTi organizaciebis mimarT adgilobrivi xelisuflebis gulgril damokidebulebaze 1 . Sromis inspeqciis samsaxuri 2006 wels Sromis kodeqsis cvlilebisa da Sromis bazris maregulirebeli institutebis gauqmebis Sedegad, dasaqmebulebi saxelmwifosa da damsaqmeblis winaSe yovelgvari dacvis berketis gareSe darCnen. dasaqmebulis uflebebis dacvis erTaderT meqanizmad sasamarTlo rCeboda, Tumca imdroindeli sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebi mSromelTa interesebs naklebad iTvaliswinebda da metic, dasaqmebulTa diskriminaciul mdgomareobas(samuSao adgilidan gaTavisufleba, gaficvis uflebis SezRudva da sxva), arsebul samarTlebriv aqtebze dayrdnobiT, kanonierad miiCnevda. es mdgomareoba dasaqmebulTa uflebebis sistemur darRvevebs, samuSao adgilze dasaqmebulTa dazianebasa da, xSirad, fatalur SemTxvevebs iwvevda 2 . 1 SromiTi uflebebis dacva, rogorc evropuli integraciis politikis nawili – ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi asocirebis SeTanxmebis, vizis liberalizaciis samoqmedo gegmisa da socialuri qartiis farglebSi, 2016. gv. 12. https://library.fes.de/pdf-files/bue ros/georgien/12875.pdf 2 saqarTvelo – Sromis dacva da usafrTxoeba samuSao adgilebze. sawarmoo SemTxvevebi 2007-2011. Tbilisi, 2013, gv. 5-21. https://library.fes.de/pdf-files/bueros/georgien/12751.pdf 237 2013 wels Sromis kodeqsSi damatebiTi cvlilebebi Sevida, Tumca is ar Sexebia Sromis inspeqcias. 2014 wels evrokavSirsa da evropis atomuri energiis gaerTianebis 1 wevr saxelmwifoebsa da saqarTvelos Soris asocirebis SeTanxmebisa da 2014-2016 wlebis dRis wesrigidan gamomdinare, Sromis inspeqciis Seqmnis sakiTxi daisva(muxli 229, mravalmxrivi SromiTi standartebi da SeTanxmebebi). am dokumentiT saqarTvelo valdebuli xdeboda, Seeqmna Sromis inspeqtirebis meqanizmebi, romlebic Sromis saerTaSoriso organizaciis( ILO ) standartebTan Sesabamisi unda yofiliyo 2 . 2015 wlis 2 marts, saqarTvelos okupirebuli teritoriebidan devnilTa, Sromis, janmrTelobisa da socialuri dacvis saministros SemadgenlobaSi Seiqmna Sromis pirobebis inspeqtirebis departamenti, romlis ZiriTadi misia unda yofiliyo„saqarTveloSi samuSao adgilebze usafrTxo da jansaRi garemos uzrunvelyofa“ 3 , Tumca mas savaldebulo xasiaTi ar hqonia da arc sanqcirebis meqanizms moicavda. 2018 1 saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso xelSekruleba„asocirebis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba erTis mxriv, saqarTvelosa da meores mxriv, evrokavSirs da evropis atomuri energiis gaerTianebas da maT wevr saxelmwifoebs Soris“, 2014(ZalaSi Sevida 2016 wlis pirveli ivlisidan). https://matsne.gov.ge/ka/document/view/2496959?publication=0 2 Sromis inspeqciis istoria saqarTveloSi| ras moicavs samsaxuris gazrdili mandati; raisa liparteliani, profkavSirebis gaerTianebis Tavmjdomaris moadgile; 2019. https://publika.ge/ blog/shromis-inspeqciis-istoria-saqartveloshi-ras-moicavs-samsakhuris-gazrdili/ 3 Sromis inspeqciis samsaxuri; saqarTvelos okupirebuli teritoriebidan devnilTa, Sromis, janmrTelobisa da socialuri dacvis saministro https://lio.moh.gov.ge/main.php?lang=1& id=202212250130482193502210 238 wlis 7 marts ki miiRes kanoni„Sromis usafrTxoebis Sesaxeb“ 1 , romelmac TandaTanobiT Secvala dasaqmebis adgilze SromiT pirobebsa da usafrTxoebasTan dakavSirebuli damokidebulebebi. 2020 wlisTvis Sromis kanonmdeblobaSi Sesuli reformebis Sedegad Sromis inspeqciis samsaxuris mandati gaizarda. Sromis inspeqciis samsaxuris mandati mocemuli momentisTvis ganisazRvreba „Sromis inspeqciis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonis“ Sesabamisad da moicavs Semdeg mimarTulebebs: SromiTi normebis aRsrulebaze zedamxedveloba: saqarTvelos organuli kanoni„saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsi“;„sajaro samsaxuris Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanoni;„iZulebiTi Sromisa da SromiTi eqspluataciis prevenciis da maTze reagirebis mizniT saxelmwifo zedamxedvelobis ganxorcielebis wesis damtkicebis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos mTavrobis 2016 wlis 7 martis N 112 dadgenileba;„Sromis usafrTxoebis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos organuli kanoni;„sayovelTao jandacvaze gadasvlis mizniT gasatarebel zogierT RonisZiebaTa Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos mTavrobis 2013 wlis 21 Tebervlis № 36 dadgenileba(me-7 da me-16(1) muxlebi); Tematurad dakavSirebul teqnikur reglamentebze zedamxedveloba 2 . Sromis inspeqciis samsaxuri saqarTvelos okupirebuli teritoriebidan devnilTa, Sromis, jan1 saqarTvelos organuli kanoni Sromis usafrTxoebis Sesaxeb, saqarTvelos parlamenti, 2019. https://matsne.gov.ge/ka/document/ view/4486188?publication=2 2 Sromis inspeqciis samsaxuri. https://lio.moh.gov.ge/main.php?lang =1&id=202212250130482193502210 239 mrTelobisa da socialuri dacvis saministros kontrols daqvemdebarebuli sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piria, romlis saqmianoba„Sromis inspeqciis Sesaxeb“ 1 kanoniT daregulirda. samsaxurs xelmZRvanelobs mTavari Sromis inspeqtori, romelsac Tanamdebobaze niSnavs da aTavisuflebs ministri. samsaxuri angariSvaldebulia mrCevelTa sabWosa da saqarTvelos parlamentis winaSe 2 . Sromis inspeqciis samsaxuris moklevadiani muSaobis Sefaseba mocemulia 2022 wels„socialuri samarTlianobis centris“ mier gamoqveynebul politikis dokumentSi, romelic eyrdnoba SromiTi uflebebis sferoSi 2020-2021 wlis inspeqtirebis angariSebs. dokumentis mixedviT, davebis simZimis miuxedavad, Sromis inspeqcia iyenebda mxolod gafrTxilebas da ara sxva administraciul saxdelebs 3 . amave angariSSi aRniSnulia, rom 2022 wlisTvis es mdgomareoba icvleba da samsaxuri jarimebsac iyenebs SromiTi pirobebis/uflebebis darRvevis SemTxvevaSi, rac wingadadgmul nabijad aris Sefasebuli. axali Sromis inspeqciis samsaxuris mokle istoria aCvenebs, rom SromiTi pirobebis, uflebebisa da Sromis usafrTxoebis dacvis efeqtiani meqanizmebis 1 saqarTvelos kanoni Sromis inspeqciis Sesaxeb, 2020. https:// matsne.gov.ge/ka/document/view/5003057?publication=3 2 Sromis inspeqciis samsaxuri, funqciebi da mandati. https://lio. moh.gov.ge/main.php?lang=1&id=202212250130482193502210 3 Wubabria T., mamalaZe e., Sromis inspeqcia saqarTveloSi: gamowvevebi da samomavlo gza, politikis dokumenti. socialuri samarTlianobis centri. 2022. gv. 2. https://socialjustice.org.ge/uploads/ products/pdf/შრომის_ინსპექცია_GEO_1670928883.pdf 240 Camoyalibeba da samarTlebrivi safuZvlebi ufro metad saqarTvelos evrokavSirSi gawevrianebis grZelvadiani politikis nawilia da naklebad adgilobrivi politikuri nebis gamoxatuleba. miuxedavad centraluri Tu damoukidebeli profkavSirebis, adgilobrivi arasamTavrobo organizaciebisa da calkeuli interesjgufebis moTxovnisa, inspeqciis Camoyalibeba, mis qmediT meqanizmad gardaqmna da mandatis zrda saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebsa da evrokavSiris asocirebis xelSekrulebebTan harmonizebis procesis mizniT gaxda SesaZlebeli. sazogadoebis ganwyobebi profkavSirebis mimarT 2003-2009 wlebSi saqarTvelos profesiuli kavSirisadmi sazogadoebis ndoba mocemulia saerTaSoriso respublikuri institutis( IRI ) panelur kvlevaSi. eqvsi wlis monacemebi profesiuli kavSirebisadmi sazogadoebis ganwyobebis dinamikis Sefasebis saSualebas iZleva. mocemuli monacemebis mixedviT, 2003-2009 wlebSi profesiuli kavSirebis mimarT sazogadoebis ndoba ormagdeba da 11-dan 21%-mde izrdeba. Tumca maRali rCeba im adamianebis raodenoba, romlebic profesiuli gaerTianebis mimarT undoblobiTa da gulgrilobiT gamoirCevian(53%-36%). 241 wyaro: saerTaSoriso gamWvirvaloba saqarTvelo, 2010 1 gamokiTxvis SedegebSi gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa 2007 wlis monacemebi. am wels gamokiTxulTa naxevarze meti, 53% undoblobas ucxadebs saqarTvelos profesiul gaerTianebas, rac, SesaZloa, 20052006 wlebSi Sromis saxelmwifo inspeqciisa(2005) da sanitaruli zedamxedvelobis samsaxuris gauqmebas (2006), aseve, dasaqmebulze naklebad orientirebuli axali SromiTi kodeqsis(2006) miRebas ukavSirdebodes, romelic mTavrobam ise miiRo, rom profkavSirTan konsultaciac ki ar gauvlia 2 . 2006 wlis Sromis kodeqsis sxvadasxva SefasebebSi naxsenebia 1 saerTaSoriso gamWvirvaloba saqarTvelo, saqarTvelos profesiuli kavSirebis moZraoba, 2010. https://www.transparency.ge/ sites/default/files/TI%20GEORGIA%20Georgian%20Trade%20Union%20Move ment%20GEO.pdf 2 iqve. gv. 10 242 sityva„diskriminaciuli“, radgan am kanoniT gaficva kanonsawinaaRmdego qmedebad CaiTvala(kanonis 49-e muxli aRiarebda gaficvis uflebas, Tumca 51-e muxli mTel rig SezRudvebs adgenda), xolo dasaqmebulisTvis, SromiTi uflebebis darRvevis SemTxvevaSi, damsaqmebelze zewolis, TiTqmis aranairi meqanizmi, garda sasamarTlosi, ar rCeboda. sasamarTlosadmi mimarTva, ki Tavis mxriv, calke xarjebTan(baJi) da drosTan aris dakavSirebuli, rac isedac mZime socialur mdgomareobaSi myofi dasaqmebulisTvis(an umuSevrisTvis) damatebiTi tvirTia. biznessa da damsaqmebelze morgebuli 2004-2007 wlebis swrafi ekonomikuri reformebi da sakanonmdelo cvlilebebi, saxelmwifo da sajaro seqtorSi dasaqmebulTaTvis gansakuTrebiT mZime iyo. am wlebSi policiasa da ganaTlebis sistemaSi modernizebis saxeliT Catarebuli reformebis dros uamravma adamianma dakarga samuSao adgili 1 , ise, rom qveyanaSi umuSevrobis daxmareba ar arsebobda, xolo kanoni socialuri daxmarebis Sesaxeb moqalaqeebs biurokratiul sistemasa da SerCeviT, xSirad, TviTnebur kriteriumebs sTavazobda, rac usamarTlobis gancdas zrdida. miuxedavad imisa, rom„vardebis revoluciis“ Semdeg mTavrobaSi mosuli mmarTveli partia„erTiani nacionaluri moZraoba“(2003-2012) radikalur ekonomikur reformebsa da damsaqmebelze orien1 jonsi stiven, saqarTvelo: politikuri istoria damoukideblobis gamocxadebis Semdeg. socialuri mecnierebebis centri, Tbilisi, 2013[2012], gv. 183 243 tirebul Sromis kanonmdeblobas uWerda mxars, 2008 wlis saprezidento arCevnebis dros partiis saprezidento kandidatis, mixeil saakaSvilis saarCevno slogani swored siRaribis daZlevas, soflis gaZlierebasa da dasaqmebis programebs ukavSirdeboda. metic, saarCevno plakatze gamotanili iyo saxelmwifos mier inicirebuli profesiuli gadamzadebis programis anonsi. populisturi winasaarCevno meTodebisa da kampaniis miuxedavad, socialuri saarCevno sloganebiT,(neo)liberaluri reformebiT cnobili„erTiani nacionaluri moZraoba“ aRiarebda saqarTveloSi socialur da SromiT sferoSi arsebul kriziss. 2009-2013 wlebis saqarTvelos profesiuli kavSirebis gaerTianebis angariSSi mocemulia cnobebi imis Sesaxeb, rom saangariSo periodSi xdeboda saxelmwifo institutebisa da damsaqmeblebis mxridan profkavSiris saqmianobaSi uxeSi Careva, kavSiridan wevrebis iZulebiT gayvana, daSineba 1 . 2009 wlis 31 dekembridan 2012 wlis 31 dekembris CaTvliT profwevrTa oficialuri statistikuri monacemebi aCvenebs, rom am oTxi wlis manZilze wevrTa raodenoba ganuxrelad mcirdeba. 1 saqarTvelos profesiuli kavSirebis gaerTianebis saqmianobis amsaxveli krebuli moicavs gaerTianebis XI yrilobidan (2009 wlis 25-26 seqtemberi) – XII yrilobamde(2013 wlis 20-21 dekemberi) ganvlil saangariSo periods. Tbilisi, 2013, gv. 5 244 cxrili N 2 1 წელი პროფკავშირის ქალები% კაცები% წევრთა რაოდენობა 2009 206 345 134640 65.2 71705 34.7 2010 194 764 116702 59.9 77262 39.6 2011 176 547 109752 62.3 66295 37.5 2012 145 200 88313 60.8 56887 39.1 saqarTvelos gaerTianebul profesiul kavSirSi wevrebis raodenobis Semcirebis sxvadasxva mizezze SeiZleba saubari. organizaciisadmi undobloba mxolod erT-erTi maTgania. umuSevrobis zrda, industriuli warmoebidan momsaxurebis sferoze gadasvla, migracia, axali tipis dasaqmeba da politikuri gavlenebi profkavSirisTvis( GTUC ) did gamowvevas warmoadgenda. miuxedavad am gamowvevebisa, GTUC -is efeqtianma iuridiulma advokatirebam Sedegad moitana sasamarTloSi calkeuli, magram, rig SemTxvevaSi, mSromelebis sasargeblod precedentuli sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebi. magaliTad, erT-erTi gamorCeulia saqarTvelos profkavSirebis gaerTianebis mier 2018 wlis aprilSi„rusTavis azotisTvis“ mogebuli oTxwliani sasamarTlo dava. Sedegad, samsaxurSi 56 adamiani aRadgines 2 . 2019 wels ki profkavSiris warmomadgenlobiT saapelacio sa1 saqarTvelos profesiuli kavSirebis gaerTianebis saqmianobis amsaxveli krebuli moicavs gaerTianebis XI yrilobidan (2009 wlis 25-26 seqtemberi) – XII yrilobamde(2013 wlis 20-21 dekemberi) ganvlil saangariSo periods. Tbilisi, 2013. 2 saqarTvelos profesiuli kavSirebis gaerTianeba( GTUC ) , 2018 wlis aprili. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hexvH0i50hA 245 samarTlom„saqarTvelos bankis“ erT-erTi TanamSromlis samsaxuridan gaTavisuflebis brZaneba baTilad miiCnia da banks daakisra gaTavisuflebuli TanamSromlis mimarT kompensaciis gadaxda 25 000 laris odenobiT 1 . saqarTvelos gaerTianebuli profkavSiris( GTUC ) mier warmoebuli sasamarTlo davebi dasaqmebis TiTqmis yvela sferosa da dawesebulebis tips moicavs 2 . dasaqmebuls, romelic miiCnevs, rom misi, rogorc dasaqmebulis, uflebebi dairRva da surs sakuTari saqmis sasamarTloSi ganxilva, profkavSirebi ufaso samarTlebriv konsultaciasa da warmomadgenlobas uwevs, rac Sesabamisi kvalifikaciis armqone adamianisTvis mniSvnelovani mxardaWeraa. amdenad, gaerTianebuli profkavSiris( GTUC ) muSaobis erT-erTi yvelaze efeqtiani komponenti sasamarTlo sistemaSi dasaqmebulTa warmomadgenloba da samarTlebrivi davebis warmoebaa. gaerTianebis angariSze mravali mogebuli sasamarTlo davaa, rac, SesaZloa, profkavSiruli saqmianobisadmi sazogadoebrivi ndobis gasazrdelad mniSvnelovani resursi iyos. 1 saqarTvelos profesiuli kavSirebis gaerTianeba( GTUC ); „profkavSirma saqarTvelos banks kidev erTi dava mougo“. 2020 wlis 16 noemberi. http://gtuc.ge/profkavshirma-saqartvelos-banks-kidev-er ti-dava-mougo/ 2 saqarTvelos profesiuli kavSirebis gaerTianebis( GTUC ) sasamarTlo davebi. https://gtuc.ge/news/სასამართლო-დავები/ 246 axali damoukidebeli profkavSirebis formireba 2013-2020 ww. saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgenidan ori aTwleulis Semdeg Sromis politikisa da profesiuli kavSirebis Sesaxeb diskusiebSi ori azri dominirebs. pirvelis Tanaxmad, Sromis kanonmdeblobasa da dasaqmebasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi ver gaTavisuflda sabWoTa memkvidreobis gavlenisgan, rac sazogadoebis uaryofiT ganwyobebzec aisaxeba. xolo, meore mosazrebis Tanaxmad, Sromis pirobebis, dasaqmebulTa uflebebis mowesrigeba da profkavSiruli saqmianoba naklebad efeqtian meqanizmad miiCneva sazogadoebaSi, metadre dasaqmebulebSi da, Sesabamisad, SromiTi uflebebis dacvis organizaciebis mimarT dabali sazogadoebrivi ndoba arsebobs. saqarTvelos damoukidebeli profkavSirebis uaxlesi istoria gangrZobadi Sida daZabulobiTa da pirovnuli dapirispirebebiT xasiaTdeba, romlis ilustraciac profkavSirebis Tavmjdomaris arCevnebi da maTi qonebis gankargvis Sesaxeb gaumWvirvale informaciaa. miuxedavad imisa, rom bolo aTwleulebis manZilze saqarTveloSi SromiTi pirobebis darRvevebi, mZime samuSao garemo 1 da si1 Rirseuli Sromis platforma. Sromis inspeqciis mier dafiqsirebuli statistika samuSao adgilze dasaqmebulTa gardacvalebisa da dazianebis Sesaxeb, 2018-2023. https://shroma.ge/ workplace-deaths-injuries/ 247 Raribe 1 saqarTvelos mosaxleobisTvis ucvleli problemaa, am problemebis gadaWris meqanizmebi, maT Soris profesiuli kavSiri, naklebad sando da popularulia sazogadoebaSi. am damokidebulebis Secvlisa da dasaqmebulTa realuri problemebis politikur dRis wesrigSi dayenebis mizniT, 2013 wlidan iwyeba saqarTveloSi profesiuli kavSirebis gaerTianebisgan( GTU ) damoukidebeli profkavSirebis Seqmna, xolo 2015 wlidan damoukidebeli profesiuli kavSirebi iqmneba rogorc tradiciul dargobriv, ise axali Sromis sferoebSi. bolo aTi wlis manZilze, 2013-2023 wlebSi, Seiqmna 10-ze meti damoukidebeli profesiuli kavSiri, romlebic sazogadoebrivi Sromis mravalferovan sferoebs warmoadgenen: samecidino, momsaxurebis, ganaTlebis, kulturis, mecnierebis sferos profkavSirebs. ra ganapirobebs axali, damoukidebeli profkavSirebis Seqmnas saqarTveloSi maSin, roca ukve arsebobs gaerTianebuli profkavSiri – saqarTvelos profesiuli kavSirebis gaerTianeba( GTU )? amis mizezad damoukidebeli profkavSirebis xelmZRvanelebi ramdenime faqtors asaxeleben, maT Soris aris centraluri profkavSiris pasiuri saqmianoba; eWvi, rom gaerTianebuli profkavSiri dasaqmebulTa interesebis sawinaaRmdegod mTavrobas/mmarT1 NDI : sazogadoebis ganwyoba saqarTveloSi, 2023 wlis oqtomberi. gTxovT, miTxraT, bolo 10 weliwadSi rogor Seicvala mdgomareoba saqarTveloSi Semdeg sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT? – siRaribe – https://caucasusbarometer.org/ge/no2023ge/SETTYPE-bySC10POVE/ 248 vel politikur xelmZRvanelobasa da biznesTan SesaZloa e.w.„mexanZris“ rols asrulebdes, rac gulisxmobs dasaqmebulTa gaficvis an protestis SemTxvevaSi konfliqtis mxareebs Soris momrigeblis rolis Sesrulebas. am mosazrebebis sapasuxod, saqarTvelos gaerTianebuli profkavSiris xelmZRvaneli, irakli petriaSvili miiCnevs, rom Tanamedrove gaerTianebuli profkavSiri( GTU ) mouqneli organizaciaa, Tumca misi SefasebiT, swored am sitlanqem uzunvelyo gaerTianebis damoukidebloba politikuri Carevebisgan 1 . mocemul TavSi mimoxilulia ramdenime damoukidebeli profkavSiris Seqmnisa da maTi saqmianobis, protestisa da gaficvis SemTxvevebi. SemTxvevaTa aRweris mizans warmoadgens im tendenciis gamokveTa, rac SesaZloa iwvevdes damoukidebeli profkavSirebis raodenobis zrdas. metros(memanqaneTa) profkavSiri –„erToba 2013“ Tbilisis metropoliteni 1966 wlidan emsaxureba mgzavrebs ori xazisa da 23 sadguris saSualebiT. metro yoveldRiurad, dilis 6 saaTidan SuaRamemde muSaobs. 2022 wlis monacemebiT, metrom 127 838 966 mgzavri gadaiyvana, xolo 2023 wels, 2021-Tan SedarebiT, metroTi dReSi gadayvanili mgzavrebis ra1 interviu saqarTvelos gaerTianebuli profkavSiris xelmZRvanel irakli petriaSvilTan Cawerilia 2023 wlis noemberSi. 249 odenoba gaormagda 1 . izrdeba Tbilisis mosaxleoba da, Sesabamisad, savaraudoa, rom metros mgzavrebis raodenobac gaizrdeba. amasTan, inflaciis, produqtebze gazrdili fasebisa da momatebuli samuSao datvirTvis pirobebSi, metros memanqaneebisa da sxva TanamSromlebis SromiTi pirobebi da samuSao anazRaureba Secvlil samuSao datvirTvas CamorCeba. swored am mizeziT, profkavSirebis axalgazrduli frTis mier 2018-2019 wlebSi organizebul sapirvelmaiso demonstraciebze isini dasaqmebulTa SromiTi anazRaurebis zrdas da samuSao pirobebis gaumjobesebis moTxovnebs ayenebdnen dRis wesrigSi 2 . 2013 wels erT-erTi pirveli damoukidebeli profkavSiri„erToba 2013“ daarsda, romlis wevrebic, Tavdapirvelad, mxolod metros memanqaneebi iyvnen.„erToba 2013“-is Tavmjdomaris, rati kapanaZis TqmiT, damoukidebeli profkavSiris Seqmna ganapiroba iman, rom Zveli profkavSiri ver uzrunvelyofda mSromelTa saWiroebebis dakmayofilebas, xolo profesiuli kavSiri salaZRav sityvad iyo gadaqceuli. aman gamoiwvia demokratiuli da gamWvirvale kavSiris Seqmnis saWiroeba 3 . „erToba 2013“-is Sesaxeb farTo sazogadoebam 1 ramdeni mgzavri gadahyavs Tbilisis metros, 2023. https:// www.businessinsider.ge/ka/ramdeni-mgzavri-gadahqavs-tbilisis-metros 2 gvaxaria gogi, saqarTvelos profkavSirebi sapirvelmaisod aqcias gamarTaven. radio Tavisufleba, 2019. https://www. radiotavisupleba.ge/a/საქართველოს-პროფკავშირები-საპირველმაისოაქციისთვის-ემზადებიან/29912503.html 3 mgalobliSvili basti, 2 weli istoriuli gaficvidan. publika, 2020. https://publika.ge/article/2-weli-istoriuli-gaficvidan/ 250 2018 wlis ivnisSi gaigo, roca memanqaneebi sami dRiT gaificnen, metros muSaobis SeCerebam ki qalaqis paralizeba gamoiwvia, ramac damoukidebel profkavSirs meti xilvadoba da axali wevrebi SesZina. Tumca metros memanqaneebis gaficvas, iseve, rogorc sxva gaficvebsa da protestebs, mTeli rigi procesebi uZRoda win. 2018 wels„erToba 2013“-is gaficvamde sagaficvo mosamzadebeli samuSaoebi Catarda. damsaqmebelTan molaparakeba jer kidev 2016 wlidan mimdinareobda. process Tan axlda sakonstitucio sasamarTlos sarCelebi da gadawyvetilebebi, romelTa mixedviTac memanqaneebs gaficvis ufleba SeezRudaT. Tumca memanqaneebma aseT gamosavals mimarTes – maT gaficvis wina dReebSi iSimSiles, xolo janmrTelobis gauaresebuli mdgomareobis gamo memanqaneebs samsaxureobrivi movaleobis Sesruleba regulaciebis mixedviT droebiT SeezRudaT, ramac SesaZlebeli gaxada maTi legaluri gaficva 1 . es taqtikuri svla erT-erTi gamoxatuleba iyo imisa, rom memanqaneebis moTxovnebi arsebiTi iyo da maTi dakmayofilebis gareSe profesiuli saqmianobis gagrZeleba – SeuZlebeli. sabolood, samdRiani gaficva zepiri molaparakebiT dasrulda. memanqaneebma damsaqmeblisgan piroba miiRes, rom 2019 wlidan metropolitenis TanamSromlebis xelfasi gaizrdeboda. 2019 wlidan satransporto kompaniaSi dasaqmebulebis xelfasi 10, 15 da 30%-iT gaizarda. gaficulebi xelfasebis gazr1 mgalobliSvili basti, 2 weli istoriuli gaficvidan. publika, 2020. https://publika.ge/article/2-weli-istoriuli-gaficvidan/ 251 das iTxovdnen ara mxolod memanqaneebisTvis, aramed kompaniis yvela TanamSromlisTvis. Tu gaficvis dasawyisSi„erToba 2013“-Si 120-140 adamiani iyo gawevrianebuli, mogvianebiT, profkavSirSi 600-700 adamiani gaerTianda, rac mianiSnebs im tendenciaze, rom, Tu dasaqmebulTa gaficva da protesti realur Sedegs gamoiRebs, mis mimarT dasaqmebulebisa da sazogadoebis ndoba izrdeba. „erToba 2013“-is 2018 wlis gaficvas xSirad„istoriul gaficvas“ uwodeben, ara mxolod im Sedegis gamo, rasac dasaqmebulebma miaRwies, aramed, imis gamoc, rom, garda damoukidebeli profkavSiris wevrebis zrdisa, memanqaneTa gaficvam sxva dargebsa da sferoebSi dasaqmebulebs warmatebuli gaficvis magaliTi aCvena. am magaliTma impulsi misca sxva dargebsac, SeeqmnaT damoukidebeli profkavSirebi da realurad emuSavaT sakuTari SromiTi uflebebis dasacavad. memanqaneebis gaficvis Semdeg sxvadasxva seqtorSi daiwyo damoukidebeli profesiuli kavSiris Camoyalibeba. 2019 wels jandacvis socialuri muSakebic gaificnen, romlebmac profkavSiris Seqmnisa da gaficvis gamocdileba swored„erToba 2013“-isgan miiRes. damoukidebeli profesiuli kavSiri Seqmnes socialurma muSakebmac. aseve Camoyalibda aWaris mauwyeblis profesiuli gaerTianebac.„erToba 2013“-is xelmZRvaneli, rati kapanaZe erT-erT interviuSi ambobs, rom„xalxma dainaxa, realurad, WeS252 mariti profesiuli kavSiris Zala da ukve salanZRav sityvad aRar eCvenebaT es. es, marTlac, Zalian kargi sityvaa da amas gafrTxileba sWirdeba“ 1 . servisis sferos profkavSiri „solidarobis qseli“ –„Sroma ar aris ioli“ saqarTvelos profesiuli kavSiris ocdaerTi wevri organizaciidan erT-erTi warmoadgens„momsaxurebis sferos, komunaluri da bankebis muSakTa profesiul kavSirs“ 2 , Tumca 2015 wlis agvistoSi TbilisSi Camoyalibda araformaluri gaerTianeba „solidarobis qseli“, romelsac aseve momsaxurebis sferoSi dasaqmebulebTan unda emuSava. qselis Tavdapirvel mizans saqarTvelos gaerTianebul profkavSirTan erTad saqmianoba da profesiuli kavSirisTvis aqtivizmiT mxardaWera warmoadgenda 3 . 2015 wels socialur qselSi supermarketebis qsel„sparis“ TanamSromlis mier SromiTi pirobebis Sesaxeb gamoqveynebuli sajaro posti gaxda dasaqmebulTa sferos organizebis erT-erTi impulsi. araformalurad organizebulma jgufma damsaqmebels oficialuri werili gaugzavna, romelsac socialur qselSi solidarobis mcire kampania mohyva. 1 mgalobliSvili basti, 2 weli istoriuli gaficvidan, publika, 2020. https://publika.ge/article/2-weli-istoriuli-gaficvidan/ 2 saqarTvelos profesiuli kavSirebis gaerTianebis wevri organizaciebi. https://gtuc.ge/Cvens- Sesaxeb/wevri- organizaciebi/ 3 interviu solidarobis qselis xelmZRvanel sofo jafariZesTan Cawerilia 2023 wlis agvistoSi. 253 moZraobisa da organizaciis erT-erTi damaarsebeli 2015 wels gamoqveynebul werilSi farTo konteqstSi mimoixilavs im socialur da ekonomikur winapirobebs, romlebic win uZRoda„solidarobis qselis“ Seqmnas: „2006 wels, gauqmda Sromis inspeqcia. qveynis deindustrializaciis, soflis meurneobis dangrevis da regionebSi ekonomikuri aqtivobebis SeCerebis Sedegad, 90-ianebSi Tbilisisken dawyebuli SromiTi migracia dRemde grZeldeba: dRes, dedaqalaqSi qveynis mosaxleobis didi nawili cxovrobs da Sesabamisad ekonomikuri aqtivobis centric dedaqalaqia. swored aq igrZnoba yvelaze mZafrad, tradiciuli socialuri urTierTobebis rRveva; xelfasis, sesxis, qiris da sxva, sabazro sazogadoebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli komponentis sazogadoebrivi mniSvneloba“ 1 . araformaluri qselis wevrebisTvis, dasawyiSi, mTavari saqmianoba momsaxurebis sferoSi arsebuli problemebisa da am sakiTxebze sajarod mosaubre adamianebis identificireba iyo. am procesma maT postsabWoTa saqarTveloSi, dasaqmebis TvalsazrisiT arsebuli samarTlebrivi da socialuri garemos Seswavlisken ubiZga, rac farTo ekonomikuri konteqstis kvleviT daiwyo, radgan qselis wevrebi miiCnevdnen, rom ekonomikuri da socialuri konteqsti ganapirobebda dasaqmebulTa, erTi mxriv, mZime 1 azikuri SoTo, ra aris solidarobis qseli? – konteqsti da mniSvneloba, socialuri samarTlianobis centri, 2015. https://so cialjustice.org.ge/ka/products/ra-aris-solidarobis-kseli-konteksti-da-mnishvnelo ba 254 da xSirad, uuflebo mdgomareobas da, meore mxriv, SromiTi politikis Sesaxeb dabal cnobierebas. 2017 wels araformaluri gaerTianeba„solidarobis qseli“ damoukidebel profkavSirul organizaciad Camoyalibda, romlis mizanic iyo ara mxolod dasaqmebulTa interesebis dacva, aramed umuSevarTa interesebiTvis brZolac. organizacia„solidarobis qselis“ wevrebi, saqarTvelos profkavSiris yofili TanamSromlebi iyvnen, rac miuTiTebs gaerTianebul profkavSirSi dasaqmebulTa da maTi interesebis damcvel jgufebs Soris arsebul ideologiur konfliqtsa da winaaRmdegobaze. amasTan, „solidarobis qselis“ TanamSromlebis profkavSirul organizaciaSi muSaobis gamocdileba damatebiTi upiratesoba iyo dasaqmebulTa organizebis saqmeSi. rvawliani savele samuSaobis gamocdilebis Sedegad,„solidarobis qseli“ sabolood Camoyalibda jandacvisa da momsaxurebis sferoebis profkavSirad. organizacia aqtiurad CaerTo dasaqmebulTa mobilizebasa da sxva Tanamoazre organizaciebTan aliansebis CamoyalibebaSi. 2020 wels Tbilisis satransporto kompaniis damoukidebel profkavSir „erToba 2013“-sa da„socialur muSakTa gaerTianebasTan“(2019) erTad maT Camoayalibes„profkavSirebis axali gaerTianeba“, rasac„mSromelTa demokratiuli moZraobis Sesaqmnelad“ win gadadgmul nabijad miiCneven 1 . „solidarobis qselis“ saqmianobebs Soris aris: 1 jandacvisa da momsaxurebis sferos profkavSiri- solidarobis qseli. http://solnet.ge/about-us/ 255 solidarobisa da mxardamWeri kampaniebis warmoeba; dasaqmebulebis cnobierebisa da ganaTlebis amaRleba SromiT uflebebTan dakavSirebiT; konkretuli dasaqmebulebis darRveuli uflebebis Sesaxeb samarTlebrivi davebis warmoeba da sxva profkavSirebTan Tu organizaciebTan TanamSromloba. profkavSiris xelmRvaneli, sofo jafariZe miiCnevs, rom 2015 wels dawyebulma sajaro aqtiurobam garkveuli Sedegebi moutana servisisa da momsaxurebis sferoSi, gansakuTrebiT maRaziaTa qselebSi dasaqmebul molareebs, konsultantebs, damlageblebsa da dacvis TanamSromlebs 1 . kerZod, Seicvala dasaqmebulis, rogorc mxolod maRaroebsa da sawarmoebSi momuSaveTa aRqma da gafarTovda dasaqmebulis cneba; problema, romelic manamde mxolod erTi calkeuli piris Tavsatexi iyo, aRiarebul iqna sistemur problemad – maRaziaSi produqtis danaklisis konsultantebis xelfasebidan Camowera da sxva. amiT moxda„urbanuli proletariatis aRiareba 2 “. 2023 wlisTvis organizaciis wevrTa oficialuri raodenoba 500-mde dasaqmebuls, xolo yovelTviuri sawevro Senatani wevrze sam lars Seadgens. organizaciis dafinansebis ZiriTadi wyaro sawevro Senatanebi da sxvadasxva fondidan miRebuli mcire grantebia. saqarTveloSi servisis sferoSi arsebuli samuSao 1 interviu solidarobis qselis xelmZRvanel sofo jafariZesTan Cawerilia 2023 wlis agvistoSi. 2 iqve. 256 pirobebi, samuSao grafiki, anazRaureba da Sromis usafrTxoebis gamowvevebi mougvarebeli problemebia. garda amisa, sferoSi dasaqmebulebis umetesoba arakvalificiuri muSaxeli an studentebi arian, rac dasaqmebulTa kadrebis gadinebas da xSir cvlilebas ganapirobebs. amis gamo rTuli xdeba myari profesiuli gaerTianebis Seqmna. amas xels uSlis dasaqmebulTa dabali cnobiereba sakuTari SromiTi uflebebis Sesaxeb. amdenad,„solidarobis qselis“ erT-erTi saqmianoba dasaqmebulTa da mSromelTa cnobierebis amaRlebaa socialuri, politikuri Tu SromiTi uflebebis Sesaxeb. „solidarobis qselis“ damoukidebel profkavSirebSi sjeraT, rom Tanamedrove saqarTvelosa Tu msoflioSi, profesiuli kavSirebis funqcia mxolod dasaqmebulTa uflebebis dacva an darRvevis SemTxvevaSi masze reagireba ar aris. axal droSi profkavSirebis funqciad miiCneven masSi gawevrianebuli mSromelebis mier TviTmmarTvelobis, demokratiuli procesebis Seswavlasa da praqtikaSi gamocdas. gansxvavebiT gaerTianebuli profkavSiris ierarqiuli sistemisagan, damoukidebeli profkavSiris mizania dasaqmebulebis gaZliereba, rom maT Tavad moaxerxon damsaqmeblis, gaerTianebuli an„yviTeli profkavSirisa“ Tu saxelmwifos winaSe sakuTari interesebis dacva. 257 socialur muSakTa gaerTianeba(2019) `socialur muSakTa gaerTianeba“ kidev erTi damoukidebeli profkavSiria, romelic 61 socialuri muSakis mier 2019 wlis 8 aprils daarsda. socialuri muSakebis protesti kovid-19-is pandemiis pirobebSi daiwyo, roca municipaluri transportis mimosvla SeCerebuli iyo, Tumca protestis mizezi, mxolod gadaadgilebis problema ar yofila. 2019 wlis ianvridan socialuri muSakebi winasagaficvo periodSi imyofebodnen, jandacvis saministrosTan mediaciis procesi uSedegod dasrulda da Sedegad, socialuri muSakebi 25 marts gaificnen. gaficvis slogani„daucveli socmuSaki ver daicavs sxvebs“ lakonurad, magram cxadad gamoxatavda maTi moTxovnebis ZiriTad Sinaarss. radgan socialuri sferos muSakebs muSaoba uwevdaT sazogadoebis iseT mowyvlad jgufebTan, rogoric arian bavSvebi, SSm pirebi, xandazmulebi da servisis mimRebi sxva moqalaqeebi, maTi janmrTelobisa da interesebis dacvisTvis sWirdebodaT rogorc materialuri, ise teqnikuri mxardaWera. socmuSakebis protestis Sinaarsi Seexeboda beneficiarebisTvis daxmarebis gasawevad arasakmaris resursebs, arasaTanado Sromis pirobebsa da dabal anazRaurebas. am pirobebSi ki maT uwevdaT sakuTari saxsrebiT samuSaoze gamocxadeba da beneficiarebisTvis daxmarebis gaweva. 2018 wels saqarTvelos parlamentma miiRo kanoni 258 „socialuri muSaobis Sesaxeb“ 1 , sadac saubari iyo imaze, rom„socialuri muSaki emsaxureba sazogadoebriv urTierTobebSi socialuri samarTlianobis miRwevas 2 “. miuxedavad kanonis adamianis uflebebze orientirebuli formulirebisa, samuSao pirobebisa da pandemiis gamo Secvlili realobis dros socmuSakebis SromiTi uflebebi iqna darRveuli. amasTan, socmuSakebi moraluri dilemis winaSec idgnen – erTi mxriv, maT unda daecvaT beneficiarebis interesebi, janmrTeloba da keTildReoba, meore mxriv ki – sakuTari SromiTi uflebebis dasacavad droebiT uari unda eTqvaT sakuTari movaleobis Sesrulebaze. socialuri muSakebis 25 martis gaficvas,„erToba 2013“-is gaficvis msgavsad, istoriuls uwodebdnen, Tumca, amjerad sxva mizeziT. am SemTxvevaSi, socialur muSakTa sagaficvo moTxovnebi Seexeboda ara mxolod materialur da teqnikur saWiroebebs, aramed, mTlianad socialuri momsaxurebis sistemis gaumjobesebas, socialuri dacvis kanonis aRsrulebis qmediTi meqanizmebis Seqmnas 3 da beneficiarebis mdgomareobis gaumjobesebas 4 . 2 aprils saministrosTan Sexvedrebis ciklis Semdeg socialur muSakTa gaficva dasrulda, Tumca 1 kanoni socialuri muSaobis Sesaxeb, saqarTvelos parlamenti, 2018. https://matsne.gov.ge/ka/document/view/4231958?publication=0 2 iqve, Tavi II, muxli 7.1. 3 EMC socialur muSakebs mxardaWeras ucxadebs; socialuri samarTlianobis centri, 2019. https://socialjustice.org.ge/ka/products/ emc-sotsialur-mushakebs-mkhardacheras-utskhadebs 4 socialurma muSakebma gaficva Sewyvites, samoqalaqo saqarTvelo, 2019. https://civil.ge/ka/archives/300649 259 socmuSakebma damoukidebeli profkavSiris daarseba gadawyvites da maTi moTxovnebis Sesasruleblad muSaoba koleqtiuri molaparakebis formatiT gaagrZeles. am procesSi saministrosa da socmuSakebs Soris ramdenime sakiTxze moxda SeTanxmeba, rac, ZiriTadad, Seexeboda infrastruqturis gamarTvas, damatebiTi personalis gamoyofas(iuristi, fisqologi) da biurokratiuli procesebis gamartivebas. Tumca SeTanxmeba ver moxda„meurveobisa da mzrunvelobis sistemaSi arsebul gamowvevebze reagirebis sabWos“ Camoyalibebis Taobaze; xelfasebis ganakveTis zrdaze da sxva 1 . „socialuri muSakebis profkavSiris“ Tanaxmad, gaerTianebaSi 100-ze meti wevria, maT Soris, samsaxurisa da arasamTavrobo seqtoris warmomadgeneli muSakebi da studentebi. dReisTvis socialur muSakTa gaerTianebis ZiriTadi saqmianoba moicavs: samarTlebriv konsultacias; profesiul supervizias; mxardaWeras ojaxuri an samsaxureobrivi sirTuleebis dros. gaerTianeba monitorings uwevs„saqarTvelos kanonis socialuri muSaobis Sesaxeb“ samoqmedo gegmis Sesrulebas; kavSirSi muSaoben socialuri muSaobis, rogorc profesiis, popularizaciazec; xvdebian studentebsa da abiturientebs; TanamSromloben mediasaSualebebTan, raTa sworad gaaSuqon socialuri muSaobis misia da mandati; ewevian socialuri muSakebis SromiTi uflebebis advokatirebas damsaqmeblebTan,„ada1 biZinaSvili nino, socmuSakebma profkavSiri –„socialur muSakTa gaerTianeba“ Seqmnes, netgazeTi, 2019. https://netgazeti.ge/ news/354800/ 260 mianis uflebebis dacvisa da samoqalaqo integraciis komitetTan“,„jandacvisa da socialur sakiTxTa komitetTan“ da sxva. gaficvidan erTi wlis Semdeg socialuri muSakebis profkavSirebis mier Catarebul kvlevaSi „socialuri muSaobis Sesaxeb kanonis samoqmedo gegmis aRsrulebis Sefaseba“ weria, rom cvlilebebi fragmentuli da araTanmimdevruli iyo, xolo Sesasrulebeli amocanebidan kvlav problemad rCeba xelfasebis matebis sakiTxi, adamianuri resursebis gaumjobeseba da socmuSakebis transportiT uzrunvelyofa 1 . socialur muSakebsa da saxelmwifos Soris mimdinare 2019 wlis koleqtiuri SromiTi dava da molaparakebebi precedentulia ramdenime mizezis gamo. pirveli – aRniSnuli dava pirveli SemTxvevaa, roca SromiTi davis mxares warmoadgens saxelmwifos oficialuri uwyeba – Sromis saministro; meore – es uwyeba pasuxismgebelia qveyanaSi Sromis politikasa da Sromis kanonmdeblobis aRsrulebaze da mis interesebSi Sedis dasaqmebulsa da damsaqmebels Soris arsebuli davis kompromisuli meTodebiT mogvareba; da mesame, is warmoadgens socialuri partniorobis sammxrivi komisiis saqmianobis mTavar warmmarTvel saxelmwifo uwyebas 2 , romelmac, dasaqmebulebis 1 xvTisiaSvili s., banZava m., ivaniaZe, T., socialuri muSaobis Sesaxeb kanonis samoqmedo gegmis aRsrulebis Sefaseba, alternatiuli angariSi, 2021. https://www.swunion.ge/?p=192&lang=ka 2 belTaZe paata, Sroma da socialuri samarTlianoba socialuri dialogi saqarTveloSi. 2020. gv. 19. https://library.fes.de/pdf-files/ bueros/georgien/16267.pdf 261 SromiTi interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT, unda uzrunvelyos molaparakebis procesi da monitoringi gauwios Sedegis aRsrulebas. socialuri muSakebis gaficva, maT samuSao garemosa da uflebebSi arsebuli gamowvevebi da profesiuli kavSiris daarseba, kidev erTi magaliTia imisa, rom saqarTvelos gaerTianebuli profesiuli kavSiri sakuTari mandatisa da funqciis farglebSi naklebad efeqtiania dasaqmebulebsa da damsaqmebelTan, maT Soris, saxelmwifosTan molaparakebebisas. Sedegad, saqarTvelos profkavSirisadmi dasaqmebulebis undobloba izrdeba, xolo misi, rogorc dasaqmebulTa interesebis damcveli organizaciis legitimacia da funqcia eWvqveS dgeba. axali profesiuli kavSirebi ki SesamCnev konkurencias uweven gaerTianebuli profkavSirebis dargobriv organizaciebs, rac, pirvel rigSi, xelSesaxeb miRwevebSi gamoixateba. aWaris sazogadoebrivi mauwyeblis profkavSiri(2020) 2020 wlis 28 ianvars aWaris sazogadoebrivi mauwyeblis 65-ma TanamSromelma alternatiuli profkavSiri daafuZna 1 . gaerTianebis mizans warmoadgenda samarTliani SromiTi pirobebisa da Sromis usafrTxoebis sakiTxebis dRis wesrigSi dayeneba. amasTan, 1 aWaris sazogadoebrivi mauwyeblis Jurnalistebma alternatiuli profkavSirebi Seqmnes, 2020. https://www.radiotavisupleba. ge/a/30402384.html 262 Jurnalistebi saubrobdnen kvalifikaciis amaRlebis saWiroebaze. profesiuli kavSirebis Camoyalibebis motivi ki maTi moTxovnebis ugulebelyofa iyo: „iqidan gamomdinare, rom TanamSromelTa moTxovnebi xSirad rCeboda yuradRebis miRma da imis gamo, rom TanamSromelTa mosmena ar unda iyos romelime direqtoris an mrCevelTa sabWos mier gamovlenili keTili neba, gadavwyviteT gaverTianebuliyaviT“ 1 . gancxadebaSi Jurnalistebi aseve solidarobas gamoTqvamdnen maT mimarT, visi SromiTi uflebebic qveyanaSi irRveva. aWaris sazogadoebrivi mauwyeblis damoukidebeli profesiuli kavSiris Camoyalibebas win uZRoda televiziaSi mimdinare reorganizacia da TanamSromelTa eWvebi, rom cvlilebebi politikuri niSniT ganxorcieldeboda. TanamSromlebis mier gavrcelebul gancxadebaSi saubari iyo ori tipis problemaze. pirveli Seexeboda mauwyebelSi politikuri gavlenebis zrdas, araprofesionalebis waxalisebas da politikuri niSniT poziciebis dakavebas, meore ki – SromiTi pirobebis gauaresebasa da „represiul da mtrul SromiT politikas“, ris gamoc kadrebi tovebdnen mauwyebels an maT aTavisuflebdnen samsaxuridan 2 . 1 aWaris televiziis TanamSromelebma alternatiuli profkavSirebi daafuZnes, 2020. https://www.mediachecker.ge/ka/mediagaremo/ article/79431-atcaris-televiziis-thanamshromelebma-alternatiuli-profkavshire bi-daafudznes 2 aWaris sazogadoebrivi mauwyeblis profkavSirebma„aWara TV -ze“ kritikuli angariSi gamoaqveyna, 2021. https://www.media checker.ge/ka/mediagaremo/article/90293-atcaris-sazogadoebrivi-mautsyeb lis-profkavshirebma-atcara-tv-ze-kritikuli-angarishi-gamoaqveyna 263 2020 wlis aprilSi koaliciam mediis advokatirebisTvis, romelic aTze met adgilobriv arasamTavrobo organizacias aerTianebs, gamoaqveyna gancxadeba, sadac naTqvami iyo, rom aWaris sazogadoebriv mauwyebelSi TanamSromelTa devna grZeldeba imis gamo, rom maTi Sexedulebebi menejmentis Sexedulebebisgan gansxvavdeba. 21 aprils gamoqveynebul gancxadebaSi, koaliciam aRniSna, rom sazogadoebrivi mauwyeblis aWaris televiziisa da radios direqtorma giorgi koxreiZem sainformacio gamoSveba„mTavaris“ erT-erTi wamyvani„eTers CamoaSora“. koaliciis ganmartebiT, Jurnalistma socialur mediaSi gaavrcela, rom aRniSnuli gadawyvetilebis mizezad socialur qselSi mauwyeblis Sesaxeb mis mier dafiqsirebuli pozicia dausaxeles 1 . aWaris sazogadoebriv mauwyebelSi Sidaorganizaciuli procesebi, sabolood, SromiTi uflebebis dacvasa da damoukidebeli profesiuli kavSiris SeqmnaSi gadaizarda, radgan profkavSiri am uflebebis dacvis efeqtian saSualebad iqna miCneuli. 2020 wlis TebervalSi, aWaris sazogadoebrivi mauwyeblis damoukidebelma profkavSirma sagaficvo reJimze gadasvlisTvis mzadeba gamoacxada. organizacia 80-mde Jurnalistisgan Sedgeboda. protestis erT-erTi mTavari mizezi ki aWaris televiziis sainformacio samsaxuris ufrosis moadgilisa da mTavari sainformacio gamoSvebis redaqtoris, maia 1 koalicia mediis advokatirebisTvis: aWaris mauwyeblis TanamSromelTa devna grZeldeba. samoqalaqo saqarTvelo, 2020. https://civil.ge/ka/archives/348088 264 merkvilaZisTvis SromiTi xelSekrulebis gauqmeba iyo, rac Jurnalistebis nawilma sityvis Tavisuflebis SezRudvad Seafasa 1 . aWaris sazogadoebrivi mauwyeblis damoukidebeli profesiuli kavSiris Camoyalibeba wina SemTxvevebTan msgavsebiT gamoirCeva. profkavSiris wevrebis SromiTi pirobebis dacvis garda, mediaSi dasaqmebulTa damoukidebeli profkavSiri, zogadad, sferoSi dasaqmebulTa SromiTi uflebebis darRvevis SemTxvevebsa da maTi dacvis saWiroebaze mianiSnebda. Tumca aWaris sazogadoebrivi mauwyeblis damoukidebeli profkavSiri gansxvavdeba kidec wina SemTxvevebisgan im TvalsazrisiT, rom igi gaCnda rogorc pasuxi im Jurnalistebis Seviwroebasa da gaTavisuflebaze, romlebic xelmZRvanelobis mimarT kritikul Sexedulebebs gamoxatavdnen. garda amisa, profkavSiri mobilizda aseve politikuri Carevisa da zewolis winaaRmdeg, romelic, maTi azriT, safrTxes uqmnida sazogadoebrivi mauwyeblis damoukideblobasa da mTlianobas. saxelovnebo profesiuli kavSiri„gildia“(2020) „gildia“ warmoadgens kulturis sferoSi dasaqmebul adamianTa damoukidebel profesiul ka1 aWaris sazogadoebrivi mauwyeblis alternatiuli profkavSiri sagaficvo reJimze gadadis. aWaris sazogadoebrivi mauwyebeli, 2020. https://ajaratv.ge/article/55872 265 vSirs, romelic 2020 wels daarsda, Tumca mis organizaciad Camoyalibebas win uZRoda mTeli rigi procesebi.„gildia“ damoukidebel profkavSirad Camoyalibda saqarTvelos profesiuli kavSiris gaerTianebis( GTU ) axalgazrduli frTis yofili wevrebis mier. saxelovnebo gaerTianeba Sedgeba im adamianebisgan, romlebsac didi gamocdileba aqvT SromiTi uflebebisa da mSromelebTan urTierTobis TvalsazrisiT. „gildias“ calke, damoukidebel profkavSirad Camoyalibebis motivs warmoadgenda, erTi mxriv, saxelovnebo sferoSi dasaqmebulTa profesiuli kavSiris ararseboba, da, meore mxriv, profkavSirebis gaerTianebisadmi dasaqmebulebis undoblobis zrda; aseve, axali wevrebis ararseboba, rac miuTiTebda ufro sando, gamWvirvale da demokratiuli tipis organizaciis Seqmnis saWiroebaze. es procesi daiwyo kulturis dargSi arsebuli SromiTi garemos SeswavliTa da kvleviT, rac mSromelTa organizebis klasikur taqtikas warmoadgens.„gildias“ saqmianobis sfero amJamad, ZiriTadad, moicavs kulturis sferoSi dasaqmebulTaTvis SromiTi uflebebis Sesaxeb informaciis miwodebas, kanonmdeblobis aRsrulebis monitoringsa da maTi darRvevis SemTxvevaSi dasaqmebulTa uflebebis advokatirebas 1 . saqarTveloSi kulturis sferoSi SromiTi ufle1 damoukidebeli profkavSiris,„gildias“ feisbuqgverdi. https://www.facebook.com/LabourGuild 266 bebis darRvevis calkeuli SemTxvevebis gaxmaurebis miuxedavad, dargSi arsebuli sistemuri SromiTi pirobebis darRvevebis Sesaxeb naklebad iyo dokumentirebuli. saqarTvelos uaxles warsulSi kulturis dargis warmomadgenlebi dawinaurebul socialur fenad da privilegirebul jgufad iyvnen miCneuli. amasTan, qarTul kulturaSi arsebuli stereotipebi, rom TiTqos msaxiobebi da kulturis sferos sxva wevrebi aramaterialur saWiroebebze ar unda fiqrobdnen, qmnida mcdar warmodgenebs, rom kulturis muSakebis SromiTi pirobebi daculi iyo an es maT ar awuxebdaT. Tumca am sferoSi arsebuli mZime SromiTi pirobebis, materialuri da marTvis TvalsazrisiT arsebuli krizisis, aseve partiuli politikis gavlenis zrdis safrTxeebis gamo, am sferoSic gaCdnen adamianebi, romlebmac xelovanTa SromiT uflebebsa da anazRaurebaze daiwyes xmamaRla saubari. 2022 wlisTvis„gildia“ aqtiurad monawileobda xelovanTa winaSe arsebuli problemebis organizaciul saqmianobaSi gadasatanad. kerZod,„gildia“ xels uwyobda kulturis sferoSi axali profesiuli kavSirebis Seqmnas, romlebic, sabolood, erT saerTo„axal profkavSirebSi“ gawevriandebian da Seqmnian realur Zalas ukeTesi SromiTi garemos Camosayalibeblad. Tumca„gildias“ miznebi scdeba mxolod Sromis uflebebis dacvas da, rogorc misi xelmZRvaneli, giga beqauri ambobs, profesiuli kavSiris mizania„mSromelis gaZliereba“, misi roli267 sa da funqciis gazrda demokratiul procesebSi monawileobisTvis 1 . „gildia“ aqtiur rols asrulebs axali profkavSirebis Seqmnasa da gaZlierebaSi. organizaciis saqmianobis ZiriTadi nawili moicavs solidarobis kampaniebs, gaerTianebis wevrTa da potenciur wevrTa SromiTi, socialuri da politikuri uflebebis Sesaxeb cnobierebis amaRlebis kampaniebs. erT-erTi aseTia kulturisa da saxelovnebo sferoSi saswavlo kursis organizeba, romelic USAID Civil Society Engage ment Program -is farglebSi mimdinareobs 2 . 2022 wlis ianvarSi xelovanTa damoukidebelma profkavSirma„gildiam“ Teatris xelmZRvanelebis konkurss undobloba gamoucxada, radgan gaerTianebis gancxadebis mixedviT, kulturisa da xelovnebis dargSi arsebuli krizisis daZleva samarTliani da demokratiuli procesebiT unda mimdinareobdes. 2021 wels saqarTvelos kulturis, ZeglTa dacvisa da sportis saministros mier saxelmwifo TeatrebSi xelmZRvanelTa SerCevisa da daniSvnis procedura daiwyo, Tumca„gildia“ akritikebda saministros mier warmodgenili konkursis warmarTvis wess. maTi azriT, axali wesebi realuri cvlilebebis SesaZleblobas gamoricxavda. amas amyarebda isic, rom 21 saxelmwifo TeatrSi samxatvro xelmZ1 interviu„gildias“ xelmZRvanel giga beqaurTan Cawerilia 2023 wlis agvistoSi. 2 „gildiasa“ da USAID Civil Society Engagement Program -is erToblivi saswavlo kursi sainiciativo jgufebisTvis kulturisa da xelovnebis sferoSi. 2023. https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=60 3284315325774&set=a.485973513723522 268 Rvanelis Tanamdebobebze gamocxadebuli konkursebidan ministris mier dainiSna oTxi samxatvro xelmZRvaneli, konkursis wesiT ki – ori. gaerTianeba eWvqveS ayenebda konkursis gamWvirvale da demokratiul proceduras 1 . 2022 wlis dekemberSi„gildia“ TumaniSvilis Teatris msaxiobebis davis mogvarebaSi CaerTo da orTviani mediaciis Semdeg Teatris msaxiobebis SromiTi dava dasaqmebulTa ZiriTadi moTxovnebis dakmayofilebiT dasrulda 2 . dReisTvis„gildias“ mTavar mizans warmoadgens mSromelebis socialuri da politikuri uflebebis gaZliereba, romlis miRwevac, maTi rwmeniT, mxolod damoukidebeli profesiuli kavSirebis saqmianobiT aris SesaZlebeli. am gzaze erT-erT amocanas warmoadgens mSromelTa didi raodenobis reprezentacia da realuri profesiuli kavSirebis Camoyalibeba. profkavSiruli organizaciis mizans, solidarobisa da mSromelTa mxardaWeris garda, warmoadgens gaficvebsa da demokratiul procesebSi monawileobis gamocdilebis miReba, dasaqmebulTa cnobierebis amaRlebis kampaniebi.„gildias“ xelmZRvaneli, giga beqauri miiCnevs, rom SromiTi ufle1 xelovanTa damoukidebeli profkavSiri Teatris xelmZRvanelebis konkurss undoblobas ucxadebs da dasaqmebulebs gaficvisken mouwodebs. interpresniusi, 2022. https://www. interpressnews.ge/ka/article/693191-xelovanta-damoukidebeli-propka vshiri-teatris-xelmzgvanelebis-konkurss-undoblobas-ucxadebs-da-dasakme bulebs-gapicvisken-moucodebs/ 2 afriamaSvili sofo,„TumaniSvilis“ Teatris msaxiobebis SromiTi moTxovnebi dakmayofilda –„gildia“. netgazeTi, 2022. https://netgazeti.ge/news/645720/ 269 bebis dacva mSromelisa da profkavSirisTvis aris instrumenti da ara misi mTavari saqmianoba. axali, damoukidebeli profkavSirebis xedviT, profesiuli gaerTianeba, garda uflebebis dacvisa da solidarobis kampaniebisa, politikuri monawileobisTvis praqtikis miRebis adgilic unda iyos. damoukidebeli profesiuli kavSiris –„gildias“ dafinansebis wyaro nebayoflobiTi sawevro Senatanebia, Tumca„gildia“ srulad ar aris damokidebuli sawevro Senatanebze. partniori organizaciebisa da fondebisgan miRebuli proeqtuli dafinanseba gaerTianebis erT-erTi wyaroa, romelic gamoiyeneba, maT Soris, dasaqmebulTa cnobierebis amaRlebis kampaniebisaTvis. „gildias“ mier Sromis uflebebis dacvis TvalsazrisiT miRweuli konkretuli gamarjvebebi organizaciisa da, mTlianad, profesiuli kavSirebis mimarT zrdis ndobas, dasaqmebulTa axal TaobaSi aCens profkavSirebis Zvelisgan gansxvavebul, ufro sando da Zlier reputacias. amaze miuTiTebs, damoukidebeli profesiuli kavSirebis raodenobis zrda da SromiTi uflebebis sakiTxis aqtualizeba sazogadoebaSi. profkavSirebis axali gaerTianeba da„Rirseuli Sromis platforma“ Rirseuli Sromis platforma araformaluri erTobaa, romelic„saqarTvelos SromiTi politikis 270 gaumjobesebisa da Rirseuli SromiTi pirobebis Seqmnis ideis garSemo aerTianebs damoukidebel profesiul kavSirebs, adamianis uflebebis organizaciebsa da aqtivistebs“ 1 . platforma erTgvar„qolga organizacias“ warmoadgens, romelic mxardaWerisa da solidarobis ideiT muSaobs. organizacia imarTeba paritetuli principiT da mas ar hyavs konkretuli xelmZRvaneli an warmomadgeneli, Tumca calkeuli kampaniis SemTxvevaSi, platforma Tavad irCevs droebiT warmomadgenels. 2023 wlis seqtembrisTvis platforma TerTmet profkavSirsa da arasamTavrobo organizacias aerTianebs, romlebsac TiTo xma gaaCniaT. marTvisa da organizaciuli mowyobis sistema aCvenebs, rom Rirseuli Sromis platforma horizontalur princips eyrdnoba da araierarqiulobiT gamoirCeva. 2019 wlidan Tbilisis satransoporto kompaniis damoukidebelma profkavSirma„erToba 2013“ma,„solidarobis qselma“ da„socialur muSakTa gaerTianebam“ Seqmna„profkavSirebis axali gaerTaineba“ 2 , rac win gadadgmuli nabiji unda iyos qveyanaSi mSromelTa demokratiuli moZraobis Sesaqmnelad.„profkavSirebis axali gaerTianeba“ Sromis sferoSi Camoyalibebuli damoukidebeli profkavSirebis erTobas warmoadgens, romelic 1 Rirseuli Sromis platforma, https://shroma.ge/about/ 2 oTxi damoukidebeli profkavSiri gaerTianebas qmnis, 2019. https://on.ge/story/37079-ოთხი-დამოუკიდებელი-პროფკავშირი-გაერთიანებას-ქმნის 271 SesaZloa iyos gaerTianebuli profkavSirebis alternatiuli organizacia. „Rirseuli Sromis platforma“ da„profkavSirebis axali kavSiri“ warmoadgenen profkavSiris axali formis magaliTebs saqarTveloSi. miuxedavad axlad daarsebuli organizaciebisa, es ori iniciativa warmoadgens gaerTianebuli profkavSiris tradiciuli da ierarqiuli modelis kritikasa da win gadadgmul nabijs profkavSirebis organizebisa da moqmedebis ufro demokratiuli da horizontaluri modelisken. gamowvevebi da SesaZleblobebi, romlebic am or iniciativas aqvs saqarTveloSi SromiTi politikis gaumjobesebisa da Rirseuli samuSao pirobebis Sesaqmnelad, moicavs Sromis uflebebis Sesaxeb wevrebis codnisa da cnobierebis amaRlebas, protestisa da organizebis sxvadasxva meTodebis praqtikaSi gamocdasa da koleqtiurad muSaobis gamocdilebis miRebas. SeZlebs Tu ara es ori iniciativa mzardi damoukidebeli profesiuli kavSirebis erTi qolgis qveS konsolidacias, koleqtiuri Tanxmobis miRwevasa da sxvadasxva dargebs Soris urTierTsolidarobis gamowvevas, momdevno wlebSi gamoCndeba. 272 Sejameba saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenis pirvel wlebSi ganxorcielebuli radikaluri ekonomikuri da samarTlebriv-politikuri reformebis procesebidan sazogadoeba, TiTqmis, mTlianad gairiya. saomari moqmedebebis, samoqalaqo omis, umuSevrobis maRali maCveneblisa da socialuri siduxWiris fonze moqalaqeTa politikuri monawileobis meqanizmebi, maT Soris asociaciebisa da gaerTianebebis Camoyalibeba, SezRuduli iyo. Sedegad, qveyanaSi mimdinare reformebis, revoluciuri cvlilebebisa da, xSirad, arademokratiuli procesebis Sedegebi moqalaqeebma sakuTar Tavze wlebis Semdeg iwvnies. damoukidebeli saqarTvelos profakvSirebis istoriis aTvlis wertilad SeiZleba 1989 wlis 9 aprili iyos miCneuli, radgan am dros dawyebulma politikurma da ekonomikurma cvlilebebma ganapiroba organizaciis konfliqturi xasiaTi, rac Sidasakadro cvlilebebsa da organizaciis xelmZRvanelis mudmivad qaotur arCevnebSi gamoixateboda. amasTan, socialisturi qveynis sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlis pirobebSi, profkavSirebis balansze arsebuli uZravi qoneba da materialuri saxsrebi daCqarebuli privatizaciis pirobebSi kerZo sargeblis miRebis saSualebac iyo. garda kerZo interesebs daqvemdebarebuli ekonomikuri mogebisa, profkav273 Sirebi mimzidvel Zalas warmoadgenda politikuri partiebisa da interesjgufebisTvis, radgan mravalaTasiani, wevrobaze dafuZnebuli gaerTianebis kontroli damatebiTi resursi iyo Zalauflebis konsolidaciisaTvis. amas xeli Suwyo profkavSirebis centralizaciam, rac aadvilebda gaerTianebis kontrols da masze gavlenis moxdenas. garda zemoT CamoTvlili sakiTxebisa, profesiuli kavSirebis gaerTianebis istorias aCrdilad dahyveba sabWoTa memkvidreobiT miRebuli kulturuli rwmena-warmodgenebi, rom profesiuli kavSirebi „sabWoTa gadmonaSTia“, an is, rom sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi profesiul gaerTianebebs dakarguli aqvs Tavisi funqcia, radgan SromiTi uflebebis darRvebis SemTxvevaSi arseboben iuristebi an arasamTavrobo organizaciebi, romlebic dasaqmebulTa uflebebis darRvevis kerZo SemTxvevebze samarTalwarmoebas daiwyeben. centralurma profkavSirulma gaerTianebam dRemde ver daZlia Sidaorganizaciuli demokratiis winaSe arsebuli xarvezebi da isev rCeba mSromelTaTvis naklebad sando organizaciad. miuxedavad imisa, rom profesiuli kavSirebisa da Sromis istoria damoukidebel saqarTveloSi jer kidev rTulad mosaxelTebeli sakvlevi sferoa, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom profkavSiruli moZraoba jerac gardamaval fazasa da adaptaciis procesSia. saqarTveloSi Sromis sferos sWirdeba warsulis mem274 kvidreobis daZleva da demokratiis, solidarobisa da mravalferovnebis principebis dacva, ara rogorc „sabWoTa gadmonaSTis“, aramed, rogorc demokratiisa da qveynis stabiluri ganviTarebisTvis aucilebeli meqanizmebisa. 275 irakli petriaSvili msoflio profkavSirebis generalur mdivanTan, luk trianglTan erTad evropis profkavSirebis konfederaciis( ETUC ) mier daorganizebul aqciaze. foto: saqarTvelos profkavSirebis gaerTianeba, 2023 276 1 maisi, 2023 weli – mSromelTa saerTaSoriso solidarobis dRe. foto: saqarTvelos profkavSirebis gaerTianeba, 2023 277 1 maisi, 2023 weli – mSromelTa saerTaSoriso solidarobis dRe. foto: saqarTvelos profkavSirebis gaerTianeba, 2023 278 foto: saqarTvelos profkavSirebis gaerTianeba 279 luka pertaia, netgazeTi, 2020 wyaro: Rirseuli Sromis platforma 280 wyaro: Tornike mandaria, 2018, jemniusi wyaro: solidarobis qseli, 2017 281 wyaro: 2017 wlis 1-eli maisi, giorgi diasamiZe, netgazeTi 282 wyaro:`gildias~ feisbuqi, fotografi sofo afciauri, 2023 283 ირაკლი ირემაძე გაბრიელ ჩუბინიძე ქეთი სართანია Sromis istoria თბილისი 2024 publikaciaSi gamoqveynebuli vizualuri masalebi daculia saqarTvelos erovnul arqivSi, saqarTvelos parlamentis erovnul biblioTekasa da ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis biblioTekaSi. publikaciaSi gamoyenebuli vizualuri masalebis nawili mopovebulia internetis Ria wyaroebis saSualebiT fotoebis gamoyenebis nebarTva„kavkasiurma saxlma“ miiRo saavtoro uflebebis mflobeli pirebisagan teqstis redaqtori dizaineri/damkabadonebeli marika tyeSelaSvili nikoloz gelaSvili kulturul urTierTobaTa centri – kavkasiuri saxli Tbilisi, g. tabiZis q. # 20