International Trade Union Organisations Inventory of the Archive of Social Democracy and the Library of the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung Published on behalf of the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung by: Peter Rütters, Michael Schneider, Erwin Schweißhelm, Rüdiger Zimmermann 1

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Contents Foreword Ernst Breit 5 Introduction by the publishers 7 International Trade Secretariats – Origins, Development, Activities Peter Rütters 9 Archive of Social Democracy(AdsD) of the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung Christine Bobzien, Ulrike Ehnes, Ralf Gräf, Sabina Huppertz, Michael Oberstadt, Hans-Holger Paul, Martin Raabe, Jutta Spoden Profile of the Archive 29 International Trade Union Movement Archives within the AdsD 31 Stocks of the International Trade Union Organisations in the Archive of Social Democracy of the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung 33 Stock Description 37 Library of the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung Rainer Gries Profile of the Library 57 Stocks of the International Trade Union Organisations in the Library of the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung 59 Stock Description 62 Appendix Overview of the Development of International Trade Union Organisations Rainer Gries 85 Selected Bibliography Peter Rütters 95 List of Abbreviations Rainer Gries 97 Index Rainer Gries 99 3

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Foreword The International Confederation of Free Trade Unions(ICFTU) put their world congress 2000 in Durban under the motto“Globalising social justice: trade unionism in the 21st century”. The globalisation of trade relations has led to dislodgements of decision making from the national to the international level. Therefore, trade unions concentrate even more on new aims which give these developments their due: the basic rules for world trade are being enhanced by a social dimension. In times of internationally effective economic and social upheavals and insecurities, the trade unions remain, on the national as well as on the international level, the most important representatives of the employees. In view of globalisation and growing regional economic integration – especially in the EU – the international labour organisations meet with growing public attention. The history as well as the policy of the international labour organisations guarantee a both dependable and efficient cross-border representation of labour interests. Globalisation of economic relations shaped by social considerations – this is the task which the international labour movement has made its own ever since its foundation. This task is as relevant as the trade unions in their function as representatives of employees in all parts of the world. Insecurity and fear stems, for a good part at least, from missing or malinformation. Therefore it is important for all those who deal with trade unions, politics, economy, science, and media for instance with regard to matters of globalisation, to know the positions and the policy of international labour organisations. For this reason, I welcome the fact that with this publication, the very large inventory of documents and publications of international labour organisations in the FriedrichEbert-Stiftung is brought to the attention of a larger public. The successful stock-building is a good example for the closely-knit cooperation between various departments within the foundation as well as with the international labour organisations – which made this stockbuilding possible. Those who want an overview of the questions and policies of international labour movements will find a large and unique source of information in the Archive and the Library of the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung! I want to encourage the reader to make use of this offer: the history of international labour movement, the work of the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU) and the International Trade Secretariats(ITS) give important impetus to the understanding and shaping of international cooperation. The managing board of the FriedrichEbert-Stiftung thank Dr. Peter Rütters and those employees of the Foundation who have contributed to the making of this publication. Ernst Breit Deputy Chairman of Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung 5

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Introduction by the Publishers After having acquired extensive archive and library stocks of international trade secretariats over the last few years, the Archive of Social Democracy and the Library of the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung have been considering publicising these acquisitions for some months. This has become a joint effort of the Archive, the Library and the Dept. of International Development Cooperation of the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung as well as representatives of academic research into trade unions – which is a good example of the cooperation during the stock-building of trade union materials in the Archive and the Library. The readers with historical or political or trade union interests are offered a concentrated overview of the present inventory of documents and publications of international labour organisations in the Archive and the Library of the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung. The extensive and important stock of European trade union organisations which was obtained by the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung will also be presented to the public before long. The introductory contribution by Peter Rütters on“International Trade Secretariats – Their Origins – Their Development – Their Activities” is followed by the description of the separate inventories, each of which is preceded by a short history of the inventories in both Archive and Library. The descriptive passages contain information regarding the extent, the languages, the kinds of documents and publications as well as specified items of the inventory. Introductory short descriptions and“posters” regarding archive and library are intended to facilitate usage for the reader, – and to open up the world of international labour movements and international labour policies for his mind. The Library is currently preparing a data base with the aim of catalogueing all publications of international labour organisations therein: http://library.fes.de/cgi-bin/populo/ beruf_en.pl(English version) and http:// library.fes.de/cgi-bin/populo/beruf.pl(German version). For further information on archive and library inventories of international labour organisations please see IALHI(International Association of Labour History Institutions), http://www.ialhi.org/iabout.html. The publishers thank the co-workers on this description of the stocks and also the colleagues in the international trade union organisations who by their cooperation and sending of documents and publications provide the basis for the further development of the inventories. Peter Rütters, Michael Schneider, Erwin Schweißhelm, Rüdiger Zimmermann 7

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International Trade Secretariats – Origins, Development, Activities * Peter Rütters International Trade Secretariats(ITS) are confederations of autonomous, national trade unions of certain branches, industries or employee groups. At present, there are still 10 trade secretariats(cf. table 2) which feel connected in their programs to the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU), are recognized by it and have representational rights in the congress and the managing board of the ICFTU. 1 The founding story of the trade secretariats goes back to the 19th century. Founding and Origins Even before the trade union founding process in Europe was closed on the national level, there were initial international contacts in the last third of the 19th century and first contracts between manual workers’ trade secretariats. These relations between national trade secretariats, which initially were mostly bilateral, were at first confined to travel aid and the reciprocity of membership recognitions; they were first efforts at guiding European labour migration and influencing its effects(strikebreaking, among others) on local/national wage and work conditions. The connections made in the 1870s and 1880s remained instable, partly due to the weakness of the trade unions, partly due to restrictive political conditions(e.g. Sozialistengesetz). Only since 1889,“international federations” of trade and branch unions were founded. This was triggered by workers’ congresses in commemoration of the French Revolution Centenary which were held simultaneously(and competitively) by the Possibilists and Socialists /Marxists in Paris and which meeting forums to many representatives of trade and branch unions. Both the congresses of 1889 and the following worker and socialist congresses of the Socialist International(SI) were the starting points of the founding of independent international trade unions: the International Trade Secre* The following sketch is no effort at rendering an overview of the history, development, policy and function of ITS or to treat these various aspects equally. Some aspects, such as the initial phase, the institutionalization, the extension of European to global“Trade Internationals“ as well as some areas of action will be considered in brief abstracts. One accent was here placed on the historic dimension(Origins and Development between 1890 and 1945/49) mostly because the stock of publications and archive materials, which are conserved by international trade secretariats in the archive and the library of the FES, represents an amazing – and often not sufficiently recognized – inventory of sources and materials on the history and development of these labour organisations.(This introductory sketch will do without extensive annotations, source and literature notes due its shortness; a small bibliography, which lists some more recent works, but also older standard literature on this topic, should be sufficient to encourage further studies – see the annex of this publication). 1 Apart from the“free trade union“ trade secretariats – which the following sketch will deal with – where the social democratic /socialist oriented trade unionists were dominantly represented, there have been since the beginning 20s international workers’ associations of the Christian trade unions, today’s World Confederation of Labour(WCL); in the 1920s/1930s, the Communist Red Trade Union International (RTUI) had 15 socalled“Profintern“, International Propaganda Committees, which did not partake of original trade union functions; the organisational and financially independent trade departments of the World Trade Union Confederation(WGB), originating since 1949, and the Labour International which was Communist-ruled since 1949, had most of their members in the Soviet Union and only few relevant branch unions in Western industrialized countries(esp. France and Italy), since 1989, these trade departments as much as the WGB itself have almost completely lost their importance. 9

tariats. 2 Although they originated from congresses of the Socialist International in the 1890s, the foundation of an“international trade secretariat” or an“international federation” simultaneously meant the distancing from its political domination and the chance, to unite competing political directions within a trade secretariat. Up to 1914, the scope included not only social democratic/ socialist, syndicalist(esp. in France and the Netherlands), and trade unionist(partly anti-socialist, British) trade unions, but in some ITS also contained liberal and Christian trade unions. Even among the first foundings of trade secretariats, two types can be distinguished: (1) trade unions with manufactural traditions whose interest in international relations was status-oriented – the organisational perspective of most of these ITS was bound to the development of the respective profession;(2) trade secretariats which represented branches or industries; even if the founders’ intention was not the principle of industrial unions, most of these trade secretariats united various professions in one branch; the branch principle was an important prerequisite for an expansive development of the organisation and the chance that the organisation was long-lived. 3 Up to the First World War, several dozen trade secretariats developed. At the same time, there were first mergers of existing secretariats. In 1913, the International Federation of Trade Unions(IFTU), which had emerged in the same year from the transformation of the International Secretariat of the National Trade Union Federations, already registered 32 trade secretariats with approx. 4.5 million members 4 (see table 1) in their“Tenth International Report on the Labour Movement 1912”. The founding of the IFTU was followed by a reciprocal acknowledgement and borderlining of activities of the international federations of professional and branch trade unions and the international organisation of the national umbrella associations. The possible development and activities of the trade secretariats in this founding phase were very limited. Organisation and membership number growth was limited. Institutionally, the trade secretariats did not have their own secretariats or functionaries. Their activities were in the hands of a resourceful national trade union with numerous members. In view of the organisational development of the German trade unions after the turn of the century, but also in view of the geographical situation of this country, 27 of 32 secretariats(1913) had their seat in Germany, with German associations 5 . Correspondence and other activities for the trade secretariat were handled by functionaries of the association or by the chairman himself, 2 One step ahead were the printers who had invited to a first international congress for 18th to 21st July 1889, which decided in favour of the“creation of a centre for the management of international relations“. Other professional groups and branches such as the miners (1890), the metal workers(1893), the textile workers(1893/4), the cobblers(1893), clothes manufacturers(1893) and lithographers(1896) followed in the next years with their founding congresses. Cf. W. Kulemann: Die Berufsvereine, Geschichtliche Entwicklung der Berufsorganisationen der Arbeitgeber aller Länder, Vol. 6, Berlin 1913, pp. 236-305. 3 The detachment of professional trade unions due to industrial structures was expressed on the occasion of the fusion of trade secretariats for bakers, patisseurs and related trade colleagues, of brewers and meat workers in the International Union of Federations of Workers in the Food and Drink Trades(IUF) in 1920, in a resolution of the founding congress, which explained the fusion as a reaction to changes in the food industry and the national trade unions, as the progressing“combination of most various food and victuals productions in some large firms becomes ever more apparent and this concentration of the production in a number of states was answered by a unification of workers’ associations from these branches into food workers’ unions“.(International Union of Federations of Workers in the Food and Drink Trades, Protocol of the talks of the International Congress of Food Workers, Zurich 25.-27. 8.1920, Hamburg, p. 28). At this point in time, the industrial make of the IUF preceded development on the national level, nevertheless the concept IUF was future-oriented, since it followed a continuity-based organisational principle. 4 Cf. IGB(ed.): Zehnter Internationaler Bericht über die Gewerkschaftsbewegung 1912, Berlin 1913, p. 257; also Sabine Hanna Leich/ Wolfgang Kruse: Internationalismus und nationale Interessenvertretung. Zur Geschichte der internationalen Gewerkschaftsbewegung, Köln 1991, p. 45. 5 Cf. 10. Internationaler Bericht über die Gewerkschaftsbewegung 1912, Berlin 1913, p. 257. 10

Table 1: Membership of the various International Trade Secretariats 6 No. International Secretariat of Headquarters 1 Bakers................ 2 Barbers, hairdressers.... 3 Bookbinders........... 4 Boot, Shoe and Leather workers........ 5 Brewery workers....... 6 Building Trades workers. 7 Butchers, Slaughtermen etc. 8 Carpenters............ 9 Carvers............... 10 Commercial cklerks..... 11 Diamond workers...... 12 Factory workers........ 13 Fur workers........... 14 Glass workers.......... 15 Hatters............... 16 Hotel, Restaurant workers 17 Lithographers.......... 18 Metal workers......... 19 Miners............... 20 Painters............... 21 Paviors............... 22 Pottery workers........ 23 Potters............... 24 Printers............... 25 Saddlers.............. 26 State and municipal work. 27 Stone workers.......... 28 Tailors................ 29 Textile workers......... 30 Tobacco workers....... 31 Transport workes....... 32 Wood workers Hamburg, Germany Berlin,“ Berlin,“ Nuremberg,“ Berlin,“ Hamburg,“ Berlin,“ Hamburg,“ Berlin,“ Amsterdam, Holland Antwerpen, Belgium Hannover, Germany Berlin,“ Berlin,“ Altenburg,“ Berlin“ Berlin“ Stuttgart“ Manchester, Gr. Britain Hamburg, Deutschland Berlin,“ Berlin,” Berlin,” Stuttgart,” Berlin,” Berlin,” Zürich, Switzerland Berlin, Deutschland Manchester, Gr. Bitain Bremen, Germany Berlin,” Berlin,” National federations or unions and their membership Local unions or societies and their membership No. of No. of male female total No. of No. of male female total unions countr. unions countr. 16 13 62301 6380 68681 – – – – – 4 4 4850 – 4850 – – – – – 13 13 26897 23009 49906 1 1??? Total numer of affiliated members male female total 62301 4850 26897 6380 23009 68681 4850 49906 13 13?? 105600__ 1 9 1 9 126650 4242 1 130892__ _______ _______ 6 6 83863_ 83863__ _______ _______ 1 1 9850- 9850 16 6 8 8 267711 30290 298001 – – – – – – –– – 14 14 29020 – 29020 2 2 15 15 21867 11046 32913 – – 6 6 17295 1209 18504 5 4 20 15 35923 – 35923 – – ??????? – – – – –– – 10 10 72074 – 72074 – – 8 8 2 . 2 . 2 . 2 2 – – – – –– – 6 6?? 15974 2 2 18 18 137451 – 3 137451 – – 6 5 18875 1244 20119 – – 10 9 70002 2023 72025 – – 4 16 4 16 75000 – 4 75000 – – – – – – –– – – – – – –– – – – – – –– – 43 17?? 875256 7 4 39 20?? 5 393125 2 2 ___?? 105600 ___ 126650 4242 130892 ______ ______ ___ 83863_ 83863 ______ ______ 5362_ 5362 15212_ 15212 – – – 267711 30290 298001 – – – – – – 210 – 210 29230_ 29230 – – – 21867 11046 32913 2025 – 2025 19320 1209 20529 – – – 35923 – 35923 ????? 116003 – – – – – – – – – 72074 – 72074 357 – 357 2 . 2 . 2 . – – – – – – 140 – 140?? 16114 – – – 137451 – 3 137451 – – – 18876 1244 20119 – – – 70002 2023 72025 – – – 75000 – 75000 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – ?? 6694?? 881950 ?? 230?? 5 393355 1 Including the American Federation with which only mutual agreements exist. 2 The particulars at hand are incomplete. 3 No details are at hand in the case of the Bulgarian Typographers‘ Federation which numers 300-400 members. 4 In five countries the stone workers belong to the building workers‘ union. 5 The number of membership is missing in the case of five federations. on an honorary basis. Therefore, trade secretariats had no institutional autonomy. This limitation was also mirrored in the geographical organisation of the trade secretariats. Even though various ITS listed trade unions in the United States as member associations, such as the Miners’ and Metal Worker’s International, and also the professional ITS of bakers, brewers, meat workers, hatters and potters 7 , the exchange of opinions and information, the formulation of common positions, assistance in more serious confrontations as well as the first beginnings of coordinated actions were clearly concentrated 6 Cf. Tenth International Report of the Trades Union Movement, 1912, Berlin 1913, p. 250. 7 Cf. Die Internationalen Beziehungen der deutschen Arbeitgeber-, Angestellten- und Arbeiterverbände, bearb. im Kaiserlichen Statistischen Amte, Abt. für Arbeiterstatistik(= 9. Sonderheft zum Reichs-Arbeitsblatte), Berlin 1914, p. 20) The relation with American trade unions reacted in the first place to the strong immigration into the US; the integration of American trade unions, which often stemmed from the personal relations of American trade unionists to European associations, had the main aim of organising the immigrants. 11

on the European member associations. A permanent institutionally grounded extension of the organisation was achieved by most of the ITS only since the 1950s. In the founding phase, – and also later on – the development and activities of the trade secretariats were defined by the national actions of their member unions, which blocked the path to organisational autonomy for a long time. The limits of international activities and international solidarity became apparent at the start of the First World War. It interrupted the further development of the international labour organisations who faced the outbreak of the war without being able to intervene in the spirit of their anti-war programmes. Most member associations had very quickly been integrated in the national war coalitions and were prepared to support the mobilization in their countries, especially since they were offered governmental recognition in return. For the International Trade Secretariats, this integration of the trade unions in the war preparations of the opposing and allied nations became an aggravating circumstance when a restitution of normality was needed after the end of the war. As a consequence, for most trade secretariats the reorganisation and cooperation of the member associations was delayed. Even though the national unions’ and the International Trade Secretariats’ lack of power to act in the face of the beginning First World War and the integration especially of the German trade unions into the war policies of the German Kaiserreich – which were felt to be a blatant violation of trade unionist and socialist principles – delayed and hemmed the reorganisation of the trade secretariats in 1919/1920, the ITS soon faced different problems and necessities which limited their development, their scope of action and their influence. A politicization of the labour movement through the splitting of the workers movement and the establishment of“Richtungsgewerkschaften”(trade unions with specific political or religious orientation) on the national and the international level, the disastrous world economic crisis, the establishment of authoritarian and dictatorial regimes and the outbreak of the Second World War were the main coordinates to influence and once more constrict the development of trade secretariats in the interwar years. The foundation of new and the fusion of existing trade secretariats took also place between the wars. In the early 30s, there were 29 trade secretariats(1938: 26). Their membership numbered from a few thousand (hairdressers aides 1931: 11,189) up to more than 2 million(Transport Workers International 1931: 2.3 Mill.; Metal Workers International: 1.8 Mill.). With few exceptions(e.g the ITF 8 ), their member associations and their fields of action were limited to Europe; first efforts to extend the space of action towards North and Latin America were foiled by the world economic crisis and the Second World War. Only a few ITS could build up an independent organisation 9 , so that their activities, which in most cases were still handled by the secretariat of a member trade union, were limited to the exchange of information on collective bargaining, working conditions, security of work places, health considerations and support of strikes and solidarity actions here and there. The few initiatives in the interwar years where trade secretariats – especially the ITF – tried to obtain political influence beyond the representation of trade union interests, among others with boycotts,(esp. against the Horthy regime in Hungary, against 8 This definition is valid for the International Transport Workers Federation, which had associations even in the 20s/30s in various extra-European regions, but still remained, like the other ITS, a basically European organisation, Sigrid Koch-Baumgarten: Gewerkschaftsinternationalismus und die Herausforderung der Globalisierung. Das Beispiel der Internationalen Transportarbeiterföderation, Frankfurt a.M. 1999, p. 67. 9 Lewis L. Lorwin: Die Internationale der Arbeit. Geschichte und Ausblick, Berlin 1930, p. 179 f., points out 5 trade secretariats with secretaries and an autonomous secretarial staff. 12

arms deals to Poland during the Polish-Russian War, against Fascism in Italy and National Socialism in Germany) or with interventions in decisive work struggles such as the British general miners’ strike in 1926, showed that international/European trade unions were willing to take action, but the minor effect which these actions eventually had, marked the limits of such interventions and efforts at coordination of the trade secretariats. 10 Since the foundation of the International Labour Organisation(ILO) in 1919, the representation and coordination of national branch trade unions in this tripartite institution won some importance for some ITS, although expectations regarding the efficiency at regulating conflicts were often raised too high. Initially at least, trade secretariats such as ITF, MIF and IUF searched enthusiastically for international conventions regarding professional and branch specific problems as well as general problems such as maintenance of industrial health and safety standards, industrial law and social security systems, and the expectation was to establish internationally recognized norms with international agreements (conventions, recommendations), which could then be adopted on the national level. These great expectations, as the trade secretariats had to recognize as early as the 20s and 30s, failed partly because of the tripartite structure of the ILO board, partly because of the reservations of national states against ratifications, without the ILO as an organisation losing its importance for the trade unions and especially for the ITS. Representation and coordination functions of trade secretariats were necessitated by the existence of the ILO and therefore accepted. With the foundation of the Red Trade Union International(RTUI, 1921), initiated by the Communist International as political opposition and propaganda instrument against the „Amsterdam“ International, relations intensified between the ITS and the IFTU, where socialist /social democratic trade unions were dominant. The degree of autonomy of the ITS, their representation in the boards of the IFTU and their influence on its policies remained issues of contention, however. Versus the RTUI and the Soviet trade unions, the ITS kept their distance, although there were some initiatives towards integrating Soviet industrial unions during the 1920s and after the Nazi takeover in Germany within some ITS(MIF and IUF, among others). Cooperation of Soviet industrial unions with the trade secretariats – for some time during the 1920s, even the Soviet food workers’ union belonged to the IUF – did not occur, though, as their demands and comments were marked by a polemical confrontation attitude against“Amsterdam”(the IFTU) and social democratic trade union functionaries, although the question of joining aggravated relations within the ITS intermittently. Incisions in the basis of memberships, resources and action of the trade unions were marked by the establishment of authoritarian and dictatorial regimes(in Italy, Germany, Austria, Spain a.s.o.). The Nazi“Machtergreifung” above all withdrew members and resources to a considerable degree from the trade secretariats, which had already been reduced by the effects of the world economic crisis, while simultaneously new challenges – the support of trade union resistance and intensified propaganda against fascism and national socialism – also approached them. With a variety of measures and more or less intense, with a limited range and no accounting for effects, some trade secretariats participated in activities against the NS regime. 11 10 CF for ITF activities Koch-Baumgarten: Gewerkschaftsinternationalismus, pp. 66-89; for the British general strike and miners’ strike, Karl Georg Herrmann: Die Geschichte des Internationalen Bergarbeiterverbandes 1890-1939, Frankfurt a.M. 1994, pp. 221-257. 11 Instead of a comprehensive description and for some facets of ITS participation in resistance compare Willy Buschak: Arbeit im kleinsten Zirkel. Gewerkschaften im Widerstand gegen den Nationalsozialismus, Hamburg, 1993; also Quellen zur Geschichte der deutschen Gewerkschaftsbewegung im 20. Jahrhundert, ed. by Siegfried Mielke und Hermann Weber, vol. 5: Die Gewerkschaften im Widerstand und in der Emigration 1933-1945, bearb. von Siegfried Mielke und Mathias Frese, Frankfurt a.M. 1999, – the emphasis here is on activities of the ITF and the miners, in which the MIF participated only partly. 13

The spreading of authoritarian and dictatorial regimes in the 30s having limited the development of the basis of members and the geographical range of trade secretariats, the Second World War reduced the activities of almost all ITS and forced some to stop their activities altogether. The ITF was a prominent exception, other trade secretariats were reduced to correspondence and planning for the postwar period. After 1945, the existence of branch internationals was put into question by the formation of the WFTU 12, as a politically diverse overall organisation, while the IFTU was dissolved. The organisational ideas of most founding organisations(the British TUC, the US-American CIO, the French CGT and the Central Council of Soviet trade unions were in the lead) presumed that the trade secretariats should be integrated in the new world trade union organisation, while the planned establishment of financially and organisationally independent trade sections in the WFTU did not go undisputed. Insofar as the ITS had not already used the preparation period prior to the foundation of the World Trade Union Organisation to influence its conceptualization, its quick revival now confronted the WFTU with the problem of having to negotiate the prerogatives of the integration and status of the planned“trade sections” within a unifying World Trade Union Organisation with the existing or re-organised trade secretariats, most of which had no majorities for a WFTU integration at the cost of yielding their organisational independence. Basic areas for conflict had become apparent as early as 1946. In September 1948, even prior to the splitting of the WFTU, the marked insistence and autonomy claim of the ITS, the Social Democratic/Socialist orientation of most leading functionaries in the ITS, the retarding effect of democratic decision-making in the trade secretariats, as well as the WFTU policy to deny autonomy areas to the ITS, led to the final failure of the negotiations about the integration of the trade secretariats. The failure of WFTU-ITS negotiations in 1948 strengthened the will to stay independent mostly among small trade secretariats such as the Tobacco Workers International, the Hotel and Restaurant Employees’ Union as well as the International Union of Shoe and Leather Workers, which were supposed to fuse with other trade secretariats according to the WFTU plans and now cancelled negotiations for fusions – until changed frame conditions and pressing action necessitated or enforced this step. The failure of WFTU-ITS negotiations not only led to a more homogeneous member structure in that Communist oriented/dominated trade unions among others in France and Italy cancelled their relations with the trade secretariats, if they had not already done so in 1946/47 during the long-drawn out negotiations, but the failure also led to an ideologically based delineation. A result of the failure – i.e. actually a circumstancial effect of the Cold War – was the loss of traditional geographical organisation areas in Middle and Eastern Europe for more than four decades, while in Third World regions, trade union ambitions and activities of the trade secretariats were at times shaped or at least influenced by the competition with the trade sections of the WFTU which had been founded in 1949. After the splitting of the WFTU and the foundation of the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions(ICFTU) 13 , the relation between ICFTU and ITS was regulated in the 12 The WFTU had been founded as a politically diverse umbrella organisation in Paris in 1945 but could not bridge the conceptional, functional and political differences between Communist associations and social democratic trade unions; it became a political instrument used above all by the Soviet trade unionists after a short period of time. The splitting of the WFTU manifested once more the rift in the labour movement which had been there since 1917. 13 The ICFTU was founded late in 1949, after the social democratically oriented umbrella organisations had left the WFTU in early 1949. 14

“Milano Agreement”(1951, revised in 1969 and 1991): The autonomy of the ITS was acknowledged, attachment to one and the same labour movement was proclaimed and the ITS pledged to adopt the general policy of the ICFTU. In most ITS statutes, however, political independence is stressed; various ITS therefore avoided formal ratification of the Agreement of 1951 and of the revision of 1969. The declaration of 1991 which put less stress on the political primate of the ICFTU, seems to have been accepted for the most part by the trade secretariats. Institutionalisation With the foundation of the trade secretariats, small area organisations had come into being which were bound to a ‚managing‘ member association and had no institutional autonomy or competences. For most ITS, this organisational limitation corresponded to – although there was a growth in the 1920s – the relatively small number of member associations and the geographical limitation to Europe. As late as the 1920s/30s, extra-European trade unions did not continuously participate in activities of the trade secretariats and were present in the decision boards only sporadically. The global expansion since the 1950s, branch differentiation by fusioning of trade secretariats, the ensuing greater number of member associations, a more or less notable conversion of functions and not least the meagre resources, added up to the more intense institutionalisation and“professionalization“ of the trade secretariats and thereby augmented the organisational autonomy of trade secretariats with regard to the member associations. It became the main task to integrate a more heterogenous member structure and to have them take decisions on the central(global) level, and to react to changed challenges regarding the conception, organisation and trade union policy. All ITS(mostly) have four organizational levels with varying size and functions: congress, executive committee, managing committee 14, , secretariat. The congress as the highest body consists of the delegates of all associated members and will sit(as at present) every four to five years. 15 Changes in statutes, definition of policy guidelines, ratification of the acceptance of new members, fixing the contributions, and the election of the president, the vice president and the general secretary belong to the most important tasks of the congress. The executive committee which functions as decision maker in the interim between congresses and convenes once a year, is set up according to a distribution code(statutory). As with the central committee of the IMF, it can contain all member associations, prefer certain national organisations(ICEF/ICEM), have country groups and/or regional groups as basis(IUF); besides, there are regulations to ensure the representation of branch groups and – a recent development – the representation of women by quota 16 in the relevant boards. Due to the extension of the congress period, the executive committee has been conferred important competences of the con14 The technical terms for the bodies vary more than shown here, their function however is basically the same, in that there is an organ next to the congress which can confer in short intervals(once a year, in most cases) without a lot of financial and administrative trouble, but which can claim a relatively high legitimacy for its decisions which the congress had earlier on. This other organ, figuring as a President’s Board or managing committee or similarly, is supposed to take on administrative tasks, direct and supervise the work of the secretariat and make„day to day policy“ decisions; as it consists of few members, it can meet more frequently; it is more important, though, that the executive used to develop a tendency to assemble more members with progressively less discussion and decisionmaking capability, which in turn leads to the prior debate and concensus-finding sessions of the managing committee where controversial questions are concerned. – Centralisation and participation losses are the consequences. 15 Since the 1950s, the congress periods had been extended for organisation and financial reasons; the loss of participation and gain of functionality was partly compensated by the revaluation and enlargement of sub-committees which have decision competence between the congresses. 16 The gender issue is on the internal agenda of most ITS since the 1980s, in order to push the representation of women in the member associations and within the relevant boards. 15

gress, such as the acceptance of new members, the fixing of contributions or extra contributions and policy decisions. The managing board is a small council of leaders and guides which supervises the secretariat, prepares decisions of the executive committee and the congress, has administrative functions but is also required to sort out controversial basic issues in their first stages. It has this power because next to the general secretary(ex officio member), the president and the vice president belong to it, who usually represent the most important and influential member organisations, even if – in order to reach a global integration – there is a tendency towards the constitution of the board according to regions (continents). The president has representational functions, while activities and political ambitions of the ITS are to a great extent expressed by the long-serving general secretaries. On the whole, it can be said that the few decision making bodies changed their form only marginally, despite the considerable changes in member structures, of the geographical and the expertise range, of new challen-ges. Functional and institutional changes in the trade secretariats showed not so much in the reorganisation of the managing boards but in changes in their constitution and competences, which can be characterized as a centralisation of the decision making structures. The basic transformation has taken place in the change from a direct representation of all member associations in the congress and the managing board to a representational system as a result of an increasing number of member associations and geographical and professional expansion. Thus, member associations in toto can only convene in congress, the importance of which was reduced due to the extension of the congress period. Centralisation of the global decision making structure demanded that integration elements be built in, as a heterogenous member structure developed due to fusions, branch extensions and a growing number of extraEuropean member associations as a consequence of the efforts at globalisation. One such element was special representation rights for single branch groups in the central organs, another the introduction of regional representation principles in the central organs. As a balance against the centralisation of the decision making structure, most trade secretariats have created regional organisations(some, like IMF and ITF, have only regional offices), as well as expert or branch groups with their own conferences and managing boards, to allow for de-centralisation of processes in decision-making, in determination of guidelines and in activities. Branch oriented decentralisation and regionalisation offer the possibility of continued participation of the member associations in the central decision making processes while taking stock of regional and branch specific interests. These structural principles which result from the ITS development into differentiated and complex organisations, mark the effort of creating a(somewhat unstable) balance between(potentially) centrifugal tendencies of regional and branch interests on the one hand and centralised decision making on the global level, necessitated by functional demands, on the other hand. Expansion and Integration The continued existence and competence of trade secretariats depends, among other things, on their ability to keep enough members who are willing and capable of providing the necessary resources. In order to extend the reservoir of members within the geographical and expertise range and in order to fullfil the representation claim, the ITS had to adapt their organisational structure to the demands of a‘global’ trade union international. The expansion of the trade secretariats was two-dimensional: sectoral, by extension of the expertise range with the aid of fusions or representational extension, and geographical(after the Second World War) by the joining of extra-European trade unions. 16

Fusions and sectoral expansion Most of the trade secretariats developed from an organisation for professions and crafts 17 to an organisation which includes one or more industrial professions 18; the following diagram regarding the history of fusions of the textile, garment- and leather workers’ secretariats is exemplary for this process. The foundation of the IUF as a fusion of“trade” secretariats into an association for the“food industry” is an example for this development. On the other hand, the Miners’ International, the International Metal Workers’ Federation (IMF) or the International Transport Workers’ Federation(ITF) belong to a group of trade secretariats which organised a clearly defined industrial sector since they were founded. Metal and Food Workers’ International, just to take two examples, represented industrial sectors which were flexible and adaptable enough for the change from craft branches to branches which were defined by industrialized production methods. How and when the extension of expertise organisation areas by fusions took place was defined by both external and internal factors: growing demands due to the‘global‘ expansion, growing demands on representation (ILO, other UN organisations), branch-specific member- and resource weaknesses, and not least fusions on the national level of influential member associations, which demanded or sometimes even enforced adaptation processes of the trade secretariats(e.g. the joining of the International Tobacco Workers Association to the IUF in 1958). To name but one example for a fusion resulting from an existential crisis, there is the joining, in 1994, of the International Federation of Plantation, Agricultural and Allied Workers(IFPAAW) as a branch group to the Food Workers’ International 19; this meant an extension of the organisation sector to the farm and plantation workers for the IUF, thus an expertise extension by the whole agro-industrial area, even though it is doubtful whether the gains in terms of memberships 20 also improved the basic resources. The 1995 merging of ICEF(Chemistry Workers International) and the MIF(Miners’ International Federation) represents an offensive tackling of foreseeable resource and power problems. For years, the MIF had been facing the structural dilemma of a rapidly decreasing number of members in Western European countries’ trade unions, who had carried the trade secretariat organisationwise and financially, while simultaneously there was an increased need for action in Third World organisations and since 1989 in Middle and Eastern European organisations. The merging was supposed to bridge this dilemma and to guarantee an international representation of miners’ unions in the frame of organisational and political stability of a trade secretariat carried by national trade unions with a long tradition of international trade union policy. The International Federation of Chemical, Engergy, Mining and Factory Workers’ Trade Unions(ICEM), which resulted from this merger, was joined by the recently reactivated 17 A great number of small, craft-defined trade secretariats were very persistent due to their strong professional or branch identity. This turned out to be a hindrance for the reorganisation plans of the WFTU in 1945/48, but also for the ICFTU suggestion of the mid 1950s to concentrate the ITS into 7 organisations. Fusions of individual trade secretariats also fell victim to this conservative identity in that they were delayed or handicapped. 18 The term“industrial profession“ is here used in a simplifying manner. The ITS have developed various areas of representation: next to industrial sectors(miners) and professional groups(teachers), status groups(employees) or employers(public service, postal service) serve as demarcation criteria. 19 This fusion renews failed efforts at cooperation of the 1950s: in the 1950s, the IUF had participated in building up the international plantation labourers’ activities; in the mid/end 1950s there were considerations and negotiations in view of a merger with the then existing ILF (International Landworkers’ Federation). Prior to the foundation of the International Plantation Workers’ Federation(IPWF,1957) and jointly with the merger of IPWF and ILF 1959, a participation of the IUF was also debated, but eventually turned down due to considerable financial burdens which in turn would have resulted in dependence from the ICFTU. – Cf. ICFTU,International Trade Secretariats, Brussels 1962, pp.54 ff. 20 From 1993 to 1997, the number of associated organisations has moved from 233(in 89 countries) to 343(in 112 countries), the number of members has increased to 2.6 million from 2.4 million. 17

Chart: Development and Fusions of Trade Secretariats of Textile, Garment, and Leather Workers a) (1892-1970) International Secretariat of Shoemakers (1893-1900) International Secretariat of Leather Workers (1896-1903) International Secretariat of Glove Makers (1892-1912) ¨ ¨ International Union of Boot& Shoe Operatives& Leather Workers(1907) International Federation of Saddlers‘ Unions (1906) International Furriers‘ Secretariat (1894) International Tailors‘ Secretariat (1896) International Federation of Hatters (1893 /1896) IFTWA: International Federation of Textile Workers‘ Associations (1893/4) ¨ ¨ ¨¨ ¨ IBSOLWF: International Boot and Shoe Operatives and Leather Workers‘ Federation(1921) ISLWF: International Shoe and Leather Workers‘ Federation (1946) ¨ International Tailors‘ Federation (1925) IGWF: International Garment Workers‘ Federation (1946) ¨ ITGWF: International Textile and Garment Workers‘ Federation (1960) ITGLWF: International Textile, Garment and Leather Workers‘ Federation (1970) a) The Secretariats of Shoe Makers and Leather Workers dissolved in 1900 and 1903 respectively. In 1907, a common new union was founded. The Union of Hat Makers dissolved in 1912; the trade groups joined the International Union of Shoe and Leather Workers. The Union of Boot and Shoe Makers and Leather Workers appears in the sources under various names, the actual name is the post-war version. Source: Werner Reutter: Möglichkeiten und Grenzen Internationaler Gewerkschaftspolitik. Geschichte, Struktur und Einfluß der Internationalen Textil-, Bekleidungs- und Lederarbeiter Vereinigung, Frankfurt a.M. 1998, S. 36 18

Table 2: Merging Process and Members of the International Trade Secretariats 1951/52 und 2000/01(in 1.000) 1951/2 f) 2000/1 M U C M U Textile Workers(IFTWA/ITGLWF) a) 1.318 17 15 Shoe and Leather Workers(ISLWF/ITGLWF) a) 290 21 12 10.000 220 Garment Workers(IGWF/ITGLWF) a) 810 19 14 Building and Wood Workers(IFBWW) 1.974 55 20 11.000 283 Metalworkers(IMF) 6.623 24 16 23.000 193 Food Workers(IUF) b) 730 28 Tobacco Workers(IFTW/IUF) b) 93 9 Hotel, Restaurant and Bar Workers(IUF) b) 166 13 Land Workers(ILF/IUF) b) 1.072 29 Plantation Workers(IUF) b) 1.004 13 15 9 11 10.000 333 15 resp. 13 2.515 * 340 Chemical, Energy and General Workers (ICEF/ICEM) c) 1.142 35 17 20.000 404 Miners(MIF/ICEM) c) 2.556 22 22 Diamond Workers(UADW) c) 12 7 7 Commercial, Clerical, Technical Employees (FIET/UNI) d) 1.470 28 16 Arts, Media and Entertainment (ISETU resp. MEI/UNI) d) --- 15.500 900 Graphical Federation(IGF/UNI) d) 541 39 18 Postal, Telegraph and Telephone branches (PTTI/CI/UNI) d) 1.118 45 29 Public Services(PSI) 1.738 40 22 20.000 500 Transport Workers(ITF) 4.604 152 51 4.743 571 Teachers’/Education International (IFFTU/EI) 670 10 9 24.000 304 Journalists(IFJ) e) --- 249 94 M= Members(in 1.000) U= Unions C= Countries a) Merging of IFTWA and IGWF(1960) and with ISLWF(1970), into ITGLWF. b) With the exception of the French union, the IFTW members merged into IUF in 1959; merging of IUF and Hotel and Restaurant Workers’ in 1961. Land Workers and the Plantation Workers’ Fedration(founded in 1957) merged in 1960; merging with IUF in 1994. Plantation Workers: Figures as of 1958. c) Merging of MIF and ICEF into ICEM in 1995; Merging with Diamond Workers in 2000. d) The International Secretariat for Arts, Mass Media and Entertainment Trade Unions was founded in 1965; after the merging with FISTAV in 1993 it was renamed Media and Entertainment International(MEI) in 1995; which was succeeded by the merging of MEI, IGF, FIET and the Communications International(former PTTI) into the Union Network International(UNI) in 2000. e) Founded in 1952 as a secession of the„International Organization of Journalists“, founded in 1946. f) Except for IFJ(figures as of 1994) figures date of 2000 and 2001, respectively. *) Statements according to IUF: Exekutive, 25.-26.4.2001. Unterlagen und Protokoll, Punkt 4 a/27. Sources: Werner Reutter: Internationale Berufssekretariate – Restposten nationaler Gewerkschaftspolitik oder globaler Akteur?, in: Ulrich v. Alemann/Bernhard Weßels(Hrsg.): Verbände in vergleichender Perspektive. Beiträge zu einem vernachlässigten Feld, Berlin 1997, S. 142, und dessen Aktualisierung. C 110 124 101 120 119 113 140 140 135 155 77 19

Diamond Workers’ Trade Secretariat in November 2000. This is another case where the fusion was unavoidable due to the higher demands following the reactivation. The restructuring of the trade secretariat of teachers’ unions in 1993 had another dimension. The ICFTU-close Teachers’ International(IFFTU) and the liberal-conservative World Confederation of Organisations of the Teaching Profession(WCOTP) merged – politically diverse – into the Education International, EI, a strong organisation with some 24 million members. This merger came through only because after the breakdown of the Eastern Bloc and the increasing insignificance of Communist trade union organisations on the national as well as international level(here: World Federation of Trade Unions and its international trade union associations), the political divergence had lost its fervour and meaning. The merging of four trade secretariats – PTTI/CI, FIET, IGF and MEI – in 2000 into UNI (Union Network International) was not motivated by foreseeable organisational problems. It represents the experiment of actively shaping the globalisation process instead of only reacting to it. Following the first congress of this new trade secretariat in Berlin in September 2001, the question still remains whether this merger really will reach a new quality of international intervention ability. Fusions resulted in a broadening member and(often) resource basis and in rationalised organisation, which contributed to the trade secretariats being able to continue their existence and activities. A growing heterogeneity of the member structures went with the fusions, which prompted specific integration measures such as organisation of branch structures and – at times – exclusive representation rights in the decision making bodies. Another effect – which as yet cannot be evaluated – is the“loss of identity” occasioned by the conglomeration of branches 21 (see table 2). Globalisation One of the most important changes to influence the structure and policy of the trade secretariats was the extension of the organisation range after the Second World War. There are various reasons and prerequisites for this postwar change:(1) The technical development in the communication and transport systems is not the most spectacular feature in the establishment of global contacts.(2) A vital impulse went forth from the Cold War and the global confrontation of two blocs, which revived the competition for influence between the social democratic or socialist trade unions and the Communist movements of the interwar years and spread to the Third World. Predominantly the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU) started regional activities in the early 1950s to defeat Communist trade union influences, and demanded that the trade secretariats share conceptions, financial burdens and personnel. However, most of the trade secretariats were not able to comply, neither organisationally nor financially. Therefore, the hesitant regional activities of ITS of the 1950s tended to be rather without concept. Initially, the ITS only reacted to expectations of individual member associations and to diverse external demands, before they began developing their own systematic regional policy from the 1960s/70s onwards.(3) A further precondition for the global expansion of the trade secretariats was the decolonialisation process, which was accompanied by the founding of numerous trade unions, which often needed supportive programs.(4) The spreading of economic relations around the world market and the interrelated expansion 21 When trade secretariats with relatively clear representation areas and outlines disappear, and when ITS conglomerates emerge so that participation and shaping chances are diminished for those trade unions who used to be pillars of organisation and finances, the traditional and loyal attachment of European member trade unions to trade secretariats may diminish and their preparedness to mobilize may lessen (seeing that there is an alternative for the European area, the ETUC and its„trade union committees“). 20

of multinational companies(MNC) is a further impulse for the regional activities. Ever since the 1950s, several trade unions had used such phenomena as arguments to motivate regional activities. Still, multinational companies were not taken on as challenges by the trade secretariats till the 1960s, while they played no part in the initial internationalisation. The geographical extension of the organisational areas resulted in the accession of very heterogenous trade unions, whose resources and radius for activities, organisational status and autonomy were divergent. The fields of activity and the organisational structure of the trade secretariats underwent great changes in the three decades of the regional expansion, what with the fact that trade unions in Third World countries were often instable, weak in members, with minimal financial resources and threatened by state interventions and needed, above all, support programs in order to build up their own organisation and assert basic trade union rights. The geographical extension of the organisational area put the trade secretariats to the task of integrating a heterogenous membership and to have them participate in decision making processes. In the long run, efficiency and continued existence of the trade secretariats depended on their ability of managing this global extension and answering to the needs for organisation and support. Growing numbers in members and the globally extended range led to a regionalisation of the organisations of most trade secretariats (cf. the following table 3, which gives an impression of the regional distribution of members for the mid 1990s). While some ITS have not continued extending their regional offices in Latin America, Africa and Asia, which had been in existence since the 1950/60s, any further(IMF, ITF), other trade secretariats have created regional structures(with a congress, a board, regional secretariat, sometimes even its own financing), in order to be able to deal with specific regional problems and interests and to establish close cooperation of members and control regional activities. However, some of their regional organisations(in America and Asia) gave individual trade secretariats (FIET, ITGLWF) reason for concern at some point, as they show the tendency of centrifugal development and have succeeded in escaping control of their central secretariats. The formation of European regional organisations contrasted with this development. It was initiated by the institutional frame of the EU(although there are participating organisations from all Western European countries present in most European Industry Federations. Cooperation with the ETUC strengthened autonomy tendencies of various European regional organisations in relation with the ITS (especially metal workers’ and food workers’ international) and was(is) quite often full of friction, seeing that the existence of the European organisational structure is a potential threat to the financial basis and the range of action of the ITS and could be an attractive organisational alternative to the ITS for the European member organisations. Resources The ITS work is financed mainly by regular contributions from the attached trade unions. In addition, the congress(as well as the managing board /executive committee) can decide on special contributions. Part of the regular contributions of some ITS who have intensified their work in the Third World is reserved for this area(25-30%) by the constitution. This already shows that the ITS as a rule are financed through the member-strong industrial trade unions of Europe, North America and Japan. Still, the intake normally covers only administrative work, expenses for the statutory assemblies and congresses as well as publications. Extensive training and organisation programs in the 1960s and mostly since the end of the 1970s in Third World countries, legal aid, industrial safety and health care programs, not least extensive solidarity actions(in case of trade union rights’ violations 21

Table 3: Regional Member Structure of International Trade Secretariats International Trade Secretariats Total M O C EI(1993) IFBWW(1994) MIF(1993) IMF(1992) ITGLWF(1994) IUF(1993) d PSI(1994) PTTI(1992) FIET(1993) IFJ 17.868 232 130 6.014 182 91 1.894 63 53 18.052 160 62 5.973 178 83 2.390 233 89 16.075 e 379 113 4.301 242 112 11.000 f 400 115 249 94 77 Europe(West) M O C 4.112 a 67 23 2.733 48 17 423 c 18 11 6.703 40 23 2.149 41 19 1.516 76 24 7.801 98 23 1.603 62 21 6.300 f 140 34 120 30 22 Europe(East) M OC ... 932 489 2.353 258 44 960 174 ... 43 21 11 12 7 10 8 86 44 11 6 25 9 76 ...... 18 16 North America Latin America/ Caribbean Africa Asia/Pacific M OC 2.898 b 19 23 5 11 75 2 2 2.170 11 2 382 4 2 394 12 2 1.788 8 2 924 6 2 2.600 f 93 32 15 4 2 M OC 1.497 759 67 2.210 925 104 1.665 272 ... 18 25 16 29 18 65 31 18 55 19 51 23 64 31 76 32 ...... 10 14 M OC 1.767 44 35 509 42 28 434 17 17 396 27 15 606 34 22 36 26 15 1.144 85 26 217 38 29 700 91 33 20 15 14 M OC 7.594 52 26 1.076 50 20 406 c 11 10 4.220 43 18 1.662 40 17 296 57 19 2.681 99 22 1.111 53 22 1.400 76 32 33 17 14 M= Members(in: 1.000) O= Organisations C= Countries (a) Incl. members of trade unions in Middle and Eastern Europe. (b) Incl. members of trade unions in the Caribbean. (c) No figures available on members of trade unions in Russia(2), in the Ukraine(1), and in Kazakhstan(1). (d) Not taken into account are trade unions which were principally accepted but which have not yet met the formal requirements for membership. This includes especially plantation and agricultural workers‘ trade unions which became IUL members after the dissolution of the Plantation Workers‘ International. These are 55 trade unions in total, most of which are in Asia and Africa. (e) Apart from national organisations 4 trade unions are associated with PSI(containing some 36,000 members), which represent employees in international organisations. (f) Member figures were only available in millions; figures for Europe(West) include those for Europe(East), figures for North America include those for Latin America. Abbreviations: EI: Education International IFBWW: International Federation of Building and Wood Workers MIF: Miners‘ International Federation IMF: International Metal Workers‘Federation ITGLWF: International Textile, Garment and Leather Workers‘Federation IUF: International Union of Food and Allied Workers Associations PSI: Public Services International PTTI: Postal, Telegraph and Telephone International FIET: International Federation of Commercial, Clerical, Professional and Technical Employees IFJ: International Federation of Journalists. 22

or human rights’ violations or in conflicts with multinational companies) are not covered by the intake through contributions, so that trade secretariats have to depend on donations or special contributions. With regard to the training, organisation, legal aid and safety programs, the ITS would not be able to do all these without generous financial support (and personnel support) from national trade union-friendly and trade union foundations, such as DANIDO, LO/TCOs Bistandnämnd (Council for trade union cooperation), FES (Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung), AIFLD(American Institute for Free Labor Development) et al. Areas of action Connected to the organisational extension of the trade secretariats were changes in their activities which exceeded a structured exchange of information and experiences quite soon afterwards. An important impulse and new challenges went out from globalisation, as often the weak trade unions in Third World countries needed active help for building their organisations and training their functionaries and members. The establishment of international governmental organisations, especially of the ILO, founded in 1919, necessitated representational and coordination efforts of the trade secretariats, as basic rules of international social security and labour legislation were being erected – as in the ILO example. Growing world economic interdependence which confronted national trade unions in the form of multinational companies(MNC) had been inducing some ITS since the 60s to build up specific coordination structures to influence the company policy and to support trade unions in case of conflicts. At length, globalisation confronted the trade secretariats with more limitations to trade union and human rights; in these cases, the trade secretariats tried again to intervene, more or less systematically, in order to keep their member organisations going. – Organisation and training programs The joining of trade unions from Third World countries created the challenge for the ITS to promote and support their organisational development. For trade secretariats, training and organisation programs have the following functions:(1) to improve the development and capabilities for action of the attached organisations in order to broaden the member structure at the basis,(2) in a somewhat limited measure, to influence the organisational structure and the political and trade union policy orientation,(3) to augment the attractiveness and importance of the trade secretariats. However, due to their organisational and financial situation, most ITS were not in a position to keep up extensive programs on a long term basis on their own. In the 1950s, when the first member associations from Africa, Asia and Latin America were accepted by the ITS, support was limited to donations, financial aid for the payment of part-time organisers, or reimbursements of travel claims when trade union functionaries took part in training courses. In the 1960s, the ITS were able to put their organisation programs on a broader basis when the ICFTU placed special funds at their disposal. But the numerous projects had to be reduced soon afterwards, as the ICFTU stopped funding. While the regional activities of some of the ITS could draw on ICFTU funds, their own sources were however more important. Extensive training and organisation programs which run for several years and are continued up by differentiated follow-up courses, have been offered by some ITS since the end of the 70s and the beginning of the 80s and have been considerably upgraded since then. The necessary resources – which amounted to more than the normal contribution intake of the ITS could afford – are being financed externally, mostly by a Swedish development aid fund which was accessible via the Scandinavian member asso23

ciations. The core of these successful programs was a longterm, specified and problem-oriented basic training for the members with the aim of having the organisations building their own training departments. 22 Continuity and expansion of programs and projects ever since the start of such training and organisation activities imply that there is a danger of becoming dependent, not only for the individual trade unions. This – latent – danger is also there for the ITS, as they are not in a position to finance these extensive programs from their own contributions, if need be. Thus, the programs signify first and foremost that the upkeep and the requirements for activities of most trade secretariats are directly or indirectly improved. – Defense of trade union and human rights Securing and expanding, defending and implementing trade union rights, are the central demands and tasks of international trade union organisations. 23 These demands represent core targets of trade union existence. They allow for the formation and ongoing work of independent trade unions, democratically supported by organised workers, independent and free from the influence of governments, employers and companies. They have an underlying justification, irrespective of current social and legal systems and economic and social conditions. Marring trade union rights, missing or negligible social acceptance of labour organisations as well as restrictions and prohibitions from the state have accompanied trade unions and the international labour organisations since they were founded. Traditionally, the claim of ‚international solidarity‘ belongs to the defense of trade union rights in their programs and policy, even though the chances for intervention and success thereof have been doubtful. An important reason for this deficit in influence lies in the specific character of many trade union and human rights’ violations. The spectrum ranges far and includes unjustified notice given to trade unionists, playing for time or denying of wage negotiations, and the non-acknowledgement of trade unions; there are state restrictions imposed on organisational matters, there is control and regimentation of trade unions, intrusion in the right to industrial action; regimentation of national and international confederations of trade unions as well as the prohibition and repression of associations also number among them, as well as the persecution, arrest and assassination of trade unionists. This list goes to show that international labour organisations can hardly be expected to offer effective protection to their member associations or to prevent state repression. Nevertheless, they had to approach questions of trade union and human rights and respective demands for intervention more intensively since the 1960s and 70s. The organisational requirement for this approach was the joining of trade unions from Africa, Asia and Latin America, which confronted all trade secretariats with the problem of massive restrictions of trade union rights. Growing expectations that the trade secretariats should intervene corresponded with developments that allowed them, at least in selected cases, to build an effective intervention strategy. The chance of a more or less successful intervention in cases of trade union rights’ violations depends on two factors:(1) the actors and the conflict level(state/government or company/firm) and(2) the dimension of the conflict. The less specific a conflict and the violation of trade union rights, the less chances for trade secretariats to successfully intervene and support a member association. 22 Cf. IUL, Tagung der Exekutive, Geneva, 12.-13.4.1978, Unterlagen des Sekretariats, III/e. 23 Cf. ICFTU, Annual Survey of Violations of Trade Union Rights, Brussels 1985 ff. 24

To defend trade union rights, the trade secretariats have various means and methods at their disposal. Approach, efficiency and chances of success depend on the conflict level and the potential lobby. Next to protest resolutions aimed at a critical public opinion there are calls for boycots, court appeals to the ILO committee for the freedom of association, various measures(protest, boycot, strike) aimed at the attitude of multinational companies. Interventions with multinational companies have proved to be relatively efficient – at least for the IUL – when the reason for the conflict was limited both locally and with regard to the subject matter. However, limits to their work are not only imposed on the trade secretariats by the conflict level of the trade union rights violation, but also by the resourcefulness and mobility of their member associations. For individual conflicts – especially the fight against the apartheid policy in South Africa – some trade secretariats were able to mobilize amazing resources and to win the ongoing support of their member associations for the trade unions. Still, this very example of the long and multi-faceted campaign for the South African trade unions did not only show the possibilities the trade secretariats had at their disposal for mobilization, but also their limitations. The prerequisite for such an intensive engagement was a very special conflict constellation – which will hardly turn up again in a similar way and with a similar mobilization effect. – Counter power to multinational companies As the trade secretariats are“opponentfree” organisations on the international level, that is, as there is no organisation comparable to national employers’ associations to be opposed, multinational companies seemed to be welcome substitutes for agreements on tariffs which individual ITS attained to on the international level. For most trade secretariats, dealing with multinational companies became more and more important with the growing number of MNC in almost all economic sectors since the early 1960s. Even in the early 1960s, some ITS developed suggestions for international agreements and international tariff regulations. The formation of socalled company committees for some MNC since the early 1970s was a further effort for counter power, which in practice resulted in the occasional conference or exchange of information, though. Systematic information work was of more relevance, as it led to a comprehensive“MNC directory” made by the IUF, for instance, and laid the groundwork for concrete support of individual member associations, e.g. on the occasion of tariff conflicts. Although counter power-ideas of the 1970s did not turn out to be realistic trade union policy perspectives, several ITS such as IMF, IUF, ICEF and some others won certain intervention capabilities with the MNC. This required the conflicts to be local and the relevant member associations to be influential and prepared to mobilize in the respective company. Actions were successful when conflicts concerned the work relations and tariff policy in branches. A formative MNC policy such as the tariff policy of the member associations on the national level has been out of reach for the trade secretariats so far. Some ITS succeeded in obtaining high mobilization results and somewhat surprising influence when MNC conflicts touched basic trade union and human rights(locally fenced-in). The formation of“European Works Councils” and similar company-related consultation groups since the mid/end 1980s – promoted by the 1994 EU-regulation re.“Euro Works Councils” – seemed to imply that the trade union company structures called for in the 1970s had been created at last. The limited competence of these groups, even though it exceeds information and consultation levels and leads to framework agreements(e.g. on equal treatment regulations or qualification programs), goes to show that they are far from counter power, but groups which are supposed to channel conflicts by way of information and consultation. 25

Despite such limitations and changes in MNC policy, this field of action continues to have central importance for many ITS. It denotes their capability for action, coordination and intervention. Multinational companies play a marginal role for such ITS as the miners’ international and the trade secretariat of textile, garment and leather workers (ITGLWF). The MIF has been dealing with the problem that the MNC posed for the representation of trade union interests, since the early!)70s. While MNC played no part for the European coal mining, most trade unions in ore mining were not able to establish initiatives or activities in the miners’ international as ore mining is ruled by few companies with their mining done in Third World countries. The negligibility of the MNC problem also resulted from a pronounced state regimentation of mining which also included production and work conditions. Seeing a growing engagement of energy companies in coal mining and an increased concentration process in ore mining, representatives of the UMWA(United Mine Workers of America) demanded that MNC-activities be expanded when the IBV congress took place in Harare in 1989. Their implementation – apart from the fusion with the ICEF – was not carried out systematically. Still, the MIF succeeded in intervening in local tariff conflicts in multinational company outlets by mobilizing member associations and above all by publicity campaigns. Such actions were an exception for theMIF, however. – The ITGLWF, to give a second example, gained some public notice in spectacular conflicts in the 1970s(Farah and J.P. Stevens), but the specific structures of the branches – relatively small companies and little presence and economic weight in the industrial countries – prevented MNC activities of the textile and garment workers’ international from becoming a central field of action, as was the case with food and metal workers’ internationals respectively. 24 – International organisations: the ILO The representation and coordination of member associations in relations with international governmental organisations(IGO) constitute a task for international trade union organisations, which had been delivered – with various degrees of intensity – by ITS since the foundation of the International Workers’ Organisation(1919) and the League of Nations. This task became more extensive after the Second World War with the founding of specialised international organisations. As early as the 1950s and 1960s, however, one could see that most ITS did not have personnel and material resources at their disposal which would have enabled them to lobby on a grand international scale. It was decisive for a concentration on a few international organisations that most of them have little competence and functions on the one hand, and complex and slow decision making processes to show for on the other hand, and that their representation structures do not offer national and international trade union organisations the chance for efficient lobbying. So the representation of most ITS interests is limited to a few international organisations. Since the 1920s, the International Labour Organisation(ILO) has been the centre of attention for many ITS regarding their representation in organisations. The programmatic aim of“Global promotion of social justice through the improvement of living and working conditions, creation of new professional activities and recognition of fundamental human rights” makes the ILO a forum for an international representation of employee concerns. 25 The tripartite structure of this UN organisation is favourable to this aim, as 24 Cf. re. ITGLWF: Werner Reutter: Möglichkeiten und Grenzen Internationaler Gewerkschaftspolitik. Geschichte, Struktur und Einfluß der Internationalen Textil-, Bekleidungs- und Lederarbeiter Vereinigung, Frankfurt a.M. 1998, p. 284-310. 25 G. Unser, Internationale Arbeitsorganisation/IAO, in: U. Andersen, W. Woyke(eds.), Handwörterbuch Internationale Organisationen, 2. Aufl., Opladen 1995, p. 149. 26

representatives of governments sit next to employers and trade unionists in most groups, and the agenda of the ILO includes the creation of international norms(by conventions and recommendations) of the labour law and social policy kind, as well as the development of international technical cooperation and scientific research, documentation and information on labour. Next to efforts at the passing of conventions and recommendations, some ITS tried to use the ILO capacities for such specific problems as work safety, research into the prevention of accidents, occupational hazards, and so on. While industry-related tasks of the ILO have lost their importance for some time, its function as political and trade union policy forum gained importance. Most trade secretariats cherish this function above all when they officially call on the ILO in cases of violations of the freedom of association in ratifying countries of ILO conventions. The ILO has no effective sanctions at its disposal to counteract such violations; however, the propaganda effect is enormous, as it repeatedly states the universal validity of trade union and human rights. *** Differences in trade union policy conceptions, in social frame conditions of national trade union policy, the indisputable autonomy of the member associations, these are the outlining factors for the ITS’ powers of integration and action, although they have won some organisational autonomy since the 1950s, at least. The ITS obtained creative influence in Third World countries by means of their training and support activities, above all. Their long term perspective there is improving the representation of trade union interests on the national and international level, by promoting(if possible) industrial trade union structures and by strengthening their organisational acting powers. For trade unions in industrial countries, ITS structures matter mostly due to their information services and sometimes due to their coordinating role(in MNC interventions, mostly). Both imply that present ITS information and coordination activities are relevant above all to trade unions in Third World countries and (albeit weaker) to trade unions in Middle and Eastern Europe. So far, trade secretariats have not had indispensable lobby functions for most trade unions in industrialized countries, however: traditional solidarity still seems to be their underlying motif for membership, disposal of resources, mobilization and intervention activities. 27

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Profile of the Archive of Social Democracy(AdsD) in the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung Archiv der sozialen Demokratie(AdsD) der Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung (Archive of Social Democracy in the Friedrich Ebert Foundation) Godesberger Allee 149 D-53175 Bonn Postal Address: Archiv der sozialen Demokratie der Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung D-53170 Bonn Phone: Phone: ++49(0)228/ 883-425 (Information Desk) ++49(0)228/ 883-480 (Archive-Secretariat) Fax:++49(0)228/ 883-497 Internet: http://www.fes.de E-mail: archiv.auskunft@fes.de Opening times: Monday to Thursday 9 a.m.- 5 p.m. Friday 9 a.m.- 4 p.m. The Archive of Social Democracy(AdsD) in the Friedrich Ebert Foundation was opened in June 1969. It upholds the tradition of the former party archive of the SPD, the roots of which go back to the beginnings of German social democracy in the 19 th century. Today, the AdsD is one of the leading institutions on the history of the German and international labour movement in Europe. It is not only a specialised archive for research on the history of German social democracy but by now also“the largest trade union archive in Germany, and it takes up a top position in an international ranking.” (Klaus Schönhoven). Area of Collection Emphasis The AdsD stores the old registry of the Board of the Social Democratic Party of Germany. In addition, there are the stocks of the SPD group in the Bundestag, of the parliamentary parties of the SPD as well as of regional sections of the party(federal state, district organisations and subdivisions). Since German unification, the AdsD has also taken care of the old registry of the Social Democratic Party of the GDR(SDP/SPD) and of the parliamentary group of the SPD in the Volkskammer of the GDR. Furthermore, it is continuously taking over the old stocks of the regional party organisations and of the parliamentary groups of the SPD in the Landtag of the new Laender. Apart from that, a new major area of collection has developed over the last 15 years. It is about the archive material of the German and international trade union movement. One has to mention in particular the archive of the DGB(German Trade Union Federation), the archive of the IG Metall(Metal Workers’ Union), the archive of the DAG(German Salaried Employees’ Union) and of the other founding members of ver.di(United Services Union), i.e. the DPG(German Postal Workers’ Union), the HBV(Commerce, Banking, and Insurance Workers’ Union), and the IG Medien (Media Workers’ Union). The AdsD sees one of its most important responsibilities in safeguarding literary remains and deposits of public figures of the German labour movement. The partly very comprehensive stocks include personal files of numerous social democratic politicians as well as the documents of public figures of the trade union movement and from the field of German social democracy. 29

Here, one has to mention the Willy Brandt Archive and the Helmut Schmidt Archive as well as the literary remains and deposits of Gustav Heinemann, Paul Levi, Annemarie Renger, Ludwig Rosenberg, Carlo Schmid, and Herbert Wehner. Apart from that, the acquisition of registries of organisations in the field of the German and international labour movement, the European movement, as well as the new social and emancipatory movements has increased considerably. One of the main foci in this area for example are the stocks of the peace movement. At the moment(2001), the archive has at its disposal just under 40 km of archive material, including more than 900 stocks related to individuals, literary remains and deposits of politicians and trade unionists. In addition, the AdsD accommodates, among other things, comprehensive collections of photographs, leaflets, posters, films, videos, audio documents, and traditional banners. After having participated in pilot projects on leaflet exploitation and digitalisation of poster stocks, the AdsD takes part in a European project on the digital processing of printed materials for a global usage via the Internet(METAe). The AdsD is a member of the International Council on Archives(ICA), of the International Association of Labour History Institutions(IALHI), and of the International Conference of Labour and Social History(ITH). 30

International Trade Union Movement Archives within the AdsD 1. Education International(EI) 2. International Federation of Actors(FIA) 3. International Federation of Commercial, Clerical, Professional and Technical Employees(FIET) 4. International Federation of Musicians(FIM) 5. International Federation of Building and Wood Workers(IFBWW) 6. International Federation of Journalists(IFJ) 7. International Graphical Federation(IGF) 8. International Landworkers’ Federation(ILF)/ European Landworkers’ Federation(ELF) 9. International Metalworkers’ Federation(IMF) 10. International Transport Workers’ Federation(ITF) 11. International Textile, Garment and Leather Workers’ Federation(ITGLWF) 12. International Union of Food, Agricultural, Hotel, Restaurant, Catering, Tobacco and Allied Workers’ Associations(IUF) 13. Media and Entertainment International(MEI) 14. Public Services International(PSI) 15. Postal, Telegraph and Telephone International(PTTI) 1948- 1997 1951- 1997 70,25 m. 37,00 m. 1920- 1999 192,50 m. 1948- 1999 28,00 m. 1884- 1998 92,00 m. 1952- 1998 36,00 m. 1889- 2000 104,25 m. 1920- 1970 1888- 1985 1897- 2000 3,40 m. 81,00 m. 9,00 m. 1893- 1996 52,50 m. 1907- 1997 394,00 m. 1952- 1997 29,50 m. 1925- 1995 28,00 m. 1911- 1997 25,00 m. up-date: October 2001 31

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Stocks of the International Trade Union Organisations in the Archive of Social Democracy in the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung Hans-Holger Paul Introductory Remarks The main objective when founding the Archive of Social Democracy(Archiv der sozialen Demokratie/AdsD) in 1969 was first of all to safeguard and process the historical heritage of the German Social Democratic Party, in spite of the fact that the scope of the area of collection has been fairly broad from the very beginning. Over the last decade, the AdsD has also developed into one of the largest trade union archives in Europe. By now, it not only stores on its premises almost all the files located in Germany of the Allgemeiner Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund[General German Trade Union Federation](ADGB), the most important predecessor organisation of the Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund(German Trade Union Federation)(DGB) but also the archives of the DGB, of the Deutsche Angestelltengewerkschaft(German Salaried Employees’ Union)(DAG), and a number of German single-industry unions including the IG Metall(Metal Workers’ Union). The archivalia of the German trade union movement alone comprise a total of more than 10,000m. Furthermore, the AdsD has by now also become an important research institute for this field of work due to its files on the international and European trade union movement. Since the 1960s accessions have been registered in this area whereas growth has increased considerably since 1994: More than two thirds of the currently existing records’ collection in this area has come to the archive within the last five years. By now, the total volume of archivalia of International Trade Secretariats amounts to 1,100m of archival documents, supplemented by approximately 250m archive material of the European trade union sections. International Trade Secretariats At a very early point of time, a small, valuable stock of the International Transport Workers’ Federation(ITF), including among other things archive material from the emigration period, came into the possession of the AdsD(period: 1904-1952). In the meantime, regular deliveries of current publications from ITF headquarters and copies of important old registries from the Modern Records Centre in Warwick(Coventry), where the main stocks of the ITF are stored, have been systematically added to this collection. In the 1980s, the AdsD took over the extensive old stocks of the International Metalworkers’ Federation(IMF). The stocks go back nearly to the beginnings of the IMF and provide us with a comprehensive picture of international trade union activities, e.g. in the fields of the electrical industry, steel and machine construction as well as the automobile industry. As one of the big international trade union organisations, the International Union of Food, Agricultural, Hotel, Restaurant, Catering, Tobacco and Allied Workers’ Associations(IUF) made over its comprehensive archive(the first delivery alone comprised 330m of files) to the AdsD in 1997. This archive includes archivalia of predecessor organisations such as the Internationale Vereinigung der Verbände der Bäcker, Konditoren und verwandten Berufsgenossen[International Federation of Bakery Workers and kindred trades](1907ff.) as well as stocks from organisations which 33

later on merged with the IUF such as the archive material of the Internationaler Tabakarbeiter-Verbandes[International Federation of Tobacco Workers](1945ff.) and of the International Federation of Plantation, Agricultural and Allied Workers(IFPAAW). These stocks form a historical addition to the files of the International and European Landworkers’ Federation(ILF/ELF) which have already been stored in the AdsD for many decades as well as to the archive material of the European Federation of Agricultural Workers’ Unions(EFA) and of the European Committee of Food, Catering And Allied Workers’ Unions within the IUF, taken over in 1996. As early as in 1990, the International Graphical Federation(IGF) decided to make over its old files to the AdsD. With this stock, a number of old registries of its predecessor organisations such as the files of the International Typographers’ Secretariat(period: 1889ff.), the Internationales Buchbinder Sekretariat[International Bookbinders’ Secretariat](period: 1921ff.) and fragmentary files of the International Federation of Lithographers(period: 1898ff.) came to the AdsD. Thanks to the fact that the Secretariat was located in Switzerland and thus not affected by the war there is a collection of records in large parts still complete – a rare situation in the field of historical research on trade unions in the German language area. The archival safeguarding of a number of additional international stocks from the field of the media has to be underlined as well, constituting an important addition to the registries of the IGF. Over the last years, the AdsD has taken over the old files of the Media and Entertainment International(MEI), the archive material of the International Federation of Actors(FIA), of the International Federation of Musicians(FIM), and the archival documents of the International Federation of Journalists(IFJ). In the year 2000, parts of the international media associations, the IGF, the MEI, and Communications International(CI) merged with the private-sector service organisations, the International Federation of Commercial, Clerical, Professional and Technical Employees(FIET). They formed the Union Network International(UNI) based in Nyon, near Geneva. While the FIET as well as the IGF and the MEI had already handed over their old registries to the AdsD, it was possible to safeguard for research purposes the old files of the predecessor organisation of the CI, the Postal, Telegraph and Telephone International(PTTI), before the merger took place. Among the other international organisations whose stocks have come to the AdsD in the last five years, the Education International(EI), the Public Services International (PSI), the International Federation of Building and Wood Workers(IFBWW), and the International Textile, Garment and Leather Workers’ Federation(ITGLWF) have to be mentioned. Unlike the situation with the FIET, the EI, and the PSI whose records show some gaps in the stocks, the takeover of the IFBWW files took place just in time before the great move, so that it was possible, just as with the ITGLWF to safeguard the archive material although not completely but all the way back to the founding period. Significance of Historical Records The significance of the stocks of international trade union organisations for research on the national and international trade union movement cannot be overestimated. While for example the old files of the German trade unions from the time before 1945 were mostly destroyed by the chaos of war and the Nazi regime, many files of the international secretariats with offices based in London and Switzerland were spared by the war. Thus, the records very often date back to the beginnings of the trade union movement and are relatively dense. Generally, it can be stated that the situation with regard to the availability of sources for research on international and European 34

trade union history is highly favourable. While the archival documents of the international and European trade union umbrella organisations WFTU(remainder of the archive), ICFTU, and ETUC are stored at the IISH(International Institute of Social History) in Amsterdam, the old files of international and European trade secretariats are stored with just a few exceptions in the AdsD. Apart from the old registries of the big internationals such as the IUF and the IMF, it can be seen that there is an extraordinarily broad range of records from the fields of the international media trade unions and the organisations in the services sector. This constitutes a wide area which researchers have not worked on much so far. The AdsD stock are completely pre-sorted and usable for research. Not least of all because of the abundance of material taken over in most recent times, the main focus has been on safeguarding the stocks scientifically and pre-sorting them. Therefore, inventories or at least partial finding aids exist only for a few archives, mostly taken over in earlier times. As the AdsD accommodates registries of a number of international predecessor organisations as well as the archive material of the European secretariats, overall contexts can be reconstructed in many cases. Here, the comprehensive old files of the corresponding German trade union organisations which have almost always played an important role within the European and international trade union federation and still do so, constitute a significant addition. A further addition of paramount importance for the field of research are the correspondence activities of the library of the Friedrich Ebert Foundation. Through the support of the AdsD as well as their own initiative, they succeeded in taking over and bibliothecally developing comprehensive library collections of international and European trade secretariats. The continuous taking over and developing of recently published library material(books, brochures, information services, and periodicals) of most European and international trade secretariats, partly supported through projects, is being continued on a regular basis and will continue in the future. This shows the great significance of the closely linked service work of the archive and the library on behalf of researchers. When taking over archival old stocks from trade unions it almost always includes rare old library material, as well. This material is regularly transferred to the library, thus, closing gaps in its stocks, e.g. in the field of periodicals. Acquisition At a national level, the AdsD has rather adopted an attitude of reserve with regard to acquiring files from trade unions – it preferred for example consulting and supporting individual trade unions in building up their own archives – whereas at an international and European level, a strategy of a more offensive safeguarding of files has been deliberately pursued. The aim was to prevent the loss of historically valuable archive material and thus secure the handing down of the broadest range possible of records for research on European and international trade union activities – an objective which is still valid. Nevertheless, it has been important to the AdsD staff, whenever it made sense in terms of research aspects, to give other archives a chance, as well. When representatives of the AdsD were asked whether it made sense to entrust the archive material of the ETUC to the care of the IISH or to the Historical Archive of the European Community in Florence they argued – after evaluating all the pros and cons – for the IISH. They did so not least of all because the archives of other trade union umbrella organisations including bits and pieces of other trade secretariats were already stored there and because, if in doubt, the majority of researchers would by now go to the IISH or the AdsD first when working on projects dealing with the history of the international or European labour movement. 35

With this in mind, the AdsD together with the library of the Friedrich Ebert Foundation sees itself as a service provider for research and as a partner of the trade unions. Correspondingly, important elements of its work are embedded in the various activities abroad, education and support measures of both international departments of the Friedrich Ebert Foundation. 36

Stock Description Education International(EI) Martin Raabe In 1993, the EI was founded as a result of the merger of the World Confederation of Organisations of the Teaching Profession(WCOTP) with the International Federation of Free Teachers’ Unions(IFFTU). With the help of the file stocks collected in the AdsD its history and predecessor organisations can easily be reconstructed. Not only do the files cover the entire period of activity of both founding organisations but they also include documents of the World Organisation of the Teaching Profession(WOTP), the predecessor organisation of the WCOTP which existed until 1952. However, the most comprehensive documentation covers the 1980s, the transition period until the founding of the EI in the beginning of the 1990s as well as its work until and including its first World Congress in 1995. Furthermore, the entire stocks provide a lot of information on each organisational structure. A very detailed documentation can be found on the big congresses as well as on the composition and work of each managing board. Documents on the executives can be found dating from 1951 to 1997. They provide information on personnel and internal structures and include numerous minutes of meetings between the beginning of the 1980s and 1997. In the case of the EI and the WCOTP, member development can be reconstructed to a great extent on the basis of member lists, card files, questionnaires as well as the minutes. Comprehensive file material also exists on the educational trade union work in the regions Emblem of the Education International(EI) of Africa, Asia/Pacific, Latin America, and North America/Caribbean where one of the priorities is to assist in the implementation of projects. Furthermore, there are records on the cooperation of the WCOTP with other international organisations such as the UN or the ILO(1950s to 1980s). Finally, these stocks also include collections of working papers and circular letters (mainly from the 1980s), different publications as well as various audio and photographic documents. The registries of the predecessor organisations account for about 2 / 3 of these stocks whereas the archive material of the WCOTP takes up more room. The entire stocks amount to about 70m covering the period between 1948 and 1997. 37

International Federation of Actors(FIA) Ulrike Ehnes Emblem of the International Federation of Actors(FIA) The FIA was founded in 1952 by the British Actors’ Equity and the Syndicat Français des Artistes-Interprètes. The FIA organises actors, dancers, singers, variety artists, circus artists, and other artists and therefore represents most organised artists together with its sister organisation, the International Federation of Musicians(FIM). FIA handed over its organisation files to the AdsD in 1999. The FIA stocks reflect the history of its organisation. The largest part is made up of correspondence documents but the organisational structure can be reconstructed, as well. Congress documents and minutes are available for the period between 1951 and 1992, minutes and documents of the Executive Committee(e.g. correspondence, circular letters) and of the General Secretary for the period between 1987 and 1992 and between 1970 and 1985, respectively. In addition, there are minutes and documents of different symposiums and conferences(as of 1969). The cooperation with national and international organisations as well as with its sister organisation FIM is recorded through comprehensive correspondence files(1957 to 1994). Apart from that, few documents exist on regional groups(1973 to 1994) as well as on contracts and conclusions of pay agreements for member trade unions in Europe, Latin America, the USA, and Canada. Furthermore, there are documents on financial administration and legal affairs. The FIA Bulletin and the FIA Focus are available for the period of 1954 to 1971 and 1991 to 1994, respectively. The entire stocks amount to about 37m covering the period between 1951 and 1997. 38

International Federation of Commercial, Clerical, Professional and Technical Employees(FIET) Michael Oberstadt 1904 is seen as the year of establishment of the later Fédération Internationale des Employés, Techniciens et Cadres(FIET). As the organisation with the largest number of members by far it merged with the CI, the IGF, and the MEI into the Union Network International(UNI). Originally, the FIET was an association of commercial employees from some European countries – it ended up being the global organisation of employees. It is difficult to clearly identify the trade unions joined in the FIET with industrial branches, business sectors, or professions. The member trade unions organise employees in industry, banks, insurance companies, and service companies as well as employees in executive functions and employees of liberal professions. The archive material was handed over in the former principal secretariat of FIET in Geneva in 1999 and 2000. For the initial period it includes reports and the FIET Information Service, while the records in the form of files do not start until the end of the 1950s. The main block of files taken over starts in the middle of the 1970s and ends in the 1990s. Business and cash reports, congress documentations and conference reports on world congresses date back as far as to 1922; a great amount of material is available for the time after World War II and it extends up to the 1990s. Files of the Executive Committee and the World Executive Committee are available as from 1956. Correspondence with and documents on the mostly independent regional organisations Afro-FIET(Africa), Apro-FIET(Asia and the Pacific), Euro-FIET(Europe, Central and Eastern Europe, the Middle East and southwestern Asia), Iro-FIET(North and South America) start in the end of the 1960s or its respective time of foundation, mostly, however, they originate from the 1980s and 1990s. Poster by the FIET – Regional Organisation Afro-FIET, 1997 39

Archive material on the organs(e.g. sector committees, international conferences of specialised groups) and the numerous campaigns of the specialised groups of the FIET(banks, trade, hairdressing and cosmetics, industry, insurance companies, maintenance and security services, social insurance and health services) has also been handed down, just like the files of cross-sector FIET working groups Employees in Executive Functions, Female Employees, as well as of the Youth Committee. The files documenting the work of the group committees of the FIET clarify the exchange of information on certain groups of affiliated companies and on the strategies for the enforcement of trade union rights in multinational companies. Various project files on work in the field of the development of trade unions and of education all over the world reflect the extensive activities of FIET in this important field. More recent times cover solidarity activities for defending democratic basic rights and the commitment to trade union rights of its members. Substantial collections of the FIET communications starting in 1920, newsletters/news, circular letters and press releases, and a collection of photographs round off these stocks. The entire stocks amount to about 192.5m covering the period between 1920 and 1999. 40

International Federation of Musicians(FIM) Ulrike Ehnes The FIM was founded in 1948 with the objective to represent the interests of practising musicians at an international level. It includes about 50 member organisations from all over the world. The FIM Secretariat is located in Paris. In 2001, the FIM handed over its organisational files to the AdsD. A total of 217 boxes was taken over. The stocks reflect the organisational structure of FIM. Congress minutes are available for the time between the foundation of the trade union in 1948 and 1995, as well as board minutes and activity reports of the board(1949 to 1999 and 1949 to 1995, respectively) and minutes of the Presiding Committee(1974 to 1997). In addition, the stocks include reports of the member organisations(1953 to 1992), financial reports(1949 to 1995), correspondence files(1948 to 1995), and circular letters(1948 to 1995). Documents on conferences with other international organisations account for a large amount of the stocks, particularly with the International Federation of Actors(FIA) and the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry, two organisations FIM is closely cooperating with. The stocks cover the period between 1948 and 1995. FIM played an important role in the international negotiations on the protection of rights of practising artists. It was the driving force behind the Rome Agreement of 1961, the first international agreement granting practising artists intellectual property rights. This discussion as well as the studies on the implementation of the Rome Agreement find expression in the stocks of the FIM(1961 to 1992). Country files are available on the regional organisational structure including documents on the studies on the situation of musicians in different countries, opinion polls, as well as country reports and documents on national legislation(1979 to 1998). The entire stocks amount to about 28m covering the period between 1948 and 1999. Circular by the International Federation of Musicians(FIM), 1949 41

International Federation of Building and Wood Workers (IFBWW) Ralf Gräf Postcard on the Occasion of the 17 th Congress of the International Federation of Building and Wood Workers(IFBWW), 1985 The stocks of the IFBWW have been with the AdsD since 1999. Apart from the foundation in 1934 as a result of the merger of the Building Workers’ International with the International Union of Wood Workers(IUW), its beginnings go back to the Internationaler Tischlerbund[International Joiners’ Union] founded as early as in 1883. Thus, the IFBWW is one of the oldest international trade union organisations. Within the framework of the organisation structure of the IFBWW the Congress meeting every four years is the highest organ. The documents on the congresses start in 1946 and extend up to 1993. Unique treasures include the Secretary’s reports and congress reports of predecessor organisations including the IUW. The extensive board files cover the period between 1956 and 1989. In this context, the minutes of the board meetings and the activity reports of the General Secretary have to be mentioned explicitly. Furthermore, there are files on a number of conferences in the field of youth, technology, and industry. There are substantial records on the work of the regional committees of the IFBWW for Africa, Latin America, and Asia/Pacific. With regard to collections, one has to emphasize the collection of the bulletin“Bau und Holz”[ Building and Wood] of the IFBWW. The entire stocks amount to about 92m covering the period between 1884 and 1998. 42

International Federation of Journalists(IFJ) Jutta Spoden The IFJ was founded in 1952 by journalists’ associations from 12 Western European countries as well as the USA and Canada. Today, the IFJ has member organisations in more than 100 countries and is the largest organisation of journalists worldwide. The files of the IFJ stored in the AdsD offer a deep insight in the work of the organisation. The highest decision-making body of the IFJ, the Congress, can be reconstructed almost completely on the basis of the files from 1952 to 1990, as well as the Executive Committee between 1953 and 1991. The same is true for the meetings of the Bureau or the Presiding Committee. Apart from that there is a smaller amount of general correspondence by the General Secretary, partly also by the President (1952 to 1998) as well as a number of files on conferences and projects. In addition, there are comprehensive records on the contacts to international organisations. The contacts of the IFJ Secretariat to the national member organisations in the different countries are also documented on a broad scale. Furthermore, the stocks include a number of files on interviews and studies conducted in all member countries on certain topics, e.g. freedom of the press, code of conduct of journalists, salary structure, working conditions of journalists, protection of disclosure of press informants, or the situation of free-lancers. The special IFJ project“Media for Democracy” supporting the independent media in Africa, Eastern Europe, Latin America, and the Middle East is also documented in a number of file units. There is also a substantial amount of files on individual countries or core issues. There are particularly extensive records on former Yugoslavia for the years 1991 to 1996 but apart from that also on many other countries. The files mostly document conferences, seminars, and meetings not only covering countryspecific problems but also current issues such as questions on copy right, censorship, or the concentration of the media. The commitment of the IFJ to respecting or enforcing human rights as well as to the protection and support of journalists when exercising their profession is also documented in the stocks. The files of the IFJ were brought to the AdsD in 1999. The entire stocks amount to about 36m covering the period between 1952 and 1998. Title Page of a Publication by the International Federation of Journalists(IFJ) 43

International Graphical Federation(IGF) Christine Bobzien The IGF was founded in 1949 as a result of the merger of the International Typographers’ Secretariat(ITS), the International Federation of Bookbinders, as well as the International Federation of Lithographers, Lithographic Printers and kindred Trades. These predecessor federations founded in 1892, 1907, and 1896, respectively, decided at their first joint post-war Conference in Bern, in 1947 to merge into an all-graphical International. On the occasion of the office’s move from Bern to Brussels in March 1990 the IGF entrusted its archive to the care of the AdsD. The Bern shipment of 1990 and a handover of old files later on out of Brussels were brought together in one stock and brought into a completely new order under the title“International Graphical Federation(IGF) and Its Predecessor Organisations”. Monographs and hard-cover periodicals were given to the Library of the Friedrich Ebert Foundation where they were catalogued and published. The archival documents include(thanks to the fact that the Secretariat was located in Switzerland and thus not affected by the war) mostly complete records almost incessant since its foundation, partly even including its predecessor organisations. The oldest documents date as far back as 1889, the most recent ones date from the 1990s; on the basis of the archive material the continuous work of this international trade secretariat can be reconstructed for a period of more than a century. The archive material of the ITS has the highest density when it comes to handwritten documents, correspondence and printed material of the predecessor organisations. Apart from the minutes of the Supervisory Committee(1900 to 1930), the circular letters of the Secretary(1893 to 1920) and numerous records including handwritten ones(1889 to 1920), sets of correspondence from various years between the Secretary and member organisations, trade secretariats, and individuals from the 1920s and 1930s have apparently been preserved completely. The records of the Bookbinders’ Secretariat include various minutes of conferences and meetings, individual reports and records, scattered correspondence by the Secretary as well as the voucher-based accounting from 1919 to 1935. The minutes of the founding congress, a calligraphical draft of the statutes of 1898 and minutes of the Congresses of 1948 and 1949(in preparation of the merger) are the only documents of the Lithographers’ International which have been preserved. However, there are extensive amounts of material on the IGF since its foundation in 1949: there are available congress minutes (1949 to 1970), activity reports(1949 to 1991), statutes/contracts, publications and manuscripts but primarily subject files on EFTA/ Free Trade Area, on the Industrial Committee of the International Labour Office(ILO), on international/European trade union federations and trade secretariats(1957 to 1985) as well as the correspondence with the member organisations(1964 to 1986). In addition, almost the entire financial administration is documented(1949 to 1989). 44

Out of the extensive amount of collected documents a collection of photographs has to be emphasized. The first two deliveries of archive material were made accessible by a detailed inventory (31m). Extensive deliveries of a later point in time have been roughly pre-sorted. The entire stocks amount to about 104m covering the period between 1889 and 2000. Apart from the stocks of the AdsD and the FES Library located in Bonn, further smaller stocks of the bookbinders(0.25m), the lithographers(0.75m), and the IGF(10m) exist in Amsterdam which were all given to the International Institute of Social History(IISH) there at an earlier point of time. The lastmentioned stocks comprise files and correspondence mainly from the 1950s and 1960s and complement the stocks preserved at the AdsD resulting in a basically complete record of its work. The International Federation of Lithographers, Lithographic Printers and Kindred Trades stocks at the IISH, on the other hand, certainly close a gap in the history of the lithographers documented at the AdsD by only a few individual documents. Adolf Schäfer, First President of the International Graphical Federation(IGF) 1949-1955 45

International Landworkers’ Federation(ILF)/ European Landworkers’ Federation(ELF) Sabina Huppertz The founding conference of the ILF took place in Amsterdam in August 1920. The Executive Committee and the so-called International Secretary constituted the top of the organisation. Piet Hiemstra, President of the Dutch landworkers’ federation was elected as first International Secretary and thus, Utrecht became the seat of the Secretariat. Due Invitation to the Congress of the International Landworkers‘ Federation(ILF), 1959 to the changing Secretaries the Secretariat moved a number of times in the following years: in 1924 with Georg Schmidt to Berlin, in 1933 with Piet Hiemstra back to Utrecht, and in 1938 with Oscar Lewinsen to Copenhagen. World War II marked a clear turning point as regards the activities of the ILF. With the occupation of Denmark by German troops in April 1940 the Secretariat stopped its work in Copenhagen and the ILF material to be found there was destroyed for security reasons. After Lewinsen’s death in 1942 the German emigrant Walter Kwasnik continued the work at the office in Stockholm on a provisional basis. The first post-war Congress of the ILF took place in London in 1946 and Kwasnik was elected as Secretary of the ILF based in Stockholm. After the election of the Dutchman Adri de Ruijter in 1950 its seat again changed to Utrecht in the Netherlands. After the merger negotiations of the ILF with the International Union of Food and Drink Workers’ Associations in the years between 1954 and 1956 which were not crowned by success, the ILF and the International Plantation Workers’ Federation merged in December 1959 into the International Federation of Plantation, Agricultural and Allied Workers(IFPAAW). The European member organisations of the former ILF remained a regional organisation of the new International named European Landworkers’ Federation(ELF). De Ruijter, at that point Secretary of the ILF became General Secretary of the ELF, an office he held until his death in 1971. 46

Based on a congress resolution the ELF was dissolved in June 1971 due to financial and organisational problems and it was decided that the Secretariat of the IFPAAW was to transact business from then on. The frequent change of location of the Secretariat and the impact of the war are reflected in the files made over to the AdsD on Adri de Ruijter’s initiative. The stocks include minutes of the meetings of the board as from 1950, circulars of the Secretariat as from 1958, correspondence series as from 1957, publications of the ILF/ELF as from 1920 and the ILF bulletin as from 1946(as from March 1960 published as ELF bulletin). At the same time, it documents the decline of the old Landworkers’ International based on the general conditions in the agricultural sector(rapid decrease in the number of workers etc.). Since the ILF structure was kept as such for the European regional organisation after the merger into the IFPAAW the files of the ILF and the ELF were not separated. The entire stocks amount to 3.4 m covering the period between 1920 and 1970 and are accessible by means of an inventory. 47

International Metalworkers’ Federation(IMF) Hans-Holger Paul In 1990, the IMF decided to entrust its extensive historical old registries to the care of the AdsD. After a number of attempts, the metal workers founded the International Metalworkers’ Federation in Zurich in 1893, the so-called Report by the Department for the Electrical and Electronics Industries on a Seminar held by the International Metalworkers’ Federation(IMF) in Singapore, 1978 Iron International. What was first started as an International Office for the exchange of information on the organisations of the member countries, on employment safety regulations, etc. with elected confidential agents in eight countries, very soon developed into something much greater. After the association had increasingly become more significant after 1945 – in the beginning of the 1970s trade unions with more than 10 million members were organised in the IMF – and after more and more employees had become part of its organisation the Congress in Lausanne in 1971 decided to change its name. Since then, it has been called International Metalworkers’ Federation. The valuable archival documents partly date back up to the time of foundation, however, this period is accounted for by only a very few documents. Unfortunately, there are gaps in the records on the important organs of the IMF in its initial phase. The records practically start with the end of World War I and the revival of the Metalworkers’ International in 1920. The documentation of the congresses date back to the International Metalworkers’ Congress in 1924, while the reports of the Secretariat to the Congress date back to 1920. The files of the Central Committee start in 1921, those of the Executive Committee in 1928. Key figure of this time was Konrad Ilg(1877 to 1954), who as Secretary of the association the seat of which was moved from Stuttgart to Bern held this office for the entire time from the 1920s throughout World War II until his death in 1954. A number of correspon48

dence files of General Secretary Ilg from the 1920s as well as from the time of war(e.g. correspondence with emigrants) have been preserved. In general, the stock in all its detail offers a comprehensive picture of the international initiatives of the IMF and of the activities of the different sectors of the federation including the sectors of shipbuilding, automobile industry, steel and electrical goods industry. Corresponding to the historical developments, e.g. the expansion of the European heavy industry in the 1920s the activities of the federation continue to develop. During that time they extend from mutual information and support of industrial disputes to financial support for the building up of metalworkers’ unions in Finland, Yugoslavia, and Hungary, up to the discussion on measures against dismissals and reduction in wages as a consequence of the World Economic Crisis of 1929. In addition to that, the activities of the different member organisations particularly with regard to struggles in the field of wage and working time policies, statistics on the member development, sector-specific wages, working conditions, etc. are extensively documented in various reports to the different congresses. It should not remain unmentioned that a small IMF stock, mostly printed material (minutes of congresses, activity reports, etc.) are kept at the IISH(period: 1948 to 1980, amount approx. 4m). The stocks at the AdsD amount to 81m of archive material covering the period between 1888 and 1985. 49

International Transport Workers’ Federation(ITF) Jutta Spoden The roots of the ITF can be traced back to the International Federation of Ship, Dock and Riverside Workers founded in London in 1896. As early as in 1898 it was renamed to International Transport Workers’ Federation. The stocks of the ITF at the AdsD are made up of three elements. Exile Publication of the General Association of the Seaman, Dock and Riverside Workers of Germany, Affiliated to the International Transport Workers’ Federation(ITF) The historically most significant part (approx. 5.6m), for which there is an inventory, as well, came to the AdsD in the late 1960s and covers the period between 1905 and 1948. It mainly comprises files relating to German member organisations and individual members. The main focus of the records is on the illegal trade union work of ITF groups after the seizure of power by the National Socialists in Germany and Austria(correspondence of the ITF Secretariat, activity reports, bulletins, news services, periodicals, leaflets, memorandums, and manuscripts), on the ITF organ “Fascism” edited by Walter Auerbach, and on the beginnings of trade union organisation after 1945(correspondence of the ITF Secretariat, ITF meetings, documents on the rebuilding of trade unions, material on the social conditions for German workers). Few correspondence documents of the ITF Secretariat date back to 1906. In addition to these stocks there are copies of minutes, congress documentations, and memorandums from the years 1897 to 1965, which were put at the disposal of the AdsD by the Modern Records Centre of the University of Warwick(Coventry) where the main stock is stored. These main files in Coventry amount to 14m covering the period between 1896 and 1977. The third part is made up of ITF material in German(circulars, etc.) which have been handed over to the AdsD by the ITF on a regular basis since 1992. The entire stocks amount to 9m covering the period between 1897 and 2000. 50

International Textile, Garment and Leather Workers’ Federation(ITGLWF) Christine Bobzien The ITGLWF was founded in 1970 as a result of the merger of the International Textile and Garment Workers‘ Federation(ITGWF) with the International Shoe and Leather Workers’ Federation(ISLWF). However, these organisations had been preceded by trade secretariats which had been founded much earlier: The International Glove Workers’ Union which was founded as early as in 1892, the International Secretariat of Shoemakers in 1893, and the International Secretariat of Leather Workers in 1896. The International Federation of Textile Workers’ Associations (IFTWA) originated in 1893 and the International Tailors’ Secretariat in 1896. In the spring of 2001, the archive material was moved from today’s office of the ITGLWF in Brussels to Bonn. The very dense stocks contain a greater amount of archive material of the predecessor organisations, such as for example documents of the IFTWA: Out of these documents the minutes of the congresses(1894 to 1946), the Administrative Committee and General Council Meetings(1926 to 1949) as well as the Secretary’s news(1921 to 1944) have been handed down. Out of the documents of the ISLWF and its predecessors the minutes of the congresses(1893 to 1970) have been preserved(apart from a few gaps). Furthermore, there is a small registry of the ISLWF from the time of 1936 until the unification congress in Folkestone in 1970. The files of the IFTWA/ITGWF are even more extensive: In this case, there are complete correspondence files with the affiliated organisations as from Excerpt from a Report by the International Federation of Textile Workers’ Associations, 1907 the 1950s. This correspondence with member organisations was apparently continued under the name ITGLWF without interruption even after the merger in 1970 and turned over to the AdsD including the files of 1996. As a result, these correspondence and subject files of the IFTWA/ITGWF/ITGLWF alone comprise more than 20m of documents. For the ITGLWF there are files on the congresses 1972 to 1988(reports up to and including 1995), on the Presiding Committee 1973 to 1988 and on the Executive Committee 1976 to 1991, circulars to member organisations only as from 1988. The entire stocks amount to 52.5m covering the period between 1893 and 1996. 51

International Union of Food, Agricultural, Hotel, Restaurant, Catering, Tobacco and Allied Workers’ Associations(IUF) Sabina Huppertz Pin of the International Union of Food and Drink Workers’ Associations, 1958 The IUF was founded in October 1920 as a result of the merger of three International Trade Secretariats of Brewery, Meat, and Bakery Workers which had already been in existence before World War I. The fact that the tobacco workers’ federations were granted independence as a sector group within the IUF led to the merger with the International Federation of Tobacco Workers in 1958. In 1961, the International Union of Hotel, Restaurant and Bar Workers(IUHR) decided to join the IUF with the status of a sector group, just as the International Federation of Plantation, Agricultural and Allied Workers(IFPAAW) merging with the IUF in 1994. These three sector groups still have their own board and regularly hold conferences of their own. In 1997, the IUF decided to turn over its files to the AdsD. In 1999, the North-American Regional Organisation sent its old files to the AdsD(1980 to 1985). The archive material includes correspondence and subject files, printed material, as well as unsorted collection material. The organs of the IUF have been documented since its foundation by minutes of the congresses(as from 1920), reports and minutes of the board-meetings(as from 1928), as well as reports and minutes of the meetings of the executive(as from 1956). A large part of the files taken over is made up of series of correspondence documents of the General Secretariat(as from 1929). Furthermore, the stocks comprise financial reports, subject files on multinational companies(e.g. Nestlé, Unilever, Coca Cola), correspondence and subject files on IUF regional organisations, specialised conferences and meetings of individual industrial sectors(among other things, specialised groups’ conferences of the sectors tobacco, beverage industry, confectionaries), specialised conferences for women, publications as from 1922, as well as the Newsletter/Bulletin as from 1923. A project on reviewing the history of the IUF is documented by correspondence, memorandums, leaflets, photographs, and brochures(1908 to 1989). As regards the predecessor organisations there is mainly congress documents available: 52

the congresses of the bakery and brewery workers from 1907 to 1926. The files of the IFPAAW comprise documents of the board, on congresses, as well as correspondence and subject files(1957-1994). Furthermore, there is the remainder of files of the IUHR forming the sector group of hotel, restaurant and bar workers after the merger with the IUF in 1961(1945 to 1961). The files of the IUF constitute a valuable addition to the files of the International/European Landworkers’ Federation, of the European Federation of Agricultural Workers’ Unions(EFA), and of the European Committee of Food, Catering And Allied Workers’ Unions within the IUF. The entire stocks amount to approx. 400m covering the period between 1907 and 1997. 53

Media and Entertainment International(MEI) Jutta Spoden In 1965, the predecessor organisation of the MEI was founded under the name of International Secretariat for Arts and Entertainment Trade Unions(ISETU). It was the umbrella organisation for the national trade unions of technical workers and employees in the field of radio, film, and television. In addition to that, a trade union committee for the field of arts, media and entertainment was founded within the European Trade Union Congress in 1973, referred to as European Committee of Trade Unions in Arts, Mass Media and Entertainment. Except for the years 1984 to 1987, ISETU and the European Committee of Trade Unions in Arts, Mass Media and Entertainment were managed by one common Secretariat; correspondingly, the stocks include files of both organisations. Report of the Int. Secretariat for Arts, Mass Media and Entertainment Trade Unions to the 7th ISETU/FIET-Congress As there are documents available from the time before its foundation the documented period starts in 1952. The are gaps in the stock of documents covering the years 1965 to 1984. The most comprehensive records can be found on the period between 1984 and 1992, when the ISETU Secretariat was linked as an independent section to the International Federation of Commercial, Clerical, Professional and Technical Employees(FIET) residing in Geneva. About 20m of files come from this time including correspondence files, files on the congresses held every four years, on the meetings of the Executive Committee, and on finances as well as a collection of circulars by the ISETU Secretariat and the ISETU News. Apart from that, there are country files to be found as well as files including correspondence and material on other international organisations(especially on the World Intellectual Property Organisation) or on sectorspecific problems, e.g. on copyright laws. Extensive records on the Secretariat of the European Committee of Trade Unions in Arts, Mass Media and Entertainment which also moved to Geneva in 1987, are available for the time up to 1992, as well. They comprise correspondence files, files on the congresses and on the meetings of the Executive Committee as well as financial files and circulars of the European Committee of Trade Unions in Arts, Mass Media and Entertainment. The years 1993 to 1995 after the merger of ISETU and FISTAV(International Federation of Trade Unions of Audio Visual Workers) and until the renaming to MEI are documented by comparatively few files. In the year 2000, MEI merged with a number of other trade secretariats into the Union Network International(UNI). The files were moved to the AdsD in 1999/ 2000 and amount to a total of c. 29m covering the period between 1952 and 1997. 54

Public Services International(PSI) Ulrike Ehnes The foundation of the PSI dates back to the year 1907 with the foundation of the International Federation of Workers in Public Services. In 1935, the International Federation of Workers in Public Services merged with the International Federation of Civil Servants into the International Federation of Unions of Employees in Public and Civil Services. Since 1958 it has been called Public Services International. The PSI made over its organisational files to the AdsD in the year 2000. The stocks of the PSI reflect the work of the regional organisation. There are documents on the different regional conferences and on regional advisory committees in Africa, Asia, the Pacific region, as well as North and South America. The period covered extends from 1965 to 1994. Furthermore, files on the four regional offices of the PSI in Asia as well as on the US office can be found. A second priority is set in the field of women’s activities available in the form of regional level conference files, committee files, and files of meetings(1963 to 1993). Additional files refer to the internal organisation and to committee activities and activities of different occupational groups organised by the PSI such as customs, civil aviation, fire brigade, new technologies, and urban transportation (1947 to 1997). The third block is made up of correspondence and material files(1971 to 1995) originating from the cooperation with other European and international trade union organisations such as the European Federation of Public Service Union, the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions, or the ILO. Since the year 2000, the AdsD has been continuously receiving additional material from the PSI, among other things the periodicals Focus and Euroflash, as well as the PSI-News and circulars from different committees. The entire stocks amount to 28m covering the period between 1925 and 1995. Title Page of the Statutes of the Public Services International(PSI) in Arabic, 1989 55

Postal, Telegraph and Telephone International(PTTI) Ulrike Ehnes The PTTI was founded in 1920 as successor organisation to the Postal Workers’ International. In 1997, the Communications International(CI) emerged from the PTTI mergExcerpt from the Minutes of Proceedings of the Executive Committee of the Postal, Telegraph and Telephone International(PTTI) ing in 2000 with the FIET, the IGF and the MEI into the Union Network International (UNI). The organisational files of the PTTI were handed over to the AdsD in 2000. The stocks reflect the entire organisational structure of the PTTI with the Congress as its highest organ, held on a four-yearly basis, and the Executive Committee and the Secretariat based in Geneva. Congress minutes are available as from the foundation of the predecessor organisation in 1911 as well as secretariat and activity reports from 1920 to 1963 and documents by the Executive Committee from 1920 to 1996. In the field of records on conferences there are files on the continent conferences, the African, Asian, inter-American, and European conferences(1958 to 1988). Furthermore, the stocks comprise files of women’s conferences and on the work of the women’s committee(1987 to 1997). The stocks amount to 25m archive material covering the period between 1911 and 1997. Another extensive amount of old registries by the PTTI is located at the IISH in Amsterdam. These stocks amount to 41.5m archive material covering the period between 1913 and 1987. Detailed documents(minutes, resolutions, and correspondence) are available on the congresses between 1920 and 1978 as well as minutes of the meetings of the Executive Committee from 1938 to 1986. Furthermore, the stocks reflect the regional structure of the PTTI. 56

Profile of the Library of the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung Bibliothek der Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung (Library of the Friedrich Ebert Foundation) Godesberger Allee 149 D-53175 Bonn Function: Scientific specialist library open to the public Postal Address: Bibliothek der Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung D-53170 Bonn Phone:++49(0)228/883-426 (Information Desk) Fax:++49(0)228/883-626 Internet Address: http://library.fes.de/ E-Mail: fachauskunft@fes.de User Service: Reference library, national and international inter-library loan, document delivery service, online offers Opening times: Monday through Thursday: 9 a.m.- 5 p.m. Friday: 9 a.m.- 4 p.m. Institution code:<Bo 133> The Library of the Friedrich Ebert Foundation was founded in June 1969 together with the Archive of Social Democracy and is today one of the worldwide largest scientific specialist libraries with a focus on collection in the field of history of the labour movement, social and contemporary history: q Past and presence of the German and international labour movement, q German and international social and contemporary history, q current publications by political parties and trade unions in Germany and selected countries. The Library of the Friedrich Ebert Foundation is the largest trade union library in Germany and one of the largest on a global scale with the complete stocks of the library of the Federal Board of the Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund[ German Trade Union Federation](DGB) and of many of its single-industry unions as well as of a number of international trade union organisations(see below). The library is one of the few scientific specialist libraries collecting material on the history of the labour movement, social history, on trade unions and political parties also in selected countries of Western Europe, North America, and the Third World as well as of international trade union organisations(International Confederation of Free Trade Unions, International Trade Secretariats) and of the Socialist International(SI). The Library currently(2001) has more than 600,000 volumes(books, brochures, periodicals), more than 60,000 microforms (films, fiches) at its disposition. The annual increase amounts to approx. 12,000 volumes. 2,000 newspapers, magazines, and other pe57

riodicals are kept up-to-date, more than 1,000 periodicals(historical and most recent ones) are available on microfiche. At a national level, the Library cooperates among others with the GBV(Gemeinsamer Bibliotheksverbund der Länder Bremen, Hamburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Niedersachsen, Sachsen-Anhalt, Schleswig-Holstein, Thüringen)[Common Library Network for the Länder Bremen, Hamburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Lower Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt, Schleswig-Holstein, Thuringia], the HBZ (Hochschulbibliothekszentrum des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen)[University Library Centre of the Land North Rhine-Westphalia], WEBIS(WWW-Bibliotheksinformationssystem zur überregionalen Literaturversorgung in Deutschland)[WWW Library Information System on supra-regional supply with literature in Germany] and the ZDB(Zeitschriftendatenbank)[Serials data base] as well as at an international level mainly with IALHI(International Association of Labour History Institutions), which was founded in London, in 1970 with the help of the Friedrich Ebert Foundation and which comprises approx. 90 partner institutes, as well as within the framework of the“European Network of Labour Historians” founded in 1997. The Library of the Friedrich Ebert Foundation is recognized and supported as scientific specialist library by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft[German Research Society]. 58

Stocks of the International Trade Union Organisations in the Library of the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung Rainer Gries Introductory Remarks This description of stocks offers only a brief overview of the amount, diversity, types of publications, languages, and special features of individual stocks. We would like to provide the reader with an impression of the wealth and significance of the stocks – which will hopefully encourage him/her to do in-depth research with our OPAC(online catalogue) system. The Library tries to focus on its role as information service provider in a world more and more characterized as an information and knowledge society: it safeguards material, indexes it, and puts these large stocks of the international trade union organisations – not least of all by using the new media – at the disposal of a public interested in international trade union policies. The Library is turning into a central multimedia source of information on and for the international trade union movement. The new media provide new opportunities of safeguarding and using the material: Apart from the filming and microfiching activities which have always been very extensive, today, trade union publications are also saved on CD-ROM or put on the net as a database – as it is the case for example with the news services. At the moment, the building up of a database is being prepared which will document the publications of today’s international trade union organisations and its predecessors. As Library of the Friedrich Ebert Foundation its possibilities go beyond those of other scientific libraries: The building up and development of the stocks is strongly supported by the close cooperation with the archive and other departments of the Foundation as well as with trade unions at a national and international level. All this and the participation in national and international library networks improve the offer of publications for the users and increase the range of trade unions’ publications. The Library of the Friedrich Ebert Foundation: Gateway to the International Trade Union Movement Since its foundation, the Library of the Foundation has systematically and on a large scale collected publications of the international labour movement, particularly of the trade unions – of trade unions in European countries, North America, and the Third World as well as of international trade union organisations, historical as well as current publications by the International Trade Secretariats(ITS) and by the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions(ICFTU). The percentage of foreign trade union periodicals has been considerable from the outset. Particularly through the taking over of complete library stocks of International Trade Secretariats, often in connection with the taking over of the corresponding archive stocks, it was possible to expand the collection of publications by international trade union organisations to a very considerable extent. Further additions were effected by the taking over of library stocks of the German trade unions, above all of the large library of the 59

Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund[German Trade Union Federation] as well as by active collection activities and the provision with current publications by the trade union organisations. As early as in the 1980s, the Library took over extensive stocks of the International Metalworkers’ Federation(IMF). With the taking over of the library stocks of the Gewerkschaft Nahrung, Genuss, Gaststätten[Food, Tobacco, and Hotel Industry Trade Union](NGG) in 1981 numerous publications also by the International Union of Food, Agricultural, Hotel, Restaurant, Catering, Tobacco and Allied Workers’ Associations(IUF) came to the Library of the Friedrich Ebert Foundation. These were considerably extended through the taking over of the complete IUF stocks in the 1990s. Additional extensive stocks, some without any gaps, followed in the 1980s and 1990s: International Graphical Federation(IGF) (1988), International Federation of Commercial, Clerical, Professional and Technical Employees(FIET)(1999), International Federation of Building and Wood Workers(IFBWW) (1999). Significant collections of publications by the Education International(EI), the Public Services International(PSI), and the International Textile, Garment and Leather Workers’ Federation(ITGLWF) followed in 2000 and in 2001. Publication stocks of other International Trade Secretariats and particularly of the ICFTU came to the Library of the Foundation through stocks of German trade unions, especially the Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund [German Trade Union Federation](1995) as well as through antiquarian acquisitions and the exchange with other libraries. The filming of important publications not only helped to safeguard the material but also to fill in many gaps. For some of the trade union stocks the Library has published inventories. By means of acquisition trips and the cooperation with trade union organisations the Library is not only making efforts to fill in gaps in the stocks but is also trying to continuously further develop the stocks, the continuous collection of current publications (grey literature), which is systematically supplemented by the purchase of the corresponding scientific literature. As far as possible, publications are collected in German and in English. However, in many cases they are also available in French, Spanish, Swedish, Italian, or in other languages. Significance of the Stock For Science and Politics This stock segment holds a large number of unique items and treasures. A wealth of monographic and especially periodical publications from the time of foundation of the international trade union movement would be irrevocably lost if they were not safeguarded at the Friedrich Ebert Foundation. 60

As a few examples one could mention the extremely valuable periodicals and newspapers, reports on international trade union conferences, as well as minutes and central organs of the international trade union organisations since the turn of the last century. Charters and statutes impart significant insights into the organisation culture of the international trade union movement. The publications are testimony of the development of a political culture mainly in Europe but also in other continents. The trade unions in Africa, Asia, and Latin America, for example, did not only play an important role in representing employees in companies but also in the liberation movement and in achieving independence from the colonies. Minutes, statutes, resolutions, and periodicals of the ICFTU from the founding years as from 1949 provide an excellent insight into trade union movement(mainly) in Europe undergoing reorganisation after World War II and into the political discussions of the“Cold War” beginning at that point of time. At the same time, the stocks provide important historical background information for a better understanding of today’s discussions on globalisation, international migratory movements, international trade policy, or the shaping of transnational relations. These publications covering a wide range of issues relevant to trade union policies collected on a continuous basis constitute indispensable source material for research on economic, industry-sociological, or political topics. Historians and social scientists dealing with issues in the field of trade union policies as well as a public interested in these issues will find that the stock of the Friedrich Ebert Foundation is the central source of information! Within the framework of the Digital Library of the Foundation, the stocks of printed publications on international trade union organisations are currently being complemented by digital publications: an edition of the basic programmes of European trade unions and an edition of news services including the International Trade Secretariats whose digital publications are increasingly saved on CDROM. In the future, gaps in the stock will also be“bridged” by the title reference within the framework of virtual networks, particularly in cooperation with partners of IALHI(International Association of Labour History Institutions). Even by international comparison, the Library of the Friedrich Ebert Foundation has great advantages and opportunities resulting from the cooperation structure of the Foundation and from the cooperation with trade unions nationally and internationally which is to be the gateway to the international trade union movement for many users. 61

Stock Description Rainer Gries The following description covers the stocks of the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions(ICFTU) and of the International Trade Secretariats(ITS) as well as its predecessor organisations in the Library of the Friedrich Ebert Foundation – a total of more than 8,000 titles. To avoid frequent repetitions, it is to be pointed out at this point that the publications are collected, as far as possible, in German and in English but often they are also available in French, Spanish, Swedish, Italian, or in other languages. Here we use the English names of the organisations and include them as far as we had been able to gather them from the sources(additional translations of names/titles of organisations will be printed in italic type,as well as translations of titles of publications in some cases). For the purposes of a better understanding, the descriptions are preceded by a few brief remarks on today’s organisations and the immediate predecessor organisations. For further information on the development of the International Trade Secretariats, see “Overview of the Development of International Trade Union Organisations”. For some time now, the Library of the Friedrich Ebert Foundation has begun to safeguard digital publications by international trade union organisations, as well. For reasons of copyright, however, only parts of it can be made available directly via the Internet to users worldwide, the rest is available as full text only on our local server. 62

International Confederation of Free Trade Unions(ICFTU) With currently 221 affiliated national trade union umbrella organisations, the ICFTU is the largest trade union federation representing 156 million trade union members in 148 countries. The ICFTU was founded in 1949 by member organisations having left the World Federation of Trade Unions(WFTU) founded in 1945. The ICFTU sees itself as successor organisation to the International Federation of Trade Unions(IFTU, 1901 to 1945). With currently more than 1,000 titles by and about the ICFTU and its predecessor organisations, the Library of the Friedrich Ebert Foundation has at its disposition the largest stock of publications after the International Institute of Social History, Amsterdam. As it is the case with the International Trade Secretariats, the stock of the ICFTU is also continuously being complemented by current periodical and monographic publications. The time of foundation of the ICFTU or the separation of its founding members from the World Federation of Trade Unions in 1949 covered in a variety of publications provides a good insight into the political situation after World War II and into the beginnings of the “Cold War” – more so than the corresponding publications by the International Trade Secretariats of that time. The stock includes the complete collection of the congress reports from 1.1949 until today(mostly in German, English, and French), the activity reports(1955 to 2000; partly in various languages), and the reports of the General Secretary, mainly from the time of foundation in 1949 to 1956. The statutes(from the time between 1949 and 1996) as well as the organisation-related handbooks on educational work, trade union work in Africa, organisation guidelines for women and youth or self-portrayals of the The stock of the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions(ICFTU) comprises the central periodicals“Freie Gewerkschaftswelt”/“Free Labour World” from the first edition in 1950 to 1997(in German, English, some in French) and the successor periodical„Trade Union World“(as from 1997; English) as well as the annual reports on violations of trade union rights(German, English; 1983/84 until today). 63

ICFTU from different years are of significance as regards organisation policies. Its presence and work in different countries and continents is documented by conference reports and travel reports. The publications aiming at different subjects reflect more than 50 years of political development and international trade union commitment: from“Free Trade Unions form the ICFTU”(British TUC, 1949), to refugees in Germany(1955),“Ungarn-Bericht”[Hungary Report](1957), to child labour, violence against women, descriptions of national trade unions, up to very topical issues such as trade union development in Eastern Europe, globalisation, or the civil society. Festschrifts covering anniversary years such as 1959, 1969, and 1999 as well as scientific publications on the ICFTU such as“Die Politik des IBFG beim Aufbau schwarzer Gewerkschaften in Südafrika 1949-69”[ICFTU policy during the time of building up black trade unions in South Africa 1949-69] by Maren G. Liethschmidt or more recently“The International Confederation of Free Trade Unions”(2000) by Anthony Carew and Marcel van der Linden(eds.) add to the collection. The publications of the World Federation of Trade Unions(WFTU), which the trade union federations parted with in 1949 and then founded the ICFTU, also comprise central periodicals’ collections such as the activity reports(1945-53, 1961, 1965-69, 1977-78, 1981-86), congress resolutions and minutes (1945, 1947,1949, 3.1953- 7.1969), and further central periodicals such as the“Mitteilungsblatt”[News Bulletin](24.1946- 77.1949), the“Informations-Bulletin”[Information Bulletin](1946-55), or the monthly periodical “Die Weltgewerkschaftsbewegung”/“World Trade Union Movement”(May 1949-July 1990). Many of these and other publications document on the one hand the longing for trade union unity immediately after World War II but very soon also the language of the“Cold War”:„Die freien Gewerkschaften bleiben im WGB“[The free trade unions remain in the WFTU](1949) or“WGB: Einheit, Solidarität, Frieden: 1945-1985”[WFTU: Unity, Solidarity, Peace: 1945 to 1985](Moscow, 1985). Many documents of the GDR trade union federation on the WFTU head in a similar direction while other documents of the 1980s deal with new tendencies in the Communist trade union policy when it comes to the key word“reform communism”. The statutes available for the years 1945, 1965, and 1969 as well as a number of publications by the WFTU on subject matters are significant as regards trade union policies. A considerable stock is available on the actual predecessor of the ICFTU, as well, on the 64

International Federation of Trade Unions (IFTU): the‘central publication’“Die internationale Gewerkschaftsbewegung”/“International Trade Union Movement”(1.192112.1932, 19.1939), the yearbooks of the IFTU (1.1922-8.1938, No. 2 is missing), reports by the IFTU(1903 to 1919), as well as activity reports(1.1919-6.1936) and congress reports(1927, 1936). Statutes(1920, 1927, 1930, 1935) are available as well as a history of the IFTU(1901 to 1945). A lot of publications on trade union federations in different countries as well as on “Die Lage der Arbeiterschaft in Deutschland” [The situation of workers in Germany](1924), “Frauenarbeit in faschistischen Ländern” [Women’s work in fascist countries](1937), or on investigations on the eight-hour day provide good insights into the situation of workers and their trade unions between the two world wars. What is conspicuous during this time is the commitment of the IFTU with regard to peace policy: there are common pamphlets together with the Socialist International, e.g. on issues of disarmament, Edo Fimmen’s speech“Krieg dem Kriege”[War against war] (1922), or the document“Nie wieder Krieg!” [Never again war], published in 1930 and 1934 in various languages. The publications on the World Economic Crisis, on social welfare legislation in Europe after World War I, on protection of children and young persons, or the IFTU Guidelines on Economic Policies are certainly among the important sources of research in the field of social and economic history. The stocks comprise a complete list of publications by the IFTU(1901 to 36) as well as publications on the IFTU, mainly from the 1920s, e.g. by Edo Fimmen and Walter Schevenels. International Trade Secretariats(ITS) The ITS are associations of(national) single-industry unions. The first ITS emerged during the last third of the 19 th century. Up to World War I, a few dozen ITS were formed; in 1913 a mutual recognition agreement was reached and the demarcation of the fields of activity between the International Federation of Trade Unions and the ITS took place. The ICFTU and the ITS re-settled their bilateral relations in the Milan Treaty of 1951 (amended in 1969 and 1991) and determined commonalities regarding trade union policies, representation rights in decision-making bodies, as well as the demarcation of their responsibilities. As a result of joinders and mergers, today, there are 10 ITS. 65

Education International(EI) The Education International(EI) emerged in 1993 from the merger of the International Federation of Free Teachers’ Unions(IFFTU) with the World Confederation of Organisations of the Teaching Profession(WCOTP). The stocks document not only the development of the organisation but also key areas of the debate on education policy of the 1950s. The periodicals’ collection of the Education International(EI) includes among other things“Education International: The EI Magazine”(as from 1993; electronic edition as from September 1997),“EI – Monthly Monitor”(as from 4.1996/97; also available as electronic edition), and“Education International – EI barometer on trade union rights in the education sector”(as from 1998), as well as the congress reports starting with the foundation congress(as from 1993) or“Progress report”(as from 1.1995). The monographic titles comprise a broad range of topical issues from questions concerning trade union organisation, working conditions in the education sector, trade union rights, to issues of peace policy and research, the cooperation with the UNESCO, up to efforts by the World Trade Organisation aiming at privatisations in the education sector. The safeguarding of digital publications has been started, as well. There are also numerous publications by the predecessor organisations, particularly by the World Confederation of Organisations of the Teaching Profession(WCOTP): the annual reports(1954-55, 1957-71, 1983), the congress reports(1956-66, 1984-93), or a number of editions of the member periodical “Echo”(34.1985, 39.1990- 41.192/93) as well as reports on regional and specialised conferences. The monographic titles include issues related to trade union organisation, e.g. handbooks(1987, 1989, 1991) on the occupational sector or the school and education policy from the 1950s to the 1980s. As to the International Federation of Free Teachers’ Unions(IFFTU), there are various editions of the“Mitteilungsblatt”[News Bulletin](as from May 1967) available as well as the periodical“Workers in Education“(1.198518.1990). Activity reports(of the time between 1969 and 1975) as well as the statutes (1972) give an impression of the development of the organisation while the reports on regional seminars in Latin America, Asia, or the South Pacific(in the 1970s and 1980s) provide an insight into the international work. The stocks also include publications of an older predecessor organisation, the Education Workers‘ International, mainly“Die Lehrer-Internationale: offizielles Organ der Internationale der Bildungsarbeiter”[Teachers’ International: Official Organ of the Education Workers’ International](various editions from between 2.1924/25 and 7.1929/30) as well as the English edition“Education Workers’ International”(some editions from between 5.1926/27 and 6.1927/28). 66

International Federation of Chemical, Energy, Mine and General Workers’ Unions(ICEM) The International Federation of Chemical, Energy, Mine and General Workers’ Unions (ICEM) was a result of the merger of the International Federation of Chemical, Energy and General Workers’ Unions(ICEF) with the Miners’ International Federation(MIF) taking place in 1995. In 2000, the Universal Alliance of Diamond Workers(UADW) joined the ICEM. The Universal Alliance of Diamond Workers is the only Secretariat for which there are no publications available in the stocks of the Library. The stock of the International Federation of Chemical, Energy, Mine and General Workers’ Unions(ICEM) comprises the periodicals“ICEM-Info”(as from 1996) and“ICEM Global”(as from 1997). Both titles have also been saved as electronic publications. Furthermore, there are the statutes(1996) and the declaration of foundation of November 1995. Reports by the Congress and the Secretariats have been collected continuously since its foundation in 1995. Reports on regional(e.g. Asia, 1996, 1999, 2000) or specialised conferences(e.g. Women’s Conference, 1995) are available in greater numbers, just as monographic titles on special subjects such as employment safety, energy policy, policies for wages and salaries, or globalisation. The commitment of the ICEM in Eastern Europe is also reflected in the publications. The publications by predecessor organisations are significant as regards social and industrial history, as well: the“Allgemeinen Berichte”[ General Reports] by the Internationales Sekretariat der Glasarbeiter[International Glass Workers’ Secretariat](1909 to 1910) just as the publications by the International Federation of General Factory Workers: Congress reports(1923, 1929, 1933, 1947, 1950),“Geschäfts- und Kassenbericht” [Business and cash report](1929 to 32, 1948 to 49), activity reports(1927 to 29), or the “Bulletin”(fragmentary collection: 1949 to 64). The specialised conferences’ reports and the reports on wages and working conditions in paper, glass, and rubber industry in different countries(from the beginning of the 1930s to the 1950s) provide a good insight into the working conditions of that time. As to the International Federation of Chemical and General Workers’ Unions(ICF) there is, among other things, the“ICF-Bulletin”(a great number of editions between 1964 and 1972) as well as publications on employment safety, computer terminal workstations, co-determination, and multinational companies. The International Federation of Chemical, Energy and General Workers’ Unions(ICEF) emerging from the last-mentioned organisation through renaming in 1976 provides the user with the“ICEF-Info”(1991 to 95), activity reports(1989-92, 1993-95), or with the(microfiched) congress report of 1993 on the merger with the Miners’ International Federation, as well as with statutes (1950-76, 1988). Apart from reports on specialised conferences, a number of publications can be found on employment safety, on individual industrial sectors, or on issues of privatisation of the energy sector but also on topics such as chemical weapons or on the accident in a large chemical plant in Bhopal/ India. 67

The mining industry is one of the core areas of industrialisation in Europe and in other continents. Therefore, the publications by the Miners’ International Federation(MIF) are of special relevance with regard to economic and industrial history: the stock comprises a great number(some of it on microfiche) of congress reports since its foundation in 1890 (a very great number of reports in German and English from the time between 1890 and 1984),“Vierteljahresberichte”/”Quarterly Bulletins”(various editions from between 1907 and 1964), various reports by the Committee of the Miners’ International Federation(1912 to 21), or reports by affiliated trade unions on social progress(various reports from between 1949 and 1979). Statutes are available from the years 1930, 1951, and 1963, specialised publications, e.g. issues of nationalisation(1952), of energy policy, and of employment safety. Among the publications on the MIF, one should mention the following: a publication on the Paris Congress of 1891, the work on the history of the MIF 1890 to 1993 by Peter Rütters, and the stock record of the Library of the Friedrich Ebert Foundation“IUF and MIF: minutes and reports” by Gabriele Rose. Out of a limited number of titles by the International Federation of Petroleum- and Chemical Workers the following ones should be mentioned: various congress programmes and minutes(from the period between 1957 and 1970), the periodical“Petro”(a lot of editions from between 1960 and 1974), as well as reports by the General Secretary (1960 to 66) and the Statutes(1956). International Federation of Building and Wood Workers (IFBWW) The International Federation of Building and Wood Workers(IFBWW) was formed in 1934 by the merger of the Building Workers’ International with the International Union of Wood Workers(IUW). In 1946, the International Secretariat of Painters and Allied Trades as well as the International Secretariat of Stone Workers joined. The Library of the Friedrich Ebert Foundation was able to take over a large stock of publications of the IFBWW. Out of the older periodicals of the International Federation of Building and Wood Workers(IFBWW) the“FBWW Survey: newsletter of the International Federation of Building and Wood Workers”(1936-47) or the“Bulletin”(1934-36, 1950-69) are certainly of interest. Congress minutes from the time of foundation in the 1930s up to the present are available in great numbers as well as activity reports, financial reports, press reports(19461952), or reports by the member organisations and reports from specialised conferences(on the timber industry and other sectors of the organisation, Europe, youth). Statutes are available for a number of years(between 1948 and 1998) as well as handbooks on organisational issues, trade union rights, or particularly on trade union 68

rights in South Asia(1991) as well as a handbook for trade union educational work in Eastern Europe. As regards monographic publications, titles on the fields of employment safety and safety at work(from the 1950s until today) and on the political situation in the organisation’s corresponding areas(e.g. house-building policies, environmental protection and forest preservation, effects of globalisation on building and wood companies) predominate. However, there are also titles on current socio-political and international topics, as for example on the economic integration in Asia (ASEAN, APEC), America(MERCOSUR, NAFTA), or in southern Africa. The small stock of titles on the IFBWW includes among other things a publication on the development of building workers’ trade unions in Latin America(1990),“Die Geschichte des IBBH”[The history of the IFBWW](1993), or“Wir bauen die Zukunft: 100 Jahre internationale Zusammenarbeit, eine Chronik” [We build the future: 100 years of international cooperation – a chronicle](1997). The predecessor organisation Building Workers’ International is represented with a great number of reports: conference reports (1910, 1928-30, 1932), the reports of the Secretary of the national organisations(1911 –14), the annual report 1932, as well as press reports of February and April 1934. For the periodical“Bauarbeiter-Internationale”/”International Federation of Building Workers” the editions from 9.1922 to 33.1933 (some on microfilm) are available. The predecessor organisation International Union of Wood Workers(IUW) is represented by valuable publications from the time of foundation in the beginning of the 20 th century and from the 1920s: Congress reports (1904-07, 1922, 1925-29), among others the congress reports from 1925“Aufgaben und Organisationsformen der internationalen Gewerkschaftsbewegung”[Tasks and organisation forms of the international trade union movement], statutes(1904, 1907), as well as activity reports(1922-33), press reports(193334) and the„Bulletin“(23.1926 – 30.1933). The latter as well as the reports on wages and working conditions of wood workers(various editions from the 1920s) provide not only an insight into the development of the trade unions but also into the working and living conditions of the people at that time. Some important publications of another affiliated(1946) predecessor, the International Secretariat of Painters and Allied Trades, are available: the International Reports of the Central Associations(5.1915-18.1928/30), congress minutes(1.1911, 3.1923-7.1928), or the“Mitteilungsblatt”[News Bulletin] (1928-31). 69

International Federation of Journalists(IFJ) The International Federation of Journalists(IFJ) was founded in 1952 as a consequence of the splitting off from the International Organisation of Journalists. The stocks are relevant in view of media policy and freedom of the press, as well, many publications deal with the freedom or the danger of freelance work as a journalist. The periodicals in the stock of the International Federation of Journalists(IFJ) to be emphasized include“Directline”(from the beginning in 1969 to 1993 and from 1995 until today), congress reports(complete as from the end of the 1990s), as well as reports on trade union rights and the freedom of the press(1995 to 98), and above all office reports and reports by the board(1952 to 1992 and as from the end of the 1990s). Apart from organisation-related publications such as statutes, titles on working conditions of journalists(among others of freelancers), on issues of professional ethics, and above all media-politically oriented publications take up a lot of room: from the topic “freedom of the press“(in different countries) to copyright laws up to“children and the media“. The commitment in and on behalf of Eastern and South Eastern Europe having increased over the last years is reflected, as well. The small stock of the International Organisation of Journalists is limited to publications from the time between the end of the 1960s to the 1970s – published mostly in Prague or Budapest: e.g. a self-portrayal(1956), a publication on the Springer Group(1968), on the mass media in Europe(1979), or on the birthday of Egon Erwin Kisch(1975). International Metalworkers’ Federation(IMF) The International Metalworkers’ Federation(IMF) was founded in 1893 and was given the name it is known by today in 1904. As to the periodicals of the International Metalworkers’ Federation(IMF) one has to mention first of all the congress reports(beginning with 3.1900, available in great numbers until today); the activity reports of the Secretariat(1954 to 71, 1981 until today); the periodical“IMB-Nachrichten für Presse und Gewerkschafter in den Betrieben”[IMF news for the press and trade unionists in the companies](1966 to 1972), successor:“Nachrichten für die Gewerkschafter in Betrieben und Büros”[News for trade unionists in companies and offices](1972 to 75), successor:“IMB-Nachrichten”[IMF news](1975 to 1999), successor:“Metal-World”(as from 2000). Furthermore, the“Bulletin des IMB”[Bulletin of the IMF](2.1950-22.1971), the“IMB70

Pressedienst”[IMF news service](1973-87), “Weltwirtschaftsentwicklung”[world economic development](as from 25.1981 to today), and reports on sector and regional conferences. The monographs include the IMF publication“Die Wahrheit über die Ereignisse in Spanien: offener Brief an Joseph Stalin”[The truth about the events in Spain: an open letter to Joseph Stalin](1939) as well as“Die Eiserne Internationale”[The Iron International](published on the occasion of an exhibition in 1968), self-portrayals, the IMF Action Programme 1993/97,“Ins 21. Jahrhundert: der nächste Schritt für das IMB-Aktionsprogramm”[Into the 21st century: the next step for the IMF action programme](1999), and a great number of titles on working time policy, co-determination, working conditions, the sectors of the organisational area, as well as on the development of trade unions in Asia, Latin America, and Africa. Of importance are definitely the reports on Poland(1980) or on South Africa“Metalworkers in South Africa: The Struggle for Freedom: Report of IMFMission to South Africa 1984”. Statutes are part of the stock, as well (1971, 1997). When it comes to the publications of the IMF, the self-portrayals predominate in numbers but the following titles are worth mentioning, as well:“Internationale Metallarbeiterorganisation und ihre Aufgabe: Denkschrift des Deutschen Metallarbeiterverbandes an den Internationalen MetallarbeiterKongress in Amsterdam 1904”[The International Metalworkers’ organisation and its responsibilities: Memorandum by the German Metalworkers’ Federation to the International Metalworkers’ Congress in Amsterdam 1904],“The International Metalworkers’ Federation: an International Labor Study“ (published by the U.S. Department of Labor, 1959), or the stock description by Walter Wimmer and Felicitas Kallus“Die Eiserne Internationale: Periodikaverzeichnis des Bestandes IMB in der Bibliothek der FriedrichEbert-Stiftung”[The Iron International: periodical index of the IMF stock in the Library of the Friedrich Ebert Foundation]. 71

International Transport Workers’ Federation(ITF) The International Transport Workers’ Federation(ITF) was founded in 1896 and was given today’s name in 1898. Today, its organisational area covers the entire traffic and transportation sector. Particularly worth mentioning among the periodicals of the International Transport Workers’ Federation(ITF) are:“ITF-Nachrichten”/“ITF Newsletter”(1966-71, 1974-85) and the successor periodical“ITF News”(1986 until today; available as electronic publication, as well), the“Internationale Transportarbeiterzeitung”/“International Transport Workers’ Journal”(16.1956-28.1968), activity and financial reports(1921, 1938-49, 1962-64, 1971-73, 1983-85), minutes on the negotiations of the International Transport Workers’ Congresses(6.1908-8.1913), as well as further congress minutes(in great numbers for the period between 1920 and today). There are business and cash reports (1922/23, 1928/29-1935/37), reports by the Central Council of the ITF(1906/08-1912), as well as a large collection of press reports (from the time between 1932 and 1962). Reports from specialised congresses(for railway workers, seamen, drivers, and others) and specialised bulletins corresponding to the organisational areas complement the periodicals’ stock. Of a particular significance as regards social and contemporary history are surely the reports on“Die sozialökonomischen, rechtlichen und organisatorischen Verhältnisse sowie Streiks und Lohnbewegungen der Eisenbahner, Straßenbahner, Seeleute, Hafenund Transportarbeiter …”[Socio-economic, legal, and organisational conditions as well as strikes and the development of wages for railway workers, tram drivers, seamen, dock and transport workers](1908/09-1910/12) as well as“Hakenkreuz über Deutschland“ [Swastika over Germany](2.1934) and“Faschismus: Berichte und Dokumente zur Lage der Arbeiterschaft unter faschistischer Diktatur”[Fascism: Reports and documents on the situation of the workers under fascist dictatorship](2.1934-13.1945). Statutes are available for the years 1922, 1952, 1970, 1980, and 1990. The monographic publications include handbooks covering among other issues trade union educational work(1979), self-portrayals, the history of the ITF“Solidarität: Die ersten 100 Jahre der Internationalen Transportarbeiter-Föderation“[Solidarity: The first 100 years of the International Transport Workers’ Federation](1996), as well as working conditions in the organisational areas and in comparison with other countries, or“Globalisierung und Arbeitsbedingungen”[ Globalisation and working conditions](2000). A number of titles from the series“ITF-Dokumente”[ ITF documents] are part of the stock. The stock titles on the ITF comprise selfportrayals(as from 1912) and further accounts of the history of the ITF, as for example the works by Sigrid Koch-Baumgarten„Gewerkschaftsinternationalismus und die Herausforderung der Globalisierung – Das Beispiel der Internationalen Transportarbeiterföderation (ITF)“[Trade union internationalism and the challenge of globalisation – the example of the International Transport Workers’ Federation](1999), by Dieter Nelles“Widerstand und internationale Solidarität: die ITF im Widerstand gegen den Nationalsozialismus” [Resistance and international solidarity: the ITF resisting against National Socialism] (2001), or by Hartmut Simon“Organised labour against national socialism: a case study of the International Federation of the Transportworkers’ Federation”(1983). 72

International Textile, Garment and Leather Workers’ Federation(ITGLWF) The Trade Secretariat in the form it exists in today came into being in 1970 through the merger of the International Textile and Garment Workers‘ Federation(ITGWF) with the International Shoe and Leather Workers’ Federation(ISLWF). Both evolved from a great number of predecessor organisations. The activity reports of the International Textile, Garment and Leather Workers’ Federation(ITGLWF) are completely available (1972 until today). Furthermore, there are congress reports(1992 until today) as well as application files related to congresses and congress resolutions(as from the middle of the 1990s), complemented by“Berichte der angeschlossenen Gewerkschaften”[Reports by affiliated trade unions](1.1972-3.1980) and reports from specialised congresses. The stocks comprise statutes(1972 to 84), handbooks for functionaries and on trade union educational work, as well as the“Aktionsprogramm”[Action programme] of 1992, a self-portrayal(1992), and publications on issues such as free trade zones and multinational companies. The most comprehensive portrayal of the ITGLWF is the title by Werner Reutter“Möglichkeiten und Grenzen Internationaler Gewerkschaftspolitik – Geschichichte, Struktur und Einfluß der Internationalen Textil-, Bekleidungs- und Lederarbeiter Vereinigung” [Opportunities and limitations of international trade union policy – history, structure, and influence of the International Textile, Garment and Leather Workers’ Federation] (1998). The Library owns a small stock of the predecessor organisation International Textile and Garment Workers‘ Federation(ITGWF): Activity reports(1960-67), congress reports (1964, 1968, of the extraordinary congress in 1970: resolution on the merger with the ISLWF), reports of the General Secretary(196067), and the“Bulletin”(1.1960-22.1966). As regards the predecessor organisation International Federation of Textile Workers’ Associations(IFTWA) one has to mention the statutes(1939, 1949, 1952) and as regards the International Garment Workers‘ Federation (IGWF), there are the„Bulletin“(1.19577.1959),“Der Internationale Textil- und Bekleidungsarbeiter”[The International Textile and Garment Worker](1954, 1955, some editions) as well as the minutes of the extraordinary congress in 1960(resolution to merge with the IFTWA). For the predecessor organisation International Shoe and Leather Workers’ Federation(ISLWF) the Library has at its disposition the”Bulletin“(1955-69) and the report of the common congress with the ITGWF(1970). Of its predecessor organisations, the stocks of the Internationales Kürschner Sekretariat[International Furriers’ Secretariat] comprise minutes of the negotiations during the International Furriers’ Conferences(4.19096.1921), the ones of the International Federation of Saddlers include the statutes of 1906(German, English, French), as well as the second congress report of 1893 by the Internationaler Verband der Handschuhmacher[International Glove Makers’ Federation]. 73

International Union of Food, Agricultural, Hotel, Restaurant, Catering, Tobacco and Allied Workers’ Associations(IUF) The International Union of Food, Agricultural, Hotel, Restaurant, Catering, Tobacco and Allied Workers’ Associations(IUF) has a wide organisational area and a widely diversified organisation development: Today’s form emerged in 1994 from the International Union of Food and Allied Workers Associations, which was joined in 1958 by the International Federation of Tobacco Workers, in 1961 by the International Union of Hotel, Restaurant and Bar Workers(IUHR), and in 1994 by the International Federation of Plantation, Agricultural and Allied Workers(IFPAAW). Each one of them has predecessor organisations, in some cases in greater numbers. A large stock of publications by the IUF was made over to the Library of the Foundation. The Library has a great number of periodicals from the International Union of Food, Agricultural, Hotel, Restaurant, Catering, Tobacco and Allied Workers’ Associations (IUF) documenting a strong regional or continental commitment of the IUF, e.g.“Asian Food worker”(as from 1.1963-1998),“Labor Link”(North America, 1.1994 until today), “African Voice”(1.1997 until today), or“Sindicatos”(Latin America, 3.1994-6.1997). Of course, the periodicals’ stock also includes congress reports, reports by sector groups’ boards or from specialised conferences, and the newsletter“Nachrichten”[News](as from 1993 – today, and its predecessor“Nachrichten”[News] from 1961-1993). Other publications deal with organisational issues in the form of handbooks or relate to seminars and conferences, e.g. on the issue of human rights and freedom of the trade unions(1994, Santo Domingo) or on the effects of globalisation on food workers(1998, India). One publication on small farmers“Land und Freiheit”[Land and Freedom](1998) is also available as electronic publication. Apart from the above-mentioned“Nachrichten”[News], the great number of publications by the International Union of Food and Drink Workers’ Associations comprises an even greater number of congress reports and congress minutes as well as reports from board meetings and sector groups’ conferences(tobacco, tourism, dairy workers, drink workers, and others). There are reports on women’s conferences and regional newsletters such as“Africa Information”(8.1980-44.1990) as well as communications on big companies within the organisational area, e.g. Nestle or Unilever. Statutes are available for a number of years (1977, 1981, 1985, 1989) as well as handbooks on trade union work and on trade union schooling work. Apart from various titles of the series“Labour issues”, the monographic publications deal with a variety of topics: transnational companies in Africa, wages, working conditions, and social benefits in the tobacco industry in different countries, as well as the development of the trade unions in Eastern Europe. A festschrift deals with the development of trade unions in Latin America:“Hundert Jahre Bäckereiarbeiter-Verband‘Estrella de Peru’“[100 Years of the Bakery Workers Federation‘Estrella de Peru’](1987). Apart from self-portrayals and the title“100 Jahre IUL”[100 Years of the IUF](1990), the 74

work of Peter Rütters on the South Africa policies of the IUF is also part of the stock. There is an abundance of important publications by different predecessor organisations: for the International Union of Federations of Food and Drink Trades(IUF) there are the “Nachrichten-Bulletin”[News Bulletin](19521961), congress minutes(9.1949-13.1961), activity reports(10.1952-13.1961) as well as financial reports and minutes of occupational groups’ conferences. As regards organisation policies, the report on the conferences of the IUF and the IUHR preparing the merger(1961) is certainly of special significance. Statutes of 1950 are available. For the International Federation of Brewery Workers there are annual reports(1912 -16), for the International Federation of Bakery Workers there is a self-portrayal(1912) as well as statutes(1912), and for the International Federation of Tobacco Workers there are congress minutes(12.1928-13.1931), the report of the Secretariat from 1937 as well as the Statutes of 1931. The International Union of Hotel, Restaurant and Bar Workers(IUHR) is represented with a greater number of conference reports(between 1911 and 1958), activity reports(1949-51, 1958-60), the“Bulletin” (1956-60), various reports by the board(between 1953 and 1960), or a study on working hours(1950). A greater number of publications by the International Federation of Plantation, Agricultural and Allied Workers(IFPAAW) was given to the Library of the Foundation: the“IFPLAA-Nachrichten”[IFPAAW News] as well as the predecessor newsletter“IFPAAWSnips”(overall, many editions from the period between 1960 and 1992), various editions of the reports by the Secretariat(between 1965 and 1993), congress reports(2.19666.1988), and congress minutes(4.19766.1988). Apart from statutes(e.g. from 1982), there are publications on different subject matters – among other things preparation papers on Asia conferences held together with the Friedrich Ebert Foundation in 1974 and 1980, the “Chemical pesticides action plan”(1993),“The global chocolate factory”(1993),“The role of cooperatives and peasants and workers’ organisations”(1969), as well as self-portrayals(1963, 1989). For its predecessor organisation, the International Landworkers’ Federation(ILF) there are available, for example, the“Bulletin”(1926,3; 1947, 1-3), congress reports (11.1950-15.1958), as well as a report on agricultural workers(1929) or the festschrift “Vierzig Jahre Internationale LandarbeiterFöderation”[ Forty Years International Landworkers’ Federation](1960). 75

Public Services International(PSI) The PSI came into being in 1958 as a result of the renaming of the International Federation of Unions of Employees in Public and Civil Services founded in 1935. Besides taking over its archive material, the Library received an extensive stock of publications from the PSI in 2000. The stock is significant not only for users interested in trade union policies but also as regards subject matters such as issues of the privatisation of public services or the reform of the public services. Among the periodicals by the Public Services International(PSI) one should point out above all:“IÖD-Mitteilungen”/“PSI Newsletter” as well as the successor periodicals “INFO” and most recently“Focus öffentlicher Dienst”/“Focus on the Public Services”(1963 until today, in various languages), congress reports and minutes(1981 until today), activity reports(1958 until today),“Bulletin” (1950-72) as well as great numbers of reports (almost complete) on regional conferences, on trade union rights in public services, and on privatisation as well as on a great number of specialised meetings and conferences covering as great a variety of topics: privatisation, new technologies in the public services, fire brigade, or water and energy. The publications related to organisation comprise, apart from annual reports, statutes (1973) as well as financial reports. The range of topics of the monographic publications extends from the organisation area itself(local services, health and social work, part-time work, women in public services) up to issues of a more general socio-political and international importance(UN Social Summit, child labour, energy policy, demographic development in Europe, environmental and water policy). The majority of the publications on the PSI is made up of self-portrayals. A portrayal of the history of the predecessor organisations from 1907-14 is of great value as it includes the minutes of the first international conference of workers in public services(Stuttgart, 25.-27.8.1907). The Statutes(Amsterdam, 1920) of the predecessor organisation International Federation of Workers in Public Services are also included in the stock. 76

Union Network International(UNI) Union Network International(UNI) is the “youngest“ International Trade Secretariat resulting from the merger of four Secretariats in 2000: Communications International(CI), International Federation of Commercial, Clerical, Professional and Technical Employees (FIET), International Graphical Federation (IGF), and Media and Entertainment International(MEI). Some of these four Secretariats have various predecessor organisations(see: Overview of the development of international trade union organisations). The organisational area is extraordinarily large and includes with the fast-growing services sector one of today’s core economic areas, the importance of which will even continue to increase. Therefore, the stocks of the predecessor organisations, some of which date back to the 19 th century, are of the same importance regarding economic and social history as well as social politics as more recent publications. They reflect the trade unions’ reactions to the challenges of today’s economic and social restructurings and changes within the UNI, as well. Since its foundation in 2000, a greater number of publications by the Union Network International(UNI) has become available: apart from the periodical“UNI-info”(complete as from the time of foundation), statutes, and reports by the regional organisations there are also seminar reports(e.g. on“Qualitätsmanagement”[ Quality Management], 2000) and studies on very topical issues –“OnlineRechte für Online-Beschäftigte”[online rights for online workers](as a preparation for a UNI campaign),“White collar information workers”, „Organisierung in Finanz-Call Centern“[Organisation in financial call centres],„Auswirkungen von Fusionen und Übernahmen in Banken und Versicherungen”[Effects of mergers and take-overs on banks and insurance companies], or“The global fight on postal markets: Postal sector meeting on multinationals” (2001). Increasing mobility of employees is reflected in titles such as“Working abroad: UNI guidelines” or“Making Union members global players”. The expectations towards the UNI are for example collected in a report on the 24 th World Congress of the FIET, 1999:“UNI – a new international for a new millenium; merger proposals”. The Library of the Foundation was able to take over directly as well as through German trade unions partly very extensive stocks from the four joined Secretariats and their predecessors. As to the Communications International (CI) one has to mention the following examples:“News”(various editions 1998 and 1999; the 1999 editions are also saved as electronic publications), the Congress Report 1999, the Action Programme 1999 as well as the“Studie über Beschäftigungs- und Arbeitsbedingungen für Beschäftigte in privaten Postunternehmen”[Study on employment and working conditions for workers in private postal companies](1999) or a report on the meeting of FIET – KI – IGF – MEI staff in1999. Further growth is expected with the takeover of the publication stocks of the Deutsche Postgewerkschaft/DPG[German Postal Trade Union]. The predecessor organisation Postal, Telegraph and Telephone International(PTTI) provides comprehensive material. The periodicals comprise the“Neue IPTT-Nachrichten” [ The new PTTI News](1960-1963, fragmentary), the successor periodical“IPTT – Nachrichten”[PTTI News](1964-93),“IPTT-Studien”[PTTI Studies](1.1973-70.1993),“In77

Betrieben und Verwaltungen”[Company democracy in PTT companies and administrations](1978),“Gewerkschaftsrechte”[Trade union rights](1981) or“Die Stellung der Frau im PTT-Dienst”[The position of women in PTT services]. The wide range of activities by the PTTI is also demonstrated by the following titles: “PTT-Personal und Sozialverhältnisse in Lateinamerika”[PTT staff and social conditions in Latin America](1951), on PTT staff in Africa as well as in Asia, Australia, and New Zealand(each from 1953), or a“Bericht über die Lage in Spanien”[Report on the situation in Spain] from the European Conference of the PTTI in 1970. Two titles among the publications about the PTTI are to be mentioned:“The P.T.T.I.: history, structure and general principles of activities”(1970) and the publication by Georg Leidenberger“Frauen und Gleichstellung der Geschlechter in der IPTT: Geschichte, 1920-1993”[Women and gender equality within the PTTI: Chronicle, 1920-1993](1993). ternationale PTT: Zeitschrift der an die Internationale des Personals der Post-, Telegraphen- und Telefonbetriebe angeschlossenen Organisationen”[PTT International: Periodical of the organisations affiliated with the Postal, Telegraph and Telephone International](1.1921-12.1925; 1926, 1-6), “Postnachrichten”/“Post Bulletin”(many editions from the time between 1950 and 1957), activity reports(1963/65-1985/88), and congress minutes(great number of editions from the time between 1920 and 1985). Furthermore, there are reports available on regional conferences and on PTTI Congresses covering a great variety of topics – some examples: “Der Postschalterdienst”[Post Office Counter Service](1939),“Probleme des Treppensteigens der Briefträger”[Postmen’s problems with climbing stairs](1939),“Bericht über den Aufstieg des Personals”[ Report on the advancement of the personnel](3 rd World Congress, 1924),“Die Stellung des Landbriefträgers”[ The position of postmen in rural areas](1949),“Betriebsdemokratie in PTTA large publications’ stock by the International Federation of Commercial, Clerical, Professional and Technical Employees (FIET, 1973-99) and the International Federation of Commercial, Clerical and Technical Employees(FIET, 1904-73) could be taken over by the Library directly. The periodicals comprise e.g. a great number of business and cash reports(between 1925 and 1964), activity and financial reports (1934-37, 1964-1999),“Mitteilungen”[Communications](between 1932 and 1963) and correspondingly“Newsletter”(1921-1961, each in great numbers), congress reports (2.1925-91 in great numbers), and“Deutschland-Berichte des Internationalen Bundes der Privatangestellten”[Germany reports by the International Federation of Commercial, Clerical and Technical Employees](various editions from the years 1936-38). Apart from numerous reports by the specialised groups shedding light on the working conditions and employment relationships in the private service sector from the 1950s until today, reports from regional and specialised 78

conferences(e.g. women’s and youth conferences) as well as the“FIET-Nachrichten”/ “FIET Newsletter”(1974-1988,2) and as successor periodical“FIET-Info”(1988,3-1999, both in various languages) have to be mentioned. One should also point out the“FIET-Presse”[FIET press](1970-92) or the report on the founding conference of EURO-FIET, 1972. Apart from the statutes(various editions between 1970 and 1998) a number of publications and handbooks deal with issues of trade union organisation and work, e.g. the study“Dienstleistungen der Gewerkschaften: eine internationale Umfrage über Dienstleistungen der FIET-Mitgliedsorganisationen zugunsten ihrer Mitglieder”[Services of the trade unions: an international opinion poll on services by the FIET member organisations on behalf of its members](1995). The congress report“FIET 2000” from 1995 also highlights core issues on the future of the trade unions. From the 1920s there are important papers on organisational issues available – e.g. by O. Urban on the foundation of specialised groups(1925) of by R. Klein“Die Organisierung der Jugendlichen”[Organising the youth] (1928). The variety of topics of other publications extends from“Der Stand des Ladenschlusses in verschiedenen Ländern”[The status of shop closing times in different countries](1926), “Der gesetzliche Achtstundentag”[The statutory eight-hour day](presentation by J. Hallsworth), and“Die wirtschaftlichen und sozialen Verhältnisse der Geschäftsreisenden und Vertreter in den einzelnen Ländern”[The economic and social conditions for business travellers and agents in individual countries] (1926), to titles on issues such as the impact of rationalisation, international companies, child labour, outsourcing of IT services, and social dimensions of globalisation up to the publication“Brotherhood of nations: a collection of labour songs...”, a collection of labour songs and political songs on the occasion of the 13 th Ordinary Congress in 1961. The following titles are to be offered by way of example of publications about the FIET: “10 Jahre internationales Angestelltensekretariat/Internationaler Bund der Privatangestellten”[10 years international employees’ secretariat/ International Federation of Commercial, Clerical and Technical Employees] (1930),“Die internationale Angestelltenbewegung: Entstehung, Aufgabe, Struktur und Tätigkeit des Internationalen Bundes der Privatangestellten”[The international employees’ movement: Origin, objective, structure, and field of activity by the International Federation of Commercial, Clerical and Technical Employees](1951), and“Die FIET-Strukturen und Tätigkeiten”[The FIET-structures and activities](1989). Finally, a publication on a predecessor organisation has to be added:„Internationale Friseurgehilfen-Union: 1907-August-1932“[International Union of Hairdressers: 1907-August-1932](1932). The International Graphical Federation (IGF) and its predecessor organisations are also represented by an extensive stock:“Mitteilungen der Internationalen Graphischen 79

Föderation”/“Journal of the International Graphical Federation”(1.1950-21.1971) as well as the successor periodical“Journal der Internationalen Graphischen Föderation”/“Journal of the International Graphical Federation” (22.1972- 41.1989/90), most of the congress reports and minutes from the founding congress in 1949 to 1988 as well as the activity reports(1.1949-15.1988, almost complete) and resolution minutes by the managing board and the Executive Committee(1968-1988, in great numbers). Statutes are available in greater numbers (for the period 1970-1995). As regards the subject-related publications one could point out e.g. a report on a trip to South Africa and the South African printers’ trade union(1984) or a report on a conference together with the IFJ“Neue Technologie und Medienkonzentration: internationale Kapitalverflechtung im Medienbereich und Arbeitsteilung in Redaktion und Technik” [New technologies and media concentration: international interlocking of capital interests in the media sector and division of labour in editorial and technological departments] (1986). Particularly worth mentioning among the titles about the IGF are“International printing trade union unity”(1949) by Granville G. Eastwood,“A brief history of the International Graphical Federation and its forerunners” (1993) by Matthias Otto, as well as“Graphische Presse in der Bibliothek der FriedrichEbert-Stiftung: ein Periodikabestandsverzeichnis der Internationalen Graphischen Föderation”[Graphical press in the Library of the Friedrich Ebert Foundation: a periodicals’ inventory of the International Graphical Federation](1991). In order to illustrate the publications’ stock of the predecessor organisations of the IGF the following ones should be pointed out: for the International Typographers’ Secretariat the periodicals“Jahresberichte”[Annual reports](1.1894-1939 in great numbers),“Die Gehilfen-Organisationen im Buchdruckergewerbe”[The assistants’ organisations in the typographers’ trade](1.1902-3.1910),“Mitteilungen des Internationalen BuchdruckerSekretariates”/“Communications of the International Typographers’ Secretariat”(19021909, 1921-1949, in great numbers), as well as“Verwaltungsberichte des Internationalen Buchdrucker-Sekretariates”[Administrative reports by the International Typographers’ Secretariat](4/7.1897-1900), and various statutes from the time between 1901 and 1930. The International Federation of Lithographers, Lithographic Printers and Kindred Trades is represented among other things with congress reports and minutes(19201949, in greater numbers), the“Bulletin des Internationalen Bundes der Lithographen, Steindrucker und verwandter Berufe”/“Bulle80

tin of the International Federation of Lithographers, Lithographic Printers and Kindred Trades”(1.1908-100.1947), as well as with statutes from the years 1923 and 1936. The stock of the International Federation of Bookbinders comprises among other things the“Mitteilungsblatt der Internationalen Buchbinder-Föderation”/“Bulletin of the International Bookbinders’ Secretariat”(1.1908-61.1948, in various languages), congress minutes(5.19227.1929), as well as statutes(of 1913, 1920, 1923) and the“Gemeinsame kurze Wiedergabe der Geschichte der Internationalen Buchbinder-Föderation und der mitarbeitenden Verbände...”[A common brief account of the history of the International Federation of Bookbinders and the cooperating federations…] (from different countries, 1932). The Library has at its disposition a smaller publications’ stock for Media and Entertainment International(MEI):“Info MEI”(1997April 1999, available as electronic publication, as well), the Statutes of 1995, and various titles on working conditions, particularly for free-lancers such as“Untersuchung zu Arbeitsbedingungen von zeitweise beschäftigten und selbständigen Regisseuren und Technikern bei der Produktion von Fernsehfilmen in Europa“[Study on the working conditions of temporarily employed and self-employed directors and technicians of television films’ productions in Europe](1996) as well as“European cinema and tv feature film co-productions and their effects on the labour market: report”(1996). For its predecessor organisation International Secretariat for Arts, Mass Media and Entertainment Trade Unions(ISETU) the following publication can be mentioned by way of example: activity report(1984/88), congress reports(7.1988, 8.1992), the Statutes of 1985, or“Die expandierende Welt der Werbung” [The expanding world of advertisement](1990), “New technology in entertainment and mass media industries”(1987). The second predecessor organisation International Federation of Trade Unions of Audio Visual Workers(FISTAV) provides the report on the“World Conference of Radio and TV Workers”(Moscow, 1976). *** As regards the joint venture International Committee of Entertainment and Media Unions(ICEMU) formed by the International Trade Secretariats(ISETU, IFJ, later: IGF, PTTI) as well as by the international trade federations(FIA, FIM, FISTAV) in 1992, the Library has at its disposition e.g. the study “Union and the new information technologies”(1996) as well as the title“The Bertelsmann file: providing unions with an alternative information service; global media monitoring project”(1998). For the International Federation of Actors(FIA) the Statutes of 1952 have to be given prominence and for the International Federation of Musicians(FIM) the activity report by the board(1.1949/53), the congress report (2.1953), and the draft of the statutes of 1948. 81

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Overview of the Development of International Trade Union Organisations Rainer Gries This following list is to give an overview as comprehensive as possible on the development of the international trade union organisations. As this overview is also meant to be the framework for building up a database for the Library of the Friedrich Ebert Foundation documenting international trade union organisations’ publications, the variety of names used or the variety of names of the organisations or the mentioning of different years of foundation constituted a problem. The various names often result from divergent translations from different languages; when it comes to deviating years of foundation it is mostly a question of whether the year of the founding resolution or the year of the constitution was chosen. Libraries try to solve the problem of the varieties of names of organisations or corporations through standardization(GKD – Gemeinsame Körperschaftsdatei[authority file for corporate names]) and complementary references to additional common names in the norm files on corporate names of the catalogues, so that the library user will find the desired publication by means of the catalogues even when using different names. Here we use the English names of the organisations and include them as far as we had been able to gather them from the sources(additional translations of names/titles will be printed in italic type). In some cases(e.g. FIET or FISTAV), abbreviations originate from the French names. Nevertheless, they will be mentioned here since they are used at an international level. We will state only those abbreviations used by the organisations or in the specialised publications. 85

International Trade Union Organisations International Confederation of Free Trade Unions(ICFTU) 1949 founded after leaving: World Federation of Trade Unions(WFTU) 1945 founded, 1949 split emerged from: International Federation of Trade Unions(IFTU) 1901 founded; 1945 dissolved International Trade Secretariats/ ITS Education International(EI) 1993 merger of: International Federation of Free Teachers’ Unions(IFFTU) 1951 re-founded emerged from: International Trade Secretariat of Teachers(ITST) 1928 founded predecessor: Education Workers’ International 1920 founded World Confederation of Organisations of the Teaching Profession(WCOTP) 1952 founded 86

International Federation of Chemical, Energy, Mine and General Workers’ Unions(ICEM) 1995 merger of: International Federation of Chemical, Energy and General Workers’ Unions(ICEF) 1976 renamed to: International Federation of Chemical, Energy and General Workers’ Unions(ICEF) 1964 renamed to: International Federation of Chemical and General Workers’ Unions(ICF) predecessor: International Federation of Industrial Organisations and General Workers’ Unions predecessor: International Federation of General Factory Workers 1920 founded predecessor: [International Secretariat of Factory Workers’ Federations] Internationales Sekretariat der Fabrikarbeiterverbände 1908-1914 [Glass Workers’ International] Internationale der Glasarbeiter 1920 founded emerged from: [International Glass Workers’ Organisation] Internationale Organisation der Glasarbeiter 1908 founded emerged from: International Secretariat of the Glass Workers 1892 founded International Federation of Pottery Workers 1906 founded Miners’ International Federation(MIF) 1890 founded 2000 joined by Universal Alliance of Diamond Workers(UADW) 1905 founded International Federation of Petroleum and Chemical Workers(IFPCW) 1973 merger with ICF planned, 1974 plans failed, 1975 dissolution 1963 renamed/emerged from: International Federation of Petroleum Workers(IFPW) 1954 founded 87

International Federation of Journalists(IFJ) 1952 newly founded(and 1985 recognized as International Trade Secretariat) after splitted off from: International Organisation of Journalists 1946 founded emerged from: International Federation of Journalists 1926 founded 1926 gegründet International Textile, Garment and Leather Workers’ Federation(ITGLWF) 1970 merger of: International Textile and Garment Workers’ Federation(ITGWF) 1960 merger of: International Federation of Textile Workers’ Associations(IFTWA) 1893/94 founded International Garment Workers’ Federation(IGWF) 1946 merger of: International Federation of Hatters 1896 founded [International Tailors’ Federation] Internationaler Bund der Schneider 1925 merger of: [International Furriers’ Secretariat] Internationales Kürschner Sekretariat 1894 founded [International Tailors’ Secretariat] Internationales Sekretariat der Schneider 1896 founded International Shoe and Leather Workers’ Federation(ISLWF) 1946 emerged by transformation of: International Boot and Shoe Operatives and Leather Workers’ Federation(IBSOLWF) 1921 merger of: International Federation of Saddlers’ Union and their Collateral Branches 1906 founded 88

International Union of Boot and Shoe Operatives and Leather Workers 1907 merger of: [International Secretariat of Shoemakers] Internationales Sekretariat der Schuhmacher 1893-1900 [International Secretariat of Leather Workers] Internationales Sekretariat der Lederarbeiter 1896-1903 1912 joined by [International Glove Makers’ Federation] Internationaler Verband der Handschuhmacher 1892-1912 Public Services International(PSI) 1958 by renaming of: International Federation of Unions of Employees in Public and Civil Services 1935 merger of: International Federation of Workers in Public Services 1907 founded predecessor: [International Secretariat of Workers in Public Services] Internationales Sekretariat der Arbeiter Öffentlicher Betriebe International Federation of Civil Servants 1925 founded (1927 withdrawal of the teachers) International Transport Workers’ Federation(ITF) 1898 by renaming of: International Federation of Ship, Dock and Riverside Workers 1896 founded 1906 joined by International Commission for Railwaymen 1893-1898 1900 organised as an International Trade Secretariat 89

International Federation of Building and Wood Workers(IFBWW) 1934 merger of(and 1946 newly founded): Building Workers’ International 1903 founded Predecessor: [International Carpenters’ Federation] Internationaler Verband der Zimmerleute 1900 founded International Union of Wood Workers(IUW) 1904 founded Predecessor: [International Joiners’ Union] Internationaler Tischlerbund 1883 founded 1946 further joined by: International Secretariat of Painters and Allied Trades 1911 founded International Secretariat of Stone Workers 1903 founded joined by: International Secretariat of Quarrymen and Stone Cutters 1902 founded International Secretariat of Stone Setters 1904 founded International Metalworkers’ Federation(IMF) 1904 emerged by transformation of: International Bureau of Metalworkers 1893 founded 1904 joined by: International Secretariat of Foundry Workers 1898 founded further joined by: International Secretariat of Enginemen’s and Firemen’s Unions 90

International Union of Food, Agricultural, Hotel, Restaurant, Catering, Tobacco and Allied Workers’ Associations(IUF) in the present form since 1994, emerged from: International Union of Food and Allied Workers Associations(IUF) 1962 emerged from: International Union of Food and Drink Workers’ Associations(IUFD) 1949 transformation and emerged from: International Union of Federations of Workers in the Food and Drink Trades 1920 founded by merger of: International Federation of Brewery Workers 1896 founded International Federation of Bakery Workers International Federation of Meat Workers 1913 founded 1958 joined by International Federation of Tobacco Workers 1904 founded emerged from: [International Committee of Tobacco Workers] Internationales Komitee der Tabakarbeiter 1889 founded 1961 joined by International Union of Hotel, Restaurant and Bar Workers 1908 founded 1994 joined by International Federation of Plantation, Agricultural and Allied Workers(IFPAAW) 1959 merger of: International Landworkers’ Federation(ILF) 1920 founded International Plantation Workers’ Federation 1957 founded 91

Union Network International(UNI) 2000 merger of: Communications International(CI) 1997 renamed of: Postal, Telegraph and Telephone International(PTTI) 1920 founded predecessor: Postal Workers’ International 1911 founded International Federation of Commercial, Clerical, Professional and Technical Employees(FIET) 1973 by renaming of: International Federation of Commercial, Clerical and Technical Employees(FIET) 1920 by transformation of: International Secretariat 1910 by transformation of: [International Information Office] Internationales Informationsbüro 1904 founded further predecessors: International Union of Hairdressers 1907 founded International Graphical Federation(IGF) 1949 merger of: International Typographers’ Secretariat 1892 founded International Federation of Lithographers, Lithographic Printers and kindred Trades 1896 founded International Federation of Bookbinders 1910 founded emerged from: International Secretariat of Bookbinders 1907 founded 92

Media and Entertainment International(MEI) 1995 renaming of: International Secretariat for Arts, Mass Media and Entertainment Trade Unions – International Federation of Trade Unions of Audio Visual Workers 1993 merger of: International Secretariat for Arts, Mass Media and Entertainment Trade Unions(ISETU) 1980 renamed of: (1984-92 as independent section within FIET) International Secretariat of Entertainment Trade Unions 1965 founded International Federation of Trade Unions of Audio Visual Workers(FISTAV) 1974 founded *** International Committee of Entertainment and Media Unions(ICEMU) 1992 establishment as a work group of International Trade Secretariats: International Secretariat for Arts, Mass Media and Entertainment Trade Unions(ISETU) International Federation of Journalists(IFJ) and of international professional associations: International Federation of Actors(FIA) International Federation of Musicians(FIM) International Federation of Trade Unions of Audio Visual Workers(FISTAV) subsequently joined by further International Trade Secretariats: International Graphical Federation(IGF) Postal, Telegraph and Telephone International(PTTI) 93

Further international Trade Union Federations World Federation of Trade Unions(WFTU) 1945 founded; 1949 split World Confederation of Labour(WCL) 1968 emerged from(and renamed): International Federation of Christian Trade Unions(IFCTU) 1920 founded emerged from: [International Secretariat of Christian Trade Unions] Internationales Sekretariat der christlichen Gewerkschaften 1908 gegründet 94

Selected Bibliography Peter Rütters Bendt, Heinz: Eine Welt. Eine Stimme. Solidarität. Die Arbeit der Internationalen Berufssekretariate, Bonn 1995 Carew, Anthony/Dreyfus, Michel/Goethem, Geert van/Gumbrell-McCormick, Rebecca/Linden, Marcel van der(Hrsg.): The International Confederation of Free Trade Unions, Bern 2000 Carl, Konrad/Köbele, Bruno(Hrsg.): Auf der Suche nach Solidarität. Eine Geschichte der internationalen Bau- und Holzarbeiterbewegung, Köln 1993 Dale, Leon A.: The International Landworkers’ Federation, Washington D.C. 1957 Dale, Leon A.: The International Union or Food and Drink Workers’ Associations, Washington D.C. 1959 Die internationalen Beziehungen der deutschen Arbeitgeber-, Angestellten- und Arbeiterverbände, bearb. im Kaiserlichen Statistischen Amte, Abtl. für Arbeiterstatistik(= 9. Sonderheft zum Reichs-Arbeitsblatte), Berlin 1914 Gottfurcht, Hans: Die Internationale Gewerkschaftsbewegung im Weltgeschehen. Geschichte, Probleme, Aufgaben, Köln 1962 Harmon, Joseph L.: Public Service’ International. An International Labour Study, Washington D.C. 1962 Harmon, Joseph L: The International Metalworkers’ Federation. An International Labour Study, Washington D.C. 1959 Herrmann, Karl Georg: Die Geschichte des Internationalen Bergarbeiterverbandes 1890-1939, Frankfurt a.M. 1994 Holthoon, Frits van/Linden, Marcel van der(Hrsg.): Internationalism in the Labour Movement 1830-1940, 2 Bde., Leiden 1988 Koch-Baumgarten, Sigrid/Rütters, Peter: Zwischen Integration und Autonomie. Der Konflikt zwischen den Internationalen Berufssekretariaten und dem Weltgewerkschaftsbund um den Neuaufbau einer internationalen Gewerkschaftsbewegung 1945 bis 1949. Eine Quellenedition, Köln 1991 Koch-Baumgarten, Sigrid: Gewerkschaftsinternationalismus und die Herausforderung der Globalisierung. Das Beispiel der Internationalen Transportarbeiterföderation, Frankfurt a.M. 1999 Kulemann, W.: Die Berufsvereine. Geschichtliche Entwicklung der Berufsorganisationen der Arbeitnehmer und Arbeitgeber aller Länder, Bd. 6, Berlin 1913 Larzorchick, Daniel C.: Miners’ International Federation. An International Labor Study, Washington D.C. 1962 Leich, Sabine Hanna/Kruse, Wolfgang: Internationalismus und nationale Interessenvertretung. Zur Geschichte der internationalen Gewerkschaftsbewegung, Köln 1991 Lorwin, Lewis L.: Die Internationale der Arbeit. Geschichte und Ausblick, Berlin 1930 Lorwin, Lewis L.: The International Labor Movement. History, Policies, Outlook, New York 1953 Ludwig Heyde(Hrsg.): Internationales Handwörterbuch des Gewerkschaftswesens, 2. Bde, Berlin 1930/31 MacShane, Denis: International Labour and the Origins of the Cold War, Oxford 1992 Mielke, Siegfried(Hrsg.): Internationales Gewerkschaftshandbuch, Opladen 1981 95

Northrup, Herbert R./Rowan, Richard L: Multinational Collective Bargaining Attempts: The Record, the Cases and the Prospects, Philadelphia 1979 Nyström, Sigvard: Geschichte der IUL. 1.Teil: vom Ursprung bis 1920, Genf 1983 Nyström, Sigvard/ Rütters, Peter: History of the IUL(The International Union of Food and Allied Workers Associations), Bonn 1989 Opel, Fritz: 75 Jahre Eiserne Internationale 1893-1968, Genf 1968 Pasture, Patrick: Christian Trade Unionism in Europe since 1968. Tension Between Identity and Practice, Aldershot 1994 Platzer, Hans-Wolfgang: Gewerkschaftspolitik ohne Grenzen? Die transnationale Zusammenarbeit der Gewerkschaften im Europa der 90er Jahre, Bonn 1991 Price, John: The International Labour Movement, London 1945 Reinalda, Bob(Hrsg.): The International Transportworkers Federation 1914-1945. The Edo Fimmen Era, Amsterdam 1997 Reutter, Werner: Möglichkeiten und Grenzen Internationaler Gewerkschaftspolitik. Geschichte, Struktur und Einfluß der Internationalen Textil-, Bekleidungs- und Lederarbeiter Vereinigung, Frankfurt a.M. 1998 Rütters, Peter: Chancen internationaler Gewerkschaftspolitik. Struktur und Einfluß der Internationalen Union der Lebens- und Genußmittelarbeiter-Gewerkschaften(1945-1985), Köln 1989 Rütters, Peter: Der Internationale Bergarbeiterverband 1890 bis 1933. Entwicklung und Politik, Köln 1995 Rütters, Peter: Gegen Apartheid und für Gewerkschaftsfreiheit. Die Südafrikapolitik der Internationalen Union der Lebens- und Genussmittelarbeiter/innen Gewerkschaften(19501992) Frankfurt a.M. 1996 Sassenbach, Johann: Twenty-five-Years of International Trade Unionism, Amsterdam 1926 Schevenels, Walter: Forty Five Years of International Federation of Trade Unions 1901-1945, Brüssel 1956 Simon, Hartmut: Die Internationale Transportarbeiter Föderation. Möglichkeiten und Grenzen internationaler Gewerkschaftsarbeit vor dem Ersten Weltkrieg, Klartext Verlag, Essen 1993 Tudyka, Kurt P./Etty, Tom/Sucha, Marian: Macht ohne Grenzen und grenzenlose Ohnmacht. Arbeitnehmerbewußtsein und die Bedingungen gewerkschaftlicher Gegenstrategien in Multinationalen Konzernen, Frankfurt a.M. 1978 Windmuller, John P.: International Trade Union Movement, Deventer 1982 Windmuller, John P.: The International Trade Union Internationals, Washington D.C. 1995 96

List of Abbreviations Rainer Gries The list includes English abbreviations(except for those abbreviations originating from the French name). CI EI ETUC FES FIA FIET FIM FISTAV ICEF ICEM ICEMU ICF ICFTU IFBWW IFCTU IFFTU IFJ IFPAAW IFPCW Communications International Education International European Trade Union Congress Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung (Friedrich Ebert Foundation) Fédération Internationale des Acteurs (International Federation of Actors) Fédération Internationale des Employés, Techniciens et Cadres (International Federation of Commercial␣, Clerical, Professional and Technical Employees) Fédération Internationale des Musiciens (International Federation of Musicians) Fédération Internationale des Syndicats des Travailleurs de l’Audio-Visuell (International Federation of Audio Visual Workers) International Federation of Chemical, Energy and General Workers’ Unions International Federation of Chemical, Energy, Mine and General Workers’ Unions International Committee of Entertainment and Media Unions International Federation of Chemical and General Workers’ Unions International Confederation of Free Trade Unions International Federation of Building and Wood Workers International Federation of Christian Trade Unions International Federation of Free Teachers’ Unions International Federation of Journalists International Federation of Plantation, Agricultural and Allied Workers International Federation of Petroleum and Chemical Workers 97

IFTU IFTWA IGF IGWF ILF IMF ISETU ISLWF ITF ITGLWF ITGWF ITS IUF IUHR IUW MEI MIF PSI PTTI UADW UNI WCOTP WCL WFTU International Federation of Trade Unions International Federation of Textile Workers’ Associations International Graphical Federation International Garment Workers’ Federation International Landworkers’ Federation International Metalworkers’ Federation International Secretariat for Arts, Mass Media and Entertainment Trade Unions International Shoe and Leather Workers’ Federation International Transport Workers’ Federation International Textile, Garment and Leather Workers’ Federation International Textile and Garment Workers’ Federation International Trade Secretariat International Union of Food, Agricultural, Hotel, Restaurant, Catering, Tobacco and Allied Workers’ Associations International Union of Hotel, Restaurant and Bar Workers International Union of Wood Workers Media and Entertainment International Miners’ International Federation Public Services International Postal, Telegraph and Telephone International Universal Alliance of Diamond Workers Union Network International World Confederation of Organisations of the Teaching Profession World Confederation of Labour World Federation of Trade Unions 98

Index Rainer Gries The page numbers in this index refer to the description of individual stocks in the Archive and Library only. Building Workers’ International:........................................................................ p. 69 Communications International(CI):................................................................... p. 77 Education International(EI):.............................................................................. p. 37, 66 Education Workers‘ International:..................................................................... p. 66 International Committee of Entertainment and Media Unions(ICEMU):........... p. 81 International Confederation of Free Trade Unions(ICFTU):.............................. p. 63 International Federation of Actors(FIA):........................................................... p. 38, 81 International Federation of Bakery Workers:..................................................... p. 75 International Federation of Bookbinders:.......................................................... p. 81 International Federation of Brewery Workers:................................................... p. 75 International Federation of Building and Wood Workers(IFBWW):.................. p. 42, 68 International Federation of Chemical and General Workers’ Unions(ICF):....... p. 67 International Federation of Chemical, Energy and General Workers’ Unions(ICEF):....................................................................... p. 67 International Federation of Chemical, Energy, Mine and General Workers’ Unions(ICEM):....................................................................... p. 67 International Federation of Commercial, Clerical and Technical Employees(FIET):.............................................................................. p. 78 International Federation of Commercial, Clerical, Professional and Technical Employees(FIET):.............................................................................. p. 39, 78 International Federation of Free Teachers’ Unions(IFFTU):............................. p. 66 International Federation of General Factory Workers:....................................... p. 67 99

International Federation of Journalists(IFJ):..................................................... p. 43, 70 International Federation of Lithographers, Lithographic Printers and Kindred Trades:........................................................................................... p. 80 International Federation of Musicians(FIM):..................................................... p. 41, 81 International Federation of Petroleum- and Chemical Workers:........................ p. 68 International Federation of Plantation, Agricultural and Allied Workers(IFPAAW):................................................................................... p. 52, 53, 75 International Federation of Saddlers:................................................................. p. 73 International Federation of Textile Workers’ Associations(IFTWA):.................. p. 73 International Federation of Tobacco Workers:................................................... p. 75 International Federation of Trade Unions(IFTU):.............................................. p. 65 International Federation of Trade Unions of Audio Visual Workers(FISTAV):......................................................................... p. 54, 81 International Federation of Workers in Public Services:.................................... p. 76 International Garment Workers‘ Federation(IGWF):......................................... p. 73 International Graphical Federation(IGF):.......................................................... p. 44, 79 International Landworkers’ Federation(ILF):.................................................... p. 75 International Metalworkers’ Federation(IMF):.................................................. p. 48, 70 International Organisation of Journalists:.......................................................... p. 70 International Secretariat for Arts, Mass Media and Entertainment Trade Unions(ISETU):................................................................ p. 54, 81 International Secretariat of Painters and Allied Trades:.................................... p. 69 International Shoe and Leather Workers’ Federation(ISLWF):.......................... p. 51, 73 International Textile, Garment and Leather Workers’ Federation(ITGLWF):.... p. 51, 73 International Textile and Garment Workers‘ Federation(ITGWF):.................... p. 51, 73 International Transport Workers’ Federation(ITF):........................................... p. 50, 72 International Typographers’ Secretariat:........................................................... p. 80 100

International Union of Federations of Food and Drink Trades(IUF):................ p. 75 International Union of Food and Drink Workers’ Assosiations:......................... p. 74 International Union of Food, Agricultural, Hotel, Restaurant, Catering, Tobacco and Allied Workers’ Associations(IUF):............................................... p. 52, 74 International Union of Hotel, Restaurant and Bar Workers:.............................. p. 52, 75 International Union of Wood Workers(IUW):..................................................... p. 42, 69 Internationale Friseurgehilfen-Union................................................................. p. 79 (International Union of Hairdressers) Internationaler Verband der Handschuhmacher:.............................................. p. 73 (International Glove Makers’ Federation) Internationales Kürschner Sekretariat (International Furriers’ Secretariat):.................................................................. p. 73 Internationales Sekretariat der Glasarbeiter:..................................................... p. 67 (International Glass Workers’ Secretariat) Media and Entertainment International(MEI):.................................................. p. 54, 81 Miners’ International Federation(MIF):............................................................ p. 68 Postal, Telegraph and Telephone International(PTTI):...................................... p. 56, 77 Public Services International(PSI):.................................................................... p. 55, 76 Union Network International(UNI):................................................................... p. 77 World Confederation of Organisations of the Teaching Profession (WCOTP):............................................................................................................ p. 37, 66 World Federation of Trade Unions(WFTU):....................................................... p. 64 101

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Publisher: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung Division for International Development Cooperation Asian-Pacific Department Godesberger Allee 149, 53175 Bonn © Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung Texts: Christine Bobzien, Ulrike Ehnes, Ralf Gräf, Rainer Gries, Sabina Huppertz, Michael Oberstadt, Hans-Holger Paul, Martin Raabe, Peter Rütters, Jutta Spoden Editing: Translation: Fotos: Layout: Print: Rainer Gries Heike Kupfer(pp. 1-27), Svanja Berchtold(pp. 29-101) Archiv der sozialen Demokratie Pellens Kommunikationsdesign GmbH, Bonn Toennes Satz+ Druck, Erkrath Printed in Germany 2001 ISBN: 3-89892-045-3 103

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