∫π‡ âπ∑“ß°“√µàÕ Ÿâ‡æ◊ËÕ·√ßß“πÀ≠‘ß 12 ªï°≈ÿà¡∫Ÿ√≥“°“√·√ßß“π µ√’ For Thailand‘s Woman Workers Twelve Years of Struggle ∫π‡ πâ ∑“ß°“√µÕà Ÿâ 12 Jointly published by Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung and Women Workers' Unity Group on the occasion of 12 years of successful cooperation ®—¥æ‘¡æå‡π◊ËÕß„π‚Õ°“§√∫√Õ∫ 12 ªï ·Ààß§«“¡√à«¡¡◊Õ√–À«à“ß ¡≈Ÿ π‘∏‘ø√’¥√‘§ ‡Õ·∫√å∑ ·≈– °≈ÿà¡∫Ÿ√≥“°“√·√ßß“π µ√’ For Thailand’s Woman Workers Twelve Years of Struggle Jointly published by Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung and Women Workers’ Unity Group on the occasion of 12 years of successful cooperation ®—¥æ‘¡æå‡π◊ËÕß„π‚Õ°“§√∫√Õ∫ 12 ªï ·Ààß§«“¡√à«¡¡◊Õ√–À«à“ß ¡Ÿ≈π‘∏‘ø√’¥√‘§ ‡Õ·∫√å∑ ·≈–°≈ÿà¡∫Ÿ√≥“°“√·√ßß“π µ√’ 1

∫π‡ âπ∑“ß°“√µàÕ Ÿâ‡æ◊ËÕ·√ßß“πÀ≠‘ß 12 ªï°≈ÿà¡∫Ÿ√≥“°“√·√ßß“π µ√’ ∫√√≥“∏‘°“√ ·≈– ºŸâ·ª≈: §√‘ ‡∫‡°Õ√å, æ—π∏å«√√≥∫√‘∫Ÿ√≥å,«“ π“ ≈”¥’, »—°¥‘π“©—µ√°ÿ≈ ≥ Õ“,—πµ‘ Õ‘»‚√«ÿ∏°ÿ≈, Õ¿‘¡≥’ √¡“ππ∑å ºŸâÕÕ°·∫∫: ¥«ßµ“ æÿà¡‡®√‘≠ ¿“æª√–°Õ∫®“°: æ‘æ‘∏¿—≥±å·√ßß“π‰∑ºŸâ®—¥æ‘¡æå: ¡Ÿ≈π‘∏‘ø√’¥√‘§ ‡Õ·∫√å∑ 1550 Õ“§“√∏π¿Ÿ¡‘™—Èπ 23 ∂. ‡æ™√∫ÿ√’µ—¥„À¡à ·¢«ß¡—°°–—π ‡¢µ√“™‡∑«’°√ÿß‡∑æœ 10400 ‚∑√. 0-2652-7178/9 ·ø°´å 0-2652-7180 §√—Èß∑’Ëæ‘¡æå: §√—Èß·√°°—π“ 2547 æ‘¡æå∑’Ë: ∫√‘…—∑»√’‡¡◊Õß°“√æ‘¡æå®”°—¥ 5/37-41 ∂.√Õß‡¡◊Õß ´Õ 5 ª∑ÿ¡«—π°√ÿß‡∑æœ 10330 ISBN: For Thailand’s Woman Workers Twelve Years of Struggle Edited and translated by : Chris Baker, Sakdina Chatrakul Na Ayudhya, Santi Isrowuthakul Wassana Lamdee, Apimanee Rommayanont, Phan Wannabriboon Designer: Duangta Poomcharoen Illustration: Thai Labour Museum Publisher: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung Thanapoom Tower, 23rd Floor 1550 New Petchburi Road, Makkasan, Ratchathewi Bangkok 10400,Thailand Tel:+66(0) 2652 7178 to 9 Fax:+66(0) 2652 7180 Copyright C 2004 by Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung All rights reserved. Date of publication: September 2004 Printing house: Srimuang Printing 5/37-41 Rongmuang Soi 5, Patumwan, Bangkok 10330 ISBN: 2

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“√∫“≠ §”π” 6 ¥√. ‡µø“π ‚§√∫Õ∑ «‘‰≈«√√≥ ·´à‡µ’°«à“®–¡“‡ªìπ°≈ÿà¡∫Ÿ√≥“°“√·√ßßß“π µ√’ 7 ·√ßß“πÀ≠‘ß·∫°‚≈°‰«â§√÷ËßÀπ÷Ëß ”π“π°“√µàÕ Ÿâ¢Õß·√ßß“π µ√’‰∑ª√–‡∑»‰∑ æ.». 2535 °”‡π‘¥°≈ÿà¡∫Ÿ√≥“°“√·√ßß“π µ√’ ‚©¡Àπâ“°√√¡°“√™ÿ¥°àÕ°“√ “¡§“¡ ¡—°—∫ 12 ªï ∑’ËøíπΩÉ“ 17 §Àπ÷Ëß°àÕ√à“ß √â“ßµ—« 2535-2539 Õ√ÿ≥’»√’‚µ ·µà≈–“ß∑’Ë°â“«ºà“π ç≈“§≈Õ¥ 90«—π°—∫™—™π–Õ—π‘Ëß„À≠à¢Õß‡æ»·¡àé ¿“æ√«¡¢Õß§ ¡—§ Õß ΩÉ“«‘°ƒµ‘ 2540-2543 «—π‡æÁ≠ ‡ª√¡·°â« ·µà≈–“ß∑’Ë°â“«ºà“π ç°≈—∫ ŸàÕ°·¡à:»Ÿπ’È°°àÕπ«—’¿“æ√«¡¢Õß§ ¡—§“¡ ∑«π°√–· ‚≈°¿‘«—µπå 2544-2547 «‘‰≈«√√≥ ·´à‡µ’·µà≈–“ß∑’Ë°â“«ºà“π ç ∂“∫—π§ÿâ¡§√Õß ÿ¢¿“æœ ∑’ËΩÉ“Ωíπé ¿“æ√«¡¢Õß§ ¡—¡‘µ√À≈“°¡ÿ¡¡ÕßµàÕ°≈ÿà¡∫Ÿ√≥œ 45 °â“«∑’ËµâÕß“ß 57 4

Contents Foreword by 6 Dr. Stefan Chrobot Wilaiwan Saetia We have come a long way!: 7 - Woman workers hold up half the sky! - Roots of struggle - The turning point in 1992 - The birth of WWUG - The vanguard Three phases of development: 17 1: The formative years(1992-1996) Arunee Srito - Milestones - 90-day maternity leave- a great victory for motherhood. - Reflections 2:Through the crisis(1997-2000) Wanpen Premkaew - Milestones - Back to mother's breast- Preschool childcare centers - Reflections 3:Against the current of globalization (2001-2004) Wilaiwan Saetia - Milestones - The dream of an OHS Institute - Reflections Viewpoints 45 The next step 57 5

§”π” Àπ—ß ◊Õ ç∫π‡ âπ∑“ß°“√µàÕ Ÿâ‡æ◊ËÕ·√ßß“πÀ≠‘ß 12 ªï°≈ÿà¡∫Ÿ√≥“°“√·√ßß“π µ√’é ‡≈à¡π’È ‰¥â∂Ÿ°®—¥æ‘¡æå¢÷Èπ ‡π◊ËÕß„π‚Õ°“§√∫√Õ∫ 12 ªï ·Ààß§«“¡√à«¡¡◊Õ √–À«à“ß ¡Ÿ≈π‘∏‘ø√’¥√‘§ ‡Õ·∫√å∑ ·≈–°≈ÿà¡∫Ÿ√≥“°“√·√ßß“π µ√’ „πªï æ.». 2535°≈ÿà¡ºŸâ„™â·√ßß“π µ√’∑’Ë¡“®“°‚√ßß“πÕÿµ“À°√√¡À≈“°À≈“ ‰¥â√«¡µ—«°—π®—¥µ—Èß°≈ÿà¡‡§√◊Õ¢à““π µ√’Õ‘ √– ¢÷Èπ¡“‡æ◊ËÕª√–‚™πå¢Õß·√ßß“π µ√’‚¥«¡ ´÷ËßµàÕ¡“°≈ÿà¡¥—ß°≈à“«π’È°Á¡’™◊ËÕÕ“ß‡ªìπ∑“ß°“√«à“ ç°≈ÿà¡∫Ÿ√≥“°“√·√ßß“π µ√’é π—Ëπ‡Õß°“√ ª√–™ÿ¡§√—Èß·√°¢Õß°≈ÿà¡∫Ÿ√≥“°“√·√ßß“π µ√’ ‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ∑’Ë”π—°ß“π¢Õß¡Ÿ≈π‘∏‘ø√’¥√‘§ ‡Õ·∫√å∑ À≈—ß®“°π—Èπ‡ªìπµâπ¡“°≈ÿà¡∫Ÿ√≥“°“√ ·√ßß“π µ√’°Á‡√‘Ë¡‡§≈◊ËÕπ‰À«√≥√ß§å‡æ◊ËÕª√–‚™πå¢ÕßºŸâ„™â·√ßß“π µ√’ ‡√‘Ë¡µ—Èß·µà°“√√≥√ß§å‡æ◊ËÕ‡√’°√âÕß‘∑∏‘°“√≈“§≈Õ¥ 90«—π ´÷Ëß ∂◊Õ‡ªìπ™—™π–∑’Ëß¥ß“¡¢Õß°≈ÿà¡·√ßß“π µ√’∑’Ë‡æ‘Ëß®—¥µ—Èß¢÷Èπ„π ¡——Èπ Õ’°∑—Èß—ß∑”„Àâ°≈ÿà¡‡√‘Ë¡‡ªìπ∑’Ë√Ÿâ®—°„π√–¥—∫“°≈¥â« π—∫µ—Èß·µàπ—Èπ ‡ªìπµâπ¡“°≈ÿà¡∫Ÿ√≥“°“√·√ßß“π µ√’ ·≈– ¡Ÿ≈π‘∏‘ø√’¥√‘§ ‡Õ·∫√å∑ ‰¥âª√–“π§«“¡√à«¡¡◊Õ´÷Ëß°—π·≈–°—π¡“‚¥ ´÷Ëß¡‘„™à‡æ’§«“¡ √à«¡¡◊Õ„π°“√¥”‡π‘π‚§√ß°“√‡∑à“π—Èπ ·µà∑—Èß ÕßÕß§å°√¡’Õÿ¥¡°“√≥å√à«¡°—π ‚¥„Àâ§ÿ≥§à“°—∫‡√◊ËÕß‘∑∏‘¢ÕßºŸâ„™â·√ßß“π ·≈–‡π◊ËÕß®“°¡Ÿ≈π‘∏‘ ø√’¥√‘§ ‡Õ·∫√å∑ ‰¥â¡’ à«π√à«¡„π°“√®—¥µ—Èß°≈ÿà¡∫Ÿ√≥“°“√·√ßß“π µ√’¡“µ—Èß·µà·√°‡√‘Ë¡ ∑—Èß ÕßÕß§å°√®÷ß¡’§«“¡„°≈â™‘¥°—πÕ“ß·π∫·πàπ ¥â«§«“¡√à«¡¡◊Õ∑—Èß„π¥â“ππ‚“ ·≈–§«“¡—¡æ—π∏å©—π∑å‡æ◊ËÕπ√à«¡Õÿ¥¡°“√≥å„π°“√µàÕ Ÿâ‡æ◊ËÕ§«“¡‘∏√√¡„π—ß§¡§«“¡‡∑à“‡∑’°—π √–À«à“ßÀ≠‘ß™“§«“¡‡¢â“„®Õ—π¥’√–À«à“ßª√–‡∑» ·≈–§«“¡ ß∫—πµ‘¢Õß‚≈° Àπ—ß ◊Õ‡≈à¡π’È®—¥∑”¢÷Èπ ‡æ◊ËÕ„ÀâºŸâ∑’Ë π„®‰¥â¡’§«“¡√ŸâÕ“ß≈÷°´÷Èß„π‡√◊ËÕß°“√‡§≈◊ËÕπ‰À«¢Õß·√ßß“π µ√’„πª√–‡∑»‰∑ ·≈–¡’§«“¡‡¢â“„®„π ‡√◊ËÕß√“«°“√‡§≈◊ËÕπ‰À«·≈–√≥√ß§å¢Õß°≈ÿà¡∫Ÿ√≥“°“√·√ßß“π µ√’µ≈Õ¥ 12 ªï∑’Ëºà“π¡“ ‡π◊ÈÕÀ“¢ÕßÀπ—ß ◊Õ®–‡πâπ∑’Ë‡√◊ËÕß√“«°“√µàÕ Ÿâ ‡§≈◊ËÕπ‰À«¢Õß°≈ÿà¡∫Ÿ√≥“°“√·√ßß“π µ√’ ¡“°°«à“‡√◊ËÕß°‘®°√√¡∑’ËÕ„π‚§√ß°“√ª√–“π§«“¡√à«¡¡◊Õ√–À«à“ß°≈ÿà¡∫Ÿ√≥“°“√·√ßß“π µ√’ ·≈– ¡Ÿ≈π‘∏‘ø√’¥√‘§ ‡Õ·∫√å∑„π§¢Õß°“√æ—≤π“‰ª Ÿà√–¥—∫“°≈Õ“ß‡¢â¡¢âππ—Èπ§≥–ºŸâ®—¥∑”‰¥â¡’§«“¡‡ÀÁπµ√ß°—π„π°“√∑’Ë®–®—¥æ‘¡æå Àπ—ß ◊Õπ’È¢÷Èπ∑—Èß„π¿“…“‰∑ ·≈– ¿“…“Õ—ß°ƒ… √«¡∑—Èß‡º—ß ◊Õ‰ª—ßºŸâÕà“π∑—Èß„πª√–‡∑»‰∑ ·≈–µà“ßª√–‡∑» ‡√“À«—ß‡ªìπÕ“ß‘Ëß«à“ Àπ—ß ◊Õ‡≈à¡π’È®–π”‰ª Ÿà°“√·≈°‡ª≈’Ë§«“¡√Ÿâ·≈–ª√– ∫°“√≥å√–À«à“ßª√–‡∑» Õ’°∑—Èß—ßπ”‰ª Ÿà§«“¡√à«¡¡◊Õ´÷Ëß°—π·≈–°—π„π°“√ ‡§≈◊ËÕπ‰À«∑“ß—ß§¡„πª√–‡∑»Õ◊ËπÊ¥â«¥√. ‡µø“π ‚§√∫Õ∑ ºŸâÕ”π«°“√ ¡Ÿ≈π‘∏‘ø√’¥√‘§ ‡Õ·∫√å∑ «‘‰≈«√√≥ ·´à‡µ’ ª√–∏“π°≈ÿà¡∫Ÿ√≥“°“√·√ßß“π µ√’ Foreword This booklet"For Thailand's Woman Workers" is published on the occasion of 12 years of cooperation between Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung and the Women Workers' Unity Group. In 1992, a group of women trade unionists in different industries in Thailand decided to form an independent network committed to the cause of women workers. This network was later known as the Women Workers' Unity Group. The first meetings were held in the office of the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, and soon after the group started its direct actions and campaigns for the benefit of women workers. Among these early activities, the extension of paid maternity leave for working women was one of the most significant success stories. The new network became internationally known. From the start, the close and cordial relations between our two organizations has been much more than just a project of technical cooperation. Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung and the Women Workers' Unity Group share similar ideas and values on issues of workers' rights. It is very much a political cooperation and a close friendship in joint struggles for social justice, gender equality, peace, and international understanding. Both of us had the privilege of being part of this cooperation since its very beginning in 1992 in our respective positions in the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung and as a founding committee member of the Women Workers' Unity Group. With this booklet we would like to provide those interested in this very unique women workers movement of Thailand with a deeper inside view and better understanding of 12 years of action and campaigns. In the booklet, we decided to focus on the rise, history, and overall impact of the movement rather than on our extensive bilateral cooperation. In an era of intensified internationalization we consider it vital to provide this information not only to Thai readers but also to the international community through the English language. We hope this will lead to more international exchange of experiences and more mutual cooperation with similar movements in other countries. Dr. Stefan Chrobot Resident Director Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung Wilaiwan Saetia President Women Workers’ Unity Group 6

°«à“®–¡“‡ªìπ °≈ÿà¡∫Ÿ√≥“°“√·√ßß“π µ√’ We have come a long way! 7

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Woman workers hold up half the sky! Workers are the force that creates the world, and we woman workers hold up half the sky. In Thailand as in other countries, women's labour plays its part in rolling the wheel of history. But our role has been undervalued and restricted. Women are taught that they are meek, mild and passive creatures. In Thai, women are sometimes called"the hind legs of the elephant". But in fact women have been the backbone of Thai society and the foundation of the workforce since time immemorial. Over 600 years ago, Chinese visitors to Siam noted in surprise that women did all the work. Over 300 years ago, European visitors noted the same thing. Thai men were conscripted to fight in the armies, and work for the kings and lords. It was women who planted the rice in the fields; women who sold goods in the local markets; and women who looked after their families. Thai history even has a few women warriors. Around 150 years ago, the country began to be drawn into the capitalist system and contact with the West. The old feudal system declined. Conscription ended and a free labour market arose. Thailand became a big exporter of rice, tin, and timber. More people were drawn away from the villages to work in rice mills, saw mills, tin mines and the Bangkok port. Women continued to be a big factor in the workforce. They still worked in the ricefields. They migrated to work in the city. Ever since statistics were collected, the number of women in the workforce has been only a little less than men. In Thailand, women truly hold up half the sky. At first, most workers who came to the city were badly exploited. There was no legislation, no protection, and little organization. Women workers were the most exploited of all.There was less space for them in the schools. They were qualified only for menial jobs with low pay. They often had to accept a lower wage because they could not escape their responsibility to support a family. 9

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Roots of struggle Thai woman workers faced the usual exploitation of workers, plus the extra discrimination against women. For many generations, they have had to fight for rights, justice, and equality. The first upsurge of labour struggles was in the 1930s, after the country got its first parliament in 1932. From the start, woman workers were part of this struggle. In September 1932, the Thonburi Textile Mill workers went on strike over wage cuts. A historic strike was called by woman workers at Chong Nongsi Oil Refinery near the Bangkok Port in 1951. Woman workers threw themselves on the street to block oil trucks from leaving the refinery. Around this time, workers began to be better organized. Woman workers discussed forming their own body. In 1951, the first Federation of Women Workers was established. It pressed government for a labour act with provisions for special protection of woman workers. In 1956, this was achieved. But Thailand was falling deeper under military dictatorship. After a coup in 1958, all labour unions and organizations were immediately banned by military decree. The labour act was revoked. The Federation of Women Workers disappeared. A student-led uprising in 1973 brought democracy back to Thailand. There was more space for freedom of expression. Workers were again able to organize and demand their legitimate rights and benefits. A new Labour Relations Act was passed. Woman workers were in the forefront of the struggles of these years. But they still faced systematic and bloody suppression. Several lost their lives. At the Standard Garment plant in 1975, striking woman workers were assaulted and beaten by riot police and commando units. Many of them were seriously injured. At the Hara garment factory in 1976, striking women took over the plant and ran the production themselves. Nothing similar had happened before. The plant was renamed as the Workers' Unity Factory. But riot police eventually stormed the seized factory. Militant workers were ruthlessly assaulted, arrested, and prosecuted wholesale. At a ceramic tiles plant outside Bangkok in 1976, one woman worker, Samran Khamklan, was shot and died fighting on the picket line. This democratic period lasted only three years. In 1976, the army staged another coup. Students and activists were massacred. Repressive laws were again imposed. Even so, woman workers carried on their struggles over the years to come, until the next milestone in 1992. 11

ª√–‡∑»‰∑ æ.». 2535 ª√–‡∑»‰∑„πªï 2535 ¡’‡Àµÿ°“√≥å”§—≠ Ê ‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ¡“°¡“ ‡Àµÿ°“√≥å‡À≈à“π—Èπ§◊Õ‡ªÑ“∑’ËÀ≈àÕÀ≈Õ¡„Àâ‡°‘¥‡ªìπ ç°≈ÿà¡∫Ÿ√≥“°“√·√ßß“π µ√’é ¢÷Èπ„π∑’Ë ÿ¥ ªï 2535 ∫â“π‡¡◊Õßµ°Õ„πÕ”π“®‡º¥Á®°“√√™. ´÷Ëß°àÕ√—∞ª√–À“√„πªï°àÕπÀπâ“π—Èπ √™. æ““¡Õ“ß‘Ëß∑’Ë®– ∑”≈“«π°“√·√ßß“π‰∑™—™π–¢Õßª√–™“™π„π°“√µàÕ Ÿâ‡¡◊ËÕ‡¥◊Õπæƒ…¿“§¡ ·≈–°“√‡¢â“√à«¡µàÕ Ÿâ¢Õß¢∫«π°“√·√ßß“π„π‡Àµÿ°“√≥å ‡¥◊Õπæƒ…¿“§¡ àßº≈µàÕ‡π◊ËÕß„Àâ‡°‘¥§«“¡µ◊Ëπµ—«¢Õß§πß“π°‘®°√√¡¥â“π·√ßß“π°≈—∫¡“¡’™’«‘µ™’«“Õ’°§√—Èß Õß§å°√æ—≤π“ ‡Õ°™π∫“ß à«π‰¥â„Àâ§«“¡ π„®ª√–‡¥Áπ·√ßß“π µ√’¡“°¢÷Èπ Õ“∑‘ ¡Ÿ≈π‘∏‘Õ“√¡≥å æß»åæß—π∑’Ë¡’π¿“æ√ Õµ‘«“π‘™»å·≈– ∫—≥±‘µ ∏π™—»√…∞«ÿ≤‘ ‡ªìπÀ—«·√ß √«¡∑—Èß ¡“§¡‡æ◊ËÕ‘∑∏‘·≈–‡ √’¿“æ¢Õßª√–™“™π ·≈–¡Ÿ≈π‘∏‘‡æ◊ËÕπÀ≠‘ß ´÷Ëß≈ß‰ª ∑”ß“π„Àâ°“√»÷°…“·≈–®—¥µ—Èß√à«¡°—∫ºŸâπ”·√ßß“π µ√’„π‡¢µ“πÕÿµ“À°√√¡ ‚¥’®–‡¥Á® ‡™“«πå«‘‰≈·≈– ÿ¿“«¥’ ‡æ™√√—µπå ‡ªìπ®—°√‡øóÕß”§—≠™à«ß‡«≈“‡¥’«°—ππ’Èπ—°«‘™“°“√À≈““π≈ß¡“∑”ß“π°—∫ºŸâ„™â·√ßß“π·≈– π„®ª√–‡¥Áπ ·√ßß“π µ√’ Õ“∑‘Õ“®“√’√π“∂°“≠®πÕ—°…√ªî‘µ√¢Õß°√√¡°√À≠‘ßºŸâ≈à«ß≈—∫ Õ“®“√“≈’ æƒ°…åæß»“«≈’ Õ“®“√‘§¡®—π∑√«‘∑ÿ√ Õ“®“√¥‘≈°«‘∑—µπå Õ“®“√—ß‘µ æ‘√‘—ß √√§å ·≈– Õ“®“√«√«‘∑ ‡®√‘≠‡≈‘» √«¡∑—Èß π—°°‘®°√√¡·√ßß“π§π”§—≠Õ“ß ¡» æƒ°…“‡°…¡ ÿ¢ ´÷Ëß∂◊Õ‡ªìπ§≈—ß ¡Õß·≈– °ÕßÀπÿπ”§—≠¢ÕßΩÉ““πÀ≠‘ß„π Àâ«ß‡«≈“π—Èπ ªï‡¥’«°—ππ—Èπ ∂“∫—π«‘®—∫∑∫“∑À≠‘ß™“°“√æ—≤π“(GDRI) ‰¥âπ”º≈ß“π«‘®—“∑·√ßß“π À≠‘ß„π°“√æ—≤π“‡»√…∞°‘®‰∑°‡º·æ√à‚¥™’È«à“√“”§—≠¢Õß√—∞¡“®“°¿“§ Õÿµ“À°√√¡ àßÕÕ°´÷Ëß√âÕ 80 ¢Õß·√ßß“π„πÕÿµ“À°√√¡ ‡À≈à“π—Èπ‡ªìπ µ√’ ´÷Ëß¡’ ¿“æ™’«‘µ«— ¥‘°“√·≈–§à“µÕ∫·∑πµË”°«à“§«“¡‡ªìπ®√‘ß ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈¥—ß°≈à“« ∑”„Àâ∑ÿ°ΩÉ“—°∂÷ß§«“¡”§—≠¢Õß·√ßß“πÀ≠‘ß¡“°¢÷Èπ àßº≈„Àâ°√–·°“√‡√’°√âÕß‡æ◊ËÕ‘∑∏‘·≈– °“√·°â‰¢ªí≠À“„Àâ·√ßß“πÀ≠‘ß Ÿß·≈–¡’πÈ”Àπ—°¡“°¢÷Èπ ¢≥–∑’ËÕß§å°√√–À«à“ßª√–‡∑»∑’Ë∑”ß“π¥â“π·√ßß“π„π‰∑“§å°√µà“ßµ√–Àπ—°∂÷ßªí≠À“·√ßß“π µ√’¡“°¢÷Èπ ICFTU-APRO ∑”‚§√ß°“√Ωñ°Õ∫√¡ºŸâπ”·√ßß“π µ√’ ´÷Ëß¡’ à«π √â“ßºŸâπ”·√ßß“π µ√’√ÿàπ„À¡à¢÷Èπ¡“À≈“§π ª√“°Ø°“√≥åÀπ÷Ëß∑’Ë”§—≠‘Ëß§◊Õ°“√‡¢â“√—∫µ”·ÀπàßºŸâÕ”π«°“√¡Ÿ≈π‘∏‘ø√’¥√‘§ ‡Õ·∫√å∑ À√◊Õ FES ¢Õß ‡µø“π ‚§√∫Õ∑ ºŸâ´÷Ëß¡’ª√– ∫°“√≥å§«“¡‡¢â“„®·≈–∑ÿà¡‡∑„Àâ°—∫ß“π¥â“π·√ßß“πÕ“ß‡µÁ¡∑’Ë ‡¢“µ√–Àπ—°„πªí≠À“·√ßß“πÀ≠‘ß ·≈– µâÕß°“√∑’Ë®– àß‡ √‘¡∫∑∫“∑¢Õß·√ßß“π µ√’Õ“ß·∑â®√‘ß®÷ß∑”„Àâ°‘®°√√¡¥â“π·√ßß“πÀ≠‘ß¢Õß¡Ÿ≈π‘∏‘ FES ¢“—«·≈– ¥”‡π‘π‰ªÕ“ß‡ªìπº≈ ∑—ÈßÀ¡¥π’È§◊Õ ¿“æ·«¥≈âÕ¡∑’Ë‡ªìπ‡ªÑ“À≈Õ¡„Àâ°—∫°“√°àÕµ—«¢Õß°≈ÿà¡∫Ÿ√≥“°“√·√ßß“π µ√’„π∑’Ë ÿ¥ 12

The turning point in 1992 In the 1980s, the Thai economy shifted towards industry. In 1985-6, it began to boom with big inflows of Japanese capital. Many more workers were needed. In five out of six years running, over a million people a year quit farming and came to work in the towns and cities. This was one of the biggest social changes in modern Thai history. Over half these new urban workers were women. They were pushed by poverty because agriculture was in decline. They were pulled by the new industries like textiles and electronics which often preferred women workers to men.These new industries were the engine of Thailand's booming economy. And the moving parts of this engine were mostly woman workers. But they faced enormous problems. They were still usually paid less than men. They had to manage their lives as wife and mother alongside their work.They faced risks over health and accidents. Even though they were such a large part of the workforce, their special problems were not well looked after by the labour movement. This time was tumultuous not only for the economy but for politics. The military dictators made a last bid to hold onto power by a coup in 1991. They again cracked down on the labour movement. But workers joined with other prodemocracy forces to drive out the dictators in May 1992. The dictators shot and beat the demonstrators, but were still forced out of power. After many workers took part in May 1992, the labour movement had a new lease of life. Some NGOs who also took part in the May 1992 movement became interested in labour and especially in the problems of woman workers. These included Napaporn Atiwanichayawong and Bundit Thanachaisethavut, researchers at the Arom Pongpangan Foundation, a labour foundation named after a former union activist; Jadej Chaowilai and Supawadee Petcharat, organizers with the Union for Civil Liberty; and the Friends of Women Foundation which conducted educational activities for woman workers. Many committed academics were also drawn to the problems of woman workers including Thiranart Karnjana-aksorn, Malee Pruekpongsawalee, Nikom Chandaravithun, Lae Dilokvithayarat, Sungsidh Piriyarangsan, and Voravidh Charoenloet. Among labour organizers, Somyot Pruksakasemsuk concentrated on the special issue of unorganized woman workers. The Gender and Development Research Institute(GDRI) published research showing how much the country depended on the sweat and tears of women workers and yet how badly they were rewarded. Some 80 per cent of the workers in the country's major export industries were women, and yet their wages and benefits were still below those of men. International labour bodies also focused on the issue of woman workers, especially the ICFTU which was active in training projects for a new generation of woman trade unionists. Against the background of the big changes in Thailand's economy, the political turmoil of 1992, and the growing interest of NGOs, academics, researchers, and international bodies in issues of women's labour, a group of woman workers came together to make their voice heard. 13

°”‡π‘¥°≈ÿà¡∫Ÿ√≥“°“√·√ßß“π µ√’ πÕ°®“° ¿“æ·«¥≈âÕ¡´÷Ëß‡ªìπªí®®—“°¡’ à«π‡°◊ÈÕÀπÿπ°“√°àÕµ—«¢Õß°≈ÿà¡∫Ÿ√≥“°“√·√ßß“π µ√’·≈â« —ß¡’ ªí®®—“„π∑’Ë‡°‘¥®“°§«“¡æ√âÕ¡¢Õßµ—«·√ßß“πÀ≠‘ß‡Õß™à«ß‡«≈“¥—ß°≈à“« ºŸâπ”·√ßß“π µ√’À≈“§π°â“«¢÷Èπ¡“¡’∫∑∫“∑ ‡ªìπ·°ππ”¢ÕßÕß§å°√·√ßß“πÀ≈“—∫ Õ√ÿ≥’»√’‚µ ¢÷Èπ¡“‡ªìπª√–∏“π Àæ—π∏å·√ßß“πÕÿµ“À°√√¡‘Ëß∑Õœ„πªï 2533 ¢≥–∑’Ë «—π‡æÁ≠ ‡ª√¡·°â« ¢—∫¢÷Èπ‰ª°ÿ¡∫—ß‡À’ Àæ—π∏å·√ßß“π‚≈À–œ «‘‰≈«√√≥ ·´à‡µ’°â“«‡¢â“¡“¡’∫∑∫“∑π” Ÿß ÿ¥„π °≈ÿà¡“πÕâÕ¡πâÕ-ÕâÕ¡„À≠à °“√‡§≈◊ËÕπ‰À«‡√’°√âÕß‘∑∏‘≈“§≈Õ¥ 90«—π‚¥§à“®â“ß‡µÁ¡ ‡√‘Ë¡¡“µ—Èß·µàªï 2534 ‰¥â°≈“°‘®°√√¡∑’Ë ‡™◊ËÕ¡√âÕ„ÀâºŸâπ”·√ßß“π µ√’À≈“ à«π∑”ß“π√à«¡°—π¡“°¢÷Èπ ·≈–µ√–Àπ—°™—¥«à“°“√‡§≈◊ËÕπ‰À«ªí≠À“·√ßß“πÀ≠‘ß®– ”‡√Á®·≈–‡ªìπ®√‘ß‰¥â°ÁµàÕ‡¡◊ËÕ·√ßß“πÀ≠‘ß√«¡°—π·≈–π”°“√‡§≈◊ËÕπ‰À«‡∑à“π—Èπ ºŸâ‡°’Ë«¢âÕß°—∫°“√√‘‡√‘Ë¡°àÕµ—Èß°≈ÿà¡∫Ÿ√≥“°“√ ·√ßß“π µ√’∑ÿ°∑à“π‡ÀÁπ«à“ ºŸâ¡’ à«π√‘‡√‘Ë¡§«“¡§‘¥ „π°“√µ—Èß°≈ÿà¡·√ßß“πÀ≠‘ß§◊Õ ‡µø“π ‚§√∫Õ∑ ´÷Ëß‡ªìπºŸâÕ”π«°“√¡Ÿ≈π‘∏‘ø√’¥√‘§ ‡Õ·∫√å∑(FES) „π¢≥–π—Èπ·µà‡®â“µ—«°≈—∫„Àâ§«“¡‡ÀÁπ«à“ ç°“√°àÕ µ—Èß°≈ÿà¡∫Ÿ√≥œ ‰¡à‰¥â‡°‘¥®“°§«“¡§‘¥·≈–·√ß ∫—ß¥“≈„®¢Õß§π„¥§πÀπ÷Ëß ·µà‡°‘¥®“°°“√‡√’·≈–∑”§«“¡‡¢â“„®√à«¡°—π µàÕ ∂“π°“√≥åªí≠À“¢Õß ·√ßß“πÀ≠‘ß„π™à«ßπ—Èπ ‡°‘¥°“√æ—≤π“°√Õ∫§«“¡§‘¥·≈–ªØ‘∫—µ‘ µ“¡§«“¡§‘¥¢Õß·√ßß“πÀ≠‘ß‡Õß‘Ëß∑’Ë FES ∑”°Á§◊Õ ¥Ÿ·≈ π—∫ πÿπ„Àâ °≈ÿà¡·√ßß“πÀ≠‘ß∑”ß“π√à«¡°—πÕ“ß‡ªìπÕ‘ √–“¡“√∂æ—≤π“§«“¡§‘¥ ·≈– ∑”ß“π¿“„µâ°√Õ∫§«“¡§‘¥¢Õß°≈ÿà¡‡Õßé °“√ª√–™ÿ¡§√—Èß·√°¢Õß§≥–°àÕ°“√Õ—πª√–°Õ∫¥â« ÿ‡æÁ≠»√’ æ÷Ëß‚§° Ÿß ºŸâπ”·√ßß“π µ√’ºŸâ§«Ë”À«Õ¥„π «ß°“√·√ßß“π ¢≥–π—Èπ∑”ß“π∫√‘…—∑øî≈‘ª å‡´¡‘§Õπ¥—§‡µÕ√å(‰∑)®”°—¥ Õ√ÿ≥’»√’‚µ ª√–∏“π Àæ—π∏å·√ßß“π Õÿµ“À°√√¡‘Ëß∑Õœ ·≈–«—π‡æÁ≠ ‡ª√¡·°â« ª√–∏“π Àæ—π∏å·√ßß“π‚≈À–œ ‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ„π‡¥◊Õπ°—π“ 2535®“°°“√ ª√–“πß“π¢ÕßÕ“√’ À√Ÿ»√’°ÿ≈ ‡®â“Àπâ“∑’Ë‚§√ß°“√¢Õß FES ‚¥“»—”π—°ß“π¢Õß¡Ÿ≈π‘∏‘œ ‡ªìπ∑’Ëª√–™ÿ¡°“√ª√–™ÿ¡ §√—Èßπ—Èππ”‰ª Ÿà°“√ª√–™ÿ¡Õ’°À≈“§√—Èß ·≈–¢“«ß‰ª Ÿà§πß“πÀ≠‘ß à«πÕ◊Ëπ Ê ‡™àπ √—∞«‘“À°‘® Õ—ππ”‰ª Ÿà°“√µ—¥‘π„®µ—Èß °≈ÿà¡∫Ÿ√≥“°“√·√ßß“π µ√’¢÷Èπ π—°«‘™“°“√∑à“πÀπ÷Ëß∑’Ë¡’∫∑∫“∑Õ“ß”§—≠„π∞“π–∑’Ëª√÷°…“°≈ÿà¡µ—Èß·µà·√°§◊Õ Õ“®“√’√π“∂°“≠®πÕ—°…√ ®“°§≥–‡»√…∞»“ µ√å®ÿÃ“≈ß°√≥å¡À“«‘∑“≈—«—µ∂ÿª√– ß§å„π°“√∑”ß“π‡¡◊ËÕ·√°µ—Èß°≈ÿà¡§◊Õ ‡æ◊ËÕ‡ªìπ»Ÿπ«¡·≈– ◊ËÕ°≈“ß„π°“√»÷°…“ ‡º ·≈°‡ª≈’Ë¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈ ·≈–ª√– ∫°“√≥å„πª√–‡¥Áπ∑’Ë‡°’Ë«°—∫·√ßß“πÀ≠‘ß àß‡ √‘¡∫∑∫“∑¢Õß·√ßß“πÀ≠‘ß„Àâ¡’ à«π√à«¡„π¢∫«π°“√ ·√ßß“π„Àâ§”ª√÷°…“·≈–√à«¡‡§≈◊ËÕπ‰À«‡√’°√âÕß‡æ◊ËÕª°ªÑÕß‘∑∏‘·≈–º≈ª√–‚™πå¢Õß·√ßß“πÀ≠‘ß„π“¢“Õ“™’æµà“ß Ê ª√–“π°—∫Àπà«“π/Õß§å°√µà“ß Ê„π°“√·°â‰¢ªí≠À“ ‡™àπ º≈—°¥—π„Àâª√—∫ª√ÿß°ÆÀ¡“ ÕÕ°°ÆÀ¡“ ¢âÕ∫—ß§—∫∑’Ë ‡°’Ë«¢âÕß°—∫‘∑∏‘·≈–º≈ª√–‚™πå¢Õß·√ßß“πÀ≠‘ß 14

The birth of WWUG In 1991, some women workers began a campaign for 90-day maternity leave with pay. This campaign became a focal point to mobilize workers and public support. In 1992, a group of woman trade unionists decided to form a group committed to the cause of woman workers. The first meeting was held in September 1992. Later this group came to be known as the Women Workers' Unity Group or WWUG. The core of WWUG came from woman trade unionists in different industries. Arunee Srito had been President of the Federation of Textile Labour Unions in 1990. Wanpen Premkaew was a leader of the Federation of Metal Workers' Unions. Wilaiwan Saetia had organized a coalition of worker groups in the Omnoi-Omyai industrial area on the Bangkok outskirts. Supensri Puengkoksoong was an experienced organizer in the electronics industries. Many civic groups and NGOs who came together in the pro-democracy movement lent support to the women workers' aspirations. The Friedrich Ebert Stiftung(FES) office in Bangkok contributed a great deal of experience and insight on international labour development and some specific labour issues. The first historic meeting was held in the FES office. But the idea for the group came from the women workers themselves. FES gave the support and encouragement, then and ever since. The initial aim of the Group was to serve as a focal point, a resource centre, and a forum for sharing ideas and experiences, disseminating data and information, providing advice to woman workers, groups and organizations. The idea was to empower woman workers and their organizations so they could contribute more to the labour movement, to democratization, and to national development. The Group also aimed to mobilize woman workers to demand better welfare and benefits, and to work with other organizations and agencies to press for changes in legislation. 15

‚©¡Àπâ“°√√¡°“√ ™¥ÿ°Õà°“√ The vanguard Women Workers' Unity Group The first Organizing Committee,1992 ª√–∏“π§ÿ≥Õ√ÿ≥’»√’‚µ ‡≈¢“πÿ°“√ §ÿ≥«‘∑“°√§”¿Ÿ ΩÉ“°“√»÷°…“ À—«Àπâ“ΩÉ“§ÿ≥«‘«√√≥®—π∑– §ÿ≥«‘‰≈«√√≥ ·´à‡µ’§ÿ≥§¡§“ ¡’∑ÕßÀ≈“ß §ÿ≥°ƒ…≥“¿√≥å ∑Õß∫ÿ≠≈◊Õ §ÿ≥Õÿ∫≈ √à¡‚æ∏‘Ï∑Õß §ÿ≥√ÿàßπ¿“™âÕ™¡â“§ÿ≥ ß«π ¢ÿπ∑√ß §ÿ≥®“√ÿ«√√≥ Õπÿ π ΩÉ“™“—¡æ—π∏å ·≈–°‘®°√√¡ À—«Àπâ“ΩÉ“§ÿ≥«—π‡æÁ≠ ‡ª√¡·°â« §ÿ≥ ÿπ∑√ ‡º◊ËÕπæß»å §ÿ≥“ «ß…å §ÿ≥«“ π“ ∫ÿµµ– §ÿ≥∑‘æ«√√≥ ·°â«· ß®—π∑√å §ÿ≥»√’π«≈ √Õ¥‡√◊Õß√ÿàß §ÿ≥®‘∫ ‚µª√–‡∑» §ÿ≥‡æàßæ‘»«ß‡«’§ÿ≥≈Ÿ°Õ‘π∑√å«—π¥’ ΩÉ“—≠≠‘° À—«Àπâ“ΩÉ“§ÿ≥©≈« µ√‘“ ÿ¢ §ÿ≥™—™Æ“¿√≥å ‡∑æπ‘°√ §ÿ≥À∑—«√√≥ Õ‘π∑√ Ÿµ ∑’Ëª√÷°…“ Õ“®“√’√π“∂°“≠®πÕ—°…√ §≥–‡»√…∞»“ µ√å®ÿÃ“≈ß°√≥å¡À“«‘∑“≈—§ÿ≥Õ“√’ À√Ÿ»√’°ÿ≈ ‡®â“Àπâ“∑’Ë¡Ÿ≈π‘∏‘ø√’¥√‘§ ‡Õ·∫√å∑(FES) §ÿ≥Õÿ…“ ÿ«√√≥∑—µ À—«Àπâ“ΩÉ“ µ√’ ¡“æ—π∏å·√ßß“π √—∞«‘“À°‘®—¡æ—π∏å §ÿ≥ ¡»—°¥‘Ï ‚°»— ÿ¢ ‡≈¢“∏‘°“√ ¡“æ—π∏å·√ßß“π√—∞«‘“À°‘® —¡æ—π∏å §ÿ≥ ÿ‡æÁ≠»√’ æ÷Ëß‚§° Ÿß ΩÉ““πÀ≠‘ß„π¿“§Õÿµ“À°√√¡°“√º≈‘µ ¡Ÿ≈π‘∏‘‡æ◊ËÕπÀ≠‘ß Chairperson Secretary Arunee Srito Witayakorn Khampoo Education Section Wiwan Chantha Wilaiwan Saetia Khomkhai Meethonglang Krisnaporn Thongboonlue Ubon Romphothong Roongnapa Choichamai Sa-nguan Khunsong Jaruwan Anuson PR& Activity Section Wanpen Premkaew Sunthorn Puernpong Saiyud Yawong Wassana Butta Thipawan Kaewsaengchan Srinual Rodrerngroong Jib Tohprathet Pengpit Wongwien Loog-in Wandee Treasurer& Assistants Chaluey Triyasook Chatchadaporn Thepnikorn Hathaiwan Indarasoot Advisors Thiranart Karnjana-aksorn, Economics Faculty, Chulalongkorn University Aree Hrusriyakul, FES-Bangkok Usa Suwanathat, Head of Women Section, State Enterprise Workers‘ Relations Confederation Somsak Kosaisook, Secretary-General, State Enterprise Workers‘ Relations Confederation Supensri Puengkoksoong, Woman Worker in Manufacturing Sector Section, Friends of Women Foundation. 16

“¡§“¡ ¡—°—∫ 12 ªï ∑’ËøíπΩÉ“ Three phases of development 17

§Àπ÷Ëß°àÕ√à“ß √â“ßµ—« 2535- 2539 Õ√ÿ≥’»√’‚µ Õ√ÿ≥’»√’‚µ ‡°‘¥‡¡◊ËÕ«—π∑’Ë 2 ¡°√“§¡ 2496„π§√Õ∫§√—«™“«π“™“««π®—ßÀ«—¥ππ∑∫ÿ√’ ‡∏Õ‡ªìπ≈Ÿ°“«§π ‡¥’«·≈–‡ªìπ§π°≈“ß¢Õßæ’ËπâÕß®”π«π 5§π ¡’‚Õ°“»÷°…“„π√–∫∫‚√ß‡√’’™—Èπª√–∂¡’Ë πÕ°π—Èπ‡ªìπ°“√‡√’‘Ë¡ ‡µ‘¡„π√–∫∫°“√»÷°…“πÕ°‚√ß‡√’“—ß®“°∑’Ë‰¥â‡¢â“∑”ß“π·≈â« ªï 2514 ‡√‘Ë¡Õ“™’æ‡ªìπ“«‚√ßß“π∑’Ë‚√ßß“π‘Ëß∑Õ‰∑°√’««— 17 ªï®“°°“√¡’ à«π√à«¡„π‡Àµÿ°“√≥å 14 µÿ≈“§¡ 2516 ∑”„Àâ‡∏Õµ√–Àπ—°·≈–‡™◊ËÕ¡—Ëπ„πæ≈—ß¢Õßª√–™“™π À≈—ß‡Àµÿ°“√≥å 14 µÿ≈“œ §πß“π‰∑°√’°¢÷ÈπµàÕ Ÿâ‡æ◊ËÕ∑«ß‘∑∏‘·≈–§«“¡‡ªìπ∏√√¡À≈“§√—Èß¿“„µâ°“√π” ¢Õß§πß“π™“ Õ√ÿ≥’‰¥â‡√’—Ëß ¡ª√– ∫°“√≥å®“°°“√µàÕ Ÿâ‡À≈à“π—Èπ„πªï 2520 ·≈–2521 Õ√ÿ≥’°—∫‡æ◊ËÕπ§πß“πÀ≠‘ß°Á‰¥âπ”°“√ ‰µ√å§§—¥§â“ππ‚“° ªØ‘∫—µ‘¢Õßπ“®â“ß ´÷Ëßª√– ∫™—™π–Õ“ßß¥ß“¡ ·≈–„πªï 2523 ‰¥â√à«¡‡ªìπ ·°ππ”°àÕµ—Èß À¿“æ·√ßß“π‘Ëß∑Õ‰∑°√’°“√∑”ß“π¢Õß À¿“æ ‡µÁ¡‰ª¥â« √√§¢«“°Àπ“¡ ºŸâπ”§π·≈â«§π‡≈à“∂Ÿ°‡≈‘°®â“ß®π ‰¡à¡’„§√°≈â“∑’Ë®–‡¢â“·∫°√—∫¿“√–¢Õß À¿“æ„π∑’Ë ÿ¥ªï 2526 Õ√ÿ≥’‰¥â√—∫§«“¡‰«â«“ß„®®“°‡æ◊ËÕπ§πß“π„Àâ°â“«¢÷Èπ ‡ªìπª√–∏“πÀ≠‘ß§π·√°¢Õß À¿“æ·√ßß“π·Ààßπ’È ‡∏Õ‰¥â∑ÿà¡‡∑ ∑”ß“π„Àâ°—∫ À¿“æÕ“ß‰¡à√Ÿâ®—° ‡ÀπÁ¥‡Àπ◊ËÕ ‡æ◊ËÕ≈∫§«“¡‡™◊ËÕ‡°à“Ê ∑’Ë¡Õß«à“ ºŸâÀ≠‘ßÕàÕπ·Õ ‰¡à°≈â“ µ—¥‘π„® æ÷ËßºŸâÕ◊Ëπ·≈–‡À¡“–°—∫ß“π∫â“π ¥â«§≈‘°¿“æ∑’Ë‚¥¥‡¥àπ°“√∑ÿà¡‡∑∑”ß“π¥â«§«“¡¡ÿàß¡—Ëπ·≈–‡’ ≈– ∑”„ÀâÕ√ÿ≥’°â“«‡¢â“ Ÿàµ”·Àπàß”§—≠„π Õß§å°√·√ßß“π√–¥—∫™“µ‘ ‡∏Õ‰¥â√—∫‡≈◊Õ°‡ªìπ√Õßª√–∏“π Àæ—π∏å·√ßß“π Õÿµ“À°√√¡‘Ëß∑Õœ„πªï 2527-2528 ‡ªìπÀ≠‘ß§π·√°∑’Ë°â“« Ÿàµ”·Àπàßª√–∏“π Àæ—π∏å·√ßß“πÕÿµ“À°√√¡‘Ëß∑Õœ ªï 2533-2536 ‡ªìπÀ—«Àπâ“ΩÉ“ µ√’ §π·√°¢Õß ¿“Õß§å°“√≈Ÿ°®â“ß ¡“æ—π∏å·√ßß“π·Ààßª√–‡∑»‰∑„πªï 2529-2531 ‡ªìπ√Õßª√–∏“π ¿“Õß§å°“√≈Ÿ°®â“ß ¿“·√ßß“π·Ààßª√–‡∑»‰∑„πªï 2538-2539 ‡§”Àπâ“∑’Ë‡ªìπºŸâæ‘æ“°…“ ¡∑∫ΩÉ“°®â“ß„π»“≈·√ßß“π √–À«à“ßªï 2536-2540 ·≈–‡ªìπª√–∏“π§π·√°°≈ÿà¡∫Ÿ√≥“°“√·√ßß“π µ√’ ™à«ßªï 2536-2539 18

Phase 1: The formative years (1992-1996) Arunee Srito Arunee Srito was born on 2 January 1953 in Nonthaburi province, just north of Bangkok. She was the third child and only daughter in a family of five children. She started working at theThai KriengTextile mill when she was 17 years old. She took part in the student-led uprising of 14 October 1973, and in the labour struggles in the years following. In 1977-8, workers at Thai Krieng Textile mill went on strike to oppose management policy, and won victory. In 1980, Arunee was a founder member of the Thai Krieng Textile Labour Union. The union faced fierce opposition from management. Many of its officers were laid off, to the point 1 others were afraid to take the posts. In 1983, Arunee was elected the first woman president of the union. She was determined to do away with the stereotyped image of Thai women as unable to become leaders and take decisions. She devoted fourteen years to being a union organizer, and rose to be president of the Federation of Textile Labour Unions from 1990 to 1993. Under her leadership, woman workers fought hard to gain more gender equality in wages and promotions. One victory was over bonuses. Before, women workers' bonuses were only 20 per cent of the men's. Arunee got this raised to 90 per cent. Arunee was unfairly dismissed from Thai Krieng Textile in a mass lay-off in 1993 when the company wanted to install new machinery. Arunee and her colleagues fought back and even seized the factory. Eventually they were reinstated, and also won an amendment to the labour law on lay-offs. Arunee played a leading role in the 1991-3 campaign which successfully demanded 90 days of paid maternity leave. She fronted collective bargaining on behalf of thousands of workers. She became an advisor to several unions and worker groups. 19

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Arunee also became a distinguished figure in the labour movement at the national level. She became the first-ever Head of Women Affairs for the Thai Trade Union Congress in 1996-8, Vice President of the Labour Congress of Thailand in 1995-6, and an Associate Judge of the Central Labour Court in 1993-7. And from 1993 to 1996, Arunee was president of the Women Workers' Unity Group. In 1993, her great contribution was recognized. Arunee was named the Outstanding Woman in Labour Affairs by the Office of the National Commission on Women's Affairs, and the Distinguished Woman in Labour Affairs by the Gender and Development Research Institute(GDRI). Arunee was also a leading figure in the democratic movement. She served in the PollWatch network which monitored national elections. She worked on several advisory bodies for government and nongovernment agencies on women's affairs. She was concerned that labour had no true voice in the parliament. Many colleagues urged her to enter politics to serve the cause of labour. Some political parties tried to recruit her. But the 1997 constitution dashed these hopes. It requires members of parliament to have a tertiary degree. Arunee, along with the vast majority of workers and the poor, are excluded by this rule. In 2000, Arunee was laid off again. But she still campaigns on behalf of unemployed workers, especially to amend the Social Security Act which treats unemployed workers unfairly. And she continues to serve as an adviser to WWUG. 21

·µà≈–“ß∑°’Ë â“«ºà“π ªï 2536 ë √à«¡‡§≈◊ËÕπ‰À«‡√’°√âÕß‘∑∏‘≈“§≈Õ¥ 90«—π‰¥â√—∫§à“®â“ß‡µÁ¡ ë ‡ªìπÕß§å°√π”„π°“√®—¥ß“π«—π µ√’“°≈‡ªìπªï·√° ë √à«¡ª√–™ÿ¡π“π“™“µ‘∑’Ëª√–‡∑»ŒàÕß°ß ·≈–—ß ◊ÕµàÕ°ß»ÿ≈‰∑„πª√–‡∑»ÕàÕß°ß‡æ◊ËÕº≈—°¥—π„Àâ√—∞∫“≈¡’ ¡“µ√°“√¥Ÿ·≈§πß“π‰∑„πµà“ß·¥π ‚¥©æ“–·¡à∫â“π ë √à«¡∑”ß“π‡§≈◊ËÕπ‰À«™à«§πß“π‡§‡¥Õ√åœ Õ√ÿ≥’»√’‚µ ‡ªìπª√–∏“π√à«¡¢Õß§≥–∑”ß“πµ‘¥µ“¡§«“¡ ™à«§πß“π‡§‡¥Õ√å ·≈–°√√¡°“√»Ÿπ”π«°“√™à«°®â“ß∑’Ëª√– ∫¿— ‡æ◊ËÕ‡√’°√âÕß‘∑∏‘ª√–‚™πå ·°à§πß“π‡§‡¥Õ√å ë°≈ÿà¡∫Ÿ√≥œ √à«¡°—∫»Ÿπ“πß“π§≥–°√√¡°“√√à«¡‡æ◊ËÕ §«“¡‡ÀÁπ™Õ∫„π°“√·°â‰¢ æ.√.∫. ª√–°—π—ß§¡§—¥§â“π·≈– ‡ πÕ·π–‡æ◊ËÕ°“√·°â‰¢ æ.√.∫. ª√–°—π—ß§¡ æ.». 2533 ë ‡Àµÿ°“√≥å‡≈‘°®â“ß§πß“π‚√ßß“π‘Ëß∑Õ‰∑°√’®”π«π 376§π ∑”„Àâ‡°‘¥°“√‡√’°√âÕß·≈–π”‰ª Ÿà°“√ÕÕ° ª√–°“»°√–∑√«ß‡æ◊ËÕ„Àâ¡’°“√§ÿâ¡§√Õß§πß“π∑’Ë∂Ÿ° ‡≈‘°®â“ß ªï 2537 ë ‡¢â“√à«¡Õ“ß·¢Áß¢—π°—∫¢∫«π°“√·√ßß“π„πª√–‡¥Áπ ªØ‘√Ÿª√–∫∫ ÿ¢¿“æ§«“¡ª≈Õ¥¿—°‡§√◊ËÕß Õ—π π”‰ª Ÿà¢âÕ‡ πÕ„À¡’°“√®—¥µ—Èß ∂“∫—π§ÿâ¡§√Õß ÿ¢¿“æ·≈–§«“¡ª≈Õ¥¿—„π°“√∑”ß“π„π∑’Ë ÿ¥ ë √à«¡°—∫¡Ÿ≈π‘∏‘ø√’¥√‘§ ‡Õ·∫√å∑ ·≈– ¡Ÿ≈π‘∏‘æ‘æ‘∏¿—≥±å·√ßß“π‰∑®—¥‡«∑’π”‡ πÕ√““π ‡√◊ËÕß∫∑∫“∑¢Õß·√ßß“π µ√’„π¢∫«π°“√·√ßß“π‰∑ªï 2538 ë ‡¢â“√à«¡ª√–™ÿ¡√–¥—∫‚≈°«à“¥â« µ√’ ≥°√ÿßªí°°‘Ëß ë √à«¡√≥√ß§å«—π µ√’“°≈ ‡§≈◊ËÕπ‰À«ª√–‡¥Áπ°ÆÀ¡“§«“¡ª≈Õ¥¿—§πß“π ·≈–„Àâ√—∞∫“≈ª√–°“»„Àâ«—π∑’Ë 10 æƒ…¿“§¡ ¢Õß∑ÿ°ªï‡ªìπ«—π ÿ¢¿“æ·≈–§«“¡ª≈Õ¥¿—„π°“√∑”ß“π·Ààß™“µ‘ ë ·°ππ”°≈ÿà¡‰ª¥Ÿß“π‡√◊ËÕß ÿ¢¿“æ·≈–§«“¡ª≈Õ¥¿—„π°“√∑”ß“π„πª√–‡∑»‡—π ªï 2539 ë§≥–°√√¡°“√ ÿ¢¿“æ§«“¡ª≈Õ¥¿—„π°“√∑”ß“π ‰¥âª√–™ÿ¡ ·≈–¡’§«“¡‡ÀÁπ‡ªìπ‡Õ°©—π∑å‡ πÕ„Àâ√—∞∫“≈ª√–°“» «—π∑’Ë 10 æƒ…¿“§¡ ¢Õß∑ÿ°ªï‡ªìπ«—π ÿ¢¿“æ·≈–§«“¡ª≈Õ¥¿—™“µ‘ ë √à«¡µàÕ Ÿâ‡æ◊ËÕ‡√’°√âÕß§à“®â“ß¢—ÈπµË”‚¥“°√–∑√«ß·√ßß“πœ 22

Milestones The WWUG was formed in a period of political ferment. Through the mid 1990s, the Group found the issues to highlight, and the ways to campaign: 1993 - participated in the mass mobilization and successfully demanded a fully paid 90-day maternity leave. - initiated the first annual celebration of International Women's Day inThailand. - campaigned in Hong Kong demanding for effective protection of migrant workers, especially Thai house maids. - jointly chaired the taskforce to press for compensation for the woman workers who died or were injured in the tragic fire at the Kader toy factory. - campaigned for amendments to the Social Security Act 1990 to improve workers' benefits. - demanded proper benefits for 376 workers laid off atThai Krieng Textile mill, leading to the eventual Ministerial Announcement on Labour Protection for Laid-off Workers. 1994 - collaborated with other labour organizations for reform of the Occupational Health and Safety system - worked with FES and theThai Labour Museum to organize a forum on"The roles of woman workers in the Thai labour movement". 1995 - representedThai woman workers at the World Women's Summit in Beijing. - celebrated the International Women's Day with a demand for"Safety at Workplaces", calling on government to declare May 10 as the National Occupational Health and Safety Day. - travelled to Germany to study the Occupational Health and Safety system 1996 - proposed to government that May 10 be declared a national holiday as Occupational Health and Safety Day - participated in a protracted sit-in on low wages at the Ministry of Labour and Social Welfare 23

ç≈“§≈Õ¥ 90«—π°—∫™—™π–Õ—π‘Ëß„À≠à¢Õß‡æ»·¡àé °“√‡§≈◊ËÕπ‰À«‡√’°√âÕß‘∑∏‘≈“§≈Õ¥ 90«—π π—∫‡ªìπªØ‘∫—µ‘°“√·√° ÿ¥∑’Ë °≈ÿà¡∫Ÿ√≥“°“√·√ßß“π µ√’‰¥â‡¢â“√à«¡‡§≈◊ËÕπ‰À«·≈–¡’∫∑∫“∑Õ“ß”§—≠ Õ—π∑’Ë®√‘ß°“√ √≥√ß§å„π‡√◊ËÕßπ’È ‰¥â‡√‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ°àÕπ·≈â«‡¡◊ËÕª≈“ 2534 ‡¡◊ËÕ√—∞∫“≈π““π—π∑å ªíπ“√™ÿπ ¡’¡µ‘„Àâ¢â“√“™°“√‰¥â√—∫‘∑∏‘≈“§≈Õ¥ 90«—π‚¥—∫‡ß‘π‡¥◊Õπ‡µÁ¡ ·µà‰¡à‰¥âæ‘®“√≥“ ‘∑∏‘¥—ß°≈à“«„Àâ°—∫§πß“π¿“§‡Õ°™π„π¢≥–π—Èπ·√ßß“πÀ≠‘ß¿“§‡Õ°™π¡’‘∑∏‘ ≈“§≈Õ¥‰¥â‡æ’ 60«—π‚¥—∫§à“®â“ß‡æ’ 30«—π·√°‡∑à“π—Èπ Õ’° 30«—π‰¡à‰¥â√—∫ §à“®â“ß ∑”„Àâ§πß“π à«π„À≠à„™â‘∑∏‘≈“§≈Õ¥‡æ’ 30«—π‡∑à“π—Èπ ‡æ√“–À“°‰¡à¡“ ∑”ß“π°Á‰¡à¡’√“’”À√—∫§√Õ∫§√—« ‡¡◊ËÕ°≈—∫¡“∑”ß“π„π ¿“æ√à“ß°“’Ë‰¡à æ√âÕ¡‰¥â°àÕ„Àâ‡°‘¥ªí≠À“ ÿ¢¿“æ°—∫§πß“πÀ≠‘ß‡À≈à“π—Èπ Õ“∑‘ ‡®Á∫·º≈ ª«¥¡¥≈Ÿ° ‡¡◊ËÕ§πß“πÀ≠‘ß∑’Ë‡æ‘Ëß§≈Õ¥„À¡àµâÕß√’∫°≈—∫‡¢â“∑”ß“π„π‚√ßß“π ∑”„Àâ®”µâÕß àß ≈Ÿ°πâÕ°≈—∫∫â“π„π™π∫∑ ªí≠À“∑’Ë‡°‘¥¢÷Èππ’È ∑”„Àâ‡’’°√âÕß‡æ◊ËÕ„Àâ§πß“πÀ≠‘ß ¿“§‡Õ°™π¡’‘∑∏‘≈“§≈Õ¥ 90«—π‚¥—∫§à“®â“ß‡µÁ¡¥—ß°÷°°âÕß·≈–π”‰ª Ÿà°“√√«¡ µ—«„πªï 2535 ‡ªìπ ç§≥–°√√¡°“√√≥√ß§å‡æ◊ËÕ‘∑∏‘≈“§≈Õ¥é ¢÷Èπ Õ—πª√–°Õ∫¥â«°≈ÿà¡§πß“πÀ≠‘ß Õß§å°√·√ßß“π∑—Èß¿“§√—∞·≈–‡Õ°™π√–¥—∫µà“ß Ê Õß§å°√æ—≤π“ ‡Õ°™π∑’Ë∑”ß“π¥â“π·√ßß“π µ√’·≈–‡¥Á° ·≈–π—°«‘™“°“√ ‚¥’Õ√ÿ≥’»√’‚µ‡ªìπºŸâπ” §π”§—≠ °“√√≥√ß§å∑”„πÀ≈“ ¡’∑—Èß°“√»÷°…“¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈ ∑”¢âÕ™’È·®ß‡Àµÿº≈·≈– „Àâ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈ ¢âÕ‡∑Á®®√‘ß·°à“∏“√≥™π°“√®—¥π‘∑√√»°“√°“√®—¥ª√–™ÿ¡®—¥√‘È«¢∫«π‡¥‘π√≥√ß§å°“√’°√âÕßµàÕ √—∞∫“≈„π‚Õ°“«—π µ√’“°≈ªï 2535 ·≈–‡¡◊ËÕºŸâπ”·√ßß“π µ√’‰¥â¡“√«¡µ—«°—π‡ªìπ°≈ÿà¡∫Ÿ√≥“°“√·√ßß“π µ√’·≈â«°≈ÿà¡ °Á‰¥â°â“«¢÷Èπ¡“· ¥ß∫∑∫“∑‡ªìπ·°ππ””§—≠„π°“√‡§≈◊ËÕπ‰À«ª√–‡¥Áππ’È 7 ¡’π“§¡ 2536 ‰¥â¡’°“√®—¥‡¥‘π¢∫«π„À≠à ¡’§π∑âÕß‡¢â“√à«¡¢∫«π¥â« ‚¥µ—Èß·∂«∑’ËÕπÿ“«√’™— ¡√¿Ÿ¡‘ ·≈–‡¥‘π‰ª—ß∫â“ππ“°œ™«π À≈’°¿—’Ë´ÕÀ¡Õ‡À≈Áß‡æ◊ËÕ—ß ◊Õ µàÕ¡“„π«—π∑’Ë 25 ‡¡…“’«°—π ‰¥â®—¥„Àâ¡’°“√ ™ÿ¡πÿ¡„À≠àÕ’°§√—Èß ‚¥—Èß¢∫«π·∂«∑’ËÕπÿ“«√’™“∏‘ª‰µ ·≈â«‡¥‘π‰ª∑’Ë »“≈“«à“°“√°√ÿß‡∑æ¡À“π§√ ‡æ◊ËÕ ¡∑∫°—∫ºŸâ„™â·√ßß“π∑’Ë‰ª„™â‘∑∏‘‡≈◊Õ°µ—Èß ºŸâæ‘æ“°…“ ¡∑∫»“≈·√ßß“π®“°π—Èπ‡¥‘π‰ªª√–∑â«ß’ËÀπâ“∑”‡π’√—∞∫“≈®π°√–∑—Ëß«—π∑’Ë 27 ‡¡…“ Õ—π‡ªìπ«—πª√–™ÿ¡§≥–√—∞¡πµ√’ Õ√ÿ≥’»√’‚µ‰¥â‡ªìπµ—«·∑π‡¢â“‰ª‡®√®“°—∫√—∞∫“≈„π∑’Ë ÿ¥§≥–√—∞¡πµ√’¡’¡µ‘ Õπÿ¡—µ‘µ“¡¢âÕ‡√’°√âÕß¢Õß§πß“π ·≈–‰¥âÕÕ°ª√–°“»°√–∑√«ß¡À“¥‰∑‡√◊ËÕß°“√§ÿâ¡§√Õß·√ßß“π„π«—π∑’Ë 28 ‡¡…“ 2536„Àâ¡’º≈∫—ß§—∫„™âµ—Èß·µà «—π∑’Ë 1 æƒ…¿“§¡ 2536 ‡ªìπµâπ‰ª 24

90-day maternity leave A great victory for motherhood The movement for 90-day maternity leave began in late 1991 after the Cabinet appointed by the military coup group granted 90 days of fully paid maternity leave to women civil servants. At that time, private sector workers were entitled to only 60 days of maternity leave, paid only for the first 30 days. Most women workers in fact took only 30 days. This decision sparked a campaign to give all working women the right to 90 days of maternity leave. A worker interviewed by a daily newspaper said:"The 30-day maternity leave is inhumane. Most mothers have to return to work before fully regaining their health. Some suffer bleeding because of hard work. They do not have to time to tend their newborn. A 90-day maternity leave is crucial. All mothers are human beings and mothers in the same way." Some foundations had already been laid. The NGO, Friends of Women Foundation, had made a comparative study on rights to maternity leave and benefits in Thailand and other Asian countries. The Committee for Asian Women had become involved in the studies. In 1992, NGOs, human rights organizations, labour federations, and labour networks formed a coordinating committee to demand 90 days of maternity leave. Arunee Srito was one its leading figures. The committee collected data and began to educate the public on the maternity leave issue. In 1992, maternity leave was made the main issue on International Women's Day. After WWUG was formed, it took a leading role in the campaign. On 7 March 1993, a mass rally proceeded to the house of the democratically elected prime minister, Chuan Leekpai, and presented him with a letter. On 25 April 1993, the biggest of the rallies was attended by many NGOs and civic groups. The rally proceeded to Government House and submitted another letter. Two days later, Arunee Srito went as the movement's representative to negotiate with government. On the same day, the Cabinet conceded. Women workers by right could take 90 days of leave with 45 days fully paid. The order was passed on 28 April 1993 for implementation from 1 May 1993. The victory was a victory for all women workers, and for the power of grassroots struggle. It was also a victory for WWUG and the other organizations which had cooperated in the campaign. For the first time, women workers had shown their ability to win something of such importance to so many women. 25

¿“æ√«¡¢Õß§ ¡—·√ß¢—∫∑“ß°“√‡¡◊Õß∑’Ë‡ªìπº≈µàÕ‡π◊ËÕß®“°™—™π–¢Õß¢∫«π°“√ª√–™“™π∑’Ë¡’µàÕ‡º¥Á®°“√ ç√™.é„π‡Àµÿ°“√≥å æƒ…¿“∑¡‘Ã„πªï 2535 ·≈–°√–· ªØ‘√Ÿª°“√‡¡◊Õß ∑”„Àâ°“√‡§≈◊ËÕπ‰À«¢Õß¢∫«π°“√ª√–™“™π°≈ÿà¡µà“ß Ê ¥Ÿ¡’™’«‘µ™’«“ ·≈–‡µÁ¡‰ª¥â«§«“¡°√–™ÿà¡°√–™«°“√°àÕ°”‡π‘¥¢Õß°≈ÿà¡∫Ÿ√≥“°“√·√ßß“π µ√’„πÀâ«ß‡«≈“¥—ß°≈à“« ∑”„Àâ°“√¢—∫ ‡§≈◊ËÕπ¢Õß°≈ÿà¡„π§·√°π’È‡ªìπ‰ªÕ“ß‰¥âº≈·≈–§÷°§—°„π—ß§¡‰∑„π¢≥–π—Èπ°“√µàÕ Ÿâ‡æ◊ËÕ‘∑∏‘¡πÿ…™π ·≈–§«“¡ ‡ªìπ∏√√¡„π—ß§¡‰¥â°≈—∫¢÷Èπ Ÿà°√–· ŸßÕ’°§√—Èß ª√–‡¥Áπ·√ßß“π°≈—∫°≈““‡ªìπª√–‡¥Áπ“∏“√≥–·≈–‡ªìπ¢à“«¢÷ÈπÀπâ“ Àπ÷ËßÀπ—ß ◊Õæ‘¡æå√“«—π·≈– ◊ËÕµà“ß Ê Õ“ß°«â“ß¢«“ß π’Ë‡ªìπÕ’°·√ß àß ∑’Ë∑”„Àâ°“√∑”ß“π¢Õß°≈ÿà¡œ ´÷Ëß‡§≈◊ËÕπ‰À«„π ª√–‡¥Áπ«à“¥â«§«“¡‡ªìπ∏√√¡¢Õß·√ßß“π µ√’ ‰¥â√—∫§«“¡ π„®·≈–∂Ÿ°®—∫µ“¡Õß‚¥ ◊ËÕ¡«≈™π∑ÿ°·¢πß ´÷Ëß∑”„Àâ°“√ ‡§≈◊ËÕπ‰À«µàÕ Ÿâ¥Ÿ‡√à“√âÕπ ª√–°Õ∫°—∫∫ÿ§≈‘°¿“æÕ—π‡ªìπ‡Õ°≈—°…≥å§«“¡‡¥Á¥‡¥’Ë«°≈â“À“≠§«“¡¡ÿàß¡—Ëπ‡Õ“®√‘ß‡Õ“®—ß §«“¡·À≈¡§¡„π§«“¡§‘¥·≈–Ωïª“°Õ—π®—¥®â“π¢ÕßÕ√ÿ≥’ ‰¥â¢—∫‡§≈’ËÕπ„Àâ°≈ÿà¡œ ¡’§«“¡‚¥¥‡¥àπ‡ªìπÕ“ß‘Ëß„π¢≥–π—Èπ §«“¡“¡“√∂„π°“√ª√–“πß“π·≈–‡™◊ËÕ¡ª√–“π°—∫Õß§å°√æ—π∏¡‘µ√ √«¡∑—Èß‡§√◊Õ¢à“—°«‘™“°“√ ∑”„Àâ°“√‡§≈◊ËÕπ‰À« ‡ªìπ‰ªÕ“ß¡’æ≈—ß·≈–ª√–‘∑∏‘¿“æ®ππ”‰ª Ÿà§«“¡”‡√Á®§√—Èß·≈â«§√—Èß‡≈à“°√≥’°“√‡§≈◊ËÕπ‰À«‡√◊ËÕß ç≈“§≈Õ¥ 90«—π‚¥‰¥â√—∫§à“®â“ß‡µÁ¡é ∂◊Õ‡ªìπ°“√‡ªî¥µ”π“π·Ààß§«“¡”‡√Á®Àπâ“·√°„Àâ°—∫°≈ÿà¡ ·≈–‰¥â √â“ß§«“¡Œ÷°‡À‘¡„Àâ°—∫§πß“πÀ≠‘ß ‡ªìπÕ“ß‘Ëß À≈—ß‡Àµÿ°“√≥å‚»°π“Ø°√√¡∑’Ë‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ°—∫§πß“π¢Õß‚√ßß“πº≈‘µµÿä°µ“‡§‡¥Õ√å ∑’Ë∑”„Àâ§πß“πµâÕß—ß‡«™’«‘µ‰ª ∑—ÈßÀ¡¥ 188§π ·≈–∫“¥‡®Á∫Õ’°À≈“§π ´÷Ëß 171™’«‘µ∑’Ë Ÿ≠‡’“πÀ≠‘ß Õ√ÿ≥’»√’‚µ‰¥â°â“«¢÷Èπ¡“‡ªìπÀ—« ÀÕ°∑’Ë¡’∫∑∫“∑”§—≠„π°“√µàÕ Ÿâ‡√’°√âÕß‘∑∏‘„Àâ°—∫§πß“π‡§‡¥Õ√å ·≈–§√Õ∫§√—«∑’Ëµ°‡ªìπ‡À—µ‘¿—§√—Èß√â“π’È°“√∑”ß“π„π à«ππ’ÈµàÕ¡“‰¥âæ—≤π“‰ª‡ªìπ°“√‡√’°√âÕß„Àâ¡’°“√®—¥µ—Èß ∂“∫—π§ÿâ¡§√Õß ÿ¢¿“æ§«“¡ª≈Õ¥¿— ¿“æ ·«¥≈âÕ¡„π°“√∑”ß“π Õ—π∂◊Õ‡ªìπ°“√ªØ‘√Ÿª√–∫∫°“√¥Ÿ·≈¥â“πÕ“™’«Õπ“¡—§«“¡ª≈Õ¥¿—„π°“√∑”ß“π∑—Èß√–∫∫ §«“¡”‡√Á®„π°“√µàÕ Ÿâ§—¥§â“π°“√∂Ÿ°‡≈‘°®â“ßÕ“ß‰¡à‡ªìπ∏√√¡¢ÕßÕ√ÿ≥’·≈–‡æ◊ËÕπ§πß“π‚√ßß“π‘Ëß∑Õ‰∑°√’„π ªï 2536 ´÷Ëßª√– ∫™—™π–„π∑’Ë ÿ¥π—Èπ‘Ëß∑”„Àâ°≈ÿà¡¡’§«“¡‚¥¥‡¥àπ·≈–‡ªìπ∑’Ë√Ÿâ®—°Õ“ß°«â“ß¢«“ß¡“°‘Ëß¢÷Èπ 26

Reflections The 90-day maternity leave campaign showed the strength of women workers and their networks. The campaign for a 90-day maternity leave served as a platform for woman workers to gain their confidence in organizing and mobilizing for a just cause. It was truly a milestone. In 1993, 188 workers were killed in a fire at the Kader toy factory. 171 of them were woman workers. This tragic incident highlighted how poorly many workers were protected at the workplace. Some died because the exits were locked, others because the factory was badly built and collapsed quickly. WWUG took up the issue. It campaigned for proper compensation for those who had died or suffered injuries. It also campaigned more widely for reforms on occupational health and safety. Most importantly, WWUG demanded that workers should participate in any process leading to change in the laws and institutions relating to occupational health and safety. In 1996, WWUG also campaigned for more and better equipped childcare centres in industrial areas. One thing that made this such a creative period was the political atmosphere. The felling of the dictatorial military government in May 1992 brought many activist groups together, and sparked hopes for real change. But it was the success of WWUG and the women workers to take advantage of this favourable atmosphere to make real and important gains for women workers. Woman trade unionists were publicly recognized for their outstanding role in demanding positive changes. They proved they were capable of working with other allies to win major victories. 27

§ Õß ΩÉ“«‘°ƒµ‘ 2540-2543 «—π‡æÁ≠ ‡ª√¡·°â« «—π‡æÁ≠ ‡°‘¥‡¡◊ËÕ«—π∑’Ë 27°ÿ¡¿“æ—π∏å 2498 ‡ªìπ§π®—ßÀ«—¥ ¡ÿ∑√ª√“°“√ ¡’æ’ËπâÕß 2§π ‡ªìπ≈Ÿ°§π∑’Ë 2®∫°“√ »÷°…“™—Èπ¡. 3 ·µàßß“π¡’∫ÿµ√ 1§π «—π‡æÁ≠‡√‘Ë¡™’«‘µ°“√∑”ß“πÀ≈—ß Ÿ≠‡’´÷Ëß‡ªìπ‡“À≈—°¢Õß§√Õ∫§√—« ¢≥–π—Èπ Õ“’ 13 ªï 3 ªïµàÕ¡“«—π‡æÁ≠‡¢â“ ∑”ß“π‡ªìπ≈Ÿ°®â“ß ∫√‘…—∑Õ“‚Õ“¡à“‰∑®”°—¥ ´÷Ëß‡ªìπ∫√‘…—∑º≈‘µ™‘Èπ à«π√∂·≈–∑”ß“πÕ’Ëπ—Ëπµ≈Õ¥¡“®π∂÷ß ªí®®ÿ∫—ππ’È «—π‡æÁ≠ ‡√‘Ë¡∑”ß“π À¿“æ ·√ßß“π‡À≈Á°·≈–‚≈À–œ„πªï 2524 µ≈Õ¥‡«≈“ 18 ªï¢Õß°“√∑”ß“π À¿“æœ ‰¥â¡’‚Õ°“ ¥Ÿ·≈‡√◊ËÕß«— ¥‘°“√§à“®â“ß¢Õß ¡“™‘°„Àâ‰¥â√—∫§«“¡‡ªìπ∏√√¡ ·≈–µπ‡Õß‰¥â¡’‚Õ°“ æ—≤π“§«“¡√Ÿâ§«“¡“¡“√∂ ‡™àπ ¡’‚Õ°“ ‰ª»÷°…“¥Ÿß“π‡√◊ËÕß ∂“∫—π §«“¡ª≈Õ¥¿—’Ëª√–‡∑»‡—π‡¡◊ËÕªï 2538 ‡¢â“√à«¡Ωñ°Õ∫√¡—¡¡π“¥â“π°ÆÀ¡“°“√∫√‘À“√ À¿“æ·√ßß“π ·≈–°“√ ‡®√®“µàÕ√Õß «—π‡æÁ≠ ‡ªìπÀπ÷Ëß„π°√√¡°“√ À¿“æœ‡æ’ 2-3§π ∑’Ë∑”ß“π∑à“¡°≈“ßºŸâπ”·√ßß“π™“®”π«π¡“° ´÷Ëß‰¡à„™à ‡√◊ËÕßßà“«—π‡æÁ≠°≈à“««à“ ç‘Ëß∑’Ë∑”„ÀâºŸâπ”·√ßß“π™“—∫‡√“§◊Õ ∑”ß“π„Àâ¥’∑’Ë ÿ¥‰¡à«à“‰¥â√—∫¡Õ∫À¡“„Àâ∑”ß“π µ”·Àπàß„¥ µâÕßæ‘ Ÿ®πå¥â«“π„Àâ‰¥â«à“ ·¡â‡ªìπ§π à«ππâÕ ·µà“¡“√∂∑”„ÀâÕß§å°√‡¢â¡·¢Áß‰¥â‡™àπ°—πé «—π‡æÁ≠‰¥â√—∫‡≈◊Õ°‡ªìπª√–∏“π Àæ—π∏å·√ßß“π‚≈À–·Ààßª√–‡∑»‰∑„πªï 2535 π—∫‡ªìπª√–∏“πÀ≠‘ß§π·√°¢Õß Àæ—π∏å ·√ßß“π‚≈À–œ ∑’ËÕ„πµ”·ÀπàßµàÕ‡π◊ËÕß“«π“π°«à“·√ßß“πÀ≠‘ß§πÕ◊Ëπ ·≈–‡ªìπª√–∏“π°≈ÿà¡∫Ÿ√≥œ™à«ßªï 2540-2543 ·≈–¡’‚Õ°“ ∑”ß“π¥â“πºŸâÀ≠‘ß ‡™àπ ‡ªìπÕπÿ°√√¡°“√ΩÉ““π¢Õß ¿“ µ√’ ªï 2541 ·≈–‰¥â√—∫·µàßµ—Èß®“° √¡™.«à“°“√ °√–∑√«ß·√ßß“πœ(π“ßª«’≥“ Àß°ÿ≈)„Àâ‡ªìπ§≥–∑”ß“π¥â“π µ√’ µ—Èß·µà‡¥◊Õπ ∏—π«“§¡ 2541 ·≈–‡ªìπ°√√¡°“√¡Ÿ≈π‘∏‘æ‘æ‘∏¿—≥±å·√ßß“π‰∑—Èß·µàªï 2540 «—π‡æÁ≠¡’∫∑∫“∑„π°“√‡§≈◊ËÕπ‰À«∑’Ë”§—≠ ‡™àπ°“√‡√’°√âÕß≈“§≈Õ¥ 90«—π º≈—°¥—π„Àâ√—∞∫“≈®—¥µ—Èß ∂“π§ÿâ¡§√Õß ÿ¢¿“æ§«“¡ª≈Õ¥¿—„Àâ√—∞∫“≈‡√àßª√–°“»„™â æ.√.∫. ª√–°—π—ß§¡°√≥’ ß‡§√“–Àå∫ÿµ√™√“¿“æ·≈–ª√–°—π°“√«à“ßß“π ·≈–‡§æ‘æ“°…“ ¡∑∫ΩÉ“°®â“ß„π»“≈·√ßß“π°≈“ß 3 ¡—§◊Õ √ÿàπ∑’Ë 11(æ.». 2533-2535) √ÿàπ∑’Ë 13(æ.». 2535-2537) √ÿàπ∑’Ë 16(æ.». 2539) ‰¥â√—∫√“ß«—≈ µ√’¥’‡¥àπ“¢“·√ßß“π·≈–ºŸâÀ≠‘ß‡°àß“¢“·√ßß“π®“°”π—°ß“π §≥–°√√¡°“√ àß‡ √‘¡·≈–ª√–“πß“π µ√’·Ààß™“µ‘(°.) ·≈– ∂“∫—π«‘®—“∑À≠‘ß™“°“√æ—≤π“„πªï 2538 ªí®®ÿ∫—π«—π‡æÁ≠∑”ß“πµ”·Àπàßæπ—°ß“π·ºπ°∫ÿ§§≈¢Õß∫√‘…—∑Õ“‚Õ“¡à“‰∑®”°—¥ ·≈–‡ªìπ∑’Ëª√÷°…“°≈ÿà¡ ∫Ÿ√≥“°“√·√ßß“π µ√’ 28

Phase 2: Through the crisis (1997-2000) Wanpen Premkaew Wanpen Premkaew was born on 27 February 1955 in Samut Prakan, just outside Bangkok. She was the second of two children. She studied up to junior high school, but had to leave school when her father passed away. She was 16 years old when she went to work in Aoyama Thai Company, an auto parts maker. She became involved with labour union activities in 1981, when she first joined the Metal Workers Union. Since then, she has devoted herself to the cause of labour. 2 She was first entrusted with the task of defending rights, welfare and benefits of the rank-and-file members. She negotiated for fair wages and wage increases as part of collective bargaining. Despite her limited education, she was always keen to study more in order to understand complex issues. In 1995, she had the chance to go to Germany to study the German OHS system at first hand. She was also chosen to represent her organization at training sessions, seminars, and workshops on labour laws, labour organizing, union management, collective bargaining, and similar topics. Wanpen was specially successful in overcoming the difficulties of working side-by-side with other trade unionists, mostly men. She said: "What made male trade unionists accept us was that we did our job well. We gave our best efforts to achieve our objectives, regardless of what position held in the union. We had to prove to everybody that a few women trade unionists could really make a difference in organizing and strengthening the union." Wanpen was active in the 90-day maternity leave campaign, the movement to found an OHS Institute, and campaigns to press government to extend the social security system. In 1992, Wanpen became President of theThailand Metal Workers' Federation, the first woman president of this predominantly male organization. She held the position longer than any of her predecessors. She also worked with the National Women Council of Thailand, the deputy minister of labour(Pavena Hongsakula), and the Thai Labour Museum Foundation. In 1990-6, she was appointed an Associate Judge of the Central Labour Court for three consecutive terms. She received awards for her outstanding performance from the National Commission on Women's Affairs, and the Gender and Development Research Institute. From 1997 to 2000, Wanpen was President of the WWUG. Wanpen is married with one child. She works in the personnel department of the Aoyama Thai Company, and also serves as an advisor to the WWUG. 29

·µà≈–“ß∑°’Ë“â«º“à π ªï 2540 ë √à«¡√≥√ß§å√à“ß√—∞∏√√¡πŸ≠‡æ◊ËÕ°“√§ÿâ¡§√Õß‘∑∏‘ µ√’°—∫ ‡§√◊Õ¢à“‘ß°—∫√—∞∏√√¡πŸ≠ ë √≥√ß§å√à«¡°—∫§≥–∑”ß“π«—π µ√’“°≈‡√’°√âÕß„Àâ√—∞ ®—¥ √√ß∫ª√–¡“≥®—¥µ—Èß»Ÿπ’È°°àÕπ«—’„π “πÕÿµ“À°√√¡·≈–™ÿ¡™π ªï 2541 ë √à«¡°—∫Õß§å°√·√ßß“π‡√’°√âÕß„Àâ√—∞∫“≈∫—ß§—∫„™â °ÆÀ¡“°—π—ß§¡°√≥’°“√«à“ßß“π„πªï 2541 ë √—∞∫“≈‡√àßÕÕ°°ÆÀ¡“®—¥µ—Èß ∂“∫—π§ÿâ¡§√Õß ÿ¢¿“æ§«“¡ª≈Õ¥¿—ë √à«¡‡ªìπ°√√¡°“√°Õß∑ÿπ°“√»÷°…“¢∫«π°“√·√ßß“π‡æ◊ËÕ≈Ÿ°§πµ°ß“π ·≈–µ—Èß»Ÿπ°Õ“™’æ„Àâ°—∫§πß“πÀ≠‘ß ∑’Ëµ°ß“π ë √à«¡°—∫Õß§å°√·√ßß“π√≥√ß§åº≈—°¥—π„Àâ√à“ß æ.√.∫.§ÿâ¡§√Õß·√ßß“πªï 2541 ºà“π¡µ‘¢Õß ¿“œ ·≈–‡πâπ°“√§ÿâ¡§√Õß ·√ßß“π µ√’·≈–‡¥Á° ë®—¥°“√»÷°…“∑”§«“¡‡¢â“„®‡√◊ËÕßª√–°—π°“√«à“ßß“π‡æ◊ËÕ°“√√≥√ß§å‡§≈◊ËÕπ‰À«·°à·√ßß“πÀ≠‘ß ·≈–„Àâ§«“¡√Ÿâ§πß“π À≠‘ß‡°’Ë«°—∫°ÆÀ¡“§ÿâ¡§√Õß·√ßß“π ªï 2541 ªï 2542 ë √≥√ß§å„Àâ·√ßß“π¡’ à«π√à«¡‡¢â“™◊ËÕ 50,000™◊ËÕ ‡ πÕ√à“ß°ÆÀ¡“®—¥µ—Èß ∂“∫—π§ÿâ¡§√Õß ÿ¢¿“æ§«“¡ª≈Õ¥¿—ë ‡√’°√âÕß„Àâ·√ßß“πÀ≠‘ß¡’ à«π√à«¡µ—¥‘π„®√–¥—∫π‚“’Ë¥Ÿ·≈‘∑∏‘ª√–‚™πå¢Õß·√ßß“π ë®—¥‡«π“ ‡√◊ËÕß ç·√ßß“πÀ≠‘ß:°“√¡’ à«π√à«¡„π¢∫«π°“√·√ßß“π·≈–ªí≠À“°“√‡≈‘°®â“ßé®—¥‚¥°≈ÿà¡∫Ÿ√≥œ √à«¡°—∫ ‚§√ß°“√ µ√’¡Ÿ≈π‘∏‘ø√’¥√‘§ ‡Õ·∫√å∑ ·≈–¡Ÿ≈π‘∏‘Õ“√¡≥å æß»åæß—π ë √à«¡√≥√ß§å‡√’°√âÕß°“√ª√–°—π°“√«à“ßß“π ªï 2543 ë √à«¡ π—∫ πÿπ°“√µàÕ Ÿâ¢Õß ¡—™™“§π®π ´÷Ëß™ÿ¡πÿ¡∑’ËÀπâ“∑”‡π’—∞∫“≈ ë √à«¡√≥√ß§å«—π µ√’“°≈ ‡√’°√âÕß„Àâ√—∞∫“≈‡√àßÕÕ°æ√–√“™°ƒ…Æ’°“∫—ß§—∫„™â °Õß∑ÿπª√–°—π—ß§¡°√≥’«à“ßß“π¿“„πªï 2543 ‚¥°Á∫‡ß‘π ¡∑∫√–° ΩÉ“ 1.5% ë„Àâ√—∞ª√–°“»„Àâ«—π∑’Ë 8 ¡’π“§¡¢Õß∑ÿ°ªï‡ªìπ«—πÀ“¡ª√–‡æ≥’ µ“¡ °ÆÀ¡“§ÿâ¡§√Õß·√ßß“π æ.». 2541 ë π—∫ πÿπ°“√µàÕ Ÿâ¢Õß§πß“π‰∑°√’’Ë¡’°“√‡≈‘°®â“ß§πß“π 390§π ·≈–ºŸâπ” 20§πµ—Èß·µà‡¥◊Õπæƒ…¿“§¡ 30

Milestones In 1997, Thailand fell into the worst economic crisis in its modern history. Hundreds of thousands of workers lost their jobs. For WWUG, the issues about occupational health and safety were still a priority. But now there were pressing new issues about retrenchment, unemployment, and strengthening the social security system. 1997 - worked with the Women and Constitution Network on the drafting of a new constitution aiming at providing better protection of women's rights. - worked with the Organizing Committee for the International Women's Day calling for the government to allocate adequate budget for preschool childcare centres to be set up at industrial areas and communities. 1998 - collaborated with a coalition of labour organizations calling for government to provide social security benefit for retrenched workers. - actively lobbied the government to establish the long-awaited OHS Institute. - served on the board of the Scholarship Fund for Dependents of Retrenched Workers and for Training Centres for Retrenched Woman Workers. - joined the labour coalition lobbying for passage of the Labour Protection Act 1998 with specific provisions on protection of woman and child labour. - conducted educational programmes for woman workers about unemployment insurance and the Labour Protection Act 1998. 1999 - mobilized workers, especially woman workers, to collect 50,000 signatures constitutionally required to propose a bill on the establishment of an OHS Institute. - campaigned for the participation of women workers in decision making on issues affecting the rights and benefits of workers. - organized a seminar on"Woman workers: participation in the labour movement and the problem of retrenchment" in collaboration with FES-Bangkok and the Arom Pongpangan Foundation. - joined the campaign demanding an unemployment insurance system. 2000 - supported the Assembly of the Poor's protracted demonstration near Government House. - joined the celebration of International Women's Day calling on government to create a special funds for retrenched workers with employers and employees each contributing 1.5 per cent of the wage at an initial stage. - called for government to declare 8 March an annual national holiday. - supported the struggle of 390 retrenched workers and 20 leaders at theThai Krieng Textile mill. 31

ç°≈—∫ ŸàÕ°·¡à:»Ÿπ’È°°àÕπ«—’∑à“¡°≈“ß¿“«–¥‘Èπ√âπ‡æ◊ËÕ§«“¡Õ§πß“π ∑”„Àâ‰¡à¡’‡«≈“¥Ÿ·≈≈Ÿ° ‰¡à“¡“√∂®à“§à“‡≈’È°„Àâ°—∫»Ÿπ‡≈’È°¢Õß‡Õ°™π‰¥â ∫“ß§π àß≈Ÿ°‰ªÕ°—∫“À√◊Õ“’Ë∫â“ππÕ° ·≈–°“√—π¢Õß·æ∑’Ë«à“°“√‡≈’È°™à«ß 6 ¢«∫‡ªìπæ◊Èπ∞“π”§—≠µàÕ°“√¥”‡π‘π™’«‘µ¢Õß¡πÿ…“ß¡’§«“¡À«—ß ¡’§ÿ≥∏√√¡ ¡’»—°¥‘Ï»√’·≈– √â“ß √√§å ∑”„Àâ°“√¡’»Ÿπ‡≈’È°°àÕπ«—’‘Ëß®”‡ªìπÕ“ß‘Ëß ‡æ√“–∑”„Àâ§πß“π“¡“√∂ª√–°Õ∫Õ“™’æ·≈–‡≈’È°‡Õß‰¥â ªí®®ÿ∫—π ¡’»Ÿπæ—≤π“‡¥Á°°àÕπ«—’’Ë À¿“æ·√ßß“π‡ªìπºŸâ¥”‡π‘π°“√ 4»Ÿπ ´÷Ëß¥”‡π‘π°“√‚¥ À¿“æœÕÿµ“À°√√¡ºâ“Àà¡‰∑‘Ëß∑Õ ‡¢µ®µÿ®—°√, À¿“æœ‘Ëß∑Õ≈—§°’È 3®. ¡ÿ∑√ª√“°“√, À¿“æœ‡À≈Á°·≈–‚≈À–œ®. ¡ÿ∑√ª√“°“√ ·≈– π«π§√ ®. ª∑ÿ¡∏“π’»Ÿπ—µπ“‡¥Á°°àÕπ«—’—ß°≈à“«π’È°”≈—ß‡º™‘≠ªí≠À“”§—≠§◊Õ ¿“√–Àπ’È‘π ‡æ√“–§à“„™â®à“’∂“π∑’Ë§—∫·§∫‡æ√“–¡’‡¥Á°‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ§«“¡‰¡àµàÕ‡π◊ËÕß¢Õß§√Ÿæ’Ë‡≈’È°·≈–·¡à∫â“π ‡π◊ËÕß®“°§à“µÕ∫·∑π·≈–«— ¥‘°“√ πâÕ ◊ËÕÕÿª°√≥å àß‡ √‘¡°“√‡√’’ ¢“¥°“√ àß‡ √‘¡·≈– π—∫ πÿπÕ“ß®√‘ß®—ß®“°Àπà«“π√—∞ ·≈–π“®â“ß °≈ÿà¡∫Ÿ√≥œ ‡√‘Ë¡‡√’°√âÕß„Àâ√—∞ ®—¥ √√ß∫ª√–¡“≥‡æ◊ËÕ®—¥µ—Èß»Ÿπ’È° °àÕπ«—’„π“πÕÿµ“À°“√√¡·≈–™ÿ¡™π ‚¥„ÀâÕß§å°√·√ßß“π·≈–™ÿ¡™π√à«¡®—¥µ—Èß·≈– ∫√‘À“√®—¥°“√„Àâ∫√‘°“√‡≈’È°§πß“π·≈– §π“°®π„π™ÿ¡™π®—¥‡°Á∫§à“∫√‘°“√Õ“ß‡ªìπ ∏√√¡‡À¡“– ¡°—∫ºŸâ¡’√“” ´÷Ëß‡ªìπ¢âÕ‡√’° √âÕß«—π µ√’“°≈ªï 2539 2540 2541 ·≈– 2543 ·≈–‡ªìπ¢âÕ‡√’°√âÕß«—π·√ßß“π·Ààß™“µ‘„πªï 2540 2541 ·≈– 2543 ·≈–«—π∑’Ë 31‘ßÀ“§¡ 2540°≈ÿà¡∫Ÿ√≥œ √à«¡°—∫°≈ÿà¡ µ√’ ¡“æ—π∏å·√ßß“π√—∞«‘“À°‘®—¡æ—π∏å ΩÉ“·√ßß“π µ√’¢Õß ¿“Õß§å°“√≈Ÿ°®â“ß ¿“·√ßß“π·Ààßª√–‡∑»‰∑ ΩÉ“ µ√’·≈–·√ßß“π¢Õß ¿“ µ√’·Ààß™“µ‘»Ÿπ—≤π“ ‡¥Á°œ 4 ·Ààß ·≈–Õß§å°√æ—≤π“‡Õ°™πÀ≈“®—¥—¡¡π“‡√◊ËÕß ç°“√„™â‘∑∏‘≈“§≈Õ¥ 90«—π°—∫§«“¡µâÕß°“√»Ÿπ‡≈’È°¢Õß·√ßß“π·≈–™ÿ¡™πé °√–∑√«ß·√ßß“πœ ‰¥âÕÕ°¡“™’È·®ßµàÕ¢âÕ‡√’°√âÕß«—π µ√’“°≈ªï 2543«à“°√–∑√«ß·√ßß“πœ ‰¥â®—¥µ—Èß»Ÿπ‡≈’È°°àÕπ«—’’ËÕâÕ¡πâÕ ¡’≈Ÿ°§πß“πª√–¡“≥ 700§π µàÕ‰ª¡’·ºπ®– √â“ß»Ÿπ’È°œ ∑’Ë∫“ßªŸ ·≈– ®. ¡ÿ∑√ª√“°“√µàÕ‰ª ≥«—ππ’È ·¡â√—∞∫“≈—ß‰¡à¡’°“√®—¥ √√ß∫ª√–¡“≥ π—∫ πÿπÕß§å°√·√ßß“π·≈–™ÿ¡™π„π°“√®—¥µ—Èß»Ÿπ’È° °àÕπ«—’„π“πÕÿµ“À°√√¡À√◊Õ™ÿ¡™π ·µà°≈ÿà¡∫Ÿ√≥œ µâÕßº≈—°¥—π‡√’°√âÕß·≈–µ‘¥µ“¡‡√◊ËÕßπ’ÈÕ“ßµàÕ‡π◊ËÕß ‡æ√“– π—ËπÀ¡“°“√ √â“ß§«“¡¡—Ëπ§ß·≈–§ÿ≥¿“æ™’«‘µ¢Õß·√ßß“πÀ≠‘ß¥â«°“√‡æ‘Ë¡‚Õ°“„Àâ≈Ÿ°°≈—∫ ŸàÕ°·¡à..‰¥â‡≈’È«µπ‡Õß ∂◊Õ«à“‡ªìπ¿“√°‘®”§—≠¢Õß°≈ÿà¡∫Ÿ√≥œ 32

Back to the mother's breastPreschool childcare centers Workers have big difficulties looking after their children, especially infants. Mothers have to be at work, earning a living. Private childcare centres are too expensive. Many mothers have to send their children back to the village to be looked after by grandparents. Medical studies show that childcare during the first 6 years is crucial for the child's development. A solid foundation is needed for a child to grow up with aspirations, dignity, and creative inclinations. Preschool childcare centres near to workplaces make it possible for woman workers to stay at work but also stay close to their young. Most importantly, they can continue breastfeeding their infant children. Four childcare centres had been set up by labour unions: the Blanket and Textile Industry Workers' Union in Jatujak District of Bangkok; the Lucky Textile-3 Labour Union in Samut Prakan province; the Metal Workers Union in Samut Prakan province; and the Coalition of Nawanakorn Industrial Area Unions in Pathumthani province. But these centres faced financial difficulties. They also had too little space for the number of children wanting to use them. Their staff had high turnover because the income and benefits were not so good, and because the staff were discouraged by the inadequate facilities and lack of genuine support from government agencies and employers. The WWUG petitioned successive governments to allocate the funds for more and better centres in industrial areas and communities with large numbers of workers. WWUG wanted these centres to be jointly organized and managed by workers and the local community people so that they would really serve local needs. Fees had to be fair and affordable by low-income earners. This demand was one of the issues raised on International Women's Day in 1996, 1997, 1998, and 2000 as well as among the demands submitted to government by the labour movement on May Day in 1997, 1998, and 2000. On 31 August 1997, the WWUG helped organize a seminar on"90-day maternity leave and childcare centres for workers and communities" with collaboration by many concerned groups including the Women Caucus of the State Enterprise Workers' Relation Confederation, the Women's Affairs Section of the Labour Congress of Thailand, the Women's Affairs and Labour Section of the National Women Council of Thailand, staff of all the existing four union-run childcare centres, and concerned NGOs. The Ministry of Labour and Social Welfare responded to the demand submitted at the International Women's Day celebration. The Ministry had already established a preschool childcare centre at the Omnoi industrial area, where there were more than 700 children of workers.The Ministry was planning to build more childcare centres at the Bang Pu industrial area and Muang district in Samut Prakan province. But to date, government has not allocated funds for childcare centres jointly organized by unions and communities. So the WWUG continues to press government on this issue. WWUG believes that adequate childcare for infants will make women workers feel more assured, and will improve the life prospects for their children. Most importantly, it will enable the mothers to go on breastfeeding their infants, and maintaining a close relationship through this crucial stage of life. 33

¿“§√«¡¢Õß§ ¡—§π’È ‡ªìπ§∑’Ë·√ßß“π‰∑™‘≠°—∫«‘°ƒµ‘‡»√…∞°‘®§√—Èß”§—≠§πß“π ®”π«π¡“°∂Ÿ°‡≈‘°®â“ß ‚√ßß“πªî¥µ—« ‚¥©æ“–‚√ßß“π∑’Ë·√ßß“πÀ≠‘ß∑”ß“π‡ªìπÀ≈—° µ—«‡≈¢°√≥’æ‘æ“∑·√ßß“π‡æ‘Ë¡ Ÿß¢÷Èπ©–π—Èπ ¢âÕ‡√’°√âÕß¢Õß°≈ÿà¡∫Ÿ√≥œ®÷ßÀ≈“° À≈“ à«π„À≠à‡πâπ°“√ªÑÕß°—π·≈–·°â‰¢ªí≠À“º≈°√–∑∫®“°«‘°ƒµ‘‡»√…∞°‘® ‡™àπ„Àâ√—∞µ—Èß§≥–°√√¡°“√§«∫§ÿ¡°“√‡≈‘°®â“ß‰¡à‡ªìπ∏√√¡ À√◊Õªî¥‚√ßß“π ¥â«’Ë§≈ÿ¡‡§√◊Õ ‚¥„ÀâºŸâ·∑πΩÉ““π‡¢â“‰ª‡ªìπ°√√¡°“√‚¥‡©æ“–·√ßß“πÀ≠‘ß ‡√àß„Àâ√—∞∫“≈ª√–°“»„™â°ÆÀ¡“°—π—ß§¡°√≥’ ™√“¿“æ ß‡§√“–Àå∫ÿµ√·≈–ª√–°—π°“√«à“ßß“π„Àâ®—¥µ—Èß°Õß∑ÿπ‡©æ“–Àπâ“‡æ◊ËÕ™à«‡À≈◊Õ∫√√‡∑“§«“¡‡¥◊Õ¥√âÕπ¢Õß§πµ°ß“π ·≈–§√Õ∫§√—«∑’Ë‡¢â“‰¡à∂÷ß§«“¡™à«—∞ ‡√’° √âÕß„Àâª√—∫§à“®â“ß‚¥„™â∞“π°“√¥”√ß™’æ¢Õß·√ßß“π„ÀâÕ§—¥§â“π°“√¢“—∞«‘“À°‘® ·≈–°“√¢÷Èπ¿“…’√“§“πÈ”¡—π ‡ªìπ ‡Àµÿ„Àâ‘π§â“·æß àßº≈°√–∑∫µàÕºŸâ„™â·√ßß“π·≈–§π“°®π √«¡∑—Èß¢âÕ‡√’°√âÕßµàÕ‡π◊ËÕß®“°ªï°àÕπ Ê ‡™àπ„Àâ√—∞¡’ π‚“™—¥‡®πµàÕ‡π◊ËÕß„π°“√ àß‡ √‘¡°“√¡’ à«π√à«¡¢Õß·√ßß“πÀ≠‘ß®—¥ √√ß∫ª√–¡“≥®—¥µ—Èß»Ÿπ’È°„π“π Õÿµ“À°√√¡ ‡√àßÕÕ°°ÆÀ¡“®—¥µ—Èß ∂“∫—π§ÿâ¡§√Õß ÿ¢¿“æ§«“¡ª≈Õ¥¿— ·≈–„Àâ√—∞∫“≈ª√—∫ª√ÿß°ÆÀ¡“« ªØ‘∫—µ‘„Àâ¡’æπ—°ß“π Õ∫«πÀ≠‘ß∑—Ë«ª√–‡∑» ‡æ√“–ºŸâ‡’“„π§¥’∑“ß‡æ» à«π„À≠à‡ªìπºŸâÀ≠‘ß·≈–‡¥Á° √—∞∫“≈µâÕß ∫—ß§—∫°ÆÀ¡“®√‘ß®—ßµàÕ°“√≈–‡¡‘¥°“√„™â·√ßß“π‡¥Á°·≈–ºŸâÀ≠‘ß §π’È ª√–‡¥Áπ¢âÕ‡√’°√âÕß Õ¥§≈âÕß°—∫ ∂“π°“√≥å·≈– §«“¡µâÕß°“√¢Õß§πÀ≈“°≈ÿà¡ ‡™àπ ·√ßß“πÀ≠‘ß ·√ßß“π µ°ß“π ºŸâÀ≠‘ß∑’Ë∂Ÿ°°√–∑” ·√ßß“π‡¥Á° √«¡∑—Èßª√–™“™π∑’Ë ®–‰¥â√—∫º≈°√–∑∫®“°π‚“—∞„π¿“«–«‘°ƒµ‘ ∫“ß¢âÕ ‡√’°√âÕß Õ¥§≈âÕß°—∫¢âÕ‡√’°√âÕß¢Õß¢∫«π°“√·√ßß“π ®÷ß“¡“√∂‡§≈◊ËÕπ‰À«√≥√ß§å√à«¡°—π‰¥âÕ“ß¡’æ≈—ß ·≈–¡’ §«“¡µàÕ‡π◊ËÕß°“√∑”ß“π¢Õß°≈ÿà¡∫Ÿ√≥œ §π’È‰¥â√—∫°“√ —∫·≈–„Àâ§«“¡√à«¡¡◊Õ∑’Ë¥’®“°¢∫«π°“√·√ßß“π ´÷Ëß ‡ÀÁπ‰¥â®“°¢âÕ‡√’°√âÕß¢Õß°≈ÿà¡œ„π‡√◊ËÕß°“√®—¥µ—Èß»Ÿπ‡≈’È°œ ´÷Ëß‡ªìπ¢âÕ‡√’°√âÕß«—π·√ßß“π·Ààß™“µ‘À≈“µ‘¥µàÕ°—π À“°æ‘®“√≥“¢âÕ‡√’°√âÕß‡ÀÁπ«à“°≈ÿà¡∫Ÿ√≥œ ∑”ß“π—¡æ—π∏å°—∫Õß§å°√¿“°∑’ËÀ≈“°À≈“ π—∫«à“‡ªìπ ∑‘»∑“ß∑’Ë¥’µàÕ°“√¢“«√à«¡‡æ◊ËÕ°“√∑”ß“π¡“°¢÷Èπ 34

Reflections In this period of economic crisis, labour organizations and workers faced huge difficulties. Hundreds of thousands of workers were laid off. Many factories were closed. Companies went bankrupt. Some enterprises with mostly woman workers were among the hardest hit. Labour disputes skyrocketed overnight and hit a record high. Under these circumstances, the WWUG focused on the immediate problems of mass layoffs. It tried to prevent further loss of rights, welfare, and benefits due to the impact of economic crisis. WWUG called for the government to set up a special committee with adequate representation of women workers to intervene on cases of unfair layoff or unjustified closure of production or factories. It also urged government to pass a new social security law with additional benefits including old age benefit, benefit for workers' dependents, and unemployment insurance. It called for establishment of a new contingency or relief fund for retrenched workers who were not qualified for standard minimum welfare and benefit, and their families. Other demands included a wage adjustment scheme, granting a real"living wage" for workers, more preschool childcare centres for workers and communities in industrial areas, more woman police officers to handle cases of sex offences against women and children, and rapid establishment of the National Occupational Health and Safety Institute. The WWUG also opposed the government-initiated privatization programme targeting state enterprises, rejected attempts by government to raise the oil tax, which would result in higher prices for consumer products needed by workers and the poor, and demanded government seriously crack down on violations of labour law involving women and children. It called for a clear policy on woman workers' participation in all aspect of labour development. In this period, the emphasis was on the difficulties of retrenched workers, and on the special needs of working women and their children. These campaigns had appeal for a wide public because of the impact of the crisis and the fall-out from government actions. The WWUG gained a measure of recognition and respect for its commitment, especially over childcare centres, which the labour movement had been demanding for years. The WWUG was able to strengthen its working relations with other groups and organizations in this period of crisis and difficulty. The group continued to move in the right direction. 35

§“¡ ∑«π°√–· ‚≈°“¿‘«—µπå 2544-2547 «‘‰≈«√√≥ ·´à‡µ’«‘‰≈«√√≥ ‡°‘¥«—π∑’Ë 23 ¡’π“§¡ 2499 ‡ªìπ§π®—ßÀ«—¥¢Õπ·°àπ ‡ªìπæ’Ë§π‚µ „π®”π«πæ’ËπâÕß 3§π®∫°“√»÷°…“™—Èπª. 4 «‘‰≈«√√≥‰¡àµà“ß°—∫À≠‘ß“«µà“ß®—ßÀ«—¥À≈“§π∑’ËÀπ’§«“¡“°®π®“° §√Õ∫§√—«‡°…µ√°√√¡¡“‡ªìπ≈Ÿ°®â“ß√“«—π¢Õß‚√ßß“ππ§√À≈«ß∂ÿß‡∑â“ ‰π≈àÕπ®”°—¥ µ—Èß·µàÕ“ 20 ªï ·≈–∑”ß“π¡“µ≈Õ¥‡°◊Õ∫“¡‘∫ªï «‘‰≈«√√≥·≈–‡æ◊ËÕπ√à«¡°—π°àÕµ—Èß À¿“æ·√ßß“π¢÷Èπ„πªï 2524 ‡æ√“– §πß“π¢“¥§«“¡¡—Ëπ§ß ∂Ÿ°À—°§à“®â“ß‡¡◊ËÕ‡®Á∫ªÉ« ∂Ÿ°‰≈àÕÕ°‚¥’ ‡Àµÿº≈ ‡æ√“–‡ªìπ§π„ΩÉ√Ÿâ¡ÿàß¡—Ëπ„π°“√µàÕ Ÿâ«‘‰≈«√√≥‰¥â√—∫‡≈◊Õ°‡ªìπ ª√–∏“π À¿“æ·√ßß“πœ„πªï 2529-2530 ·≈–‡ªìπ°”≈—ß”§—≠ ¢Õß§πß“π“πÕâÕ¡πâÕ-ÕâÕ¡„À≠à ·≈–„πªï 2532 «‘‰≈«√√≥‡ªìπÀπ÷Ëß¢ÕßºŸâ√à«¡Õ¥¢â“«ª√–∑â«ß‡æ◊ËÕ °¥¥—π„Àâ√—∞ ¿“œ Õπÿ¡—µ‘æ√–√“™∫—≠≠—µ‘ ª√–°—π—ß§¡ æ.». 2533 µàÕ¡“‰¥â√—∫‡≈◊Õ° ‡ªìπºŸâª√–“πß“π°≈ÿà¡“πÕâÕ¡πâÕ-ÕâÕ¡„À≠à„πªï 2534-2539 «‘‰≈«√√≥∑”ß“π∫π§«“¡‡™◊ËÕ∑’Ë«à“‘∑∏‘¢Õß§πß“π‰¡à“¡“√∂·°ÕÕ°®“°ªí≠À“—ß§¡ ‡∏Õ·≈–‡æ◊ËÕπ®”π«π ¡“°®÷ß‡¢â“√à«¡¢∫«π°“√ª√–™“™π ‡æ◊ËÕ‡√’°√âÕßª√–™“∏‘ª‰µ„π‡¥◊Õπæƒ…¿“§¡ ªï 2535 «‘‰≈«√√≥‡ªìπ°√√¡°“√ΩÉ“°“√»÷°…“¢Õß°≈ÿà¡∫Ÿ√≥œ ¡“µ—Èß·µà°àÕµ—Èß°≈ÿà¡œ ‡¡◊ËÕªï 2535 ·≈–‰¥â√—∫‡≈◊Õ°‡ªìπ ª√–∏“π°≈ÿà¡œ„πªï 2544«‘‰≈«√√≥¡’∫∑∫“∑„π°“√‡§≈◊ËÕπ‰À« ·≈–°“√√‘‡√‘Ë¡”§—≠ ‰¥â·°à √à«¡√≥√ß§å®—¥µ—Èß»Ÿπ™à«‡À≈◊Õ§πß“π‡§‡¥Õ√å∑’Ëª√– ∫ªí≠À“®“°‰ø‰À¡â‚√ßß“π √à«¡°àÕµ—Èß»Ÿπ°“√»÷°…“·≈–«—≤π∏√√¡¢Õß§πß“π ´÷Ëß‡ªìπ‚§√ß °“√¢ÕßΩÉ“ àß‡ √‘¡‘∑∏‘°√√¡°√ ¡“§¡‘∑∏‘‡ √’¿“æ¢Õßª√–™“™π(...)”À√—∫„Àâ°“√»÷°…“·°à§πß“π„π“πÕâÕ¡ πâÕ-ÕâÕ¡„À≠à √«¡∑—Èß¡’‚Õ°“ ‡¢â“√à«¡°“√ª√–™ÿ¡—¡¡π“√–¥—∫“°≈ ‡æ◊ËÕ√à«¡π”‡ πÕ·≈°‡ª≈’Ë“ ·≈–°“√µàÕ Ÿâ ¢Õß·√ßß“πÀ≠‘ß‰∑°—∫·√ßß“πÀ≠‘ßª√–‡∑»µà“ß Ê ¿“„µâ°“√ π—∫ πÿπ¢Õß¡Ÿ≈π‘∏‘ FES ¡Ÿ≈π‘∏‘‡æ◊ËÕπÀ≠‘ß ¡Ÿ≈π‘∏‘‡æ◊ËÕ ·√ßß“πÀ≠‘ß(CAW)«‘‰≈«√√≥¡’∫∑∫“∑”§—≠µàÕ°“√π”ª√–‡¥Áπ·√ßß“πÀ≠‘ß Ÿà‡«∑’“°≈ «‘‰≈«√√≥ ‡ªìπ°√√¡°“√∫√‘À“√°Õß∑ÿπ¢∫«π°“√·√ßß“π™à«° §πµ°ß“π ·≈–‰¥â√—∫°“√¢÷Èπ∑–‡∫’“™◊ËÕ‡ªìπºŸâ™’È¢“¥¢âÕæ‘æ“∑·√ßß“π ‚¥ ¡—§√„®¢Õß°√–∑√«ß·√ßß“π·≈–«— ¥‘°“√—ß§¡„πªï 2541 °«à“ 20 ªï¢Õß™’«‘µ°“√∑”ß“π«‘‰≈«√√≥ªØ‘‡ ∏√“ß«—≈ ºŸâÀ≠‘ß‡°àß¥â“π·√ßß“π¡“µ≈Õ¥ ·¡â‰¥â√—∫°“√∑“∫∑“¡ ·≈–‡ πÕ ™◊ËÕ‡æ◊ËÕ√—∫√“ß«—≈À≈““§√—Èß°Áµ“¡ √“ß«—≈∑’Ë«‘‰≈«√√≥À«—ß ·≈–Õ“°‰¥â°Á§◊Õ°“√‰¥â‡ÀÁπªí≠À“¢Õß·√ßß“π‰¥â√—∫°“√·°â‰¢ ·≈–·√ßß“π¡’§ÿ≥¿“æ™’«‘µ∑’Ë¥’¢÷Èπ 36

Phase 3: Against the current of globalization(2001-2004) Wilaiwan Saetia Wilaiwan Saetia was born on 23 March 1956 in Khon Khaen province in the Northeast. She was the eldest of three children. She went to school only for the minimum four years of primary education. Like many other rural youngsters of this era, Wilaiwan was forced to migrate away from home to make a living. When she was 20 years old, she started work at Metropolitan Nylon Stockings Factory, paid on daily basis. She has been a worker for almost 30 years. In 1981, she and other workers decided to organize their own union because of employment insecurity, unfair wage deductions in case of sick leave, and dismissal without justifiable causes. Due to her 3 commitment and dedication, she was elected president of the union during 1986-7. Wilaiwan was instrumental in organizing many small unions in the Omnoi-Omyai industrial area into a coalition. In 1989, she was one of the trade unionists who joined a hunger strike to pressure parliament to pass the long overdue Social Security Act. In 1991-6, she was elected coordinator for the Union Coalition of Omnoi-Omyai Industrial Area. Wilaiwan believes that worker's rights are an integral part of a wider social agenda. For this reason, she and many other workers in her coalition took an active part in the pro-democracy movement against the dictatorial military regime in 1992. In the WWUG, Wilaiwan was the first committee member with a special responsibility for an education programme. In 2001, she was elected the President of WWUG. Among her many contributions are: - initiated a campaign to establish a relief centre for victims of the Kader toy factory fire. - cofounded the Workers' Centre for Education and Culture, a project run by the Workers' Rights Promotion Section of the Union for Civil Liberty(Thai land) for the benefit of mostly woman workers in OmnoiOmyai industrial area. - shared her first-hand experiences with others from different countries at major international conferences supported by FES-Thailand, Friends of Women Founda tion, and the Committee for Asian Women. - developed a special scholarship fund and relief fund for dependents of retrenched workers. - served as a voluntary arbitrator in labour dispute cases in 1998 under a scheme of the Ministry of Labour and Social Welfare. Despite her many achievements and contributions to the labour movement over more than two decades, Wilaiwan repeatedly declines nomination for any awards. The only award she hopes to receive is achievement of the goals which will bring a better quality of life for millions of workers. 37

·µà≈–“ß∑°’Ë â“«ºà“π ªï 2544 ë ¡’°“√°àÕµ—Èß§≥–°√√¡°“√ ¡“π©—π∑å·√ßß“π‰∑°≈ÿà¡∫Ÿ√≥œ ‡¢â“√à«¡‡ªìπ ¡“™‘°·≈–‰¥â√—∫¡Õ∫À¡“„Àâ‡ªìπÕß§å°√ À≈—°√—∫º‘¥™Õ∫°“√‡§≈◊ËÕπ‰À« ‡√◊ËÕß ∂“∫—π§ÿâ¡§√Õß ÿ¢¿“æ·≈–§«“¡ª≈Õ¥¿— ·≈–»Ÿπ’È°°àÕπ«—’ë ‡§≈◊ËÕπ‰À«√à«¡°—∫Õß§å°√·√ßß“π„Àâ√—∞°‡≈‘°§à“ FT.(§à“‡™◊ÈÕ‡æ≈‘ß„π°“√º≈‘µ‰øøÑ“) ‡æ√“–∑”„Àâ§πß“π·≈–ª√–™“™π ·∫°√—∫¿“√–¡“°¢÷Èπ ë®—¥‡«π“‡√◊ËÕß ç«‘°ƒµ‘·√ßß“πÀ≠‘ß¿“„µâ√—∞∫“≈∑—°…‘≥™‘π«—µ√°—∫·π«∑“ß°“√·°â‰¢ªí≠À“é°≈ÿà¡∫Ÿ√≥œ®—¥√à«¡°—∫ ΩÉ““πÀ≠‘ßœ ¡Ÿ≈π‘∏‘‡æ◊ËÕπÀ≠‘ß ë √à«¡®—¥ß“π 8 ªï‚»°π“Ø°√√¡‡§‡¥Õ√å«—π§«“¡ª≈Õ¥¿—™“µ‘ ·≈–‡√’°√âÕß„Àâ√—∞‡√àß√à“ßæ√–√“™∫—≠≠—µ‘®—¥µ—Èß ∂“∫—π§ÿâ¡§√Õß ÿ¢¿“æ§«“¡ª≈Õ¥¿—’ºŸâ·∑πÀ≈““«¡√à“ß ë Ωñ°Õ∫√¡‡√◊ËÕß∫∑∫“∑À≠‘ß™“°“√‡≈◊Õ°ªØ‘∫—µ‘ ªï 2545 ë √à«¡‡ πÕ∑—»π–¢Õß·√ßß“πµàÕ√—∞∏√√¡πŸ≠©∫—∫„À¡à ë®—¥ª√–™ÿ¡·≈°‡ª≈’Ë“·≈–°”Àπ¥»“ µ√å„π°“√·°â‰¢ªí≠À“·√ßß“πÀ≠‘ß ë„Àâ°“√»÷°…“‡√◊ËÕß ∂“∫—π§ÿâ¡§√Õß ÿ¢¿“æ§«“¡ª≈Õ¥¿—°—∫§πß“π°≈ÿà¡“πœ µà“ßÊ ë°√–∑√«ß·√ßß“πœ ‡™‘≠§≥–∑”ß“π√≥√ß§å«—π µ√’“°≈ 2545 àßºŸâ·∑π√à«¡À“√◊Õ‡°’Ë«°—∫°“√µ—Èß»Ÿπ’È°œ ‡™àπ§«“¡µâÕß°“√¢ÕßºŸâ„™â∫√‘°“√°“√æ‘®“√≥“ ∂“π∑’Ë·≈–√“’“≥·≈–ºŸâ¥”‡π‘π°“√ œ≈œ ë Ωñ°Õ∫√¡‡√◊ËÕß∫∑∫“∑À≠‘ß™“°“√‡≈◊Õ°ªØ‘∫—µ‘ ªï 2546 ë √≥√ß§å√à«¡°—∫§≥–∑”ß“π«—π µ√’“°≈ 6 ¢âÕ‡√’°√âÕß ¡’ 3 ¢âÕµà“ß®“°¢âÕ‡√’°√âÕß‡¥‘¡°Á§◊Õ 1)°“√·°â‰¢°ÆÀ¡“ª√–°—π—ß§¡ ¡“µ√“ 39°√≥’®à“‘π ¡∑∫ 2)„Àâ°Õß∑ÿπª√–°—π—ß§¡°”Àπ¥À≈—°‡°≥±å°“√®à““µâ“π‰«√— ·°àºŸâ„™â ·√ßß“π∑’Ëµ‘¥‡™◊ÈÕ‡Õ™‰Õ«’. 3) µ—Èß°Õß∑ÿπª√–°—π°“√‡≈‘°®â“ß·°à≈Ÿ°®â“ß∑’Ë∂Ÿ°‡≈‘°®â“ß°√≥’π“®â“ß““π°“√º≈‘µÀ√◊Õªî¥ ‚√ßß“π‚¥“®â“ß‡ªìπºŸâ®à“‘π ¡∑∫‡¢â“°Õß∑ÿπ ë°≈ÿà¡∫Ÿ√≥œ √à«¡°—∫¡Ÿ≈π‘∏‘ø√’¥√‘§ ‡Õ·∫√å∑®—¥—¡¡π“‡√◊ËÕß ç¡ÿ¡¡Õßπ—°°“√‡¡◊ÕßÀ≠‘ß°—∫°“√·°â‰¢ªí≠À“¢Õß ·√ßß“πÀ≠‘ßé ë ‡ªìπÕπÿ°√√¡°“√·°â‰¢°ÆÀ¡“°—π—ß§¡ ¡“µ√“ 39 ◊∫‡π◊ËÕß®“°°“√‡√’°√âÕß„π«—π µ√’“°≈ ë°≈ÿà¡∫Ÿ√≥œ ‰¥â√—∫°“√·µàßµ—Èß‡ªìπ§≥–°√√¡°“√·°â‰¢ªí≠À“·√ßß“πÀ≠‘ß·≈–‡¥Á° ë ª√– ∫§«“¡”‡√Á®“¡“√∂º≈—°¥—π„Àâ√—∞∫“≈ π—∫ πÿπ°“√®—¥µ—Èß»Ÿπ’È°°àÕπ«—’’Ë´Õ«—¥§Ÿà √â“ß®—ßÀ«—¥ ¡ÿ∑√ª√“°“√ ‡ªìπ‚§√ß°“√π”√àÕß 1 ªï ‡√‘Ë¡ªï 2546 ‚¥—∫°“√ π—∫ πÿπß∫ª√–¡“≥®“°”π—°ß“πª√–°—π—ß§¡ ë √à«¡®—¥ß“π√”≈÷°§√∫√Õ∫ 10 ªï‡Àµÿ°“√≥å‰ø‰À¡â‚√ßß“π‡§‡¥Õ√å 38

Milestones After the crisis came a period of painful adjustment and restructuring. Besides the long-standing issues over health, safety, and childcare, new issues of social security and livelihood became more pressing for woman workers and for the WWUG. 2001 - campaigned for the establishment of the National Occupational Health and Safety Institute and preschool childcare centres in industrial areas and communities. - joined the coalition of labour organizations demanding government cease passing the fluctuating cost of electricity generation on to consumers(the FT adjustment). - organized a seminar on"Crisis faced by woman workers under the administration of prime minister Thaksin Shinawatra and approaches to addressing pressing issues and problems", jointly sponsored with the Friends of Women Foundation. - participated in organization of the eighth anniversary of the Kader toy factory fire on May 10 (National Safety Day), urging the government to draft a bill to establish a National Occupational Health and Safety Institute with participation by workers and trade unionists. - organized training workshops on gender equality and elimination of discrimination against women workers with support from the FES. 2002 - expressed position of woman workers towards the 1997 Constitution. - organized a series of public forums to formulate strategies to address the issues and problems faced by woman workers. - educated workers on the benefits of establishing a National Occupational Health and Safety Institute. - participated in the organizing committee for International Women's Day 2002, highlighting the need for the Ministry of Labour and Social Welfare to cooperate in establishing preschool childcare centres for workers and low-income communities, focusing on the actual needs of parents, location, budget and operating expenses, staff, etc. - organized training workshops on gender equality and elimination of discrimination against women workers with support from FES. 2003 - campaigned with the Organizing Committee of the International Women's Day to submit a 6-point demand including: amendment to the Social Security Act, section 39, on workers contributions to the Social Security Fund; clear criteria for dispensing retroviral drugs to workers who are HIV/Aids patients under the Social Security Fund; establishment of an unemployment insurance fund with employers' contributing. - worked in partnership with FES-Thailand to organize a special seminar on"Woman politicians' perspective on issues faced by woman workers". - participated on subcommittee to amend section 39 of the Social Security Act, as a response to the demand of woman workers on International Women's Day. - served on the Committee on Woman and Child Labour under the Ministry of Labour and Social Welfare. - succeeded in urging the government to allocate budget from the Social Security Office to establish a preschool childcare centre at Soi Wat Khoo Sang, Samut Prakan province, as a one-year pilot project in 2003. - helped organize the tenth anniversary of the Kader toy factory fire. - organized training sessions on gender equality and the elimination of discrimination against women workers, supported by FES Thailand. 39

∂“∫—π§ÿâ¡§√Õß ÿ¢¿“æœ ∑’Ë„ΩÉΩíπ ®“°‡Àµÿ°“√≥å‡æ≈‘ß‰À¡â‚√ßß“πº≈‘µµÿä°µ“∫√‘…—∑‡§‡¥Õ√å Õ‘π¥— ‡∑√’(‰∑)®”°—¥ π—∫‡ªìπ§«“¡ Ÿ≠‡’§√—Èß‘Ëß„À≠à À≈““““∑”ß“π√à«¡°—π¿“„µâ™◊ËÕ§≥–∑”ß“πµ‘¥µ“¡§«“¡™à«§πß“π‡§‡¥Õ√å ¡’Õ√ÿ≥’»√’‚µ ‡ªìπª√–∏“π√à«¡°—∫ ÿ«‘∑ À“∑Õß ª√–∏“π ¿“·√ßß“πœ ·≈–§≥–°√√¡°“√»Ÿπ”π«°“√™à«°®â“ß∑’Ëª√– ∫¿—ª√–°Õ∫¥â«§πÀ≈““ Õ√ÿ≥’»√’‚µ·≈–«‘‰≈«√√≥ ·´à‡µ’ √à«¡‡ªìπ°√√¡°“√»Ÿπ ∑”Àπâ“∑’Ëª√–“π„Àâ§«“¡™à«‡À≈◊Õ·°à§πß“π∑’Ëª√– ∫¿—“ß‡√àß¥à«π·≈–‡ªìπ∏√√¡ ·≈–‡ πÕ„Àâ¡’π‚“°—π·≈–·°â‰¢ªí≠À“§«“¡ª≈Õ¥¿—Õ“ß‡¢â¡ß«¥™—¥‡®π°“√‡√’°√âÕß§√—Èßπ—ÈπÕß§å°√æ—π∏¡‘µ√µà“ß·¥π(„πŒàÕß°ß) √à«¡√≥√ß§å°¥¥—π„Àâπ“®â“ß®à“‘∑∏‘ ª√–‚™πå·°à§πß“π µâπªï 2537§≥–∑”ß“π‡æ◊ËÕµ‘¥µ“¡™à«§πß“π‡§‡¥Õ√å ‡ª≈’Ë™◊ËÕ‡ªìπ§≥–°√√¡°“√√≥√ß§å‡æ◊ËÕ ÿ¢¿“æ ·≈–§«“¡ª≈Õ¥¿—§πß“π ¡’Õ√ÿ≥’ ‡ªìπª√–∏“π§≥–°√√¡°“√„πªï 2539 ‰¥â‡§≈◊ËÕπ‰À«‡√’°√âÕß„πÀ≈“’Ë ‡°’Ë«°—∫ªí≠À“ ÿ¢¿“æ·≈–§«“¡ª≈Õ¥¿—„π°“√∑”ß“π ·µà∑’Ë∂◊Õ«à“‰¥â√—∫§«“¡”‡√Á®‡ªìπÕ“ß‘Ëß°Á§◊Õ“¡“√∂‡√’°√âÕß„Àâ √—∞∫“≈ª√–°“»„Àâ«—π∑’Ë 10 æƒ…¿“§¡¢Õß∑ÿ°ªï‡ªìπ«—π ÿ¢¿“æ·≈–§«“¡ª≈Õ¥¿—„π°“√∑”ß“π ·≈–“¡“√∂º≈—°¥—π„Àâ√—∞ µâÕßÕÕ°ª√–°“»«à“¥â«§≥–°√√¡°“√§«“¡ª≈Õ¥¿— Õ“™’«Õπ“¡— ¿“æ·«¥≈âÕ¡„π°“√∑”ß“π®“°‚»°π“Ø°√√¡ ‡§‡¥Õ√å·≈–Õÿ∫—µ‘‡Àµÿ∑’Ë‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ´È”·≈â«´È”‡≈à“ ∑”„Àâ¡’°“√√≥√ß§å‡√’°√âÕß„Àâ√—∞ªØ‘√Ÿª°‡§√◊ËÕß√–∫∫°“√¥Ÿ·≈¥â“πÕ“™’« Õπ“¡— ¿“æ·«¥≈âÕ¡„π°“√∑”ß“π‡’„À¡à À≈—ß°“√»÷°…“ªí≠À“„πª√–‡∑»‰∑ ·≈–‡√’ ∫°“√≥å°“√·°â ªí≠À“¢ÕßÀ≈“»‰¥âπ” Ÿà°“√‡√’°√âÕß„Àâ¡’°“√®—¥µ—Èß ∂“∫—π§ÿâ¡§√Õß ÿ¢¿“æ§«“¡ª≈Õ¥¿— Õ“™’«Õπ“¡— ·≈– ¿“æ·«¥≈âÕ¡„π°“√∑”ß“π ∂“∫—π¥—ß°≈à“«®–‡ªìπÕß§å°√¢Õß√—∞∑’Ë‡ªìπÕ‘ √–·µàÕ“„µâ°“√°”°—∫¥Ÿ·≈‚¥°√–∑√«ß ·√ßß“π ¡’¿“√°‘®„π°“√¥Ÿ·≈¥â“π ÿ¢¿“æ·≈–§«“¡ª≈Õ¥¿—„π°“√∑”ß“π·∫∫§√∫«ß®√§◊Õ ªÑÕß°—π √—°…“æ“∫“≈ øóôπøŸ ·≈–°“√®à“‘π∑¥·∑π®–¡’°“√∫√‘À“√ß“π·∫∫¡’ à«π√à«¡ ª√–°Õ∫¥â« 5 ΩÉ“§◊ÕºŸâ·∑π√—∞∫“≈ π“®â“ß ≈Ÿ°®â“ß ºŸâªÉ«®“°°“√∑”ß“π·≈–ºŸâ‡™’Ë«™“≠π—°«‘™“°“√ ‚¥„Àâ¡’°“√‚Õπß“π¢Õß ∂“∫—π§«“¡ª≈Õ¥¿—„π°“√∑”ß“π∑’Ë‡ªìπ¢Õß√—∞·≈– °Õß∑ÿπ‡ß‘π∑¥·∑π¡“Õ„πÕß§å°√„À¡àπ’È °≈ÿà¡∫Ÿ√≥“°“√·√ßß“π µ√’‰¥â√—∫¡Õ∫À¡“®“°¢∫«π°“√·√ßß“π‰∑„Àâ‡¢â“·∫°√—∫¿“√–°‘®‡ªìπ·°ππ”„π°“√ µàÕ Ÿâ‡√’°√âÕß‡æ◊ËÕ„Àâ¡’°“√®—¥µ—Èß ∂“∫—π¥—ß°≈à“« ‚¥«¡µàÕ ŸâÕ“ß‡§’“‡§’°—∫ ¿“‡§√◊Õ¢à“°≈ÿà¡ºŸâªÉ«®“°°“√ ∑”ß“π·≈–‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡·Ààßª√–‡∑»‰∑ Õß§å°√æ—≤π“‡Õ°™π·≈–π—°«‘™“°“√°“√‡§≈◊ËÕπ‰À«‡√’°√âÕß¥—ß°≈à“«ª√– ∫ §«“¡”‡√Á®∂÷ß¢—Èπ∑”„Àâ√—∞—Èß§≥–°√√¡°“√°√à“ßæ√∫.®—¥µ—Èß ∂“∫—πœ ´÷Ëß¡’µ—«·∑π®“°ΩÉ““ß Ê ∑—Èß®“°Àπà«ß“π√—∞ π“®â“ß π—°«‘™“°“√ ºŸâªÉ« ·≈–≈Ÿ°®â“ß ´÷Ëß¡’ºŸâ·∑π¢Õß°≈ÿà¡‡¢â“√à«¡∑”ß“π°√à“ß¥â«®πÕÕ°¡“‡ªìπ√à“ß°ÆÀ¡“·µà¥â«§«“¡º—πº«π∑“ß°“√‡¡◊Õß ·≈–°√–· µàÕµâ“π¿“„π°√–∑√«ß·√ßß“π∑’Ë‡°√ß°≈—«°“√‡ª≈’Ë”„Àâ °√–∫«π°“√ªØ‘√Ÿª µâÕß –¥ÿ¥À“§√—ÈßÀ≈“®π∑”„ÀâΩÉ“„™â·√ßß“π µâÕßÀ—π‰ª∑”°“√√≥√ß§å√«∫√«¡ ≈“™◊ËÕ 50,000™◊ËÕ‡æ◊ËÕπ”‡ πÕ√à“ß°ÆÀ¡“—ß°≈à“«¥â« ·¡â®–“¡“√∂√«∫√«¡≈“™◊ËÕ‰¥â§√∫∂â«π ·µà°Á∂Ÿ° µ’§«“¡«à“≈“™◊ËÕ∑’Ë‰¥â¡“‰¡à‡ªìπ‰ªµ“¡‡°≥±å¢Õß°ÆÀ¡“°∑’ËÕÕ°¡“¿“—ß ∑”„Àâ∂÷ß«—ππ’È√à“ß°ÆÀ¡“®—¥µ—Èß ∂“∫—πœ —ß§ß‰¡à“¡“√∂π”‡¢â“ Ÿà°“√æ‘®“√≥“¢Õß√—∞ ¿“‰¥â ·¡â®–¡’Õÿª √√§¢«“°Àπ“¡¡“°¡“ ·µà ∂“∫—π§ÿâ¡§√Õß ÿ¢¿“æ§«“¡ª≈Õ¥¿— Õ“™’«Õπ“¡—·≈– ¿“æ·«¥≈âÕ¡„π°“√∑”ß“π°Á—ß§ß‡ªìπ§«“¡Ωíπ∑’Ë°≈ÿà¡∫Ÿ√≥“°“√·√ßß“π µ√’®–µâÕß“π„Àâ ª√“°Ø‡ªìπ®√‘ß„Àâ®ß‰¥â„πÕπ“§µ ‡æ√“–‡™◊ËÕ¡—Ëπ«à“π’Ë§◊Õ‘Ëß∑’Ë®–™à«„Àâæ’ËπâÕß§πß“π¡’™’«‘µ∑’Ë ª≈Õ¥¿— ¡’ ÿ¢¿“æ∑’Ë¥’§◊Õ‘Ëß∑’Ë®–∑”„ÀâÕÿµ“À°√√¡‰∑“¡“√∂æ—≤π“‰ª‰¥âÕ“ß—Ëß‰¡à‡°‘¥‚»°π“Ø°√√¡´È”´âÕπ ·≈–®–™à« √â“ß¿“ææ®πå∑’Ë¥’„Àâ°—∫ª√–‡∑»‰∑—π‡ªìπ∑’Ë√—° ¢Õßæ«°‡√“∑ÿ°§π 40

The dream of an OHS Institute The movement for reform in systems for occupational health and safety began after the tragic fire at the Kader toy factory in 1993. Organizations were formed to ensure that those who suffered were properly compensated and looked after. Arunee Srito and Wilaiwan Saetia were board members of these bodies. Apart from seeking this relief, these organizations also campaigned for positive measure to improve occupational health and safety. In early 1994, the Kader relief committee formally transformed itself into the Campaign Committee for the Occupational Health and Safety(OHS) of Workers, chaired by Arunee Srito. This committee pressed government to enforce existing laws, and to come up with new policies to improve occupational health and safety. From studies of other countries, the Campaign Committee concluded that Thailand needed a National Occupational Health and Safety Institute which would have a comprehensive role in prevention, research, treatment, rehabilitation, and compensation. The Institute should be an independent body under the Ministry of Labour and Social Welfare, with management participation by government, employers, employees, patient groups, and academic experts. In 1996, the committee urged government to declare May 10 as National OHS Day and to bring into existence a National OHS Institute. The movement won some concessions from government. The Ministry of Labour and Social Welfare passed a regulation on the formation of bipartite OHS committees at the workplace level. The Labour Protection Act 1998 established a National Tripartite Committee to propose measures on the prevention of accidents and promotion of safety at workplace. On 26 August 1997, the Cabinet approved the designation of 10 May as the National Safety at Workplace Day. The labour movement entrusted the WWUG to spearhead the campaign for a National OHS Institute in cooperation with NGOs, academics, and other labour organizations. Government appointed a committee to draft a bill. But conservative elements in bureaucracy and politics created many obstacles. Finally, a"workers version" of a bill to establish the Institute was drafted. Using a provision of the 1997 constitution, this bill was submitted to parliament with the backing of 50,000 signatures. But this effort was again blocked. Workers still dream of an OHS Institute, and WWUG has the aspiration to bring this into existence, because it is so important for so many workers, for sustainable development, and for the image of the nation. 41

¿“æ√«¡¢Õß§ ¡—§π’È ‡ªìπ°“√‡§≈◊ËÕπ‰À«·≈–µ‘¥µ“¡º≈ ◊∫‡π◊ËÕß®“°°“√‡√’°√âÕß¢Õßªï°àÕπ Ê ‡™àπ„Àâ√—∞®—¥ √√ß∫ª√–¡“≥ π—∫ πÿπ°“√®—¥µ—Èß»Ÿπ’È°°àÕπ«—’„π“πÕÿµ“À°√√¡·≈–™ÿ¡™π ‡√àß„Àâ√—∞∫“≈ÕÕ°°ÆÀ¡“®—¥µ—Èß ∂“∫—π §ÿâ¡§√Õß ÿ¢¿“æ§«“¡ª≈Õ¥¿—„Àâ√—∞∫“≈¡’π‚“™—¥‡®πµàÕ‡π◊ËÕß„π°“√ àß‡ √‘¡°“√¡’ à«π√à«¡¢Õß·√ßß“πÀ≠‘ßÕ“ß ®√‘ß®—ß„πªï 2545 ¡’¢âÕ‡√’°√âÕß„À¡à§◊Õ„Àâ√—∞∫“≈°”Àπ¥π‚“ ¡“µ√°“√·≈–ª√—∫ª√ÿß°ÆÀ¡“§ÿâ¡§√Õß ·√ßß“ππÕ°√–∫∫·≈–ºŸâ√—∫ß“π‰ª∑”∑’Ë∫â“π ·≈–ªï 2546 ‡√’°√âÕß„Àâ·°â‰¢°ÆÀ¡“°—π—ß§¡ ¡“µ√“ 39„Àâ§πß“π µ°ß“π®à“‘π ¡∑∫‡æ’ 1 à«π à«π¢Õßπ“®â“ß„Àâ‡Õ“‡ß‘π¥Õ°º≈¢Õß°Õß∑ÿπª√–°—π—ß§¡¡“®à“ ¡∑∫®π°«à“®–¡’ °“√·°â‰¢¡“µ√“ 39 §«“¡æ““¡„π°“√µ‘¥µ“¡¢âÕ‡√’°√âÕßÕ“ß„°≈â™‘¥°√≥’„Àâ√—∞®—¥ √√ß∫ª√–¡“≥ π—∫ πÿπ°“√®—¥µ—Èß»Ÿπ‡≈’È°°àÕπ«—’„π“πÕÿµ“À°√√¡·≈–™ÿ¡™π®πª√– ∫º≈”‡√Á®„πªï 2546 ‡¡◊ËÕ§≥–°√√¡°“√ª√–°—π—ß§¡ Õπÿ¡—µ‘ß∫ª√–¡“≥®”π«π 659,480 ∫“∑ ´÷Ëß‡ªìπ‡ß‘π®“°¥Õ°º≈¢Õß°Õß∑ÿπ‡ß‘π∑¥·∑π ‡æ◊ËÕ‡ªìπ§à“„™â®à“„π°“√®—¥µ—Èß »Ÿπ—≤π“‡¥Á°ª∞¡«— ´Õ«—¥§Ÿà √â“ß®. ¡ÿ∑√ª√“°“√ ´÷Ëß‡ªìπ≈—°…≥–‚§√ß°“√π”√àÕß√–«≈“ 1 ªï ‚¥’§≥– °√√¡°“√∫√‘À“√®—¥°“√ß∫ª√–¡“≥∑’Ë®—¥ √√„Àâ À“°æ‘®“√≥“¢âÕ‡√’°√âÕß∑’Ë‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ„πªï 2545 ·≈– 2546®–‡ÀÁπ«à“°≈ÿà¡∫Ÿ√≥œ ‰¥â¢“°≈ÿà¡‡ªÑ“À¡“°“√∑”ß“π ®“°·√ßß“πÀ≠‘ß„π¿“§Õÿµ“À°√√¡ ‰ª Ÿà·√ßß“πÀ≠‘ßπÕ°√–∫∫ ·≈–·√ßß“π∑’Ëµ°ß“π π—∫«à“‡ªìπ∑‘»∑“ß°“√∑”ß“π∑’Ë¥’ ‡æ√“–§π’È ·√ßß“πÀ≠‘ßµâÕß‡º™‘≠°—∫¿“«–°“√‡ª≈’Ë’Ë‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ√«¥‡√Á« ∑’Ë¡‘„™àªí≠À“·√ßß“πÕ“ß‡¥’« ·µà‡™◊ËÕ¡‚°—∫À≈“§πÀ≈“°≈ÿà¡©–π—Èπ°“√∑”ß“π¢Õß°≈ÿà¡„π§π’È ¡‘„™à‡√◊ËÕßà“ ·≈–µâÕß‡º™‘≠°—∫§«“¡∑â“∑““¥â“π ¿“„µâ¿“«–°“√‡¡◊Õß·¢Áßµ—«°“√¢“«√à«¡ ·≈–°“√∑”ß“π°—∫æ—π∏¡‘µ√‡æ◊ËÕµàÕ Ÿâ√à«¡°—ππ—Èπ‡ªìπ‘Ëß®”‡ªìπÕ“ß‘Ëß °“√»÷°…“‡æ◊ËÕ∑”§«“¡‡¢â“„®µàÕ ∂“π°“√≥å∑’Ë‡ª≈’Ë‘Ëß”§—≠„π°“√°”Àπ¥®ÿ¥‘»∑“ß°“√∑”ß“π¢Õß°≈ÿà¡ „Àâ™—¥‡®π 42

Reflections In this period, Thailand was still recovering from the economic crisis. The WWUG continued its campaigns for preschool childcare centres and a National OHS Institute. The main victory was allocation of a budget of 659,480 baht from the Social Security Fund for a pilot project of a childcare centre. The main new issue in 2002 was a demand for better social protection for the millions of home workers and those employed in the informal sector. And the main issue in 2003 was adjustment in the contributions of employers and employees to the unemployment insurance fund. In this period, WWUG began reaching out to new target groups, namely woman workers in the informal sector and retrenched workers. This was an appropriate move. Statistics show that the number of workers in the informal sector has been increasing steadily for years. With the restructuring of business after the financial crisis, workers are still regularly being retrenched. Government and politicians remain insensitive to labour issues for the most part. The movement of women workers needs to broaden its activity and strengthen its linkages with partner organizations both inside and outside the labour movement. 43

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¡‘µ√À≈“°¡ÿ¡¡ÕßµàÕ °≈ÿà¡∫Ÿ√≥“°“√·√ßß“π µ√’ Viewpoints 45

Karnjana Nongyao Former Committee Member of WWUG and employee of Philips Semi-Conductors(Thailand) Co., Ltd. "During 1997-2000, WWUG enjoyed fruitful cooperation from various organizations because it was free from individual vested interests, free from any external domination or influence. We submitted our demands based on concrete issues. Without the WWUG, no one would have known the problems of woman workers. The WWUG served as the sole voice of woman workers. Getting involved with the WWUG was a great opportunity for us woman workers to develop to our fullest potential. In turn we earned respect and due recognition from the labour movement both at the level of individual unions and the Coalition of Industrial Area Unions. As an independent coalition of woman workers, we felt quite confident to take positions on relevant issues and freely voice our opinions." °“≠®π“ πß§å‡“«å ∫√‘…—∑øî≈‘ª å‡´¡‘§Õπ¥—§‡µÕ√å(‰∑)®”°—¥ ·≈–Õ¥’µ°√√¡°“√°≈ÿà¡∫Ÿ√≥œ ç∑”ß“π°≈ÿà¡∫Ÿ√≥œ™à«ßªï 2540-2543 ‰¡à«à“°≈ÿà¡œ ª√–“πß“π°—∫°≈ÿà¡„¥ ¡—°‰¥â√—∫§«“¡√à«¡¡◊ÕÕ“ß¥’ ‡æ√“–¿“æ¢Õß°≈ÿà¡œ ‡ªìπ°≈ÿà¡‰¡à¡’º≈ª√–‚™πå à«πµ—« ‰¡à¡’ „§√™’Èπ” ‡√“‡√’°√âÕß‡æ√“–§«“¡‡¥◊Õ¥√âÕπ®“°ªí≠À“®√‘ßÊ§‘¥«à“∂â“‰¡à¡’°≈ÿà¡∫Ÿ√≥œ—ß§¡§ß‰¡à√Ÿâ®—°·√ßß“πÀ≠‘ß ‡æ√“–°≈ÿà¡∫Ÿ√≥œ ‡ªìπ µ—«·∑π ‡ªìπ‡«∑’π”‡ πÕªí≠À“¢Õß·√ßß“πÀ≠‘ß ·√ßß“πÀ≠‘ß∑’Ë‡¢â“¡“∑”ß“π√à«¡°—π¡’‚Õ°“ ‰¥â√—∫°“√æ—≤π“»—°“æ ·≈–‰¥â√—∫°“√—∫ ®“°Õß§å°√¢Õß·√ßß“πÀ≠‘ß‡Õß ∑—Èß„π√–¥—∫ À¿“æ·√ßß“π·≈–°≈ÿà¡“πœ ‡¡◊ËÕ‰√°Áµ“¡∑’Ë‡√“∑”°‘®°√√¡ ‡¢â“√à«¡°‘®°√√¡·≈–π”‡ πÕ§«“¡ §‘¥‡ÀÁπ„ππ“¡°≈ÿà¡∫Ÿ√≥œ ‡√“√Ÿâ ÷°‡ªìπµ—«¢Õßµ—«‡Õß·≈–“¡“√∂æŸ¥‰¥â‡µÁ¡∑’Ëé Jadej Chaowilai Executive Member of the Friends of Women Foundation "Having worked with woman workers for some time, we began to realize that without a specific forum for woman workers, it would virtually be impossible for them to speak out as an independent voice, bearing in mind that those national labour congresses were traditionally dominated by men at the leadership level. Without the militant stand taken by the woman workers, it would have been extremely difficult to win the 90-day maternity leave. It was the WWUG which pioneered the path of just struggle and paved the way for more woman workers to come out and join the struggle at all levels. Even so, there are still many challenges ahead. WWUG should invite more diversified representation and participation by women from various occupations and sectors. WWUG should not limit its commitment to labour issues alone. It should be prepared to work with strategic partners in a broader social context, so that labour issues are linked together with other key social issues. This task requires clear vision and long-term commitment. Truly, this is not easy." ®–‡¥Á® ‡™“«πå«‘‰≈ ¡Ÿ≈π‘∏‘‡æ◊ËÕπÀ≠‘ß ç¡Ÿ≈π‘∏‘‡æ◊ËÕπÀ≠‘ß∑”ß“π°—∫·√ßß“πÀ≠‘ß¡“√–¥—∫Àπ÷Ëß À“°ºŸâÀ≠‘ß‰¡à¡’‡«∑’À√◊Õæ◊Èπ∑’Ë¢Õßµ—«‡Õß ·√ßß“πÀ≠‘ß‰¡à“¡“√∂æŸ¥‡√◊ËÕß¢Õßµπ‡Õß‰¥â™—¥‡®π ‡æ√“–¿“„µâ√–∫∫ À¿“æ·√ßß“π ¿“·√ßß“π·∫∫‡¥‘¡∑’Ë‡ªìπ∑“ß°“√ ºŸâÀ≠‘ßπ”‡ πÕ ªí≠À“¢Õßµπ‡Õß§àÕπ¢â“ß“°°“√‡√’°√âÕß‘∑∏‘°“√≈“§≈Õ¥ 90«—π “°∑’Ë®–”‡√Á®∂â“·√ßß“πÀ≠‘ß‰¡àÕÕ°¡“µàÕ Ÿâ ‡æ√“–·√ßß“π™“¥â«°≈ÿà¡∫Ÿ√≥œ ‡ªìπæ◊Èπ∑’ËÀ√◊Õ‡«∑’„ÀâºŸâÀ≠‘ßæŸ¥ªí≠À“¢Õßµπ‡Õß·≈–¡Õß‰ª¢â“ßÀπâ“‰¥â™—¥‡®π¢÷Èπ √«¡∑—Èß∑”„ÀâºŸâÀ≠‘ß¡’ à«π√à«¡„πÀ≈“√–¥—∫ º¡§‘¥«à“°≈ÿà¡∫Ÿ√≥œ —ß“¡“√∂‡ªìπµ—«·∑π¢Õß·√ßß“πÀ≠‘ß‰¥âÕ ·µà°≈ÿà¡∫Ÿ√≥œ µâÕß‡º™‘≠°—∫§«“¡∑â“∑“’°¡“° ‡™àπ°“√¡’ µ—«·∑π¢Õß·√ßß“πÀ≠‘ß®“°À≈“ à«π‡¢â“¡“‡°’Ë«¢âÕß°“√µàÕ Ÿâ∑’ËµâÕß‡º™‘≠°—∫ªí≠À“—ß§¡‚¥«¡ ¿“„µâ ∂“π°“√≥åªí®®ÿ∫—π∑’Ë¡‘„™à‡æ’ª√–‡¥Áπ·√ßß“πÀ≠‘ß©–π—Èπ°≈ÿà¡µâÕß¡’æ—π∏¡‘µ√∑’ËÀ≈“°À≈“ ·≈–µâÕß‡™◊ËÕ¡ª√–‡¥Áπ·√ßß“π°—∫ªí≠À“—ß§¡‚¥«¡„Àâ‰¥â π—∫«à“‡ªìπ ¿“√°‘®Àπ—°Àπà«ß¢Õß§π√ÿàπÀ≈—ß ´÷Ëß‰¡à„™à‡√◊ËÕßßà“ µâÕß„™â‡«≈“é 46

Tapabutr Jamasevi Deputy Permanent Secretary of the Ministry of Labour "Having worked with the leadership of the WWUG, I am familiar with Arunee, Wanpen, and Wilaiwan. Our Department had appointed WWUG leaders as advisors on affairs concerning woman workers, particularly over the preschool childcare centres project. We are very proud of this achievement. I consider the 12-year record of the Group a great success. It has enjoyed recognition from the public at large. In the future, WWUG should reach out to more women engaging in more diversified occupations and seek more strategic alliances with other groups and organizations sharing similar concerns. Now is the time for the Group to set a clear direction to achieve its long-term goals. Obviously, the Group has the best intentions, commitment, and determination. I personally would like to see the Group develop qualitatively so that it would enjoy more social recognition and could contribute more to the society at large." ∞“ª∫ÿµ√™¡‡«’ √Õßª≈—¥°√–∑√«ß·√ßß“π çº¡§ÿâπ‡§”ß“π°—∫ºŸâπ”°≈ÿà¡∫Ÿ√≥œ Õ√ÿ≥’«—π‡æÁ≠«‘‰≈«√√≥¡“‚¥ √Ÿª∏√√¡ ¢Õßº≈ß“π∑’Ë°√¡«— ¥‘°“√œ ∑”ß“π√à«¡°—∫°≈ÿà¡∫Ÿ√≥œ§◊Õ°“√µ—Èß∑’Ëª√÷°…“·√ßß“πÀ≠‘ß·≈–‚§√ß°“√»Ÿπ’È° ‡√“¿Ÿ¡‘„®Õ“ß‘Ëß º¡ ∂◊Õ«à“°“√∑”ß“π¢Õß°≈ÿà¡∫Ÿ√≥œ 12 ªï ‡ªìπ§«“¡”‡√Á®°≈ÿà¡∫Ÿ√≥œ ‰¥â√—∫°“√—∫®“°§π∑—Ë«‰ª„πÕπ“§µ°≈ÿà¡œ§«√¢“°“√∑”ß“π‰ª ŸàºŸâÀ≠‘ßÕ“™’æÕ◊ËπÊ„Àâ¡“°¢÷Èπ À“·π«√à«¡‡æ‘Ë¡‡æ◊ËÕ∑”„Àâ°“√∑”ß“π¡’§«“¡—Ëß’°“√æ—≤π“Õ“ßµàÕ‡π◊ËÕß ≥«—ππ’È°≈ÿà¡œ µâÕß°”Àπ¥ ∑‘»∑“ß°“√∑”ß“π„Àâ™—¥‡®π·≈–À“«‘∏’°“√∑’Ë®–‰ª„Àâ∂÷ß®ÿ¥À¡“°≈ÿà¡‘Ëß”§—≠∑’Ëº¡‡ÀÁπ™—¥‡®π§◊Õ§«“¡µ—Èß„®„π°“√∑”ß“π¢Õß°≈ÿà¡œ ‡®µπ“√¡≥å∑’Ë¥’ ·πà«·πà º¡Õ“°‡ÀÁπ°≈ÿà¡‡µ‘∫‚µ‰¥â√—∫°“√—∫®“°—ß§¡·≈–∑”ß“π‡æ◊ËÕª√–‚™πå¢Õß—ß§¡µàÕ‰ªé Bundit Thanachaisethavut Arom Pongpangan Foundation "Since the WWUG was originally organized by a group of leading woman trade unionists, I would very much like to see the Group be more proactive in promoting participatory roles of woman workers in the movement. So far, I have not yet seen any clearly articulated proposal or clear direction towards its goal. I wonder whether it is possible for the Group to participate more in decision making at different levels of labour organizations, without having to wait for the annual May Day or International Women's Day to speak out. The WWUG should publicly voice their opinions on socioeconomic issues, to make their positions clear to the public. At least, the public should be aware that its actions and demands are not based only on a woman's perspective, but are based on policy and mobilization. In principle, women should have more meaningful participation in labour activities and social mobilization. At the moment, women are not adequately represented at the top echelons of the labour movement, and the handful of women in leadership positions cannot remain for long periods because of their double or even triple load of responsibilities. Therefore the quality of their participation and their direction is vital. They must show they have a clear role, different from that of their brothers in the labour movement. At present, WWUG is not yet fully self-reliant." ∫—≥±‘µ ∏π™—»√…∞«ÿ≤‘ ¡Ÿ≈π‘∏‘Õ“√¡≥å æß»åæß—π ç°≈ÿà¡∫Ÿ√≥œ ¡’∞“π°“√√«¡µ—«¡“®“°ºŸâπ”·√ßß“πÀ≠‘ß„π À¿“æ·√ßß“π º¡ Õ“°‡ÀÁπ∫∑∫“∑∑’Ë‡¢â¡¢âπ¢Õß°≈ÿà¡∫Ÿ√≥œ µàÕ°“√ àß‡ √‘¡∫∑∫“∑°“√¡’ à«π√à«¡¢Õß·√ßß“π µ√’ ‡æ√“–∑’Ëºà“π¡“—ß‰¡à‡ÀÁπ¢âÕ‡ πÕÀ√◊Õ°“√ ¢—∫‡§≈◊ËÕπ∑’Ë™—¥‡®π ‡ªìπ‰ª‰¥âÀ√◊Õ‰¡à∑’Ë°≈ÿà¡œ®–‡ªìπΩÉ“”ß“π‡™‘ß√ÿ°„π°“√‡¢â“‰ª¡’ à«π√à«¡·≈–µ—¥‘π„®„πÕß§å°√√–¥—∫µà“ß Ê ∑’Ë‰¡àµâÕß√Õ «—π·√ßß“πœ«—π µ√’“°≈©–π—Èπ°≈ÿà¡∫Ÿ√≥œ§«√ÕÕ°¡“„Àâ§«“¡‡ÀÁπµàÕª√–‡¥Áπ∑“ß‡»√…∞°‘®·≈–—ß§¡„Àâ¡“°¢÷Èπ ‡æ◊ËÕ· ¥ß®ÿ¥°≈ÿà¡œ µàÕ‡√◊ËÕßµà“ß Ê ·≈–ª√–‡¥Áπ∑’Ë∑”°“√‡§≈◊ËÕπ‰À«‡√’°√âÕß‰¡à‰¥â§‘¥∫π∞“π∑’Ë¡’À≠‘ß‡ªìπ»Ÿπ°≈“ß„π°“√¡Õß ·µà‡Õ“°“√‡§≈◊ËÕπ‰À«‡™‘ß ∂“∫—π ‡™‘ßπ‚““‡ªìπµ—«µ—Èß ∂â“¡Õß·∫∫¡’®ÿ¥ ‡√“§«√¡Õß‚¥“§«“¡µâÕß°“√¢ÕßºŸâÀ≠‘ß‡ªìπµ—«µ—Èß √«¡∑—Èß°“√‡¢â“‰ª¡’ à«π√à«¡∑’Ë ºà“π¡“¡’µ—«·∑π¢ÕßΩÉ“°®â“ßÀ≠‘ßπâÕ“π ¥—ßπ—Èπ ‡√“µâÕß¡Õß°“√¡’ à«π√à«¡„π‡™‘ß§ÿ≥¿“æÀ√◊Õ‡π◊ÈÕÀ“®√‘ß Ê«à“‡¡◊ËÕ‡¢â“‰ª·≈â« §ÿ≥· ¥ß∫∑∫“∑Õ“ß‰√ ·µ°µà“ß®“°·√ßß“π™“ ªí®®ÿ∫—π°≈ÿà¡œ —ß‰¡à“¡“√∂æ÷Ëßæ“µπ‡Õß‰¥âé 47

Piyachet Klaewklad Former President of the Paper and Printing Federation of Thailand "Because woman workers have to shoulder more family responsibility, they are often deprived of opportunity for education and selfdevelopment. But once they are able to grasp the essence of problems and know exactly what they want, they fight resolutely for it. I have participated in the celebration of International Women's Day organized by the WWUG, because I agree with the objectives and support the struggle waged by woman workers. The success of establishing a 90-day maternity leave has made the Group widely known. Part of its success can be attributed to their well-chosen issues and relevant activities, which other groups, organizations and individuals can readily relate to. Credit should be given to the Group's ability to solicit support for the public awareness campaign on woman labour. To develop further, the Group must capitalize on its experience, organizing skills, firm commitment and clear position, while carrying out activities and campaign to achieve specific goal and objectives." ªî™…∞å ·§≈â«§≈“¥ Õ¥’µª√–∏“π Àæ—π∏å·√ßß“π°√–¥“…·≈–°“√æ‘¡æå·Ààßª√–‡∑»‰∑ç‡æ√“–·√ßß“πÀ≠‘ßµâÕß√—∫º‘¥™Õ∫ µàÕ§√Õ∫§√—«®÷ß∑”„Àâ¢“¥‚Õ°“„π°“√»÷°…“·≈–æ—≤π“µπ‡Õß ·µà‡¡◊ËÕ‰√°Áµ“¡∑’Ë·√ßß“πÀ≠‘ß‡¢â“„®ª√–‡¥Áπªí≠À“§«“¡µâÕß°“√™—¥‡®π ·√ßß“πÀ≠‘ß‡À≈à“π’È®–‡¢â“√à«¡µàÕ Ÿâ®π∂÷ß∑’Ë ÿ¥ ‚¥ à«πµ—«°“√‡¢â“√à«¡°‘®°√√¡¢Õß°≈ÿà¡∫Ÿ√≥œ ‡™àπ«—π µ√’“°≈ ‡æ√“–‡ÀÁπ¥â«°—∫ «—µ∂ÿª√– ß§å·≈–µâÕß°“√‡¢â“√à«¡ π—∫ πÿπ°“√µàÕ Ÿâ¢Õß·√ßß“πÀ≠‘ß®“°§«“¡”‡√Á®°√≥’°“√‡√’°√âÕß≈“§≈Õ¥ 90«—π ∑”„Àâ°≈ÿà¡∫Ÿ√≥œ ‡ªìπ∑’Ë√Ÿâ®—°‚¥—Ë«‰ª Õ“®‡ªìπ‡æ√“–°≈ÿà¡œ ‡≈◊Õ°°‘®°√√¡∑’Ë Õ¥§≈âÕß°—∫≈—°…≥–¢Õß°≈ÿà¡‡Õß ‡ªìπ°‘®°√√¡∑’Ë·√ßß“πÀ≠‘ß à«π„À≠à‡¢â“√à«¡‰¥â ·≈–‰¥â√—∫°“√ π—∫ πÿπ®“°Õß§å°√∑“ß—ß§¡„π°“√®—¥°“√»÷°…“„Àâ·°à·√ßß“πÀ≠‘ß¥â“π¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈·≈–√à«¡√≥√ß§å©–π—Èπ°≈ÿà¡∫Ÿ√≥œ µâÕß √â“ß ‡Õ°≈—°…≥å¢Õßµπ‡Õß·≈–‡≈◊Õ°∑”°‘®°√√¡∑’Ë Õ¥§≈âÕß°—∫≈—°…≥–¢Õß°≈ÿà¡é Pavena Hongsakula Former Secretary General of the Chat Patthana Party "As part of the coalition submitting the demand for a 90-day maternity leave at Government House, I was very impressed with the WWUG. Millions of woman workers have benefited from this achievement. Besides campaigning for the rights and benefits of women in the labour force, the Group also serves as a platform for women from all walks of life. I have seen that these woman trade unionists are fully committed. They have shown courage in their struggle. They urgently need to publicize their causes and activities to the public at large. They should work more closely with politicians, both women and men, to educate these politicians and make them aware of the needs of woman workers. The Group could do more in lobbying for new laws and necessary legislative amendments. Strategically speaking, the Group should work more with male counterparts. Now, the WWUG has been active for 12 years, but it still has a long way to go. The Group must expand its base of support to gain more respect and wider recognition." ª«’≥“ Àß°ÿ≈ Õ¥’µ‡≈¢“∏‘°“√æ√√§™“µ‘æ—≤π“ ç‘Ëß∑’Ëª√–∑—∫„®„π°“√∑”ß“π√à«¡°—∫°≈ÿà¡∫Ÿ√≥œ§◊Õ°“√‰¥â√à«¡—ß ◊Õ°“√‡√’°√âÕß ‘∑∏‘°“√≈“§≈Õ¥ 90«—π∑’Ë∑”‡π’—∞∫“≈·≈–ª√– ∫º≈”‡√Á®∑”„Àâ·√ßß“πÀ≠‘ß‰¥â√—∫ª√–‚™πå®“°°“√‡√’°√âÕß¢Õß·√ßß“π µ√’°≈ÿà¡∫Ÿ√≥œ πÕ°®“°®–‡ªìπµ—«·∑π„π°“√‡√’°√âÕß‘∑∏‘·√ßß“πÀ≠‘ß·≈â« —ß‡ªìπ ◊ËÕ°≈“ßª√–“πß“π°—∫∑ÿ°ΩÉ“„Àâ‡°‘¥‡«∑’æŸ¥§ÿ“πÀ≠‘ß“¢“Õ“™’æ µà“ß Ê Õ’°¥â« ∑’Ë”§—≠§◊Õ ºŸâπ”·√ßß“πÀ≠‘ß‡À≈à“π’È≈â«π¡’®ÿ¥™—¥‡®π µàÕ ŸâÕ“ß‡¢â¡·¢Áß¡“‚¥‘Ëß∑’Ë°≈ÿà¡§«√∑”Õ“ß‘Ëß§◊Õ°“√ ª√–™“—¡æ—π∏å„Àâ—ß§¡√—∫√Ÿâ°“√∑”ß“π¢Õß°≈ÿà¡œ„Àâ¡“°¢÷Èπ √«¡∑—Èß°“√∑”ß“π√à«¡°—∫π—°°“√‡¡◊ÕßÀ≠‘ß·≈–™“„Àâ§π‡À≈à“π’È‡¢â“„®ª√–‡¥Áπ ªí≠À“§«“¡µâÕß°“√¢Õß·√ßß“πÀ≠‘ß·≈–™à«°—πº≈—°¥—π°ÆÀ¡“’Ë‡°’Ë«¢âÕß„πÕπ“§µ°≈ÿà¡œ®”‡ªìπµâÕß∑”ß“π√à«¡°—∫ºŸâ™“”„ÀâºŸâ™““ ¡“ π—∫ πÿπ°“√∑”ß“π¢Õß°≈ÿà¡œ°≈ÿà¡∫Ÿ√≥œ Õ“§√∫ 12 ªï ∂◊Õ«à“—ß‡“«å«—©–π—Èπ°≈ÿà¡œ µâÕß∑”ß“π¢““π„Àâ‡¢â¡·¢Áß‘Ëß¢÷Èπ‰ªé 48

Assoc. Prof. Malee Pruekpongsawalee Faculty of Law, Thammasat University "The WWUG has launched many programmes and activities with concrete results, with special focus on the improved quality of life for woman workers. Most woman leaders have extensive practical experiences in their own specific fields or areas of concern, but there is a great need for woman workers to have their own organization and forum, so that they can adequately address their own problems, which most men tend to overlook. It is crucial that these woman trade unionists are able to participate and contribute at the policy level. At the same time, the Group must also expand its network among labour organizations and civil society. The Group should concentrate on issues which are relevant to women and woman workers. Women need more political participation to achieve both preventive and remedial reforms. They need to build the capacity of woman workers. The Group must try to question how projects proposed by government will affect woman labour." √». ¡“≈’ æƒ°…åæß»“«≈’ §≥–π‘µ‘»“ µ√å ¡À“«‘∑“≈—»“ µ√å ç°‘®°√√¡¢Õß°≈ÿà¡ÕÕ°¡“‡√◊ËÕ Ê ‡ªìπ°Õ∫‡ªìπ°”‚¥©æ“– ª√–‡¥Áπ°“√æ—≤π“§ÿ≥¿“æ™’«‘µ¢Õß·√ßß“π ºŸâπ”·√ßß“πÀ≠‘ß à«π„À≠à¡’ª√– ∫°“√≥å°“√∑”ß“π∞“π„πæ◊Èπ∑’Ë¢Õßµ—«‡ÕßÕ«°“√¡’Õß§å°√ ¢Õß·√ßß“πÀ≠‘ß‡Õß‡ªìπ‡√◊ËÕß®”‡ªìπ ‡æ◊ËÕ„™â‡ªìπ‡«∑’π”‡ πÕªí≠À“¢ÕßºŸâÀ≠‘ß∑’Ë·√ßß“π™“„Àâ§«“¡ π„®°“√¡’ºŸâπ”°≈ÿà¡∫Ÿ√≥œ ‡¢â“‰ª¡’ à«π√à«¡„π√–¥—∫π‚“°Á‡ªìπ‡√◊ËÕß”§—≠°≈ÿà¡œ µâÕß √â“ß‡§√◊Õ¢à“°—∫·√ßß“π·≈–Õß§å°√Õ◊Ëπ Ê°≈ÿà¡œ§«√ π„®·≈–∑”ß“π„πª√–‡¥Áπ —ß§¡ ·µàµâÕß¡’ª√–‡¥ÁπºŸâÀ≠‘ßÕ« ·≈–µâÕß‡¢â“‰ª¡’ à«π√à«¡„π¡‘µ‘‡™‘ß°“√‡¡◊Õß ‡æ√“–¡‘µ‘∑“ß°“√‡¡◊Õß‡ªìπ¡‘µ‘∑’Ë‡ªî¥‚Õ°“ ∑—Èß„π‡™‘ß ªÑÕß°—π·≈–·°â‰¢ªí≠À“√–¥—∫¡À“¿“§ √«¡∑—Èß™à« √â“ß»—°“æ„Àâ·°àºŸâ„™â·√ßß“π·≈–µâÕß‡™◊ËÕ¡‚„Àâ‰¥â«à“‚§√ß°“√µ“¡π‚“√—∞∫“≈∑’Ë¡’Õ°’Ë«¢âÕß°—∫·√ßß“π¥â“π‰Àπ Õ“ß‰√é Assoc. Prof. Lae Dilokvithayarat Faculty of Economics, Chulalongkorn University "I believe that the louder woman workers speak out, the more people will heed them, especially when they have their own organization of some strength. The great achievement of the WWUG was its militant role in demanding the 90-day maternity leave. I would love to see more of this type of initiative and mobilization on issues relevant to woman workers and other social issues, so that the public at large will be aware of such a vital group. But if the Group focuses exclusively on woman issues, I fear it may become a special-interest group which is too easily marginalized and excluded from other issues. The WWUG should serve as a simple but effective forum for woman workers to raise issues and share their opinions, experience, and expertise. The Group does not need to organize anything fancy at all. Today, WWUG should have clear objectives. The time to discuss what to do is long past. We must seize the time now and act within the present context." √». ·≈ ¥‘≈°«‘∑—µπå §≥–‡»√…∞»“ µ√å®ÿÃ“≈ß°√≥å¡À“«‘∑“≈—º¡§‘¥«à“ çºŸâÀ≠‘ßæŸ¥‡’—ß ¡’§πøíß¡“°¢÷Èπ‡¡◊ËÕ·√ßß“πÀ≠‘ß¡’Õß§å°√¢Õßµ—«‡Õß·≈–¡’§«“¡‡¢â¡·¢Áß º≈ß“π”§—≠¢Õß°≈ÿà¡∫Ÿ√≥œ§◊Õ°“√‡¢â“√à«¡·≈–‡ªìπ·°ππ”„π°“√‡√’°√âÕß‘∑∏‘°“√≈“§≈Õ¥ 90«—π º¡Õ“°‡ÀÁπ°“√√«¡µ—«¢ÕßºŸâÀ≠‘ß·≈–„™â§«“¡‡¢â¡·¢Áß¢ÕßÕß§å°√ºŸâÀ≠‘ßæŸ¥À√◊Õ¡’§«“¡‡ÀÁπµàÕª√–‡¥ÁπºŸâÀ≠‘ß·≈–ª√–‡¥Áπ—ß§¡ ‡æ◊ËÕ∑”„Àâ—ß§¡√Ÿâ«à“°≈ÿà¡∫Ÿ√≥œ ¡’µ—«µπ À“°°≈ÿà¡œ æŸ¥‡©æ“–ª√–‡¥ÁπºŸâÀ≠‘ß°≈ÿà¡®–‡ªìπ°≈ÿà¡‡™’Ë«™“≠‡©æ“–¥â“π·≈–„π∑’Ë ÿ¥®–∂Ÿ° °’¥°—π‰¡à„Àâ π„®À√◊Õ„Àâ¡’‘∑∏‘¡’‡’„π‡√◊ËÕßÕ◊Ëπ§«“¡—Ëß°≈ÿà¡À√◊Õ°“√æ÷Ëßµπ‡Õß¢Õß°≈ÿà¡œ ‡√“Õ“‡Õ“‰ª‡∑’°—∫¡“µ√∞“π¢Õß Õß§å°√Õ◊Ëπ ·µà‡«∑’π’È‡ªìπ°“√§ÿ§«“¡∑ÿ°¢å“°∑’Ë‰¡àµâÕß®—¥ß“π„À≠à‚µ ‡æ◊ËÕ°“√√–∫“§«“¡∑ÿ°¢å·µà‡ªìπ°“√ ¡—§√„®¡“§ÿ°—π·≈–·°â‰¢ ªí≠À“√à«¡°—π ∂÷ß«—ππ’È°≈ÿà¡∫Ÿ√≥œ µâÕß¡’®ÿ¥¡ÿàßÀ¡“’Ë™—¥‡®π ‰¡à§«√¡“π—Ëßµ°≈ß°—π«à“‡√“®–∑”Õ–‰√ ‡√“‡ªìπ„§√Õ’°·≈â« ·µàµâÕß∑”ß“π¿“„µâ ∂“π¿“æ∑’Ë‡√“‡ªìπÕ..é 49

Ladawan Wongsriwong Former Deputy Minister of Labour and Social Welfare. "It's a great thing to have the WWUG established to represent the rights and interest of woman workers, demanding better social security and other legitimate benefit such as the 90-day maternity leave. This benefit alone has made it possible for a new generation to be adequately cared for and breast-fed with more than 200 different nutrients. I would like to see more women taking full advantage of this benefit. The WWUG realizes the principal role of women in childcare and in parenting. Woman workers should enjoy the same health and safety insurance, retirement age, and other welfare benefit as men. The WWUG has campaigned for the establishment of the Occupational Health and Safety Institute, for equal retirement age, and other issues. The WWUG should represent more woman workers in both private and state enterprises." ≈¥“«—≈≈å«ß»å»√’«ß»å Õ¥’µ√—∞¡πµ√’™à««à“°“√°√–∑√«ß·√ßß“π·≈–«— ¥‘°“√—ß§¡ ç°“√°àÕ‡°‘¥°≈ÿà¡∫Ÿ√≥“°“√·√ßß“π µ√’ ∂◊Õ‡ªìπ §«“¡‚™§¥’¢Õß·√ßß“πÀ≠‘ß·≈–ºŸâÀ≠‘ß ‡æ√“–¡’µ—«·∑π∑’Ëµ◊Ëπµ—«≈ÿ°¢÷Èπ¡“ Ÿâ‡æ◊ËÕ‡√’°√âÕß‘∑∏‘ √â“ßÀ≈—°ª√–°—π∑“ß—ß§¡ √«¡∑—Èß°“√§ÿâ¡§√Õß ‘∑∏‘ª√–‚™πå¢ÕßºŸâÀ≠‘ß¿“§·√ßß“π ‡™àπ‘∑∏‘≈“§≈Õ¥ 90«—π ´÷Ëß àßº≈„Àâª√–™“°√√ÿàπ„À¡à‡ªìπ§π∑’Ë¡’§ÿ≥¿“æ ‡æ√“–‰¥â√—∫πÈ”π¡·¡à∑’Ë¡’ “√Õ“À“√∂÷ß 200°«à“™π‘¥ Õ“°„Àâ·√ßß“πÀ≠‘ß∑ÿ°§π„™â‘∑∏‘Õ—πæ÷ß¡’æ÷ß‰¥âÕ“ß‡µÁ¡∑’Ë πÕ°®“°π’È°≈ÿà¡∫Ÿ√≥œ ‡¢â“„®¥’«à“ºŸâÀ≠‘ß‡ªìπ°”≈—ß À≈—°„π°“√¥Ÿ·≈§π„π§√Õ∫§√—«©–π—Èπ À≈—°ª√–°—π‡√◊ËÕß§«“¡ª≈Õ¥¿—„π°“√∑”ß“π¢ÕßºŸâÀ≠‘ß‡ªìπ‘Ëß”§—≠ ‡™àπ‡¥’«°—∫§«“¡‡∑à“‡∑’„π°“√ªØ‘∫—µ‘µàÕºŸâÀ≠‘ß„π‡√◊ËÕß°“√‡°…’“°“√∑”ß“π¢Õß·√ßß“πÀ≠‘ß·≈–™“°≈ÿà¡∫Ÿ√≥œ®÷ß‰¥â‡§≈◊ËÕπ‰À«‡√’°√âÕß„Àâ¡’°“√®—¥µ—Èß ∂“∫—π§ÿâ¡§√Õß ÿ¢¿“æ§«“ª≈Õ¥¿— ·≈–°“√‡°…’“°“√∑”ß“π∑’Ë‡∑à“‡∑’°—π Õ“°‡ÀÁπ ¡“™‘°¢Õß°≈ÿà¡œ ¡’§«“¡À≈“°À≈“’Ë ª√–°Õ∫∑—Èß·√ßß“πÀ≠‘ß„π¿“§‡Õ°™π·≈–√—∞«‘“À°‘®é Somsak Kosaisook Secretary-General, State Enterprise Workers‘ Relations Confederation "Whenever the WWUG decided to mobilize with well formulated plans and clear objectives, the Group enjoyed the support from the public at large, such as the campaign for 90-day maternity leave. It succeeded because women were able to win sympathy a lot easier than men. The public believed women would not have fought for change unless they really faced hardship. Many struggles waged by woman workers in the past have demonstrated that they can fight with determination, discipline, and dedication. At critical moments, woman workers have confronted their enemies with courage. The Group has proved to be a vital platform for woman trade unionists and workers to share their inspirations, knowledge, and experience in various fields and types of workplace. In addition, woman trade unionists feel less isolated as they have their own forum." ¡»—°¥‘Ï ‚°»— ÿ¢ ‡≈¢“∏‘°“√ ¡“æ—π∏å·√ßß“π√—∞«‘“À°‘®—¡æ—π∏å ç‡¡’ËÕ‰√°Áµ“¡∑’Ë°≈ÿà¡∫Ÿ√≥œ ∑”ß“πÕ“ß¡’·ºπ ¡’«—µ∂ÿª√– ß§å™—¥‡®π·≈– ‡§≈◊ËÕπ‰À«ª√–‡¥Áπ·√ßß“πÀ≠‘ß∑’Ë·À≈¡§¡Õ“ß‡™àπ°“√√≥√ß§å‘∑∏‘ ≈“§≈Õ¥ 90«—π ª√– ∫§«“¡”‡√Á® ‡æ√“–—ß§¡—∫°“√‡§≈◊ËÕπ‰À«¢Õß ºŸâÀ≠‘ß‰¥âßà“°«à“ºŸâ™“ ‡π◊ËÕß®“°—ß§¡‡™◊ËÕ«à“°“√ÕÕ°¡“‡√’°√âÕß¢ÕßºŸâÀ≠‘ß π—ÈπÀ¡“ ºŸâÀ≠‘ß°≈ÿà¡π’È‰¡àÕ“®Õ¥∑π°—∫ªí≠À“∑’Ë°”≈—ß‡º™‘≠Õ’°µàÕ‰ª µ—«Õ“ß°“√µàÕ Ÿâ¢Õß·√ßß“πÀ≠‘ßÀ≈“§√—Èß‰¥âæ‘ Ÿ®πå„Àâ‡√“‡ÀÁπ∂÷ß§«“¡À—¥ ¡’«‘π— ‡ªìπ§π∑’Ëπ‘Ëß ∑’Ë ÿ¥„π“¡§—∫¢—π·≈– ŸâÕ“ßµ√ß‰ªµ√ß¡“°≈ÿà¡ ∫Ÿ√≥œ —ß‡ªìπ‡«∑’·≈°‡ª≈’Ë ‡√’„Àâ°”≈—ß„®´÷Ëß°—π·≈–°—π¢Õß·√ßß“πÀ≠‘ß “¢“Õ“™’æµà“ßÊ ´÷Ëß‡ªìπº≈¥’∑”„ÀâºŸâπ”·√ßß“πÀ≠‘ßÀ≈“§π∑”ß“π„πÕß§å°√ ·√ßß“π‰¥âπ“π¢÷Èπ ‡æ√“–‡¢“√Ÿâ ÷°«à“‡¢“—ß¡’‡æ◊ËÕπ...é 50

Vichai Narapaiboon Thai Labour Museum Foundation and Advisor to the WWUG "The WWUG still lacks a set of clearly defined strategies. It was encouraging that more woman workers and diversified groups have joined the Group, but they have not been able to work together in a concerted manner towards the same goal. This is a truly new challenge for the Group." «‘™— π√“‰æ∫Ÿ≈¡Ÿ≈π‘∏‘æ‘æ‘∏¿—≥±å·√ßß“π‰∑ ·≈–∑’Ëª√÷°…“°≈ÿà¡∫Ÿ√≥œ ç°“√∑”ß“π¢Õß°≈ÿà¡∫Ÿ√≥œ —ß¢“¥»“ µ√å∑’Ë™—¥‡®π™à«ßÀ≈—ß¡’·√ßß“πÀ≠‘ß∑’Ë¡“®“° À≈“°À≈“°≈ÿà¡¡“°¢÷Èπ ·µà°≈ÿà¡‰¡à“¡“√∂À≈Õ¡§«“¡À≈“°À≈“„Àâ“¡“√∂ ∑”ß“π√à«¡°—π∫π‡ªÑ“À¡“’«°—π‰¥â π’Ë§◊Õ§«“¡∑â“∑“„À¡à„π°“√∑”ß“π¢Õß °≈ÿà¡∫Ÿ√≥œé Assoc. Prof. Dr. Voravidh Chareonloet Faculty of Economics, Chulalongkorn University "When I first came into contact with them, the WWUG was working on a wide range of issues including the demand for a 90-day maternity leave. Its scope was very broad, and many workers participated. Its success was demonstrated by the 90day maternity leave. So far, the Group has not yet mobilized in a broad-based manner on gender equality. It has yet to come up with something concrete. Woman workers should strive for greater participation in the labour movement, rather than wishing to seize power for themselves. The question is how to change things so that woman workers do participate more fully. The Group needs to maintain its rank-and-file members who are their real foundations. The leaders must know how to pass on their hard earned experiences and organizing skills to the next generation of woman workers. They must work in a comradely manner with male trade unionists. This way their struggle can certainly be an integral part of the labour movement. The notion of gender equality cannot be simply translated into a quota system of representation. It should be integral to the whole labour movement. The Group should not be constrained by the dividing lines within the outmoded, traditional union context. The Group should adopt a more flexible approach to work with more groups and diversified interests. Working collaboratively with male counterpart in a relatively equally ratio should help woman trade unionists become more analytical in making decisions. But if the Group adopts a lopsided position, relying solely on a woman's perspective, it could easily find itself isolated. The WWUG has to educate men about woman issues, so there can be an even exchange and debate. But the WWUG must not lose its identity as a woman's organization." √».¥√.«√«‘∑ ‡®√‘≠‡≈‘» §≥–‡»√…∞»“§√å®ÿÃ“≈ß°√≥å¡À“«‘∑“≈—ç™à«ß·√°∑’Ëº¡√Ÿâ®—°°≈ÿà¡∫Ÿ√≥œ°≈ÿà¡‡ªìπÕß§å°√∑’Ë‡ªî¥°«â“ß∑—Èß „π·ßàª√–‡¥Áπ°“√‡√’°√âÕß ‡™àπ°“√‡√’°√âÕß‘∑∏‘≈“§≈Õ¥ 90«—π ´÷Ëß‡ªìπª√–‡¥ÁπºŸâÀ≠‘ß„π—ß§¡∑’Ë®–‰¥â√—∫°“√æ‘∑—°…å‘∑∏‘„π°“√º≈‘µ´È” ·≈–‡ªî¥°«â“ß„π·ßà¢Õß§π∑’Ë‡¢â“√à«¡‡§≈◊ËÕπ‰À«∑’ËÀ≈“°À≈“®π°≈“«—µº≈—°¥—π„ÀâÕÕ°°ÆÀ¡“‘∑∏‘≈“§≈Õ¥ 90«—π à«π°“√¢—∫ ‡§≈◊ËÕπ¢Õß°≈ÿà¡∫Ÿ√≥œ„πª√–‡¥Áπ§«“¡‡∑à“‡∑’‘ß™“—ß‰¡à¢—∫‰ª„π‡™‘ß√Ÿª∏√√¡ º¡§‘¥«à“°“√‡¢â“‰ª¡’ à«π√à«¡„πÕß§å°√·√ßß“π ¢ÕßºŸâÀ≠‘ß‡ªìπ‡√◊ËÕß¢Õß°“√‡¢â“‰ª·∫àßªíπÕ”π“®°“√µ—¥‘π„®¡‘„™à°“√”π“® ·µà‡√“®–¡’¢—ÈπµÕπ«‘∏’°“√Õ“ß‰√‡æ◊ËÕ‰ª„Àâ∂÷ß®ÿ¥π—Èπ‘Ëß∑’Ë °≈ÿà¡µâÕß√—°…“‰«â§◊Õ ·°ππ”¢Õß·√ßß“πÀ≠‘ß∑’Ë¡“®“°∞“π πÕ°®“°π’È°“√∂à“«§‘¥ ª√– ∫°“√≥å®“°§π√ÿàπÀπ÷Ëß‰ª Ÿà§πÕ’°√ÿàπÀπ÷Ëß∑—Èß „π‡™‘ß§«“¡√Ÿâ·≈–∑—°…–°≈ÿà¡®”‡ªìπµâÕß∑”ß“π°—∫·√ßß“π™“« ‡æ◊ËÕ®–∑”„Àâª√–‡¥ÁπºŸâÀ≠‘ß‡¢â“‰ªÕ„π¡‘µ‘¢Õß¢∫«π°“√·√ßß“π ‡¡◊ËÕ‰√ ∑’Ë‡¢“§‘¥∂÷ßª√–‡¥ÁπºŸâÀ≠‘ß‰¡à‰¥â§‘¥„π‡™‘ßµ—«‡≈¢(‚§«µâ“) ‡∑à“π—Èπ ·µà¡—πÕ„π§«“¡§‘¥À√◊Õ·π«§‘¥¢Õß¢∫«π°“√·√ßß“π‡≈ à«π°“√ °”Àπ¥°≈ÿà¡‡ªÑ“À¡““‰¡à§«√§‘¥¿“„µâ°√Õ∫ À¿“æ·√ßß“π·∫∫‡°à“¡“‡ªìπ‡ âπ·∫àß ·≈–·π«§‘¥°“√∑”ß“πµâÕß“°À≈“°“√∑”ß“π√à«¡°—π¢Õß™“‘ß„π—¥ à«π∑’Ë„°≈â‡§’°—π®–§‘¥√Õ∫¥â“π µàÕ‡π◊ËÕß·≈–¡’§«“¡≈÷°°≈ÿà¡∫Ÿ√≥œ ‡ªìπ Õß§å°√ºŸâÀ≠‘ß·µà‡¡◊ËÕ‰√ ∑’Ë‡√“¡Õß·∫∫·°™“‘ß®–∑”„Àâ¡Õßªí≠À“¥â“π‡¥’«©–π—Èπ∑”Õ“ß‰√„ÀâºŸâ™““„®ª√–‡¥ÁπºŸâÀ≠‘ß·≈–√à«¡∂°‡∂’°—∫‡√“‰¥â ·µà‰¡à„Àâ Ÿ≠‡’°≈—°…≥å¢Õß°“√‡ªìπÕß§å°√ºŸâÀ≠‘ßé 51

Sudarat Keyuraphun Minister of Public Health "Woman workers truly are a major force in the national economy, but they have not yet been adequately provided with the welfare and benefits they deserve. So it is encouraging that the WWUG has played a significant role in addressing woman workers issues in a more direct manner. The 90-day maternity leave was an example. Woman workers are now entitled to something they truly deserve. When our woman workers can have job security, adequate welfare, and proper benefits, then our economy will prosper, because woman workers are a major element in production." "On the occasion of the 12th anniversary of the WWUG, I must congratulate the Group and also express my heartfelt appreciation of its contribution in fighting for equal rights and benefits for woman workers, which helps the overall socioeconomic development of the country. I wish the Group all the best." ÿ¥“√—µπå ‡°“æ—π∏ÿå √—∞¡πµ√’«à“°“√°√–∑√«ß“∏“√≥ ÿ¢ ç·√ßß“πÀ≠‘ß∂◊Õ‡ªìπ°”≈—ßÀ≈—°∑’Ë”§—≠µàÕ°“√ √â“ß§«“¡¡—Ëπ§ß∑“ß ‡»√…∞°‘®¢Õß™“µ‘ ·µà—ß‰¡à‰¥â√—∫°“√¥Ÿ·≈∑’Ë¥’‡æ’ ¥—ßπ—Èπ®÷ßπ—∫‡ªìπ‘Ëß∑’Ëπà“‘π¥’‘Ëß∑’Ë°≈ÿà¡∫Ÿ√≥“°“√·√ßß“π µ√’‰¥â‡¢â“‰ª¡’∫∑∫“∑”§—≠ „π°“√·°â‰¢ªí≠À“·√ßß“πÀ≠‘ß„Àâµ√ßª√–‡¥Áπ·≈–µ√ßµàÕ§«“¡µâÕß°“√¡“°‘Ëß¢÷Èπ ¥—ß‡™àπº≈ß“π¢Õß°≈ÿà¡∫Ÿ√≥“°“√·√ßß“π µ√’∑’Ëª√“°Ø ‡°’Ë«°—∫°“√‡§≈◊ËÕπ‰À«‡√◊ËÕß‘∑∏‘≈“§≈Õ¥ 90«—π®πª√– ∫§«“¡”‡√Á® ∑”„ÀâºŸâÀ≠‘ß„π—ß§¡ à«π„À≠à‰¥â√—∫‘∑∏‘ª√–‚™πåµ“¡∑’Ë§«√®– ‰¥â¡“°¢÷Èπ°“√¥Ÿ·≈„Àâ·√ßß“πÀ≠‘ß‰¥â√—∫«— ¥‘°“√·≈–°“√§ÿâ¡§√Õß∑’Ë¥’·≈–¡—Ëπ§ß “°“√¥Ÿ·≈‡»√…∞°‘®¢Õßª√–‡∑»„Àâ¡’§«“¡ ¡—Ëπ§ß‡™àπ‡¥’«°—π ‡æ√“–·√ßß“πÀ≠‘ß§◊Õ ºŸâº≈‘µ„πÕÿµ“À°√√¡À≈—°¢ÕßºŸâº≈‘µ¿—≥±å¡«≈√«¡¢Õßª√–‡∑» „π‚Õ°“§√∫√Õ∫ 12 ªï°≈ÿ¡∫Ÿ√≥“°“√·√ßß“π µ√’ ¥‘©—π¢Õ· ¥ß§«“¡‘π¥’·≈–¢Õ™◊Ëπ™¡„π∫∑∫“∑¢Õß°≈ÿà¡∫Ÿ√≥“°“√·√ßß“π µ√’∑’Ë ‰¥â¡’ à«π™à«„Àâ·√ßß“π µ√’‰¥â√—∫‘∑∏‘·≈–§«“¡‡ ¡Õ¿“§ Õ—ππ—∫‡ªìπ°“√™à«—≤π“‡»√…∞°‘®·≈–—ß§¡‰∑’°∑“ßÀπ÷Ëß ¢ÕÕ«„Àâ °≈ÿà¡∫Ÿ√≥“°“√·√ßß“π µ√’ ∂‘µ ∂“æ√ ¥”√ßÕ§Ÿà—ß§¡·√ßß“π µ√’·≈–—ß§¡‰∑“ß—Ëß ◊∫µàÕ‰ªé Supensri Puengkoksoong Friends of Women Foundation "With a 12-years track record, the WWUG is a success story due to hard work and firm commitment. The Group has earned the recognition it deserves. Government agencies have shown their confidence in its leaders by appointing them to work as advisors to tackle pressing problems faced by woman workers. It is a pity that the Group does not have an official status required to be represented in the tripartite structure. But this has not prevented the Group working towards its objectives. It has enjoyed enormous recognition by the mass media, due to its public positions on vital issues and its active participation in both labour and social movements. Its leaders and members have been at the forefront of struggles for popular democracy and for a people's constitution. They have been very active in public campaigns, public forums, and political debates. The WWUG has served as an open forum for woman workers to meet and openly voice their opinions-something that formerly did not exist." ÿ‡æÁ≠»√’ æ÷Ëß‚§° Ÿß ¡Ÿ≈π‘∏‘‡æ◊ËÕπÀ≠‘ß ç12 ªï°“√∑”ß“π¢Õß°≈ÿà¡∫Ÿ√≥œ ∂◊Õ«à“ª√– ∫§«“¡”‡√Á® ‡æ√“–·√ßß“πÀ≠‘ß‰¥â„™â»—°“æ ¢Õßµπ∑”ß“π®π‡ªìπ∑’Ë—∫¢ÕßÀ≈““„ÀâºŸâπ”·√ßß“πÀ≠‘ß‡¢â“‰ª¡’ à«π√à«¡„π°“√∑”ß“π ‡™àπ Àπà«“π√—∞‡ªî¥‚Õ°“„ÀâºŸâπ”°≈ÿà¡ ∫Ÿ√≥œ ‡ªìπµ—«À≈—°„π°“√∑”ß“π‡æ◊ËÕ·°â‰¢ªí≠À“·≈–¥Ÿ·≈‘∑∏‘¢Õß·√ßß“πÀ≠‘ß ‡æ’°®”°—¥‘∑∏‘„π°“√‡¢â“‰ª¡’ à«π√à«¡¿“„µâ ‚§√ß √â“ß‰µ√¿“§’ ´÷Ëß‡ªìπ¢âÕ®”°—¥¢ÕßÕß§å°√∑’Ë‰¡à¡’ ∂“π¿“æ∑’Ë‡ªìπ∑“ß°“√ ·µà‰¡à„™àªí≠À“°“√∑”ß“π¢Õß°≈ÿà¡œ°“√—∫¢Õß ◊ËÕ¡«≈™π ‚¥„ÀâºŸâπ”°≈ÿà¡œ ‰¥â· ¥ß§«“¡§‘¥‡ÀÁπµàÕ‡√◊ËÕßµà“ß Ê„π∞“π–Õß§å°√·√ßß“πÀ≠‘ß √«¡∑—Èß°“√‡¢â“√à«¡‡§≈◊ËÕπ‰À«„πª√–‡¥Áπ—ß§¡ ‡™àπ °“√‡√’°√âÕß√—∞∏√√¡πŸ≠°“√‡¢â“√à«¡‡«∑’∑“ß°“√‡¡◊Õß·≈–‡«∑’«‘™“°“√‡æ’°“√∑”ß“π—ß‰¡àµÕ∫ πÕß«—µ∂ÿª√– ß§å∑—ÈßÀ¡¥¢Õß°≈ÿà¡ °≈ÿà¡∫Ÿ√≥œ®÷ß‡ªìπ‡ ¡◊Õπ‡«∑’„ÀâºŸâπ”·√ßß“πÀ≠‘ß¡’æ◊Èπ∑’Ë„π°“√∑”ß“π·≈–æŸ¥ªí≠À“¢Õßµπ‡Õß¡“°°«à“∑’Ë‡§52

Sumalee Lailuad Assistant Secretary to WWUG "I am fortunate to be a staff and member of the Group, focusing on the cultural aspects of organizing woman workers. At most events organized by the Group including seminars, workshops, conferences or campaign cultural activities, our woman worker band"Paradorn" has taken part. We can relate to women easily. We can reach out to woman workers with our music and song, because the message is always relevant to their struggle." ÿ¡“≈’ ≈“«¥ ºŸâ™à«“πÿ°“√°≈ÿà¡∫Ÿ√≥œ ç‡¢â“¡“‡ªìπ ¡“™‘°°≈ÿà¡∫Ÿ√≥œ ‡æ√“–‰¥â∑”ß“π√à«¡°—∫°≈ÿà¡ ∫Ÿ√≥œ„π‡™‘ß«—≤π∏√√¡¡“‚¥ ‡™àπ ß“π—¡¡π“ ß“π‡§≈◊ËÕπ‰À«„π‚Õ°“ µà“ß Ê ‰¥â‡ÀÁπ°“√∑”ß“π ¢Õß°≈ÿà¡ºŸâÀ≠‘ß ‡æ√“–¿√“¥√‡ªìππ—°¥πµ√’ºŸâÀ≠‘ß°≈ÿà¡∫Ÿ√≥œ ‡ªìπÕß§å°√¢ÕßºŸâÀ≠‘ß ∑”„Àâ‡√“‡¢â“„®‡™‘ß ‡π◊ÈÕÀ“ª√–‡¥ÁπºŸâÀ≠‘ß¡“°¢÷Èπ„™â‡«∑’∑“ß«—≤π∏√√¡ · ¥ß¥πµ√’æŸ¥§ÿ“π’È°—∫·√ßß“π°≈ÿà¡ µà“ß Êé Dr. Stefan Chrobot Resident Director of the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, Thailand "After 12 long years of existence, it is time to look back and reflect on both accomplishments and shortcomings. Currently, the WWUG is widely recognized by politicians, academics, and government agencies. The Group has learned to maintain good working relations with different organizations, groups, and individuals. But as an organization, the Group has to maintain its independent views and positions, and have confidence in working towards the goals it has set for itself. It must rely on its own resourcefulness and creative thinking in order to gain more social acceptance, respect, and recognition as a force to be reckoned with. Every woman worker must demand their rights and benefits. They must be well informed on the relevant issues and developments. Each woman worker should take the time and opportunity to develop her ability to think analytically, to learn from each other, and to think in strategic terms. There needs to be a balance between thinking and acting so that ideas are translated into concrete actions, e.g., launching a campaign to coincide with the celebration of International Women's Day. The"old guard" and the new generation must learn to work together so that a new leadership can emerge. It is extremely important that potential new leaders are given their chance. Since the WWUG is like a family, everyone is entitled to an equal chance to develop and lead. FES plays only a supporting role in facilitating and assisting programs and activities so that the Group can serve as a forum for woman trade unionists to work together informally, and network with academics, politicians, and other trade unionists. The Group must have its own independence based on its own commitment as well as collaborating with other groups at national and international levels." ¥√. ‡µø“π ‚§√∫Õ∑ ºŸâÕ”π«°“√ ¡Ÿ≈π‘∏‘ø√’¥√‘§ ‡Õ·∫√å∑(ª√–‡∑»‰∑) º¡§‘¥«à“ ç12 ªï°“√∑”ß“π¢Õß°≈ÿà¡∫Ÿ√≥œ ‡ªìπ™à«ß‡«≈“∑’Ë ¥’∑’Ë°≈ÿà¡∫Ÿ√≥œ®–‰¥â¡Õß°≈—∫‰ª„πÕ¥’µ ¢≥–‡¥’«°—π°Á¡Õß‰ª—ßÕπ“§µ ªí®®ÿ∫—π°≈ÿà¡œ ‰¥â√—∫°“√—∫Õ“ß°«â“ß¢«“ß®“°π—°°“√‡¡◊Õß π—°«‘™“°“√·≈–Àπà«“π√—∞ ∑”„Àâ°≈ÿà¡œ µâÕß∑”ß“π—¡æ—π∏å°—∫§π‡À≈à“π’È‘Ëß”§—≠§◊Õ°≈ÿà¡µâÕß¡’§«“¡‡ªìπÕ‘ √–∑“ß§«“¡§‘¥ ‡™◊ËÕ¡—Ëπ„π §«“¡§‘¥¢Õß°≈ÿà¡µâÕß∑”ß“π„Àâ∂÷ß‡ªÑ“À¡“°≈ÿà¡ —¥¥â« ‡æ◊ËÕ √â“ß°“√—∫¢Õß—ß§¡ √«¡∑—Èß·√ßß“πÀ≠‘ß ∑ÿ°§π®”‡ªìπµâÕß‡√’ µ‘¥µ“¡ ∂“π°“√≥å æ—≤π“§«“¡§‘¥¢Õßµπ‡Õß ·≈–‡√’°—π·≈–°—π ‡æ◊ËÕ √â“ß·π«§‘¥»“ µ√å¢Õß°≈ÿà¡ √à«¡°—π ∑”„Àâ‡°‘¥¿“«– ¡¥ÿ≈√–À«à“ß§«“¡§‘¥·≈–°“√°√–∑” ‡æ◊ËÕπ”‘Ëß∑’Ë‡√“§‘¥¡“ªØ‘∫—µ‘®√‘ß√Ÿª∏√√¡™—¥‡®π§◊Õ°“√√≥√ß§å 8 ¡’π“œ «—π µ√’“°≈ πÕ°®“°π’È°“√ª√—∫§«“¡ ¡¥ÿ≈√–À«à“ßºŸâπ”√ÿàπ‡°à“·≈–√ÿàπ„À¡à„Àâ“¡“√∂∑”ß“π√à«¡°—π‰¥â·≈–°“√æ—≤π“ºŸâπ”°≈ÿà¡√ÿàπ„À¡à°“√ „Àâ‚Õ°“°—∫ºŸâπ”√ÿàπ„À¡à‡ªìπ‘Ëß”§—≠Õ“ß‘Ëß°≈ÿà¡∫Ÿ√≥œ ‡À¡◊Õπ§π„π§√Õ∫§√—«‡¥’«°—π©–π—Èπ ∑ÿ°§π¡’‘∑∏‘‡∑à“‡∑’°—π ∑’Ëºà“π¡“‘Ëß∑’Ë ¡Ÿ≈π‘∏‘œ∑”§◊Õ°“√Õ”π«§«“¡ –¥«°¥â“πµà“ß Ê ‡æ◊ËÕ √â“ß‚Õ°“ √â“ß‡«∑’„ÀâºŸâπ”·√ßß“πÀ≠‘ß‰¥â¡“æ∫ª–æŸ¥§ÿ°—∫Õ“ß‰¡à‡ªìπ∑“ß°“√ ‰¥â√Ÿâ®—°·≈–∑”ß“π√à«¡°—∫∫ÿ§§≈Õ◊Ëπ ‡™àπ π—°«‘™“°√ π—°°“√‡¡◊Õß ·≈–ºŸâπ”·√ßß“π§πÕ◊Ëπ Ê √«¡∑—Èß π—∫ πÿπ„Àâ°≈ÿà¡ºŸâÀ≠‘ß‡ªìπÕ‘ √– ∑”ß“π ∫πæ◊Èπ∞“π§«“¡§‘¥¢Õß°≈ÿà¡·≈– √â“ß§«“¡√à«¡¡◊Õ„π√–¥—∫ª√–‡∑»·≈–π“π“ª√–‡∑»é 53

Sripo Wayuphak Chairperson of the Thai Labour Solidarity Committee "During the past 12 years, the WWUG has continuously conducted educational programs and activities for the benefit of woman workers as well as actively participating in just struggles for workers. As a result, the labour movement in general has recognized its achievements and contributions. But I would still like to see changes within the Group, such as a membership drive to broaden the number of supporters and sympathizers, and more initiatives to work with other groups. Most importantly, the WWUG should become more professional in its work." »√’‚æ∏‘Ï«“—°…å ª√–∏“π§≥–°√√¡°“√ ¡“π©—π∑å·√ßß“π‰∑ç°≈ÿà¡∫Ÿ√≥œ ‡ªìπÕß§å°√·√ßß“π∑’Ë∑”ß“π¥â“π µ√’¡“‡ªìπ‡«≈“ 12 ªï ·≈â« ‚¥’°‘®°√√¡„Àâ°“√»÷°…“Õ∫√¡·°à ¡“™‘°°≈ÿà¡Õ“ßµàÕ‡π◊ËÕß·≈–√à«¡µàÕ Ÿâ‡√’°√âÕß‡æ◊ËÕ§«“¡‡ªìπ∏√√¡·°àºŸâ„™â·√ßß“π¡“‚¥º≈ß“π∑’Ëºà“π¡“‡ªìπ∑’Ë—∫„π¢∫«π°“√·√ßß“π‡ªìπÕ“ß¥’ ·µà‘ËßÀπ÷Ëß∑’ËÕ“°„Àâ‡°‘¥§«“¡‡ª≈’Ë§◊Õ°≈ÿà¡∫Ÿ√≥œ§«√¡’ ¡“™‘°‡æ‘Ë¡ ¡“°¢÷Èπ ·≈–‡ªìπ ¡“™‘°∑’Ë¡“®“°°≈ÿà¡µà“ß Ê À≈“°À≈“°≈ÿà¡œ®–µâÕß∑”ß“π„π¢Õ∫‡¢µ∑’Ë°«â“ß¡“°¢÷Èπ ‰¡à®”°—¥‡æ’°“√∑”ß“π‡©æ“–„π °≈ÿà¡‡∑à“π—Èπ ª√–°“√”§—≠µâÕß∑”ß“πÕ“ß¡◊ÕÕ“™’æ„Àâ¡“°¢÷Èπé Senator Sawai Prammanee Chairperson of Senate Standing Committee on Labour and Social Welfare "Within the Thai labour movement, we have a rather weak and inefficient mechanism to promote capacity building of women trade unionists, due to an old belief that compares women to the hind legs of an elephant. We now have woman workers who do all sorts of work alongside men but they still are not entitled to the same benefits. Woman workers must learn how to demand what they deserve. They should build their own strong leadership with clear direction. They must know how to work collectively as part of the labour movement. When I first became permanent secretary of the Ministry of Labour and Social Welfare, I came to know Arunee, Wanpen, Wilaiwan, and other leaders. I learned of their activities with great appreciation. In seminars staged by the WWUG, I noticed that more women showed up than men, which could only mean that those events were well planned and executed. However, the Group should still work with other organizations or agencies as allies. This way these woman trade unionists can develop further and learn how to mobilize for the benefit of all woman workers. Practical experience will help build leadership which can mobilize more workers, both women and men, on vital issues. I think some politicians will give support simply because there are many women in the workforce." ‰« æ√“À¡¡≥’ ª√–∏“π§≥–°√√¡“∏‘°“√·√ßß“π«ÿ≤‘ ¿“ ç°≈‰°°“√√«¡µ—«ºŸâÀ≠‘ß¢Õß ∂“∫—π·√ßß“πÀ√◊ÕÕß§å°√·√ßß“π—ßÕàÕπ·Õ ‡æ√“–§«“¡‡™◊ËÕ∑“ß«—≤π∏√√¡π‘’Ë¡ÕßºŸâÀ≠‘ß‡ªìπ™â“ß‡∑â“À≈—ß ·¡â«à“ªí®®ÿ∫—π·√ßß“πÀ≠‘ßÕ“„µâ°≈‰°°“√º≈‘µ∑’Ë‡∑à“‡∑’°—∫·√ßß“π ™“°Áµ“¡ ·µà‰¥â√—∫‘∑∏‘µà“ß°—π©–π—Èπ‘Ëß”§—≠„π°“√√«¡µ—«¢Õß·√ßß“πÀ≠‘ß§◊Õ°“√‡√’ ¡’ºŸâπ”™—¥‡®π ∑”ß“π‡ªìπ¢∫«π°“√ ‡ªìπ∑’¡ º¡√Ÿâ®—°°≈ÿà¡∫Ÿ√≥œ µ—Èß·µà√—∫µ”·Àπàßª≈—¥°√–∑√«ß·√ßß“πœ √Ÿâ®—°Õ√ÿ≥’«—π‡æÁ≠«‘‰≈«√√≥ ¡∫ÿ≠ ‡ÀÁπ§«“¡‡§≈◊ËÕπ‰À«¢Õß°≈ÿà¡œ ·≈â« √Ÿâ ÷°™◊Ëπ„®„π‡«∑’—¡¡π“µà“ß Ê ¡’·√ßß“πÀ≠‘ß‡¢â“√à«¡øíß¡“°°«à“™“ ¥ß«à“°≈ÿà¡∫Ÿ√≥œ ∑”ß“π‡Àπ’«·πàπ¡’∞“π·≈–¡’§«“¡“¡—§§’∑’Ë¥’ Õ“ß‰√°Áµ“¡°≈ÿà¡∫Ÿ√≥œ µâÕß∑”ß“π°—∫·π«√à«¡Õ◊Ëπ Ê æ—≤π“√–∫∫°“√®—¥°“√°“√»÷°…“À“§«“¡√Ÿâ ∑”„Àâ ¡“™‘°‡¢â“√à«¡‡§≈◊ËÕπ‰À«‡æ◊ËÕ √—°…“‘∑∏‘ª√–‚™πå¢Õß·√ßß“πÀ≠‘ß∑—ÈßÀ¡¥ ´÷Ëß®–∑”„Àâ°≈ÿà¡œ ¡’°“√π”™—¥‡®π ¡’æ≈—ß¢—∫‡§≈◊ËÕπ„πª√–‡¥Áπµà“ß Ê ¡“°¢÷Èπ º¡§‘¥«à“¿“§ °“√‡¡◊Õßæ√âÕ¡„Àâ°“√ π—∫ πÿπ ‡æ√“–¿“§°“√º≈‘µ¡’·√ßß“πÀ≠‘ß®”π«π¡“°é 54

Aree Hrusriyakul Head of Trade Union Education Program, American Center for International Labour Solidarity(ACILS) "The WWUG has worked very hard to make people aware of the issues concerning gender equality, rights, and benefits of woman workers. More woman workers are keen to know about the political implications of their situation. During the past 12 years, the Group has accomplished a great deal, educating the workers as well as the public on relevant issues. They have earned respect and recognition from government agencies, local and international labour organizations, resulting in invitations to attend seminars, conferences, workshops abroad, and exposure trips. However, the Group still needs to develop further and build up a second tier of leaders by giving young members the chance to develop and demonstrate their potential. With more active participation by woman workers and trade unionists, woman workers should be able to develop to their fullest potential." Õ“√’ À√Ÿ»√’°ÿ≈ À—«Àπâ“ΩÉ“°“√»÷°…“¥â“π·√ßß“π»Ÿπ‘°—π‡æ◊ËÕ·√ßß“ππ“π“™“µ‘ ç°“√∑”ß“π¢Õß°≈ÿà¡∫Ÿ√≥œ ∑”„ÀâÀ≈“§π π„®‡√◊ËÕß‘∑∏‘§«“¡‡ ¡Õ¿“§·≈–·√ßß“πÀ≠‘ß‡Õß„Àâ§«“¡ π„®‡√◊ËÕß°“√‡¡◊Õß·≈–—ß§¡¡“°¢÷Èπ 12 ªï°“√∑”ß“π¢Õß°≈ÿà¡œ ¡’°“√‡√’°√âÕß ‘∑∏‘À≈““ß°≈ÿà¡œ ‰¥â√—∫°“√—∫®“°Àπà«“π√—∞ ·≈–Õß§å°√µà“ßª√–‡∑» ºŸâ·∑π°≈ÿà¡œ ¡—°∂Ÿ°‡™‘≠„Àâ‡¢â“√à«¡°‘®°√√¡„πµà“ß ª√–‡∑» ‡™àπ°“√ª√–™ÿ¡°“√»÷°…“·≈°‡ª≈’Ë“π Õ“ß‰√°Áµ“¡„π¿“«–ªí®®ÿ∫—π°≈ÿà¡œ®”‡ªìπÕ“ß‘Ëß∑’ËµâÕßæ—≤π“·≈– √â“ßºŸâπ”·√ßß“π À≠‘ß„À¡à Ê ¢÷Èπ¡“·≈–ªí®®—”§—≠¢Õß°“√ √â“ßºŸâπ”√ÿàπ„À¡à§◊Õ°“√„Àâ ç‚Õ°“ é„Àâ ç‡«∑’é°“√—∫‘Ëß∑’Ë®–‡°‘¥¢÷ÈπÀ√◊Õ°“√‡ª≈’Ë‡æ√“–§π√ÿàπ„À¡à°≈ÿà¡®÷ß®–‡°‘¥°“√æ—≤π“ πÕ°®“°π’È°“√ π—∫ πÿπ„Àâ°”≈—ß„®´÷Ëß°—π·≈–°—π°“√ √â“ß°‘®°√√¡∑’Ë∑ÿ°§π¡’ à«π√à«¡∂◊Õ‡ªìπ °“√æ—≤π“»—°“æ¢ÕßºŸâÀ≠‘ßÕ“ß·∑â®√‘ßé Usa Suwanathat Head of Women Section, Metropolitan Water Works Labour Union, Vice Chairperson of PSI-Thailand "I am glad to be one of the founding members of WWUG and one of its advisors. I did not think it was right that workers are heavily exploited while most labour unions did not pay enough attention to problems faced by woman workers. The success of the campaign for 90-day maternity leave was a major achievement for the WWUG because the Group was at the forefront of the struggle. The Group is now well recognized by the public at large, including male workers. In addition, the Group was also highly active in demanding the government provide welfare, benefits, and assistance to the victims of the Kader factory fire. The Group has campaigned vigorously on occupational health and safety as part of a national coalition, and on other issues such as childcare centres. I think the Group has been fully committed without any vested interest." Õÿ…“ ÿ«√√≥∑—µ À—«Àπâ“ΩÉ“ µ√’ À¿“æ·√ßß“π°“√ª√–ª“π§√À≈«ß ·≈–√Õßª√–∏“πÕß§å°√“∏“√≥Ÿª‚¿§√–À«à“ßª√–‡∑»(PSI ‰∑) ç¥’„®¡“°∑’Ë‰¥â‡ªìπ à«πÀπ÷Ëß„π°“√°àÕµ—Èß°≈ÿà¡∫Ÿ√≥œ ·≈–‡ªìπ∑’Ëª√÷°…“¢Õß°≈ÿà¡œ ‡æ√“–‡ÀÁπ«à“‰¡à„™à‡√◊ËÕß∂Ÿ°µâÕß∑’ËºŸâ„™â·√ßß“π∂Ÿ°‡Õ“√—¥ ‡Õ“‡ª√’“ À¿“æ·√ßß“π à«π„À≠à‰¡à‰¥â„Àâ§«“¡ π„®°—∫ªí≠À“¢Õß·√ßß“πÀ≠‘ß°“√‡¢â“√à«¡√≥√ß§å‘∑∏‘≈“§≈Õ¥ 90«—π·≈– ª√– ∫§«“¡”‡√Á®∂◊Õ‡ªìπº≈ß“π”§—≠¢Õß°≈ÿà¡œ ∑’Ë∑”„Àâ°≈ÿà¡œ ‰¥â√—∫°“√—∫¢Õß§π∑—Ë«‰ª √«¡∑—Èß®“°·√ßß“π™“« πÕ°®“°π’È°≈ÿà¡ ∫Ÿ√≥œ —ß¡’∫∑∫“∑”§—≠µàÕ°“√‡√’°√âÕß„Àâ√—∞∫“≈‡¢â“¡“™à«§πß“π‡§‡¥Õ√å∑’Ëª√– ∫¿—®“°‰ø‰À¡â‚√ßß“π ·≈–∑”ß“πµ‘¥µ“¡‡√◊ËÕß ÿ¢¿“æ§«“¡ª≈Õ¥¿—„π°“√∑”ß“π»Ÿπ’È°Õ“ßµàÕ‡π◊ËÕß°≈ÿà¡∫Ÿ√≥œ ∑ÿ°§π∑”ß“π¥â«„®√—° ‡’ ≈– ·≈–‰¡à‰¥âÀ«—ßº≈ª√–‚™πåé 55

Ekaporn Rakkwamsuk Former Deputy Minister of Labour "One clear goal of the recent political reform is to create the conditions for people to claim their rightful human dignity. The process of political reform itself made the Thai people appreciate better what the constitution means by'human dignity'. Within this context, it is essential that workers enjoy a better quality of life, free from all forms of exploitation, discrimination, and inhumane treatment. I am glad that the WWUG has been dedicated to improving the livelihood of workers and protecting their rights and benefits, so that workers can work and live with human dignity." ‡Õ°æ√ √—°§«“¡ ÿ¢ Õ¥’µ√—∞¡πµ√’™à««à“°“√°√–∑√«ß·√ßß“π ç°“√ªØ‘√Ÿª°“√‡¡◊Õß∑’Ëºà“π¡“ ¡’‘ËßÀπ÷Ëß∑’Ë‡√‘Ë¡™—¥‡®π¡“°¢÷Èπ§◊Õ°“√ √â“ß ç§πé„Àâ¡’§«“¡‡ªìπ ç¡πÿ… ´÷Ëß‚Õ°“ ∑“ß°“√‡¡◊Õß‡ªìπ‡§√◊ËÕß¡◊Õ”§—≠∑’Ëº≈—°¥—π„Àâ§π‰∑¡’»—°¥‘Ï»√’·Ààß§«“¡‡ªìπ¡πÿ…°“√¥Ÿ·≈§ÿ≥¿“æ™’«‘µ·≈– √â“ß„ÀâºŸâ„™â·√ßß“π¡’»—°¥‘Ï»√’„π§«“¡‡ªìπ¡πÿ…°‡Õ“√—¥‡Õ“‡ª√’°¥Ÿ∂Ÿ° ‡À’“¡¡’§«“¡®”‡ªìπÕ“ß‘Ëß º¡‘π¥’∑’Ë°≈ÿà¡∫Ÿ√≥œ„Àâ§«“¡ π„®µàÕ°“√¥Ÿ·≈§ÿ≥¿“æ™’«‘µ∑’Ë¥’¢Õß·√ßß“π æ““¡ª°ªÑÕß§ÿâ¡§√Õß ºŸâ„™â·√ßß“π„Àâ‡ªìπ§π∑’Ë¡’»—°¥‘Ï»√’·Ààß§«“¡‡ªìπ¡πÿ…56

°â“«µàÕ‰ª °≈ÿà¡∫Ÿ√≥“°“√·√ßß“π µ√’ The next step 57

°â“«∑’ËµâÕß“ß 12 ªï∫π‡ âπ∑“ß°“√µàÕ Ÿâ‡æ◊ËÕ·√ßß“πÀ≠‘ß¢Õß°≈ÿà¡∫Ÿ√≥°“√·√ßß“π µ√’ ‡ âπ∑“ß¢Õß°“√µàÕ Ÿâ∑’Ëºà“π¡“¡‘‰¥â ªŸ¥â«°≈’∫°ÿÀ≈“∫ ∑«à“‡µÁ¡‰ª¥â« √√§¢«“°Àπ“¡π“π“ª√–°“√ ·µà¥â«§«“¡¡ÿàß¡—Ëπ‡’ ≈–§«“¡ ¡—§√ ¡“π “¡—§§’·≈–°“√∑ÿà¡‡∑∑”ß“πÕ“ß‡Õ“®√‘ß‡Õ“®—ß¢Õß°√√¡°“√·≈–¡«≈ ¡“™‘° ∑”„Àâ 12 ªï∑’Ëºà“π¡“‘∑∏‘¢Õß·√ßß“π µ√’‰¥â √—∫°“√—∫¡“°¢÷Èπ·≈–ª√–‡¥Áπªí≠À“∑’Ë‡°’Ë«¢âÕß°—∫·√ßß“πÀ≠‘ßÀ≈“—∫°“√·°â‰¢„Àâ≈ÿ≈à«ß‰ª 12 ªï∑’Ëºà“π ¡“·¡â®–¡’§«“¡”‡√Á®„Àâ™◊Ëπ™¡¡“°¡“ ·µà∫àÕ§√—Èß∑’Ë°“√µàÕ Ÿâ¢Õßæ«°‡√“µâÕßª√– ∫°—∫§«“¡æà“§√—Èß·≈â«§√—Èß‡≈à“ §«“¡≈â¡‡À≈«·≈–§«“¡º‘¥æ≈“¥∑’Ë‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ„πÕ¥’µ®–°≈—∫¡“‡ªìπ∫∑‡√’„Àâ‡√“µâÕß»÷°…“‡æ◊ËÕæ≈‘°øóôπ ∂“π°“√≥å„Àâ°≈—∫ ¡“‡ªìπºŸâ™π–„Àâ®ß‰¥â„πÕπ“§µ«—ππ’È—ß¡’ªí≠À“·√ßß“π µ√’Õ’°¡“°¡“’Ë—ß√Õ°“√ –“ß·≈–∑â“∑“°“√∑”ß“π¢Õß °≈ÿà¡∫Ÿ√≥“°“√·√ßß“π µ√’∑’Ë—ß®–µâÕß°â“«µàÕ‰ªÕ“ß‰¡àÀ—Èß®“°À≈“°À≈“ ·≈–¢âÕ‡ πÕ·π–¢Õßæ—π∏¡‘µ√ ∑—ÈßÀ≈“ ∑”„Àâ°≈ÿà¡∫Ÿ√≥“°“√·√ßß“π µ√’“¡“√∂∑’Ë®–°”Àπ¥»“ µ√å°“√∑”ß“π¢Õß°≈ÿà¡œ„πÕπ“§µ‰¥â ¥—ßµàÕ‰ªπ’È √â“ßºŸâπ”§◊Õ...¿“√°‘®À≈—° ¡‘µ√À≈“§π¡Õß«à“ ¢≥–π’È°≈ÿà¡¢“¥ºŸâπ”·√ßß“πÀ≠‘ß∑—Èß‡™‘ßª√‘¡“≥·≈–§ÿ≥¿“æ ¿“√°‘®”§—≠‡√àß¥à«π¢Õß°≈ÿà¡ ∫Ÿ√≥œ§◊Õ°“√ √â“ßºŸâπ”·√ßß“πÀ≠‘ß‡æ‘Ë¡·≈– √â“ßÕ“ßµàÕ‡π◊ËÕß ‚¥ √â“ß®“°§πß“π√–¥—∫∞“π À¿“æœ°≈ÿà¡“πœ„Àâ ‡¢â“„®ª√–‡¥ÁπºŸâÀ≠‘ß æ—≤π“∑—°…–‡æ‘Ë¡»—°“æ°“√∑”ß“π·≈–§«“¡√Ÿâ§«“¡‡¢â“„®µàÕ ∂“π°“√≥å∑’Ë‡ª≈’Ë«≈“ «‘∏’°“√ √â“ß§π∑’Ë¡’ª√–‘∑∏‘¿“æ‘Ëß§◊Õ°“√„Àâ‚Õ°“„Àâ‡«∑’ ·≈–—∫°“√‡ª≈’Ë’Ë®–‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ®“°°“√∑”ß“π¢Õß§π √ÿàπ„À¡à ·≈–°“√∂à“§«“¡√Ÿâ ª√– ∫°“√≥å ∑—°…–®“°§π√ÿàπ‡°à“ Ÿà§π√ÿàπ„À¡à √â“ß§«“¡¡—Ëπ„®„Àâ°”≈—ß„®´÷Ëß°—π·≈–°—π °≈ÿà¡∫Ÿ√≥œ µâÕß§‘¥∂÷ß°“√æ÷Ëßµπ‡Õß∑—Èß∑“ß§«“¡§‘¥°“√µ—¥‘π„®·≈–°“√‡ß‘π ‚¥©æ“–°“√æ÷Ëßµπ‡Õß∑“ß°“√ ‡ß‘πµâÕß∑”„Àâ°“√®—¥‡°Á∫§à“ ¡“™‘°‡ªìπ√–∫∫·≈–‡ªìπ®√‘ß °“√∑”ß“π¿“„µâ°√–·—ß§¡ ‡»√…∞°‘®·≈–°“√‡¡◊Õß°≈ÿà¡∫Ÿ√≥œ µâÕß¡’®ÿ¥’Ë™—¥‡®π·≈–°≈â“ ª√–°“»®ÿ¥ ‡æ◊ËÕ„Àâ—ß§¡‡ÀÁπ ·≈–‡¢â“„®«à“°≈ÿà¡œ§◊Õ µ—«·∑π¢Õß·√ßß“πÀ≠‘ßÕ“ß·∑â®√‘ß ®“°À≠‘ß·√ßß“π.. ŸàÀ≠‘ßÀ≈“°À≈““™’æ °≈ÿà¡∫Ÿ√≥œ§«√‡ªî¥·≈–¢“°“√∑”ß“π‰ª Ÿà·√ßß“πÀ≠‘ß·≈–ºŸâÀ≠‘ß°≈ÿà¡Õ◊ËπÊ πÕ°‡Àπ◊Õ®“°·√ßß“π„π¿“§ Õÿµ“À°√√¡·≈–√—∞«‘“À°‘® ‡™àπ°≈ÿà¡·√ßß“ππÕ°√–∫∫ À≠‘ßµ°ß“π ·√ßß“πÀ≠‘ß¿“§∫√‘°“√ ·√ßß“πÀ≠‘ßµà“ß¥â“« ·√ßß“πÀ≠‘ß¿“§‡°…µ√°√√¡ œ≈œ ‡ªìπ§«“¡∑â“∑“„À¡à„π°“√∑”ß“π¢Õß°≈ÿà¡∫Ÿ√≥œ«à“®–∑”ß“πÕ“ß‰√„π ¿“«–§«“¡ ·µ°µà“ßÀ≈“°À≈““πÀ≠‘ß ·≈–¢âÕ®”°—¥¢Õß°≈ÿà¡„Àâ“¡“√∂∑”ß“π√à«¡°—π‰¥â¿“„µâ«—µ∂ÿª√– ß§å‡¥’«°—π °≈ÿà¡‡ªÑ“À¡“’Ëπà“®–∑”ß“π¥â«§◊Õ π—°°“√‡¡◊Õß™“ ·≈–·√ßß“π™“ ‡æ◊ËÕ„Àâ‡¢“‡¢â“„®ª√–‡¥ÁπºŸâÀ≠‘ß ∂°‡∂’√à«¡°—π°“√∑”ß“π¢Õß·√ßß“πÀ≠‘ß®–∑”Õ“ß‰√„Àâ‡¢“¡“ π—∫ πÿπß“π¢Õß°≈ÿà¡∫Ÿ√≥œ ‚¥©æ“–·√ßß“π™“®–∑”Õ“ß „Àâ¢∫«π°“√·√ßß“π¡’·π«§‘¥°“√∑”ß“π„πª√–‡¥ÁπºŸâÀ≠‘ß∑’Ë‰¡à„™à√–∫∫‚§«µâ“ 58

The next step The viewpoints expressed by friends, colleagues and supporters of the Group show that the WWUG has come a long way from the formative years, has soldiered through the crisis, and withstood the tides and current of globalization. These viewpoints, along with the experience of 12 years of struggle, have helped the Group to define its objectives for the future. Forging new leadership: A major task Many constructive comments point to the need for the Group to develop a new tier of leadership so that the Group can remain a vital and effective force. This is absolutely correct, but it is also a big task. Leadership is matter of both quantity and quality. The new tier must be built bottom up, beginning from the shopfloor rank-and-file members, house unions, and coalitions of industrial area unionsThe needs and potential of woman workers must be properly understood within the context of the labour movement and other social movements. Opportunities have to be created for a new tier of leaders to make their voices heard and their opinions known. Forums have to be created so the old guard and the future leadership can share their views and experiences. Most importantly, the new tier must have the confidence and the commitment to continue the struggle. The WWUG must focus on self-reliance, self-sufficiency, and self-determination. One critical area is the Group's financial status. In the long run, membership fees must be systematically collected so that the organization is financially sustainable. In an ever-changing socio-economic, cultural, and political environment, the Group has to take a firm position on every relevant issue so that it gains social recognition as an agent for change-a true voice of woman workers. From woman workers to women in diverse careers. The WWUG should reach out to more women in different occupations and workstyles including women employed in the service industry, informal sector, home workers, retrenched workers, migrant workers including those engaged in the agricultural sector, and so on. These targets present new challenges to the Group: how should these new segments be approached, and how can they be brought together to work for common goals. Even more challenging is the question of male politicians and male counterparts within the labour movement. How can the Group win their support for the cause of woman workers. How can women play a greater role in decision making within the labour movement without resort to a quota system. 59

ç·√ßß“πé çÀ≠‘ßé ¿“„µâª√–‡¥Áπ—ß§¡? ¡’°“√∂°‡∂’°“√∑”ß“π¢Õß°≈ÿà¡∫Ÿ√≥œ®–∑”ß“πÕ©æ“–ª√–‡¥ÁπºŸâÀ≠‘ß‡∑à“π—Èπ À√◊Õ∑”ª√–‡¥Áπ—ß§¡ ·µà¡’ª√–‡¥ÁπºŸâÀ≠‘ßÕ«¿“„µâ°“√æ—≤π“·∫∫ ç°√–· À≈—°é À√◊Õ°“√æ—≤π“∑’Ë‡πâπ°“√‡µ‘∫‚µ∑“ß‡»√…∞°‘® ‚¥§ÿ≥¿“æ™’«‘µ¢Õß §π ç∑”ß“πé ·√ßß“πÀ≠‘ßµâÕß∫Õ°„Àâ‰¥â«à“ µπ‡ÕßµâÕß°“√™’«‘µ·∫∫„¥ ·≈–°≈ÿà¡∫Ÿ√≥œ®– √â“ß∑“ß‡≈◊Õ°„ÀâºŸâÀ≠‘ß∑ÿ° à«π ‰¥âÕ“ß‰√ °≈ÿà¡∫Ÿ√≥œ§«√∑”ß“π∑’Ë‡πâπª√–‡¥Áπ·√ßß“πÀ≠‘ß ·µà‡ªìπª√–‡¥Áπ∑’Ë“¡“√∂‡™◊ËÕ¡°—∫ª√–‡¥ÁπÕ◊Ëπ ·≈–¡’Õß§å°√ æ—π∏¡‘µ√∑”Õ ‡æ◊ËÕ„Àâ‡¢“‡¢â“„®ª√–‡¥ÁπºŸâÀ≠‘ß·≈–∑”ß“π√à«¡°—π‰¥â À√◊Õ°≈ÿà¡∫Ÿ√≥œ®–∑”ß“πª√–‡¥ÁπºŸâÀ≠‘ß∑’Ë‰¡à„™à çºŸâ À≠‘ßé À√◊Õ ç·√ßß“πé Õ“ß‡¥’« ·µà‡ªìπª√–‡¥Áπ∑’Ë‡°’Ë«¢âÕß°—∫ºŸâÀ≠‘ß∑ÿ°°≈ÿà¡ ·≈–À“°°≈ÿà¡µâÕß°“√∑”ß“πª√–‡¥ÁπºŸâ À≠‘ß‚¥©æ“–®–µâÕß∑”„Àâ‡¢â¡·¢Áß·≈–‡ªìπ√Ÿª∏√√¡ ∫“ß§π‡ÀÁπ«à“À“°°≈ÿà¡∫Ÿ√≥œ ∑”ß“πª√–‡¥ÁπºŸâÀ≠‘ßª√–‡¥Áπ‡¥’« ®–∂Ÿ°¡Õß«à“‡ªìπºŸâ‡™’Ë«™“≠‡©æ“–‡√◊ËÕß ·≈–®–∂Ÿ°°’¥°—πÕÕ°®“°ª√–‡¥ÁπÕ◊ËπÊ®÷ß§«√∑”ß“π„πª√–‡¥Áπ—ß§¡Õ◊ËπÊ¥â«πÕ°®“°π’È ·√ßß“πÀ≠‘ßµâÕß‡™◊ËÕ¡‚“¢Õßµπ‡Õß„Àâ‰¥â«à“ Õ¥§≈âÕß°—∫π‚“—∞„π‡√◊ËÕß„¥À√◊Õ‰¡à ‡æ◊ËÕ ‡¢â“‰ª¡’ à«π√à«¡ ·≈–∑”ß“π„π¡‘µ‘∑“ß°“√‡¡◊Õß ‡æ√“–∑”„Àâ·√ßß“π‰¥â√—∫°“√æ—≤π“ π’Ë‡ªìπ‡æ’§«“¡§‘¥‡ÀÁπ„π¡ÿ¡¡Õß¢Õßæ—π∏¡‘µ√°≈ÿà¡∫Ÿ√≥œ µâÕßæ‘®“√≥“·≈–µ—¥‘π„®∫π®ÿ¥°≈ÿà¡‡Õß 60

Labour issues or woman issues within a broader social context? For some time, this question has been a focus of debate among the ranks of woman trade unionists. Thailand's lopsided and growth-obsessed development strategy pays little attention to the qualitative aspects of life for workers, women and men alike. Thus woman workers and woman trade unionists must have a clear understanding of what kind of life they want to live. And the WWUG must come up with alternative strategies appropriate for women engaged in diverse occupations and careers. The WWUG tends to focus on issues which are relevant to woman workers, but which also have wider implications for women and society as a whole. The Group should select issues which offer a basis for linking with allies and partner organizations within the labour movement and wider social movement. Only then can common grounds be identified and established. The Group should not work on"purely woman issues" or"exclusively labour issues", but rather on issues relevant to a broad spectrum of women and women's groups. If the Group decides to work on a specific woman issue, it must be crystal clear why it is making such a decision. Otherwise, the Group may be seen as narrow in outlook and commitment, and could be isolated by other organizations working on broader issues. Thus the Group must take up broader social issues as well. In addition, the WWUG and its members should be capable of linking their issues of immediate concern with government policies and their impact on people. The Group should continue to press for more meaningful participation of woman workers in the political process. The viewpoints of friends, colleagues and supporters have also given the Group some"food for thought", as follows. 61

°√–∫«π„À¡à°—∫ß“π‡™‘ß√ÿ° ë°≈ÿà¡∫Ÿ√≥œ®”‡ªìπµâÕß«‘‡§√“–Àå«‘∏’°“√∑”ß“π®“° ∂“π°“√≥å—ß§¡‡’„À¡à ‡æ◊ËÕ„Àâ‡ÀÁπß“π∑’ËµâÕß∑”æ—π∏¡‘µ√∑’ËµâÕß ∑”ß“π√à«¡°—π ë°≈ÿà¡∫Ÿ√≥œ µâÕß√âÕ—¥·√ßß“πÀ≠‘ß°≈ÿà¡µà“ß Ê„Àâ‡¢â“¡“‡ªìπ¢∫«π°“√‡¥’« ·≈–æ—≤π“«‘∏’°“√‡§≈◊ËÕπ‰À«·∫∫„À¡à∑’Ë „Àâ§π¡’ à«π√à«¡¡“°¢÷Èπ®–∑”„Àâ¡’æ≈—ß ë æ—≤π“√Ÿª·∫∫ æ—≤π“»—°“æ¢Õß°√√¡°“√ ¡“™‘°∑’Ë¡’§«“¡À≈“°À≈“ ·µ°µà“ß°—π∑—Èß§«“¡√Ÿâ§«“¡‡¢â“„®·≈– ª√– ∫°“√≥å ‡æ◊ËÕπ”¡“ª√–°µå„™â°—∫ß“π‰¥â¡“°¢÷Èπ ë ∑”„Àâ§π®“°À≈“°À≈““π Õ“™’æ ·≈–§«“¡ π„® ∑”ß“π∫π‡ªÑ“À¡“’«°—π ë°≈ÿà¡∫Ÿ√≥œ§«√¡’ ∂“π∑’Ëª√–“πß“π∑’Ë™—¥‡®π ‡æ◊ËÕ√—∫‡√◊ËÕß√“«√âÕß∑ÿ°¢å„Àâ§”ª√÷°…“·°à·√ßß“πÀ≠‘ß‡æ◊ËÕπ”¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈ ªí≠À“∑’Ë‰¥â‰ª‡§≈◊ËÕπ‰À« ‚¥©æ“–„π¿“«–«‘°ƒµ‘∑’Ë·√ßß“πÀ≠‘ß‰√â∑’Ëæ÷ß ‡™àπ„Àâ¡’§π¡“π—Ëß„Àâ§”ª√÷°…“À√◊Õ√—∫‡√◊ËÕß √“«√âÕß∑ÿ°¢åª√–®” ‡æ◊ËÕ„Àâ∫√‘°“√‡©æ“–™à«ß‡ë°≈ÿà¡∫Ÿ√≥œ µâÕß‡ªìπµ—«¢Õßµ—«‡Õß √–¥¡ªí≠À“¥â« ‡πâπ„Àâ°“√»÷°…“·≈–æ—≤π“µπ‡Õß·≈–∑”ß“πÕ“ß ¡’·ºπ™—¥‡®π ë°“√∑”ß“π√à«¡°—π¢Õß§π√ÿàπ‡°à“°—∫§π√ÿàπ„À¡à®–µâÕß¡’¢∫«π°“√∂à“§«“¡√Ÿâ ª√– ∫°“√≥åÕ“ß‡ªìπ√–∫∫·≈– µàÕ‡π◊ËÕß ¡’°“√„Àâ°”≈—ß„®„Àâ§”ª√÷°…“ ·π–π”°“√∑”ß“π ·≈–‡ªî¥‚Õ°“„Àâ§π√ÿàπ„À¡à ë ‡≈◊Õ°°‘®°√√¡ ª√–‡¥Áπ‡§≈◊ËÕπ‰À«„Àâ Õ¥§≈âÕß°—∫ªí≠À“¢ÕßºŸâÀ≠‘ß·≈–≈—°…≥–¢ÕßÕß§å°√ √«¡∑—Èß‡¢â“‰ª¡’∫∑∫“∑„π ‡«∑’ºŸâÀ≠‘ß„π∑ÿ°‡√◊ËÕß ë°“√®—¥„Àâ¡’°√√¡°“√™ÿ¥‡≈Á°Ê™ÿ¥≈– 3-5§π ‡æ◊ËÕ‡ªìπµ—«À≈—°„π°“√µ—¥‘π„® ë ¡’‡®â“Àπâ“∑’Ë∑”ß“π‡µÁ¡‡«≈“ Õ‘ √– ‰¡à‡ªìπ∑“ß°“√:°“√‡µ‘∫‚µ ·≈–Õ”π“®µàÕ√Õß¢Õß·√ßß“πÀ≠‘ß ÿ‡æÁ≠»√’ æ÷Ëß‚§° Ÿß ç°≈ÿà¡∫Ÿ√≥œ ¡’ ∂“π–‡∑’“°—∫ ¿“·√ßß“π¢ÕßºŸâÀ≠‘ß ·¡â«à“°≈ÿà¡‰¡à‰¥â®¥∑–‡∫’∑“ß°“√ ·µà‚¥ ∂“π¿“æ¢Õß ¡“™‘°·≈–°√√¡°“√°≈ÿà¡∑ÿ°§π ¡’ ∂“π¿“æ∑’Ë‡ªìπ∑“ß°“√Õ«..é Õ√ÿ≥’»√’‚µ ç‡√“µâÕß°“√„Àâ°≈ÿà¡œ ‡ªìπ‡«∑’¢ÕßºŸâÀ≠‘ß ‰¥âæ∫ª–æŸ¥§ÿ—ß √√§å·≈–∑”°‘®°√√¡√à«¡°—π ‰¡à µâÕß°“√Õß§å°√∑’Ë‡ªìπ∑“ß°“√ ‡æ√“–Õß§å°√∑’Ë‡ªìπ∑“ß°“√‰¡à Õ¥§≈âÕß°—∫°“√∑”ß“πª√–‡¥ÁπºŸâÀ≠‘ß ‡™àπ π‚“Õß§å°√µâÕßºà“π¡µ‘∑’Ëª√–™ÿ¡ ´÷Ëß à«π„À≠à‡ªìπºŸâ™“’Ë¢“¥§«“¡‡¢â“„®‡√◊ËÕßºŸâÀ≠‘ß ·¡â«à“¢≥–π’È Àæ—π∏å·√ßß“π·≈– ¿“ ·√ßß“π¡’ΩÉ“ µ√’ ‡æ√“–°“√º≈—°¥—π¢Õß·À≈àß∑ÿπ ‡™àπ TTG ´÷Ëß‰¡à„™à‡√◊ËÕß∑’Ëπà“¿Ÿ¡‘„® ‡æ√“–‰¡à‰¥â‡°‘¥®“°°“√ √ÿªªí≠À“ §«“¡µâÕß°“√¢Õß¢∫«π°“√·√ßß“π¿“„π‡Õß..é «‘‰≈«√√≥ ·´à‡µ’ç°≈ÿà¡∫Ÿ√≥œ µâÕß‡ªìπÕß§å°√Õ‘ √– ¡’§≥–°√√¡°“√‡ªìπ¢Õßµ—«‡Õß ∑”„Àâ‡°‘¥§«“¡§≈àÕßµ—« „π°“√∑”ß“π....é «—π‡æÁ≠ ‡ª√¡·°â« ç°≈ÿà¡∫Ÿ√≥œ ‡ªìπÕß§å°√∑’Ë‰¡à‡ªìπ∑“ß°“√ ‡ªìπÕß§å°√Õ‘ √–∑”ß“π¿“„µâ°“√ª√÷°…“À“√◊Õ ¢Õß·√ßß“πÀ≠‘ß“πµà“ß Ê ∑’Ë‡ªìπ‡®â“¢Õßªí≠À“ Õß§å°√·√ßß“π∑’Ë‡ªìπ∑“ß°“√°—¥°—Èπ∫∑∫“∑¢Õß·√ßß“πÀ≠‘ß„π°“√ · ¥ß§«“¡§‘¥‡ÀÁπ À√◊Õ‡¢â“‰ª∑”ß“π„π√–¥—∫°“√µ—¥‘π„®„π¢≥–∑’Ë°≈ÿà¡‰¡à‡ªìπ∑“ß°“√‡ªî¥‚Õ°“„Àâ·√ßß“πÀ≠‘ß‰¥â· ¥ß §«“¡§‘¥‡ÀÁπ‡µÁ¡∑’Ë √«¡∑—Èß°“√‰¥â√—∫°“√æ—≤π“§«“¡√Ÿâ§«“¡“¡“√∂„π°“√∑”ß“π‰¥â¡“°°«à“...é 62

A pro-active approach and process The WWUG must sum up past experiences, from successes as well as failures, and adopt a more flexible approach in working with allies and strategic partner organizations. The Group must draw women from different groups and diverse occupations into a gradually consolidated movement and learn how work in more participatory manner in order to gain more strength. New and more creative approaches should be adopted for capacity building programmes designed for woman workers, drawing from the rich collective experience of different careers and different circles. The Group must create favourable conditions for women from diverse backgrounds to work towards common goals. The WWUG should have a permanent office or secretariat for such work as filing complaints and grievances, providing counselling service, disseminating facts and figures for the purpose of raising awareness, conducting campaigns, and especially providing relief and emergency response to women who may need shelter or protection. These services could be provided both on and off office hours. The WWUG must maintain independence in conducting analysis, education, development and concrete actions based on well formulated policies, plans, and programmes. The Group should serve as a bridge between activists of different age groups in order to transfer experience, knowledge, and skills so that new and younger generations may develop to their fullest potential. Issues must be properly analyzed before a campaign is launched, taking into account the relevance of the issue to woman workers or women in general, and the capacity of the Group to conduct the campaign. The Group must have a clear position before committing itself to any issue or participating in any forum. Small groups of 3-4 members or potential leaders must be organized as subcommittees to make decisions on important matters on behalf of the Group. Full-time staff is badly needed. Autonomy and independence: Empowering and gaining more bargaining power for woman workers. Supensri Puengkoksoong: "The WWUG is the de facto Women's Labour Council. There is no need to register it at the moment, simply because all the members and member-organizations already have their own legal status anyway." Arunee Srito: "We want the Group to serve as a women's forum for meeting, sharing, and carrying out activities. It does not have to be a formally registered organization, because all officially registered organizations have proved to be irrelevant and ineffective on women's issue. For example, their decisions have to be adopted by an executive committee which is male-dominated. It is always difficult to pass any resolution on woman issues because men do not fully understand them. Even though we now have a"Women's Affairs Section" under the auspices of labour federations and labour councils, due to pressures applied by funding agencies, this was not something we have achieved with pride. It did not come from concrete experiences summed up within the labour movement." Wilaiwan Saetia: "The WWUG must be autonomous with its own executive committee, so that it can be more effective in carrying out its programmes and activities." Wanpen Premkaew: "The WWUG is not a fully registered organization, but independently functioning in close consultation with woman workers and coalitions of industrial area unions.The legally registered labour organizations have actually prevented us from voicing our opinions and from playing crucial roles in the decision-making process. In contrast, this informally organized group has given us badly needed opportunities to speak out without restriction. On top of this, the Group also provides a forum for us to learn and develop in a much more meaningful way." 63

‡æ≈ß...À≠‘ß°≈â“ ∫π∂ππÀπ∑“ß“«‰°≈ ¡“À≠‘ß‰∑«¡°—π √â“ßΩíπ Ωíπ √â“ß‚≈° ¥„™◊Ëπ∫“π ¥«ßµ–«—π‡®‘¥®â“°≈“ß„® ‡Õ“¡◊Õ« √â“ß‚≈°· πß“¡ ¡“ √â“ß§«“¡‡ªìπ∏√√¡‡∂‘¥À≠‘ß ≈â“ß—ß§¡‚ ¡¡®√‘ß Ê ‡Õ“‡ª√’‘ß¢Ÿ¥√’¥°“„® ¢Ÿ¥√’¥°“„® ‡∫‘°øÑ“ µ√’“°≈ ¡—Ëπ„π°¡≈ √à«¡°—πøíπΩÉ“ ª≈¥ª≈àÕ„® √ÿ¥‰ª¢â“ßÀπâ“ ª≈¥æ—π∏π“ Ÿà∑“ß‡ √’ ‚≈°∑—ÈßºÕß‡À¡◊Õπ¥—ßπâÕßæ’Ë ‡Õ◊ÈÕÕ“√’µàÕ°—π‰¥â‰À¡ ¢“«À√◊Õ¥” µË” Ÿß®“°„¥ —ß§¡„À¡àÀ≠‘ß™““‡∑’ºŸâª√–æ—π∏å«‘™— π√“‰æ∫Ÿ≈ ¡Õ∫„Àâ·°à°≈ÿà¡∫Ÿ√≥œ ‡¡◊ËÕ‡¥◊Õπ¡’π“§¡ 2537 64