For further information on Dialogue on Globalization, please contact: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung Berlin Hiroshimastr. 17 10785 Berlin Germany Tel.:++49-30-26-935-939 Fax:++49-30-26-935-959 Thomas.Manz@fes.de www.fes.de www.fes.de/globalization Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung Shanghai 7A Da An Plaza East Tower Yan An Zhong Lu 829 Shanghai 200040 P.R. China Tel.:++86-21-6247-2529 ++86-21-6247-2870 Fax:++86-21-6279-1297 info@feschina.net www.feschina.net Shanghai Institute for International Studies Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, Shanghai Current Situation and Future Prospects of Asia-Europe Security Cooperation Proceedings of the Fifth Shanghai Workshop on Global Governance January 23-24, 2007

The Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung "For Social Justice and International Understanding" The Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung(FES) was established in 1925 as a political legacy of Friedrich Ebert, Germany's first democratically elected president. As a private cultural non-profit institution, the foundation is committed to the ideas and basic values of social democracy. International cooperation connects the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung with partners in more than 100 countries all over the world. In most of these countries, the foundation has established offices and its representatives work to promote democracy, sustainable development, social justice, and international understanding. Head offices in Bonn and Berlin support the international network of the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung. The German Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) and the German Federal Foreign Office grant the budget for activities on international cooperation and development. The FES has been working in China since the beginning of Deng Xiaoping's reform and opening up policies. Today the foundation has two offices in Beijing and Shanghai, which develop and implement policy-orientated cooperation programs together with Chinese partner organizations. Main partner institution of the Shanghai office is the Shanghai Institute for International Studies (SIIS), main partner of the Beijing office the Chinese Association for International Understanding (CAFIU). The FES offices in Beijing and Shanghai are part of the official German development cooperation in China and belong to the network of the foundation's fourteen representative offices in Asia. Through cooperation with its Chinese partner organizations, the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung hopes to contribute to the different stages of the reform process in China and further enhance Chinese-German/European understanding and friendship. Editors: Katharina Hofmann/ Katja Meyer/ Yan Yu Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung 7 A Da An Plaza East Tower 829 Yan An Zhong Lu Shanghai 200040 PR China email: info@feschina.net http://www.feschina.net Tel.:++86-21-6247-2529 ++86-21-6247-2870 Fax:++86-21-6279-1297 © Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung. Shanghai, June 2007. All rights reserved. The material in this publication may not be reproduced, stored or transmitted without the prior permission of the copyright holder. Short extracts may be quoted, provided the source is fully acknowledged. The views expressed in this publication are not necessarily the ones of the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung or of the organization for which the author works.

Preface Improved European-Asian Dialogue: Challenges and Chances for a Partnership on Global Security Issues The Fifth Shanghai Workshop on Global Governance took place in January 2007 and was jointly organized by the Friedrich Ebert Foundation(FES) Shanghai and its partner, the Shanghai Institute for International Studies(SIIS). European and Asian perspectives were given by 50 high-ranking stakeholders and experts from eleven countries(China, Germany, India, Indonesia, Thailand, Japan, Korea, Poland, Sweden, the Netherlands and Italy). The workshop series had been initiated in 2003 as a forum on foreign and security policy and has developed since as an institution which features open political dialogue on the non-governmental or track-two level and aims to contribute to innerAsian and Euro-Asian exchange and cooperation. Against the background of the growing partnership between Germany and China on the bilateral level as well as on the partnership between the European Union(EU), China and other Asian countries on the multilateral level, some key questions for a future perspective of Euro-Asian security cooperation are: how much common ground do we have for an effective multilateralism, and what are future prospects for enhanced security cooperation between Asia and Europe? The FES Shanghai and the SIIS intended to provide a platform for an open debate on the“Current Situation and Future Prospects of AsiaEurope Security Cooperation” that would analyze the current state of Asia-Europe security cooperation on a bilateral and multilateral level; identify common ground between Asia and Europe’s security strategies and areas for future inner -Asian and Eurasian exchange and cooperation. The security situation in contemporary Asia has improved, but has also become more complex. Asia as a world-region has been experiencing a region-wide geo-political change. China’s peaceful rise to one of the most powerful global players and India’s attractive rise as well as Japan’s enduring strength are positive developmen ts to name. New developing forms of regional cooperation, such as the Shanghai Cooperation Organization(SCO) or the East Asian Summit(EAS), reflect the new pattern of Asian architecture. The ASEAN-Plus-Processes as well as the ASEAN Regional Forum(ARF) have intensified the economic, but also political and cultural ties between the ASEAN members and China. Still, long-standing conflicts like the situation on the Korean Peninsula continue to feed new threats. New transnational security challenges – such as the increased trafficking of drugs and arms, terrorism, the spread of infectious diseases as well as the scarcity of resources in certain areas – have to be addressed jointly by politicians and think tanks in the area. The links between economic development, good governance and security are crucial for building peace and cooperation in the region. China as a rising player is increasingly interested in regional and multilateral solutions. The sheer size of China, its economic accomplishments and political strength make it indispensable to any meaningful process of cooperative or even collective security. As an important step in this direction the first East Asia Summit is a promising new mid-level-structure between the sub-regional ASEAN and the APEC. Other regional mechanisms such as the Shanghai Cooperation Organization and closer China-US cooperation as well as improved Sino-Japanese relations are promising preventive Dialogue on Globalization I

strategies for a peaceful cooperation in this region and beyond. Asian leaders have widely recognized the need for building a regional community as a fundamental solution to an effective conflict management. As for the European side, there certainly is a long tradition in security cooperation within the NATO and OSCE framework. But the EU did not have a security or defense policy until the end of the 1990s. Security cooperation was a transatlantic project until the end of the cold war. Since the mid 1990s there is a growing trend towards an Europeanization of security cooperation. Despite the crisis of integration since the failed Constitutional referenda in France and the Netherlands, security cooperation is now one of the few areas where significant progress is taking place. At the heart of the European approach lies the idea of combining hard and soft power. This approach goes beyond the political-military dimension of security, yet military instruments still play an important role. The third element of an emerging European“security culture” is effective multilateralism. The commitment to multilateralism, international law and cooperation is a traditional tenet of EU policy. EU-Asian relations have been gradually tightened and are today involving cooperation in an increasing number of sectors. Security cooperation is playing one prominent role on the dialogue agenda. Still, there certainly remain divergences in interests, perceptions, definitions and strategies on security policies on both sides. While Asian-European Security Cooperation is still quite an abstract undertaking, both sides are without doubt interested in a stronger cooperation on global and security issues. Although the participants perceived the actual state of cooperation very differently, all of them agreed that Asian-European dialogue is an essential element for an efficient management of the prospective environment of international security. The participants underlined the necessity to tackle environmental, energy and security issues from a more pragmatic stance and enhance cooperation especially in the fields of human security issues. The workshop papers cover a wide range of important issues in current international politics including reports on the current situation and future prospects of Asia-Europe security cooperation, regional security cooperation strategies of major Asian and European countries, regional security cooperation strategies of major Asian and European security organizations, Asia-Europe cooperation and Sino-European relations, as well as Asia-Europe security cooperation and global governance. In part one the state of the Regional Security Cooperation Strategies of Major Asian and European Countries is analyzed. Johannes Pflug, Member of the German Parliament, clearly names the challenge for the coming years which would be a comprehensive, explicit security agenda that involves the European and Asian states equally. Apart from the classic topics of limitation, disarmament and non-proliferation, this will involve action on issues that will be crucial in the future, such as global climate change and energy supply. Zhang Tiejun, Director of European Studies, Shanghai Institute for International Studies(SIIS) formulates the criteria for a strategic partnership: China and the EU need to define what it should be like and what criteria constitute it. The difference between stated and real strategic cooperation on security matters is also true for the South Asian region, claims Varun Sahni from the Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi arguing that there is no security cooperation in the South Asian region so far and that India as the regional power has not been able to pacify its region nor make it cohere. Besides India as a rising power in the region, ChineseJapanese relations are not only important to the two countries but have regional and II Dialogue on Globalization

global significance as well. The Taiwan conflict, as well as the nuclear conflict with the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea(DPRK), are security threats that require a common approach from China and Japan, emphasizes Rear Admiral Yang Yi, Director of the Institute for Strategic Studies from the National Defence University of Beijing. Regional security cooperation within Europe is a growing trend since the mid 1990s towards the Europeanization of security and security cooperation, explains Stefanie Flechtner from the Political Analysis Unit of the Friedrich Ebert Foundation in Berlin in her paper. Global ambitions of the EU states are a key message of the European Security Strategy(2003) stating that the EU has to be“ready to share in the responsibility for global se curity”. At the heart of the European approach lies the idea of combining hard and soft power. This approach goes beyond the political-military dimension of security, yet military instruments still play an important role. A special case within the European enlargement and integration process of the new member states challenging the EU security cooperation, has been Poland’s Atlanticism which can be explained by its exclusion from the decision-making process in European security matters, as Marcin Zaborowski from the European Union Institute for Security Studies in Paris, argues in his article. Part two Regional Security Cooperation Strategies of Major Asian and European Security Organizations describes the possibilities of how regional actors address current security threats and what they could learn from each other by building regional security strategies. In comparing the regional security cooperation strategies of major Asian and European countries, one has to consider that although Asia can in part draw experiences from European states and consider the EU as an inspiration, it is also important to note that the East Asian states miss such an institutional framework that developed in Europe after the second wo rld war.“How do ASEAN and ARF fit into the con cept of a security community?” asks Bob S. Hadiwinata from the Department of International Relations at the University of Parahyangan, Indonesia in his outline on the roles of ASEAN and ARF in regional security architecture. Another regional security cooperation organization is the Shanghai Cooperation Organization(SCO), which is an intergovernmental international organization founded in 2001. As Lu Gang, Director of the Department of Russian-Central Asian Studies of the Shanghai Institute for International Studies points out, to maintain regional stability and peace is now focusing on the border disputes between China and Russia plus Central Asia(bilaterally) and SCO holds an active role in supporting the war against terrorism.“NATO has become an attractive framework and tool for supporting conflict resolution in Europe and beyond” emphasizes Hans J. Giessmann, Deputy Director of the Institute for Peace Research and Security Policy in Hamburg. The successful transformation of the transatlantic alliance fr om a system of collective defense into a“hybrid” system that complements defense for all members with both institutionalized collective security building elements and multilateral military cooperation between members and interested partner countries has become the true secret of NATO´s survival. Part three deals with the current characteristics of Asian-European Cooperation and Sino-European Relations. Is ASEM a channel for Sino-European cooperation? “ It is an institution that generates and manages inter dependencies in a globalizing world“, states Sebastian Bersick from the European Institute for Asian Studies(EIAS) in Brussels. The ASEM process demonstrates the demand for governance on the inter- and intra-regional level. Special attention within the Asia-Europe Cooperation should be given to the field Dialogue on Globalization III

of peace building, argues Toshiya Hoshino, Minister-Counsellor of the Permanent Mission of Japan to the United Nations. If the purpose of Asia-Europe Security Cooperation includes not just the promotion of peace and security but also the enhancement of mutual engagement in the strategic partnership to deal with the issues of global governance, the cooperation in the area of post-conflict peacebuilding should be given a high priority since most of today’s c onflicts are by character internal rather than inter-state wars. Analyzing the case of the EU arms embargo against China, Chen Zhimin from the Fudan University in Shanghai, argues that the EU was not yet a complete strategic actor. According to Zhimin, the EU still has to develop an operational strategy on hard security issues, to avail itself of the necessary resources and effective policy-making mechanisms. From a European perspective the strategic partnership between the EU and China“is hampered by dif ferent interpretations of similar terminologies and rhetoric on the socalled“new security concepts”, and different views on the international system, the own desired role and the role of the US” analyzes May-Britt Stumbaum from the German Society for Foreign Policy(DGAP) in Berlin. Three years after the declaration of the strategic partnership, the questions remaining are, if the EU and China do share the same paradigms, goals and priorities. Finally, part four examines Asian-European Security Cooperation and Global Governance on different and common perceptions of security issues as well chances and limitations for further cooperation. What can be done and has been done in fields such as in Development, Energy Security, African relationships and Peacekeeping? After a certain SinoEuropean euphoria in 2004/2005,“the honeymoon is over”, states Bernt Berger. The scholar from the Institute for Peace Research and Security Policy (IFSH) in Hamburg sees a more practical approach in the relationship developing. Jaewoo Choo from the Department of Chinese Studies at Kyung Hee University in Korea identifies a strong need for energy security cooperation among European and Northeast Asian states. Only a common approach would allow the two major consumers of energy to maintain a stable energy market and delivery system. Ye Jiang, Director of the Department of International Relations at Jiaotong University, stresses the importance of Asia-Europe cooperation in the context of global governance. We hereby thank all participants and organizers of the 5 th Shanghai Workshop on Global Governance very warmly for their enriching contributions to this important debate! Katharina Hofmann/ Katja Meyer Shanghai, June 2007 IV Dialogue on Globalization

Participants List of the Conference 1. Bernt Berger, Research Fellow, Institute for Peace Research and Security Policy at the University of Hamburg, Germany 2. Dr. Sebastian Bersick, Senior Research Fellow, European Institute for Asian Studies/EIAS 3. Dr. Wolfgang Bockhold, First Counselor, Embassy of the Federal Republic of Germany 4. Prof. Chen Zhimin, Director, Department of International Politics, Fudan University 5. Prof. Cheng Jian, Assistant Director, the School of Advanced International Area Studies, East China Normal University 6. Prof. Jaewoo Choo, Ph.D., Professor of Chinese Politics and Foreign Policy, Department of Chinese Studies, Kyung Hee University 7. Giovanni Cremonini, Political Counselor, Delegation of the European Commission to China 8. Prof. Feng Shaolei, Dean of the School of Advanced International Area Studies, East China Normal University 9. Stefanie Flechtner, Referat Internationale Politikanalyse- International Policy Analysis Unit, Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung Berlin 10. Prof. Hajo Gießmann, Institute for Peace Research and Security Policy of Hamburg, Germany 11. Prof. Guo Shuyong, Deputy Head, Department of International Relations School of International and Public Affairs, Shanghai Jiao Tong University 12. Prof. Bob S. Hadiwinata, Head of International Relations Department, University of Parahyangan 13. Prof. Han Feng, Vice-Director of the Institute of Asia and Pacific, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences 14. Dr. Albrecht v.d. Heyden, Consul General, Consulate General of the Federal Republic of Germany 15. Katharina Hofmann, Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, Shanghai Coordination Office for International Cooperation 16. Prof. Toshiya Hoshino, Minister-Counselor, Permanent Mission of Japan to the United Nations, New York Dialogue on Globalization V

17. Prof. Kong Tianping, Director of East Europe Studies program, Institute of RussiaEast Europe-Central Asia Studies, China Academy of Social Sciences 18. Jin Liangxiang, Researcher, Department of Middle Eastern Studies, Shanghai Institute for International Studies 19. Prof. Dr. Horst Loechel, Chairman of Board of Directors, Vice President, Shanghai International Banking and Finance Institute 20. Prof. Liu Mingli, European Studies Program, China Institute of Contemporary International Relations 21. Prof. Lu Gang, Director, Department of Russian and Central Asian Studies, Shanghai Institute for International Studies 22. Luo Songtao, Department of Asian Affairs, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, PR China 23. Prof. Ma Ying, Director, Department of Asian and Pacific Studies, Shanghai Institute for International Studies 24. Katja Meyer, Resident Director, Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, Shanghai Coordination Office for International Cooperation 25. Dr. Ingo Ilja Michels, Sociologist, Expert for AIDS Prevention and Drug Addiction Treatment 26. Dr. Surin Pitsuwan, Member of Parliament, Former Foreign Minister of Thailand 27. Johannes Pflug, Member of the German Bundestag, Head of the German-Chinese Parliamentary Group, Berlin 28. Prof. Varun Sahni, Chairperson, Centre for International Politics, Organization and Disarmament(CIPOD), School of International Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University 29. Dr. Leo Schulte Nordholt, Council of the European Union, Directorate-General for External and Politico-Military Affairs, Relations with the OSCE and the Council of Europe, Relations with Russia 30. May-Britt Stumbaum, German Council on Foreign Relations, Berlin 31. Dr. Gudrun Wacker, German Institute for International and Security Affairs 32. Prof. Wang Xiaoshu, Vice President, Shanghai Institute for International Studies 33. Dr. Mikael Weissman, Research Fellow, Silkroad Studies Programme, Uppsala University 34. Prof. Wu Jinan, Director of Japanese Studies, Shanghai Institute for International VI Dialogue on Globalization

Studies 35. Prof. Xia Liping, Director of the Center of International Strategic Studies, Shanghai Institute for International Studies 36. Prof. Xue Yanping, The Institute for European Studies, China Academy of Social Sciences 37. Prof. Yang Baoyun, Deputy Director of Asia-Pacific Security Studies, Beijing University, Beijing 38. Prof. Yang Yi, Director of the Institute of Strategy Studies, National Defense University 39. Prof. Ye Jiang, Director of Department of International Relations, School of International and Public Affairs, Shanghai Jiao Tong University 40. Prof. Yu Jianhua, Deputy Director, Institute of European and Asian Studies, Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences 41. Prof. Yu Xintian, President, Shanghai Institute for International Studies 42. Dr. Marcin Zaborowski, European Union Institute for Security Studies 43. Prof. Zhang Tiejun, Director, Department of European Studies, Shanghai Institute for International Studies 44. Prof. Zhang Yinghong, Deputy Director, Department of European Studies, Shanghai Institute for International Studies 45. Prof. Zhao Junjie, Deputy Director, Center for Asian – European Studies, The Institute for European Studies, China Academy of Social Sciences 46. Zheng Dongli, Department of European Affairs, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, PR China Dialogue on Globalization VII

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Table of Contents Preface I Participants Lists of the Conference V Opening speeches: EU, China and Global Governance 1 Zhang Tiejun Crossing the Ocean by Feeling the Differences 7 Johannes Pflug Chapter 1 Regional Security Cooperation Strategies of Major Asian and European Countries Strategic approach needed to mend ties 11 Yang Yi Regional Security Cooperation Strategies of South Asian countries (Especially India) 13 Varun Sahni Regional Security Cooperation Strategies of Western European countries (Germany, France and the U.K.) 25 Stefanie Flechtner The European Union as a Security Actor: The Polish Perspective 29 Marcin Zaborowski Chapter 2 Regional Security Cooperation Strategies of Major Asian and European Security Organizations ASEAN and the ARF: the Building Up of Security Community in Southeast Asia and Beyond 47 Bob Sugeng Hadiwinata The Role of the SCO in Regional Security Architecture 61 Lu Gang The Roles of EU and OSCE in Regional Security Architecture 69 Leo Schulte Nordholt The Role of NATO in the Regional Security Architecture 73 Hajo Gießmann Dialogue on Globalization IX