km<úCa nigGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak TisedAGnaKt Cambodia and WTO: Future Direction eroberogeday bNÐit cab sufariT § Edited By Chap Sotharith ]btßmÖeday mUlniFi Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung e)aHBum<enA RBHraCaNacRkkm<úCa eday viTüasßanEx µ rsMrab;shRbtibtþikar nigsnþiPaB 2006

sUmrkSasiT§iRKb;Ebby:ag. minGnuBaØat[ykvKÁ bJEpñkNamYy énesovePAenHeTAplitCafµI bJk¾e)aHBum<CafµI edayKµankarGnuBaØat Calay lkç½GkSr BI viTüasßanExµrsMrab;shRbtibtiþkar nigsnþiPaB eLIy. e)aHBum<pSayelIkTI1 enARBHraCaNacRkkm<úCa 2006 © Cambodian Institute for Cooperation and Peace First published in 2006 by Cambodian Institute for Cooperation and Peace Phum Paung Peay, Sangkat Phnom Penh Thmey, Khan Russey Keo, Phnom Penh, Kingdom of Cambodia Mailing Address: P.O. Box 1007 Phnom Penh 12202, Kingdom of Cambodia Telephone: 855-23-982 559 855-12-819-953(Mobile) 855-12-835-509(Mobile) Fax: 855-23-982 559 E-mail: cicp@everyday.com.kh Website: http://www.cicp.org.kh

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt matika matika---------------------------------------------- 1 karEføgGMNrKuN-------------------------------------- 5 esckþIepþIm ³ etIRtUveFVIy:agNaedIm,I TTYl)anplcMeNjCaGtibrma BIsmahrNkmµesdækic©? -------------------------------- 7 bNÐit cab sufariT§----------------------------- 7 EpñkTI 1-------------------------------------------- 15 suTÞrkfa kñúgsnñisITCati-------------------------------- 15 RBHsunÞrkfasVaKmn_----------------------------------- 16 semþc neratþm sirivuDÆ---------------------------16 snÞrkfasVaKmn_-------------------------------------- 20 elak Gak;Esl sµIt---------------------------20 sunÞrkfaebIk---------------------------------------- 25 semþc h‘un Esn------------------------------25 km<úCa nigGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ plvi)akEpñkc,ab; nigplb:HBal;elIkmµsiT§ibBaØa ----------------------------38 bNÐit hgS BuT§a------------------------------38 1

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt km<úCa nigGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak plvi)akEpñkc,ab; nigplb:HBal;elIkmµsiT§ibBaØa ---------------------------- 50 Ék]tþm swum sara:k;----------------------------50 km<úCa nig GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ plb:HBal;dl;Blkmµkm<úCa54 Ék]tþm G‘uM man------------------------------- 54 km<úCa nigGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak{plb:HBal;elIksikmµ nig]sSahkmµkat;edrkm<úCa{----------------------------62 elak esam GUn------------------------------62 plvi)akEpñkc,ab; nigplb:HBal;elIkmµsiT§ibBaØa-------------- 68 elak suk sMeGOn-----------------------------68 E;pñkTI 2--------------------------------------------73 sunÞrkfa kñúgkic©RbCMutumUl-------------------------------73 etImanplvi)akxagc,ab; nigeKalneya)ayGVIxøH dl;smaCikPaBrbs;km<úCa kñúgGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak?-----74 elak tan; yuvrdæ------------------------------74 GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak nigkarEkTRmg;RbB½n§yutþiFm’enAkm<úCa- 85 elak suk sMeGOn-----------------------------85 km<úCa nig GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ plb:HBal;dl;ksikmµkm<úCa89 elak TYt saravuF-----------------------------89 2

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt km<úCa nig GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ plb:Hpldl;ksikmµkm<úCa 95 elakRsI Rbuk va:n;nI-----------------------------95 km<úCa nig GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³-------------------105 plb:HBal;dl;Blkmµkm<úCa----------------------------105 Ék]tþm G‘Mu man------------------------------ 105 etImanplb:HBal;ya:gNacMeBaHsmaCik WTO rbs;km<úCaeTAelI]sSahkmµkat;edr ----------------------114 elak ya b‘unNa----------------------------- 114 km<úCa nigGgÁkarBaNiCökmµBiPBelak ³ etImanplb:HBal;GVIxøHeTAelIkmµviFIkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk?------121 elakRsI hYt rtn³----------------------------121 km<úCa nig GgÁkarBaNiCökmµBiPBelak ³ kareRbIR)as; WTO Ca]bkrN_CMrujkMENTRmg; -----------------------------129 elak ehov vasña-----------------------------129 EpñkTI 3-------------------------------------------142 r)aykarN_segçbénevTikasaFarN³----------------------142 r)aykarN_segçbénevTika TI 1------------------------ 143 r)aykarN_segçbénevTika TI 2-------------------------152 r)aykarN_segçbénevTika TI 3-------------------------162 3

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt r)aykarN_segçbénevTika TI 4--------------------------170 r)aykarN_segçbénevTika TI 5------------------------- 181 r)aykarN_segçbénevTika TI 6------------------------- 193 r)aykarN_segçbénevTika TI 7-------------------------206 r)aykarN_segçbénevTikaTI 8--------------------------219 r)aykarN_segçbénevTika TI 9------------------------- 238 r)aykarN_segçbénevTika TI 10------------------------255 ]bsm<½n§ TI 1- kmµviFI sþIBI{RbeTskm<úCakñúgkarcUlCasmaCikPaB GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak}--------------------------271 ]bsm<½n§ TI 2- kmµviFIevTikaTaMg 10 elIk sþIBI{km<úCa nig GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak} ----------------------------275 ]bsm<½n§ TI 3 kmµviFIsnñisITCati-------------------------288 ]bsm<½n§ TI 4 bBa¢IraynamGñkrmY cMENkkñúgevTika nigsnñisITCati- 299 GMBIGñkeroberog------------------------------------ 303 4

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt karEføgGMNrKuN tagnam[ viTüasßanExµrsRmab;shRbtibtþikar nigsnþiPaB Gñk eroberog sUmsEmþgnUvktBaØÚtaFm’d¾esµaHs cMeBaHkarcUlrYm CaKMnit nigR)aCJa vaKµin nigGñkcUlrYmCati nigGnþrCati Edl)ancUlrYmcMENkkñúgevTikasaFarN³ nigGgÁsnñisITCati Edl)anbBa©b;edayeCaKC½ykñúgeBlknøgeTAenH. enAkñúg»kasenHEdr viTüasßanExµrsRmab;shRbtibtþikar nigsnþiPaB sUmEføgGMNrKuNdl;GgÁkarmUlniFi RhViRDIc eGEb‘t EdltMNageday elak Gak;sIul sµIt RbFankariyal½ysRmab;shRbtibtþikarPUmiPaKGasIuGaeKñy_ RbcaMsigðbUrI Edl)anCYy]btßmÖKeRmagenH CaBiesskñúgkare)aHBum<esovePAenH sRmab;pSBVpSaycMeNHdwgdl;saFarNCnkm<úCa. viTüasßanExµrshRbtibtþikar nigsnþiPaB sUmsEmþgnUvktBaØÚtaFm’ d¾x<g;x<s; cMeBaHvtþman semþc h‘un Esn naykrdæm®nþI énraCrdæaPi)al km<úCa m®nþICan;x<s;raCrdæaPi)al ÉkGKÁrdæTUtnana nigGñktMNagGgÁkarBuMEmn rdæaPi)alCati nigGnþrCatiTaMgGs; Edl)aneqøót»kasd¾mantémøcUlrYm snñisITCati sþIBI{ RbeTskm<úCa nigGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ GtßRbeyaCn_ karRbQmmux nigTsSnvis½yeTAGnaKt} Edl)an bBa©b;CasßaBr éf¶TI 21-22 Ex FñÚ qñaM 2005 enARkumRbwkSaGPivDÆn_km<úCa. 5

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt CaTIbBa©b;viTüasßanExµrsRmab;shRbtibtþikar nigsnþiPaB sUmvaytémø x<s; nigsUmsresIredayesµaH cMeBaHkic©xitxMRbwgERbgrbs;buKÁlikTaMgGs; dUcCa kBaØa ent c½nÞfa elak hm sMNag elak GIun tugGan elak GIun tugGwug elak ent Nar: U elak G‘uk pløI elak hiun suFI kBaØa can; F I GñkRsI b:k; para:ENt nig GñkRsI ent NUEr:n Edl)anrYmcMENkya:gskmµkñúgkare)aHBum< esovePAenHeLIg. 6

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt esckþIepþIm ³ etIRtUveFVIy:agNaedIm,I TTYl)anplcMeNjCaGtibrma BIsmahrNkmµesdækic©? bNÐit cab sufariT§ 1> savtar eRkayBIcakputBIsRgÁam nigkarbMpøicbMpøaj Gs;ry³eBlCaeRcIn TsvtSr¾mk km<úCa)anqøgkat;dMeNIkarkMENTRmg;esdækic© nigneya)ayCa bnþbnÞab; CaBiesscab;taMgBIkarbegáItrdæFmµnuBaØfµIenAqñaM 1993 Edl)an ebIk]kas dl;RbeTsd¾kmSt;enHGacsþareLIgvijnUvsißrPaB snþiPaB nigkar bRgYbbRgÜmCati. eyIg)anRbkan;ykrbbraCaniymGaRs½yrdæFmµnuBaØ nig rdæaPi)altamEbbsPaniym EdlRbkan;yklT§iRbCaFibetyüCaeKal. eTaHCay:agNak¾eday RbeTskm<úCaenAEtRbQmmuxCamYynwgplvi)akCaeRcIn EdlbnSl;TukedayRbvtþisaRsþ EdleBareBjeTAedayPaBcRmUg cRmas vinaskmµ Ebk)ak; kars¥b;ex<Im nigKMuKYn eRBaHkm<úCaRtUv)anrgeRKaH CaTm¶n;edaysRgÁamGs;ry³eBld¾yUr eFIV[ehdæarcnasm<½n§rUbv½nþ nigFnFan mnusSrbs;RbeTsenH)anxUcxaty:agF¶n;F¶r. PaBRkIRk nigGMeBIBukrlYyenAEt Ca]bsKÁd¾FM kñúgdMeNIrkarGPivDÆn_esdækic©km<úCa. 7

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa kalBIGaNitþTI 2 rbs;xøÜn -2003¦)an begá;ItyuT§sa®sþRtIekaN EdlsMedAsþareLIgvijnUvsnþiPaB nigsßirPaB Fanakar eFIVsmahrNkmµkm<úCaeTAkñúgshKmn_tMbn; nigBiPBelak karGPivDÆn_ Rbkb edaycIrPaB nigkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk. kMENTRmg;nana RtUv)anGnuvtþRBm² Kñakñúgvis½yCaeRcIn rYmmankMENTRmg;rdæ)alsaFarN³ kMENTRmg;c,ab; nig tulakar kMENTRmg;hirBaØvtßú nigkMENTRmg;eyaFa. edaymankarebþCJacitþ Epñk neya)ayd¾xøaMgmYy nigkarcUlrYmBIédKUTaMgLay km<úCa)ancUlrYmCasmaCik Gas‘anenAEx emsa qñaM 1999 eday)anbBa©b;eKaledAmYyKW smahrNkmµ esdækic©fñak;tMbn;. kñúgGaNtþiTIbIenH raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa)andak;ecjnUvyuT§saRsþctuekaN EdlsMedAGnuvtþkmµviFIneya)ayTaMg 73 cMNucrbs;raCrdæaPi)al nig Fana[)annUvkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk karGPivDÆ karlUtlas; vDÆnPaB ÉkPaB Cati nigsuPmgÁlsRmab;RbCaBlrdæ. karbnþeFVIsmahrNkmµkm<úCaeTAkñúg esdækic©BiPBelak k¾enAEtCacMNuceKaledAmYy kñúgyuT§saRsþctuekaNpgEdr. karcUlrYmkñúgGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak (WTO) KWCaGaTiPaBx<s; bMputrbs;rdæaPi)al eRBaHsmahrNkmµeTAkñúgesdækic©BiPBelak RtUv)ancat; TukfaCa]bkrN_d¾xøaMgkøamYy edIm,Ikat;bnßyPaBRkIRk nigCakmøaMgCMrujd¾cm,g edIm,IGPivDÆn_esdækic© nigsgÁmkic©. enAkñúgkarEkTRmg;RbB½n§BaNiC¢kmµ raCrdæaPi)al)anykcitþTukdak; sRmbsRmYleKalneya)ay nigEbbbTlixit bTdæanTak;TgnwgBaNiC¢kmµ[sIucgVak;eTAnwgeKalkarN_rbs; WTO CaBiess eKalkarN_ MFN nigRbRBwtþikmµCati. RbB½n§elxkUdBn§KymYy EdlEp¥kelI 8

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt RbB½n§suxudumnIykmµ qñaM1996 (Harmonized System) RtUv)anGnum½t ehIy c,ab;mYycMnYnRtUv)anEksRmYlRBagfµI nigGnum½tedIm,IFananUvPaBsIucgVak;CamYy nwgeKalkarN_ WTO . 2> GVICaGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak? WTO KWCaGgÁkarGnþrCatisaklEtmYyKt;EdlBak;B½n§ CamYynwgk,Ün c,ab;BaNiC¢kmµrvagRbCaCatinana. enAcMNuckNþalrbs; WTO KWCakic©RBmeRBogBaNiC¢kmµ WTO EdlRtUv)ancrca nigcuHhtßelxaedayRkumRbeTs CaeRcInkñúgsklelak nigTTYlsc©ab½nBIrdæsParbs;RbeTsTaMgenaH. GgÁkar enHmaneKalbMNgCYyGñkplitTMnij nigesvakmµ GñknaMecj nigGñknaMcUledIm,I dMeNIrkarGaCIvkmµrbs;BYkeK. WTO manmuxgardUcxageRkamenH ³ 1RKb;RKgkic©RBmeRBogBaNiC¢kmµ WTO 2CaevTikaedIm,IkarcrcaBaNiC¢kmµ 3edaHRsayCMelaHBaNiC¢kmµ 4RtYtBinitüeKalneya)ayBaNiC¢kmµCati 5CMnYybec©keTs nigbNþúHbNþalsRmab;RbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_ 6shRbtibtiþkarCamYyGgÁkarGnþrCatidéTeTot. 9

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt 3> plvi)akénkarGnuvtþkic©RBmeRBog WTO RbeTskm<úCa)andak;CUnnUvkaryl;RBm eTAtamlkçx½NÐ WTO enAéf¶ TI22 Exkkáda qñaM2003 eTAtaml½kçx½NÐénsmaCikPaBEdl)anEcgkñúgBiFIsar cUlCasmaCik ehIyRtUv)anGnum½tedaysnñisITrdæm®nþIkalBI éf¶TI11 ExkBaØa qñaM2003 ehIyRtUv)ancuHhtßelxaedaykm<úCa CakmµvtßúénkarsMusc©ab½nBI rdæsPa. km<úCa)ankøayCasmaCikTI 148 rbs; WTO kalBIéf¶TI 13 Extula qñaM2004 dUecñH km<úCaCaRbeTsmankarGPivDÆtictYcTI 2 bnÞab;BIen)a:l; Edl)ancUlrYmkñúg WTO qøgtamdMeNIrkarcrcaPaKIkargareBjelj. 1 karGnuvtþeKalkarN_ WTO KWCadMeNIrkard¾Evgq¶ay niglM)akmYy. edayehtuenH tMNagkm<úCakñúgeBlcrca)anesñIsMusmaCikénPaKIkargar[ emtþa eyaKyl;dl;km<úCaEdlCaRbeTsGPivDÆtictYc  nigsMu[eKpþl; RbRBwtþkmµBiess nigdac;edayELkdl;km<úCa dUcEdl)anEcgkñúgkic©RBmeRBog WTO Tak;TgnwgRbeTsGPivDÆtic (LDC) . b:uEnþ kardeNþIm)annUvGtßRbeyaCn_Gtibrma BIsmaCik WTO minEmn CakargayeT. karTTYl)annUvplRbeyaCn_énTIpSar TamTarkMENTRmg;d¾ RsYcRsal EdlGachYsBIGVIEdlkm<úCa)anebþCJacitþkñúgeBlcrca. Gñkplitkñúg Rsukrbs;km<úCa kMBugCYbRbTHnUv]bsKÁmYycMnYn dUcCakgVHxatBt’manTIpSar GnþrCati kgVHcMeNHdwgEpñkRKb;RKg nigshRKinPaB karplitmanéføedImx<s; 1 RbeTsxøH)ancUlGgÁkarenH edaysV½yRbvtþi min)anqøgkat;karcrca eRBaHeKCa smaCik GATT EdleRkaymk køayCa WTO kalBIqñaM 1994 10

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt nigkgVHkarRtYtBinitüKuNPaBTMnij. BYkeKRtUvRbkYtRbECgCamYyTMnijnaMcUl EdlmanGRtaBn§KyTab EdlGacQaneTAeFVI[xUcxatplRbeyaCn_énkar deNþImTIpSar. Ca]TahrN_ RsUvCaplitpld¾sMbUrbMputrbs;CatienaH etIeFVI y:agNa eTIbksikrGaclk;RsUveTATIpSarGnþrCati)an RbsinebIGñkdaMxVHBUC RsUvl¥² xVHmeFüa)ay nigbec©keTsnana cMENkÉGñkkinRsUvkñúgRsukxVHTun xVHbec©kviTüaTMenIb ehIyKat;RtUvbg;éføGKIÁsnI Edléføkb;BBk ebIeFobeTAnwg RbeTsCitxagkñúgtMbn; ehIyKat;KµanpøÚvl¥eTAdl;TIpSar nigRtUvsUkluyeRkA pøÚvkarCaeRcInkEnøg? edIm,I[manplRbeyaCn¾BitR)akdeTAelIPaBRkIRk kMENTRmg; nig eKalkarN_GPi)alkic©l¥ RtUvEtGnuvtþedIm,Ikat;bnßyéføedImplitkmµ nigbegáIn lT§PaBRbkYtRbECgrbs;eyIg. eKalneya)ayBaNiC¢kmµKWCaCMhanTI1 sMxan; edIm,IKaMRTkardeNþImTIpSar. RbeTskm<úCa KWCaRbeTsEdlmanesdækic©tUcmYykñúgtMbn; edayman mUldæanBaNiC¢kmµenAmankRmit. RbeTsenHnaMcUlTMnij nigesvakmµeRcInCag naMecj.»nPaBEpñkBaNiC¢kmµmanRbEhlBI 300 eTA 600 landuløar kñúg mYyqñaM. cracrrUbIyb½NÑ nigkarTUTat;nana RbEhlCa 75° eFVItamry³ R)ak;duløar R)ak;)atéf nigR)ak;dugevotNam nigtamry³sac;R)ak;. dUcenH tamry³GñkviPaKCaeRcIn eKyl;fa RbeTskm<úCaminTan;eRtomxøÜn)anl¥sRmab; karRbkYtRbECg enAkñúgBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelakenAeLIy. eTaHCakm<úCa\LÚvenH CasmaCikrbs; WTO edaymanRbeTs 147 CaTIpSarrbs;xøÜn k¾eday k¾rebobeQagcab;TIpSarTaMgenaHenAminTan;c,as;enAeLIy. 11

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt km<úCaCaRbeTsRkIRkEdlEp¥kelIksikmµ nigmanEt]sSahkmµkat;edr sMelokbMBak;mYyKt; EdlmanlT§PaBnaMecjeRcInCageK. dUecñH smaCikPaB én WTO R)akdCamanplb:HBal;cMeBaHkm<úCaCaminxan. eTaHbICardæaPi)al manCMhrviC¢man cMeBaHsmahrNkmµeTAkñúgesdækic©BiPBelakk¾eday k¾Blrdæ ExµrxøH rYmmanvis½yÉkCn nigsgÁmsIuvilenAEtxVl;xVayGMBI karRbkYtRbECg kan;EteRcIneLIg² EdleFVI[km<úCaBi)aknwgQñH. karcrca[køayCasmaCik WTO CaCMhand¾lM)akmYy b:uEnþkarGnuvtþn_ kic©RBmeRBogrbs; WTO KWCaCMhanrwtEtsµúKsµajmYyeTot. RbCaCnkm<úCa RKb;rUb KYrEtxitxMeFVIkargarCamYYyKña edIm,Ikat;bnßynUvplb:HBal;CaGviC¢man TaMgLay edIm,ITTYl)annUvplcMeNjCaGtibrmakñúgrbbBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak. km<úCaRtUvxatbg;éføxatxøH eRkaycUl WTO BIkar)at;bg;éncMNUl EdlbNþalmkBIkarkat;bnßyGRtaBn§Ky ehIykm<úCak¾RtUvbg;éfø sRmab; karRbCMuCaeRcIn nigkarbegá;Itsßab½nfµIedIm,IRKb;RKg nigGnuvtþkic©RBmeRBog WTO . k¾b:uEnþ karbg;xatenH GacbMeBjbEnßm)antamry³karekIneLIgénTMhM BaNiC¢kmµ vinieyaKTun nigkargarEdlkm<úCarMBwgfa nwgTTYl)anBI\T§iBlén smaCikPaBenH. GñkxøH)anriHKn;km<úCacMeBaH karebþCJacitþd¾xøaMgnigelOneBk kñúgkarebIk cMhTIpSarxøÜn CafñÚrnwgsmaCikPaBkñúgeBlcrca. km<úCamankatBVkic©rYcehIy tamry³smaCikéntMbn;BaNiC¢kmµesrIGas‘an (AFTA) edaylubbM)at;GRta Bn§KynaMcUlenAqñaM 2015 k¾b:uEnþRtUvGnuvtþ kBa©b;Bn§KyCaeRcInmuneBlenaH edIm,IeqøIytbeTAnigtRmUvkar WTO . km<úCanwgminGacykBn§elIplitpl 12

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt ksikmµEdlCaRbPBcMNUlcm,g 80° énRbCaCn[elIsBI 60°)aneLIy. pÞúyeTAvij shPaBGWr:ubGacykBn§KyBIelIksiplrhUtdl;eTA 252° shrdæGaemrikykBn§rhUtdl;eTA 121° nigkaNada 120°. 2 elIsBIenHeTAeTot km<úCaminGacTTYl)anplRbeyaCn_ BIsm,Tan dUha (Doha) sþIGMBI kmµsiTi§bBaØaEdlGnuBaØat[RbeTsGPivDÆticrg;caMrhUt dl;qñaM 2016 muneBlGnuvtþbBaØtiþénBiFIsar sþIGMBI kmµsiTi§bBaØaTak;Tg BaNiC¢kmµ (TRIPS) . km<uúCanwgRtUvGnuvtþBiFIsarenaHenAqñaM 2007. k¾b:uEnþ kñúgl½kçx½NÐCak;EsþgsmasPaBxøHrbs; TRIPS CaBiessGVIEdlTak;Tgnwgkar karBarTinñn½y nigTRmg;TUeTAénplitplnwgmansuBlPaBPøam eRkayBIkm<úCa cUlCasmaCik WTO sUm,IEtsmaCikbc©úb,nñ RtUv)aneKGnuBaØat[rg;caMdl; 10 qñaM eTot. EteTaHCamankarlM)ak nigkarRbQmy:agNak¾eday karcUlkñúg GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelakenH eRbobdUcCakarcUlrYmkñúgkøwbb¤karcUl kñúgkar RbkYtRbECgmYydUecñHEdr. ebIeyIgmincUlRbLÚkkñúgkarRbkYtRbECg deNþIm TIpSarCamYyeKeT enaHeyIgnwgmindwgfasmtßPaBeyIgmanb:uNÑaeT ehIyeyIg k¾minsUvxitxMksagsmtßPaBeyIgedIm,Irt;tameK nigRbkYtCamYyeK)aneLIy. RbeTseyIgenAmanskþanuBlPaBeRcInNas; edayeyIgenAminTan;)an eRbIR)as;Gs; dUcCa eyIgmanépÞdIFMTUlay EdlGacGMeNaypldl;ksikmµ 2 Alan Boyd(2003) The heavy price of WTO membership htt://www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/E130Ae02.html accessed on 30 Sep 2003 13

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt nigksi]sSahkmµ. eyIgmantMbn;eqñrsmuRTEdlenATMenr EdlGacGPivDÆeTA CatMbn;esdækic©Biess nigniKm]sSahkmµ nigBaNiC¢kmµGnþrCati. eyIgman FnFanFmµCatid¾sMbUrsþúksþmÖ EdlminTan;eFVIGaCIvkmµ rYmmanEr: eRbgkat nig ]sµ½n. vis½yeTscrN_ sMNg; esvakmµnana k¾enAEtbnþCakmøaMgclkrEdl GacCMrujkarlUtlas;esdækic©kan;EtxøaMgkøaEfmeTot. edIm,IeqøIytbeTAnwgsMNYrEdlfa :etIkm<úCaRtUveFVIy:agNaedIm,ITTYl plRbeyaCn_CaGtibrma BIkareFVIsmahrNkmµesdækic© : xageRkamenHKWCa GtßbTCeRmIsEdlvaKµinkitiþyseyIg)anbgðajkñúgevTikasaFarN³ nigGgÁ snñisITfñak;CatiTak;Tgnwg{km<úCa nigGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak} EdlCa KeRmageBjmYyqñaM rbs;viTüasßanExµrsRmab;shRbtibtþikar nigsnþiPaB. Gñkeroberog)anxitxMEksRmYlBaküeBcn_ nigGkçraviruT§xøH² edIm,IgayRsYl kñúgkarGan nigeQVgyl;. 14

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt EpñkTI 1 suTÞrkfa kñúgsnñisITCati 15

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt RBHsunÞrkfasVaKmn_ semþc neratþm sirivuDÆ ]bnaykrdæmRnþI shrdæmRnþIRksYgmhaépÞ nig CaRBHRbFanRkumRbwkSaPi)al viTüasßanExµrsRmab;shRbtibtþikar nigsnþiPaB sUmeKarBsemþc hu‘n Esn naykrdæmRnþI énraCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa sUmeKarBelak Axel Schmidt , RbFankariyal½yshRbtibtþikar tMbn;GasIuGaeKñy¾ Friedrich Ebert Stiftung EdlmanTIsñak;karenA sigðburI sUmeKarB Ék]tþm elakCMTav Gs;elak elakRsI smaCik smaCika ePJóvkitþiysCati nigGnþrCatiénsnñisITéf¶enHCaTIeKarB nigCaTIemRtI. Cabzm kñúgnamviTüasßanExµrsRmab;Rbtibtþikar nigsnþiPaB nigmUlniFI Friedrich-Ebert Stiftung nigRkumelxaFikarerobcMsnñisITenH ´sUmsEmþg nUvkic©sVaKmn_y:agrak;Tak; nigkk;ekþAbMput cMeBaHvtþman semþc naykrdæmRnþI h‘un Esn Ék]tþm elakCMTav Gs;elak elakRsI GñknagkBaØa Edl)an GeBa¢IjcUlrYmenAkñúgsnñisITCatiéf¶enH. éf¶enHCaTivad¾mhankçtþbJkS edayviTüasßanExµrsRmab;Rbtibtþikar nig snþiPaB)anrYmshkarCamYyGgÁkar Friedrich-Ebert Stifstung erobcM 16

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt snñisITCati sþIGMBI km<úCa nigGgÁkarBaNiC¢km µ BiPBelak ³ pl RbeyaCn_ karRbQm nigTisedAGnaKt CaBiessedayeyIg)an TTYlkitþiysd¾]tþúgÁ]tþm bMputcMeBaHvtþmand¾x<g;x<s; rbs;semþcnaykrdæmRnþI h‘un Esn kñúgBiFIebIksnñisITenH. eyIg´sUmekatsresIr nUvTwkcitþRsLaj;rab;Gan nigKaMRTd¾esµaHsµRK½ rbs;semþcnaykrdæmRnþI EdlCanic©CakalEtgEtykcitþTukdak; nigpþl; kitþiysCUnviTüasßanExµrsRmab;Rbtibtþikar nigsnþiPaBeyIg´ ehIyeBlenH eTotesat semþck¾)aneqøot»kasd¾mantémø nigmmajwkrbs;semþccUlrYmCa GFibtId¾x<g;x<s;kñúgBiFIenH EdlCakarsrbBa¢ak;nUvsµartIshRbtibtþikar nigkar KaMRTy:agesµaHsµ½RK dl;skmµPaBd¾mansar³RbeyaCn_enHrbs;eyIg´. vtþman rbs;semþc BitCaCYyCMrujelIkTwkcitþ[snñisITenH rwtEtmanPaBGFikGFm nigRbkbedayGtßn½y nigxøwmsary:agRCaleRCAEfmeTot. semþc Ék]tþm elakCMTav nigGgÁsnñisITTaMgmUl km<úCa)anseRmcCasßaBr nigGnuvtþy:ageCaKC½ynUvkareFVIsmahrNkmµ esdækic©rbs;xøÜneTAkñúgtMbn; nigkñúgBPi Belak. eRkayBIeyIg)ancUlCa smaCikGas‘anenAExemsa qñaM1999 ehIy eyIgk¾)ancUlCasmaCikGgÁkar BaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak kalBIExtula qñaM2004 eRkayBIcrcad¾twgEtgGs;ry³ eBlCaeRcInqñaMmk. dUecñH eyIg)ancUlCasmaCik WTO CagmYyqñaM ehIy. snñisITenH BitCaeFVIeLIgy:agsmRsb nigTan;eBlevlaedIm,IbUksrub nig vaytémøBIKuNvibtþi nigKuNsm,tþi nigelIkTisedAeTAGnaKtsRmab;eyIgkñúg eKalbMNgerobcMyuT§saRsþ TajykplRbeyaCn_[)anCaGtibrmaBIsmaCik 17

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt PaBrbs;GgÁkar WTO enH edIm,IbeRmI]tþmRbeyaCn_CatieyIg CaBiessKW karkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk. ´sUmeqøot»kasenHsUmCRmabCUnKN³GFibtI nigePJovkitþiysCatinig GnþrCatiTaMgGs;sUmemtþaRCabfa snñisITCatienHKWCakarbUksrubkargar Edl viTüasßanExµrsRmab;shRbtibtþikar nigsnþiPaB)aneFVIGs;ry³eBleBjmYyqñaM tamry³karerobcMCaevTikasaFarN³cMnYn10elIk edIm,IBieRKaHeyabl; BiPakSa nigkarpSBVpSay cMeNHdwgdl;saFarNCnTUeTA[yl;BIplb:HBal;CaviC¢man nigGviC¢mandl;RbeTseyIg nigEsVgrkGnusasn_ nanaedIm,ICmñHkarRbQm nana nigseRmc)annUvKuNRbeyaCn_CaGtibrima BIsmaCikPaBkñúgGgÁkar BaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak. CafµImþgeTot tagnam[sikçasalaTaMgmUl TUlbgÁM eyIg´sUmsEmþg nUvGMNrKuNy:agRCaleRCA cMeBaHsemþc hu‘n Esn naykrdæmRnþIén raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa ePJóvkitþiysCati nigGnþrCati smaCik smaCikaén GgÁsnñisITTaMgmUl Edl)anxitxMcMNayeBlevlad¾mantémø GeBa¢IjmkcUlrYm cMENkeFVI[BiFIenHmansPaBGFikGFm nigseRmc)aneCaKC½y. munnwgbBa©b; ´manmhakitþiys sUmeKarBCUnBr semþcnaykrdæmRnþI h‘un Esn KN³GFibtI ePJóvkitþiysCati nigGnþrCati Ék]tþm elakCMTav Gs;elak elakRsI CasmaCik smaCika sikçasalaTaMgmUl sUmRbkbeday RBHBuT§Br TaMgR)aMRbkar KWGayu vNѳ sux³ Bl³ nigbdiPan³ kuMbIeXøógXøat eLIy. 18

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt CabnÞab;teTAenH´sUmeKarBGeBa¢Ij elak Axel Schmidt Edl CaRbFankariyal½yshRbtibtþikartMbn;GasIuGaeKñy_ FES EdleBlenH)an rYmshkar nig]btßmÖCamUlniFi dl;viTüasßansRmab;Rbtibtþikar nigsnþiPaB kñúg karerobcMsnñisITCatid¾mansar³sMxan;enH. 19

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt snÞrkfasVaKmn_ elak Gak;Esl sµIt edayesckþIrIkray ´sUmcUlrYmCamYyGs;elak elakRsI kñúgsnñisIT Cati sþIBI:RbeTskm<úCa nigGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ plRbeyaCn_ karRbQmmux nigTisedAeTAGnaKt:. snñisITenHKWCakarpÁúMeLIg énkic© BiPakSatumUl CabnþbnÞab; EdlviTüasßanExµrsRmab;shRbtibtiþkar nigsnþiPaB )anerobcMeLIgkñúgExknøgmk. kic©BiPakSatumUlTaMgenH)anelIkykmkBiPakSa TidæPaB Biess²énsmaCikGgÁkar WTO rbs;RbeTskm<úCa. edayehtufa snñisITenHnwgBinitüemIlBIGnaKtrbs;RbeTskm<úCa kñúgnamCasmaCikGgÁkar WTO ´sUmeqøót»kasenH edIm,IrMlwkeLIgvijBIRbPBkMeNIténGgÁkarenH kñúg bTGtßaFib,ayrbs;´dUcteTA ³ enAéf¶TI 13 tula 2004 RbeTskm<úCa)ancUlCasmaCikTI 148 én GgÁkar WTO . RBwtþikarN_enHGacminRtUv)aneKkt;sMKal; ebIsinCavaminqøúH bBa©aMgkarBit EdlfaRbeTskm<úCamankarGPivDÆn_tic nig)anqøgkat;dMeNIrkar crca kñúgRkumkargard¾eBjeljRbkbedaykarlM)ak Etmankarp©itp©g; nigts‘U kñúgGMLúgeBlcrcaCit 10 qñaM RbeTskm<úCaRtUveFVIsm,TanCaeRcIn EdlkareFVI sm,TanxøHGacmanlkçN³pÞúyeTAnwgplRbeyaCn_Catirbs;xøÜn. ´sUmGnuBaØat dkRsg;nUvsm,Tan 2 kñúgcMeNamsm,TanTaMgenaH. 20

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt kñúgnamCasmaCikfµIénGgÁkar WTO RbeTskm<úCaminmansiTi§]btßmÖ Tun nigTMnukbMrugksikmµrbs;xøÜn dUcRbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_déTeTot ehIyfµI²enH smaCik WTO GacmansiTi§eFVIEbbenHrhUtdl;qñaM 2015. dUecñH RbeTs km<úCa 80° énRbCaBlrdærbs;xøÜn Edlrs;edayksikmµ GacRtwmEtkarBarEpñk enHCamYykatBVkic© nigBn§Ky elIplitplksikmµ)ancMnYnEt 60° Ca Gtibrma. pÞúyeTAvij shPaBGWr:ubGackarBar)anCag 252° nigshrdæ Gaemrik)an 120°. enAeBlEdlsmaCik WTO maneBlrhUtdl;qñaM 2015 RbeTs km<úCaRtUvGnuvtþsn§isBaØa TRIPS [)anrYcral;rhUtdl;éf¶TI 1 mkra 2007. edayKitBIbBaðaenH kar)a:n;RbmaNBIGñkEdlrgeRKaHedayemeraKhIuv Edlman Cag 100>000 nak; RbeTskm<úCanwgmankarBi)akkñúgkarpþl;eTAdl;BYkeK nUv fñaMCMnYyTb;Tl;nwgCMgWenH edaytémøefaksRmab;Büa)al. kñúgkarkøayCasmaCik WTO kñúgtémøEbbenH eFVI[eKegOgq¶l;fa ehtuGVIRbeTskm<úCa)aneRtomxøÜnrYcral;kñúgkarcMNaysRmab;karcUlenH. ´ Gacsµan)anfa manehtupl 2 ya:g dUcteTA. TI1-KWCaehtuplcitþsaRsþ. karcrcasmaCikPaBrbs;RbeTskm<úCa )ancab;epþImkñúgqñaM 1994 KWmYyqñaMeRkay BIRbeTskm<úCa)anRtLb;eTArk PaBFmµtarbs;xøÜnvij. RbeTskm<úCacg;biTTMB½rexµAggwténs®gÁamsIuvil rbb Rbl½yBUCsasn_ PaBÉeka nigGMeBIhigSarbs;xøÜn. dUcKñanwgkarRbwgERbg edIm,ITTYl)ansmaCikPaBkñúgsmaKmn¾Gas‘an RbeTskm<úCacg;køayxøÜnCamþg 21

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt eTot CasmaCikmñak; d¾KYr[eKarBénshKmn_GnþrCati tamry³karcUlrYmeTA kñúgGgÁkar WTO . ehtuplTI 2 KWCaehtupl edIm,IGPivDÆn_. RbeTskm<úCaminGac ksageLIgvijedayRtUvEhkhYredays®gÁamrbs;xøÜn nigesdækic©EdlRtUv)an eFVI[exÞcxÞaMedaymeFüa)aypÞal;xøÜn EdlTTYlTMnukbRmugBICMnYyGPivDÆn_pøÚvkar (ODA) rhUt)aneLIy. tamry³karebIkcMh nigkareFVIesrIPavUbnIykmµTIpSar nigBaNiC¢kmµesrIrbs;xøÜneTAkñúgRkbx½NÐ WTO RbeTskm<úCacg;Tak;Taj karvinieyaKbreTskñúgRsuk cg;eFVIkarEkTRmg;rcnasm<½n§ GPivDÆn_FnFanmnusS CMruj]sSahkmµkat;edrrbs;xøÜn kat;bnßyPaBRkIRk nigrkTIpSarenAÉeRkA RbeTssRmab;plitplTaMgenaH. RbeTskm<úCa)anTTYlkMeNInesdækic©d¾KYr[kt;sMKal; nig)anegIbeLIg vijkñúgry³eBl 10 qñaMcugeRkayenH. sYrfaetIsUcnakrTaMgenH GacekIteLIg edaysarEtman karcrcarbs;RbeTskm<úCa[)ankøayCasmaCik WTO nig karcUlrYmCasmaCikeBjsiTi§rbs;xøÜnya:gNa enaHKWvahYsBIkaryl;dwgrbs;´. eyageTAtamlT§pl énkic©RbCMufñak;rdæm®nþIénGgÁkar WTO fµI²enH enATIRkughugkug nigkic©RbCMuenATIRkugdUha (Doha Development Round) EdlminsUvmankarGUsTaj etIvaCakarseRmccitþd¾RtwmRtUvrbs;RbeTskm<úCa kñúgkarcUlGgÁkar WTO b¤eT? etImanCeRmIsepSg²eTotb¤eT? RbeTskm<úCaGacsßitenAeRkAGgÁkar WTO ehIybc©úb,nñenHpl RbeyaCn_kñúgnamCaRbeTsGPivDÆn_tic (LDC) BIkarcUlCaÉketaPaKI dUcCa KMnitpþÜcepþImrbs;shKmn_GWr:ub EdlmaneQµaHfa{GVI²TaMgGs;elIkElgEt 22

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt GavuFecj}. eTaHCaya:genHkþI KMnitpþÜcepþImenHmanlkçN³ÉketaPaKI ehIyRtUv )antRmg;edayBYkGWr:ub. RbeTskm<úCa b¤RbeTsGPivDÆn_tictYcdéTeTot Kµan GVIRtUvniyaykñúgkarEcgEbbenH cMeBaHvisalPaB nigmatika (Scope and content) énsm,TanEdlpþl;edayshKmn_GWr:ub cMeBaHRbeTsGPivDÆn_ tic TaMgenaH. elIsBIenHeTot tamRTwsþIKMnitpþÜcepþImEbbenHGacRtUv)aneKdkecj ebIsinCasPaénshKmn_GWr:ubeFVIkarpøas;bþÚrKMnitrbs;eK. CeRmIsTI 2 KWRbeTskm<úCaGaceFVIkic©RBmeRBogBaNiC¢kmµesrIeTVPaKI CamYyRbeTsFM² b¤CamYyRkumRbeTsesdækic©. eTaHbIya:genHk¾edaykic© RBmeRBogBaNiC¢kmµeTVPaKIpþl;cMeNjdl;RbeTsFM² EdlmanGnuPaBxøaMgCag kñúgkarTajyksm,Tan BIédKUBaNiC¢kmµtUc²rbs;xøÜnCagRbeTstUc²TaMgenaH. elIsBIenHeTAeTot kic©RBmeRBogBaNiC¢kmµesrIeTVPaKI)anbegáInnUvPaBcMNuHeK énRbeTsesdækic©tUc² BIRbeTsesdækic©FM² EdlmanlkçN³RtYtRta. manEtRbB½n§BaNiC¢kmµBhuPaKIEtmYyKt; dUcCa WTO Edlmanc,ab; TMlab;dUcKña sRmab;GñkTaMgGs;Kña eTIbGacpþl;»kasesµIPaB ehIyGacTb;Tl; )anCamYymhaGMNacesdækic© dUcCashPaBGWr:ub nigshrdæGaemrikdUecñaHEdr. dUecñH tameyabl;rbs;´ RbeTskm<úCa)anseRmccitþRtwmRtUvkñúgkarcUlkñúgRkum BaNiC¢kmµBiPBelakCaédKUd¾v½yekµgmñak;. ´dwgfa TsSn³rbs;´GacGñkTaMgGs;Kñaminyl;RsbehIyfa snñisIT sþIBI{:RbeTskm<úCa nigGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ plRbeyaCn_ karRbQmmux nigTisedAeTAGnaKt} nwgTTYl)annUvKMnitepSg²Kña. 23

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt enHKWCaeKalbMNgénsnñisIT RBmTaMgkarpøas;bþÚrTsSn³karerondkbTBiesaFn_ BIKñaeTAvijeTAmk nigBicarNaeLIgvijnUvmtipÞal;rbs;buKÁlmñak;². kñúgnammUlniFi FES ´sUmGrKuN CICP Edlmanelaknayk RbtibtiþbNÐit cab sufariT§ nigbuKÁlikTaMgGs; rbs;viTüasßanExµrsRmab; shRbtibtþikar nigsnþiPaB Edl)anerobcMsnñisITenH. ´sUmCUnBr[Gs;elak TTYl)annUvkarBiPakSaKñars;revIkmanKMnitfµI nigTTYllT§plCaviC¢man. 24

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt sunÞrkfaebIk semþc h‘un Esn naykrdæm®nþIénraCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa semþc neratþm sirivuDÆ]bnaykrdæm®nþI shrdæm®nþI RksYgmhaépÞ nigCaRBHRbFanRkumRbwkSaPi)al viTüasßanExµrsRmab;shRbtibtþikar nigsnþiPaB elak GaEsl sµIt Axel Schmidt ¦ RbFankariyal½ysh RbtibtþikartMbn;GasIuGaeKñy_énmUlniFi RhVIRDIc eGEb‘t sÞIhVTug Friedrich Ebert Stiftung ¦ Ék]tþm elakCMTav Gs;elak elakRsI smaCik smaCika ePJóvkitþiysCati nigGnþrCatiénsnñisITéf¶enH CaTIemRtI Cabzm kñúgnamraCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa nigkñúgnam´pÞal; ´sUmsEmþgnUv karsVaKmn_ya:gkk;ekþAcMeBaHvtþman semþc Ék]tþm elakCMTav Gs;elak elakRsI Edl)anGeBa¢IjcUlrYmkñúgsnñisITCati sþIBI{km<úCanigGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµ BiPB elak ³ KuNsm,tþi karRbQm nigTisedAGnaKtna} eBlenH. ´sUmekatsresIr nigKaMRTcMeBaHkic©shRbtibtþikar nigskmµPaBd¾man sarRbeyaCn_rbs;viTüasßanExµrsRmab;shRbtibtþikar nigsnþiPaB CICP ¦ nigmUlniFi RhVIRDIc eGEb‘t sÞIhVTug Friedrich Ebert Stiftung ¦ énRbeTs 25

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt GaløWm:g;Edl)anpþÜcepþImKMnit nigcMNaymUlniFirbs;xøÜn edIm,IerobcMsnñisITCati énkic©RbwgERbgpSBVpSaycMeBaHdwg nigGPivDÆFnFanmnusSenAkm<úCa. raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCaEtgEtykcitþTukdak; nigrYmshkarkñúgPaBédKUCa mYyédKUGPivDÆn_ sgÁmsIuvil nigGgÁkarminEmnraCrdæaPi)alCati nigGnþrCati nana EdlxitxMeFIVkargarbeRmIdl;plRbeyaCn_sgÁmeyIg dUcmanviTüasßanExµr sRmab;shRbtibtþikar nigsnþiPaBCaKMrU. edayELksRmab;éf¶enH viPaKTan eBlevla nigcMeNHdwgrbs;elak elakRsIkñúgkarerobcM nigcUlrYmkñúgsnñisIT Cati sþIBI{km<úCa nigGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ KuNsm,tþi karRbQm nig TisedAGnaKt} BitCamantémø minRtwmEtCYyBinitüemIlbBaðaRbQm nigKuN sm,tþinana kñúgkareFIVsmahrNkmµesdækic©km<úCa kñúgesdækic©BiPBelaknaeBl bc©úb,nñb:ueNÑaHeT b:uEnþEfmTaMgCYyrMelceLIg nUvTsSnvis½yeTAGnaKtrbs; km<úCakñúgdMNak;kalfµIeTotpg. semþc Ék]tþm elakCMTav nigGgÁsnñisITTaMgmUl karcUleTAkñúgGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak WTO ¦ RtUv)ankMNt;ya:g c,as;kñúgyuT§sa®sþmYyényuT§sa®sþRtIekaN rbs;raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa kñúg nItikalTI 2 énrdæsPa. Cak;EsþglT§plénkarGnuvtþ yuT§sa®sþRtIekaN)an begáIteLIg nUvmUldæand¾rwgmaMmYysRmab;karGPivDÆn_ry³eBlEvg kñúgenaHrYm man -karseRmc)an nigBRgwg[mancIrPaBnUvsnþiPaB nigsßirPaBenAkñúg Rkbx½NÐTUTaMgRbeTs -smahrNkmµkm<úCaya:gqab;rh½s nigya:geBj eljeTAkñúgshKmn_tMbn; nigBiPBelak nig -karvaysRmukeTAelI 26

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt smrPUmikMENTRmg;esdækic© edIm,ICMrujelIkkm<s;kMeNIn nigkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk rbs;RbCaCn. smiT§plénsmahrNkmµkm<úCa ya:gqab;rh½s nigya:geBjeljeTA kñúgshKmn_tMbn; nigBiPBelak bBa¢ak;[eXIjc,as;fa raCrdæaPi)alman karebþCJacitþEpñkneya)ayya:gemaHmut kñúgkarerobcMeFIVsmahrNkmµesdækic© rbs;xøÜncUlkñúgesdækic©tMbn; nigBiPBelak. TnÞwmnwgkarRbwgERbgeFIV[TMnak; TMngkm<úCa CamYynwgshKmn_GnþrCatimanPaBl¥RbesIrCaFmµtavij raCrdæaPi)al)aneFIVsmahrNkmµesdækic© kñúgtMbn;)anseRmcedayeCaKC½y eRkay eBlEdleyIgTTYl)ansmaCikPaB kñúgsmaKmRbCaCatiGasIuGaeKñy_ kalBI Exemsa qñaM 1999. c,as;Nas;fa rebobvar³rbs;km<úCa minEmncb;RtwmkarcUlCasmaCik rbs;Gas‘an nigkarCMrujGnuvtþkic©shRbtibtþikarBak;B½n§déTeTotenaHeT. km<úCamanmhicäitaFMCagenHeTot. rebobvar³rbs;raCrdæaPi)al KWsmahrNkmµ esdækic©Cati eTAkñúgRbB½n§BaNiC¢kmµBiPBelakTaMgmUlEtmþg. edIm,IeKaledAenH km<úCa)anRbwgERbgerobcMxøÜnya:gGs;BIsmtßPaBenAkñúgry³eBlCaeRcInqñaM TMraM )ancUlCasmaCikPaBkñúgGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak enAéf¶TI 12 ExkBaØa qñaM 2003 kñúgsnñisITfñak;rdæm®nþIénGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak enATIRkugkan;KUn énRbeTsmiucsuickU. Cak;Esþg smiT§plfµIenHeFIV[kmú<CaTTYl)ankarelIkTwkcitþ nigman emaTnPaBya:gxøaMg cMeBaHsmtßPaBrbs;xøÜnEdlGaceqøIytb)aneTAnwgl½kçx½NÐ d¾eRcIn nigd¾twgrwugsRmab;ebkçPaBenAkñúgGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelakenH. Rbkar 27

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt enHk¾)anKUsbBa¢ak;[eXIjya:gc,as;fa km<úCa)annigkMBugeFIVdMeNIrenAelImaKa’ d¾RtwmRtUvmYykñúgkarGnuvtþn_lT§iRbCaFibetyü kareKarBsiT§imnusS nigeKalkarN_tmøaPaB RBmTaMgeFIVTMenIbkmµ rcnasm<½n§esdækic© CaBiessKWesrIPavUbnIykmµBaNiC¢kmµ nigkarviniieyaKedIm,I[RbCaCneyIgGacTTYl)annUvpl RbeyaCn_ya:gsmrmüBIcrnþd¾xøaMgkøayénsklPavUbnIykmµ. CamYyKñaenaH raCrdæaPi)almankaryl;dwgya:gc,as;fa karGnuvtþn_ RbkbedayRbsiT§iPaB nUvkatBVkic©énsmaCikPaBenAkñúgGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPB elak nwgmankarBi)akeRcInCagdMeNIrénkarQaneTAseRmc)an nUvsmaCikPaB enHeTAeTot. kñúgn½yenH km<úCaRtUvEtbegáInkarxitxMRbwgERbgrbs;xøÜn[Gs;BI smtßPaB edIm,IedaHRsaybBaðaRbQmkarlM)ak nig]bsKÁFMtUcTaMgLaytam ry³kMENTRmg;sIuCeRmAenAkñúgRKb;Epñk RKb;vis½yTaMgGs; CaBiessKWkarBRgwg mUldæanplitkmµ karksagsmtßPaBsßab½n nigkarGPivDÆFnFanmnusSEdlCa dMeNIrkarmYyRtUvkarnUveBlevla nigTamTarnUvkarebþCJacitþx<s; nigqnÞ³ neya)ayya:gbþÚrpþac;. kñúgsµartIenH karTTYlyknUvhaniP½yénsmaCikPaB enAkñúgGgÁkar BaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak nwgpþl;[km<úCanUvkalanuvtþPaBd¾kRm edIm,IedaHRsay bBaðarcnasm<½n§nana tamry³kBa©b;énkarebþCJacitþd¾TUlMTUlaymYyEdlrYmbBa©Úl nUvTMnij]sSahkmµ esvakmµ ksipl ngi karGnuvtþn_BaNiC¢kmµ[mantmøaPaB nigyutþiFm’. RbsinebIeyIgQrelITsSn³enH karcUlkñúgGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPB elak)annaMmknUvskþanuBld¾FMeFgelIsBIesdækic© nigBaNiC¢kmµeTAeTot. smaCikPaBenH GacbeRmICamUldæanRKwHsRmab;karksag nigBRgwgviFankarén 28

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt c,ab;enAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa ehIyk¾nwgCYybegáIteLIgnUvTmøab;CasuqnÞ³ kñúgkar TTYlnigeKarBtamRkmniyamGnþrCatienAkñúgvis½ydéTCaeRcIneTot. semþc Ék]tþm elakCMTav nigGgÁsnñisITTaMgmUl ¡ eTaHCaplb:HBal;rbs;smaCikPaB minTan;ekIteLIgCaduMkMPYnenAeLIy snñisIT sþIBI km<úCa nigGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ KuNsm,tþi karRbQm nig TisedAGnaKt Edl)anerobcMeLIgnaeBlenHBitCaeFIVeLIgTan;eBlevla edIm,I bUksrubvaytémøBIKuNvibtþi nigKuNsm,tþi nigelIkTisedAeTAGnaKtsRmab; eyIg edIm,ICmñH[)annUvkarRbQmTaMgLay nigTajyk[)anCaGtibrmanUv plRbeyaCn_BIsmahrNkmµenH. BitNas;fa sklPavUbnIykmµ KWCarlkd¾FMmYyEdleyIgminGaceKc evs)aneT. bNþaRbeTsRkumh‘unnana nigsaFarNCnTUeTARtUvEtTTYlykkar BitenHdUcKña. tamry³bTBiesaFn_Rbvtþisa®sþ nigkarRsavRCavnana)anbgðaj fakarbiTTVarRbeTsedIm,IkarBarplitplkñúgRsukminGaceFVIeTA)aneCaKC½yeT. pÞúyeTAvij vanwgeFVI[RbeTsenaHzitenAÉekanigzitenAq¶ayBITMenIbPavUbnIykmµ nigkarGPivDÆ. sRmab;RbeTskm<úCa smaCikPaBkñúgGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak bgðaj[eXIjnUvdMNak;kalfµIénkMENTRmg;esdækic© EdlebIkcMheTAkan;BiPB elakxageRkABIesrIPavUbnIykmµeRCIserIs eTACaesrIPavUbnIykmµTUlMTUlayBI esrIPavUbnIykmµÉketaPaKIeTACaesrIPavUbnIykmµBhuPaKI EdlBwgEp¥kelIc,ab; GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak. karTTYl)ansmaCikPaBkñúgGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµ 29

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt BiPBelakrbs;km<úCa nwgeFIV[mansmahrNkmµesdækic©rbs;xøÜnya:geBjelj CamYy nwgRbB½n§BaNiC¢kmµGnþrCati. esrIPavUbnIykmµ nwgbegáInRbsiTi§PaBesdækic©rbs;km<úCa ehIyk¾nwg CMrujkarlUtlas;Epñkksikmµ nig]sSahkmµpgEdr. karRbkYtRbECgnwgCMruj shRKaskñúgRsuk[begáInKuNPaB nigbrimaNénplitkmµ nigesvakmµtamry³ karbBa©Úlbec©kviTüa nigsmtßPaBRKb;RKgfµI² EdlmanlT§PaBdeNþImTIpSarkñúg tMbn; nigBiPBelak. BitNas;fa plRbeyaCn_epSgeTot Edlkm<úCaGacTTYl)anBIGgÁkar BaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak KWplRbeyaCn_neya)ay. Cak;EsþgRbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_ dUckm<úCa)ankøayCasmaCikGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak nwgmanédKUGPivDÆn_ kan;EteRcInEfmeTot nigmankarKaMRTBIsmaCikdéTeTot EdlnwgKaMRTeyIg edaypþl;CMnYykan;EteRcInsRmab;GPivDÆn_FnFanmnusS k¾dUcCaGPivDÆn_esdæ kic©Edr. dUecñH smaCikPaBGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak nwgmanCab;Tak;Tg ya:gxøaMg dl;karbegáInkarrIklUtlas;énesdækic©km<úCa karbegáInkargar nigcUl rYmkat;bnßyPaBRkIRkrbs;RbCaCn. semþc Ék]tþm elakCMTav nigGgÁsnñisITTaMgmUl smahrNkmµesdækic© EdlrYmbBa©ÚlTaMgsmahrNkmµkñúgtMbn; nig BiPBelakmkTl;eBlenH enAEtmanPaBmnÞilsgS½y nigeKalKMnitminc,as; las;enAeLIy CaBiesskñúgcMeNamsaFarNCnTUeTA. 30

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt CakarBit smaCikPaBenAkñúgGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµGnþrCati pþl;nUv kalanuvtþPaB nigPaBRbQmpgEdr. dUcEdl´)anKUsbBa¢ak;xagelI»kas cm,gmYyEdlpþl;CUndl;smaCikTaMgGs;rbs;GgÁkarenH KWlT§PaBeFVIBaNiC¢kmµCamYysmaCikTaMgGs;déTeToténGgÁkarenH enAeRkameKalkarN_BaNiC¢ kmµénRbCaCati Edl)anTTYlGnueRKaHCageK MFN ¦. dUecñH vapþl;nUvRck sRmab;shRKasnanarbs;km<úCa edIm,IeFIVkarnaMecj pþl;kargar[RbCaCneFVI nigpþl;R)ak;cMNUldl;BYkeK. tamrebobenH km<úCanwgrkcMNUl)anBIkarnaMecj EdlmanbrimaNeRcInelIslb;hYsBIkarxatbg; b¤Føak;cuHcMNUlBn§elIkarnaMcUl EdlbNþalmk BIkarcUlCasmaCikrbs;GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak. eyIgRtUvcgcaMfa smaCikPaBenAkñúgGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelaknwg GnuBaØat[km<úCabegáInkarnaMecjk¾BitEmn k¾b:uEnþ km<úCak¾RtUvnaMcUlnUvplitpl epSg²pgEdr edIm,IbeRmIesckþIRtUvkarrbs;RbCaCn. BaNiC¢kmµdMeNIrkar {pøÚvBIr} ehIyenAeBlRckcUlTIpSar plitplBiPBelakmanlkçN³kan;Et RbesIreLIg nigPaBkan;EtGnueRKaHeLIg shRKaskm<úCanwgGackat;bnßy)an nUvcMNayrbs;xøÜnelIvtßúFatuedIm b¤FatucUl ehIyRKYsarkm<úCak¾nwgmanCIvPaB rs;enAkan;EtRbesIreLIgtamenaHEdr. CakarBit PaBRbQmsRmab;eyIgKWRtUvFanafa TMnijnaMecjBIkm<úCa manlkçN³RbkYtRbECg. enHKWCakic©karEdleyIgkMBugxitxMeFIVya:gskmµ dUcCa viFankaredIm,Ikat;bnßycMNayplitkmµkñúgRsuk cMNayelIFatucUl nigkar pSBVpSayBaNiC¢kmµ. viFankarTaMgGs;enaHrYmman ³ karksagehdæarcnasm<½n§ dwkCBa¢Ún TUrKmnaKmn_ famBl nigRbB½n§pÁt;pÁg;Twk[)anqab;rh½s nigman 31

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt RbsiT§iPaB nigkarkat;bnßycMNay Tak;TgnwgEbbbTrdæ)alsµúKsµaj RBm TaMgBak;Bn§½nwgkarecjGaCJab½NÑ nigkarGnuBaØatnanapgEdr. karRbQmFMbMputenaH KWeFVIya:gNaedIm,IbegáInlT§PaBRbkYtRbECg rbs;eyIg eBalKWplitplkñúgRsukrbs;eyIg RtUvRbkYtRbECgnwgplitpl breTs EdlhUrcUledayesrI nigtémøefak nigKuNPaBl¥Cagrbs;eyIg. kareFIV esrIPavUbnIykmµya:gelOnénTIpSarrbs;xøÜn eFIV[exOnplitkmµkñúgd¾ekµgx©Irbs; eyIgEdlRtUvkarBarnwggayrgeRKaH dUcCaksikmµplitkmµFuntUc nigmFüm Rkumh‘unkñúgRsukrbs;km<úCanana nwgRbQmmuxCamYyTMnijnaMcUlBIbreTsCa eRcIn EdleFIV[GaCIvkreyIgGacnwgkS½yFn)an. RbkarenHeFVI[karnaMcUlRtUv eKrMBwgfa nwgekIneLIgelOnCagkarnaMecj enaHnwgbNþal[mankMeNInya:g KMh‘ukénGtulüPaB CBa¢IgBaNiC¢kmµ. shRKaskm<úCaCaeRcIn EdlkMBugsßit kñúgvis½yRbkYtRbECg tictYc dUcCaEpñkKImI fñaMeBTü EpñkEkécñmðÚbGahar ksi]sSahkmµ nwgGacCYbRbTHnUvbBaðaplitkmµrbs;xøÜn. elIsBIenHeTot Epñk esvakmµxøH dUcCaBaNiC¢kmµ dwkCBa¢Ún Fanara:b;rg k¾dUcCaEpñkTUrKmnaKmn_Edl Føab;EtRtUv)anTTYlkarBarenaH GacnwgFøak;kñúgsßanPaB)at;bg;plRbeyaCn_ eRcInkñúgkarRbkYtRbECgCamYyRkumh‘unbreTs. km<úCakMBugEtCYbRbTHkMeNInénPaBminsIusgVak;Kña kñúgtMbn;nigkarekIn eLIgénKmøatEpñkkRmitcMNUl énRkumRbCaBlrdæepSg²Kña. raCFanIPñMeBjnwg TTYlplRbeyaCn_eRcInCageK nigrIkceRmIneTAmuxCageK ebIeRbobeFobeTAnwg tMbn;epSg²eTot. enHCaEpñkmYyénbBaðasgÁm EdlelcecjBIdMeNIrkar GPivDÆ. karbegáInel,ÓnesrIPavUbnIykmµ nigkarRbkYtRbECgEdlecjBI 32

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt karGnuvtþn_kic©snüananarbs;km<úCa cMeBaHGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelakenaH Gac eFIV[CYbbBaðaxøH² Caminxan. mansikçasalaCaeRcIn nigkmµviFIhVwkhVWnEdlRtUv)andwknaMedayRksYg BaNiC¢kmµsRmab;m®nþIkm<úCa EdlTak;TinnwgkarcUlsmaCikPaBGgÁkarBaNiC¢ kmµBiPBelak. eTaHCaya:gNak¾eday k¾cMeNHdwg nigBt’manTak;Tgnwgpl b:HBal;énGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelakcMeBaHesdækic©km<úCa KWenAmankRmitenA eLIy. CamYyKñaenaH Rkbx½NÐc,ab;enARbeTskm<úCaesÞIrRtUv)anbMpøajexÞcxÞI Gs;kñúgsRgÁam. km<úCaRtUvbegáIt nigeFVIviesaFnkmµc,ab; edIm,IeqøIytbnwgkar pøas;bþÚrrbbneya)ay. lkç½x½NÐmuncUlCasmaCikPaBGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPB elak km<úCaRtUvpøas;bþÚr b¤begáItc,ab; niglixitbTdæannana edIm,I[Rsbnwg BaNiC¢kmµesrI nigviFankarnanarbs;GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak. dUecñH vaKWCa bnÞúkmYysRmab;RbCaCnkm<úCa kñúgkareFIVkic©karenHenAxN³EdlcMeNHdwg nig eBlevlaenAmankRmitenAeLIy enAkñúgbrisßanfµIénesdækic©TIpSar nigrbb BaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak. c,ab; niglixitbTdæanfµI² CaeRcInRtUv)anRBagedayqab; rh½s edIm,IeqøIytbeTAnwgtRmUvkarrbs;GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak. dUecñH c,ab;TaMgenaHGacminRtUv)anerobcM)anl¥ nigRKb;RKan;eLIy ehIynwgGacRtUveFVI viesaFnkmµenAkñúgGnaKtd¾xøIxagmux enAeBlEdlrdæaPi)alemIleXIjfa man cenøaHRbehagEdlnwgbegáItCaRkbx½NÐc,ab;minrlUnenaH. karGnuvtþn_sRmab;cUlsmaCikPaB GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelakCabBaða mYy b:uEnþ kareFVIkarkñúgGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak nwgCakarRbQmmuxmYy 33

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt eTot. enAeBlmanCemøaHBaNiC¢kmµekIteLIg m®nþIkm<úCaRtUvedaHRsaybBaðaenH ehIyRtUvmankarcrcaCaeRcIn. enAeBlm®nþIkm<úCa enAmancMeNHdwgmankRmit enAkñúgbBaðaBaNiC¢kmµ nigc,ab; enaHnwgmankarlM)akenAkñúgkarcrcaBaNiC¢kmµ. semþc Ék]tþm elakCMTav nigGgÁsnñisITTaMgmUl karRbQmCaeRcInsRmab;km<úCa minRtwmEtecjBIkarpøas;bþÚrbrisßan BaNiC¢kmµb:ueNÑaHeT b:uEnþEfmTaMgecjBIkarekIneLIgén]sSahkmµkñúgRsukeTot pg. eTaHbICaRbeTsmankMeNInesdækic©RbkbedaysißrPaBBImun² k¾edayk¾ RbPBsMxan; énkMeNInesdækic©ecjmk BIkarekorKrRbPBFnFanya:geRcIn én CMnYyBIeRkA nigktþaplitkmµepSg²eTot dUcCaeTscrN_ nigesvakmµ. karkat;bnßyCMnYyBI xageRkAnwgb:HBal;dl;kMeNInesdækic© ehIykarGPivDÆ BaNiC¢kmµ RbEhlminGacCMnYsCMnYyBIxageRkAeT ya:gehacNas;BI 10 eTA 15 qñaM eTotEdr. raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa RtUvxitxMCMruj[RKb;GñkcUlrYmTaMgGs; rYmTaMgvis½y ÉkCnerobcMxøÜn[)anl¥ nigRtUvEtyl;[)anc,as;GMBIkarCH\T§iBlrbs;smaCik PaBGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak. BYkeKRtUvEtyl;pgEdrfa kareFIVsmaCikrbs; GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak nwgpþl;»kasl¥RbesIr[BYkeKedIm,Ieronrebob begáInkarRbkYtRbECg edIm,IEklm¥KuNPaBplitplkñúgRsuk nigedIm,I[man lT§PaBcUlkñúgTIpSarbreTsFMeFgCagmun. GñkCMnYjkñúgRsukk¾man»kaspgEdr enAkñúgkarBRgIkskmµPaBCMnYjrbs;BYkeK. 34

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km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt TIpSarcMh vanwgTak;TajkarnaMcUleRcInBIxageRkA TnÞwmnwgenaH vak¾nwgBRgwg karnaMecjeTAxageRkApgEdr. elIsBIenaHeTAeTot km<úCanwgTak;TajkarhUr cUlkarvinieyaKedaypÞal;BIbreTskan;EteRcIn. TnÞwmnwgenH RbeTskm<úCaRtUvsikSaPaBRbkYtRbECgrbs;RbeTs eday rYmTaMgkarsikSaelI]tþmPaBeRbobeFob nig]tþmPaBdeNþImQñH edayeRbIR)as; CMnYybec©keTs edIm,IeRbI[Gs;skþanuBlesdækic©tMbn;[)aneRcIntamEdlGac eFIVeTA)anedIm,Ipøas;bþÚrBaNiC¢kmµCamYyédKUBaNiC¢kmµtMbn;rbs;eyIg. plitpl kñúgRsukRtUvEtEklm¥GKuNPaBeTAtamtRmUvkar nigkarniymcUlcitþénTIpSar nigkarbegáItsmtßPaB nigKuNPaBplitkmµ edIm,I[plitplTaMgenaHGacRbkYt RbECgCamYyplitplkñúgtMbn; nigkñúgBiPBelak. eBlEdlcMeNHdwg nigBt’manEdlTak;Tgnwgplb:HBal;énGgÁkar BaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak cMeBaHesdækic©km<úCaenAmankRmitenAeLIyenaH karCab; Bak;B½n§énGñkTTYlRbeyaCn_epSg²eTot eRkABIrdæaPi)alKWmansarsMxan;xøaMg Nas;. karcrca nigkarCECgKñaCaeRcIneTot rvagPaKITaMgLayEdlCab;Bak;B½n§ KYrRtUvebegáIn edIm,InaMBt’man[saFarNCn nigRbmUlKMnit nigTsSn³ edIm,I ksagcMeNHdwgsRmab;Cati edIm,Irk[eXIjfa etIkm<úCaGacTTYl)anpl RbeyaCn_eRcInya:gNa BIkareFIVCasmaCikGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak. karTajykcMeNjBIsmaCikPaBGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelakenH RtUv TamTarkarcUlrYmya:gskmµBIsMNak;RbCaBlrdæTaMgGs; CaBiessKWvis½y ÉkCn EdlCaGñkcUlRbLÚkpÞal;kñúgBaNiC¢kmµGnþrCati. raCrdæaPi)alenAEt 36

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km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt km<úCa nigGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ plvi)akEpñkc,ab; nigplb:HBal;elIkmµsiT§ibBaØa bNÐit hgS BuT§a RbFansmaKmviciRtsil,³ 1>esckþIepþIm s®gÁamrauMér:rbbRbl½yBUCsasn_ExµrRkhm nigGsßirPaBxagneya)ay )aneFIV[km<úCaCYbvibtþiesÞIrRKb;vis½ykñúgsgÁmCati. vis½yesdækic©EdlCavis½ymYyd¾sMxan;)anFøak;cuHdl;kRmitmYyKYr[ RBYy)armÖ. kñúgeBlEdlPaBRkIRk nigGMeBIBukrlYyminTan;Gac CRmHecj BIsgÁmkm<úCa)an tRmUv[rdæaPi)alTb;ERCg nigRtUvkarkMENTRmg;mYyRbkb edayRbsiT§iPaB. dMeNIrkarvimCÄkar vishmCÄkar nigGPi)alkic©l¥enAkm<úCa)annaMdl; karKitKUrya:gxøaMgeTAelIvis½yesdækic© eq<aHeTArkkarGPivDÆn_sgÁmEdlRbesIr Cagkar{rs;eRBaHCMnYyGnþrCati}. kalBIGtItPaBkm<úCaFøab;man]tþmPaBeTAelIkarnaMecj Ggár ekAsU‘ ksipl ehIyGnaKt ksiplenAEtCamuxsBaØakñúgkarnaMecj edaysarRbCa Blrdækm<úCaPaKeRcInCaksikr. cMENk]sSahkmµkat;edrebItamemIleXIj 38

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt sBVéf¶enH eyIgminGacTukcitþ)anrhUteT. k¾b:uEnþeyIgk¾GacsgÇwmEdrfa vis½y ]sSahkmµCaktþasMxan;naeBlGnaKtxøI. raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa)anCMrujkarGPivDÆesdækic©Cati tamcrnþsmahrNkmµ esdækic©BiPBelak edIm,I[plitplkm<úCa)ancUlrYmRbkYtRbECg elITIpSarGnþrCati ehIyRbCaCnmankargareFIV nigCIvPaBkan;EtRbesIreLIg. 2>Rbvtþi k-km<úCa km<úCa)andak;sMeNIcugeRkay suMcUlCasmaCik WTO enAéf¶TI 22 Exmifuna qñaM 2003 karcUlCasmaCik WTO RtUv)anGnum½tedaysnñisITrdæm®nþI WTO enAéf¶TI 11 Exvicäika qñaM 2003 nig)ancuHhtßelxapgEdr eday tMNagénRbeTskm<úCa eRkayBIeFVIsc©ab½nedayrdæsPa km<úCacUlCasmaCikeBleljTI 148 rbs;GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak enAéf¶TI 13 Extula qñaM 2004 <úCaCaRbeTsEdlmankarGPivDÆn_tictYc TI2 bnÞab;BI NEPAL ¦. x-GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak WTO ¦ - WTO RtUv)aneKbegáIteLIgenAkñúgqñaM 1995 edIm,ICMnYs[ General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade(GATT) . GgÁkarenHman eKalbMNgEbreq<aHeTArkkarkat;bnßytémøBn§ elITMnijnaMecjnaMcUl edIm,IbegáInkareFIVBaNiC¢kmµCaGnþrCati. smaCikTaMgGs;RtUvRbCuMKña 39

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt ya:gticmþgkñúgry³eBlBIrqñaM. kic©RBmeRBogén WTO KWCakic©snüa Edlmantémø tamc,ab;rvagbNþaRbeTsCasmaCik. kic©RBmeRBog TaMgenH)andak;ecjnUvkarsnüa nigviFankarnanaEdlRbeTsTaMgLay RtUveKarBtam. kñúgkrNIRbeTsTaMgLaymanvivaTBaNiC¢kmµKña kic© snüaenHRtUvGnuvtþtamry³RbB½n§edaHRsayvivaTd¾ smRsbmYyEdl manGMNactampøÚvc,ab; nigtampøÚv BaNiC¢kmµ. mkdl;éf¶TI 11 ExFñÚ qñaM 2005 WTO manRbeTs 149 CasmaCik. WTO manTItaMgenA TIRkug GENEVA énRbeTs SWITZERLAND . karcUlCasmaCik WTO KWCabMNgl¥rbs;rdæaPi)al b:uEnþ vaGacnaMmk nUvKuNRbeyaCn_pgnigKuNvibtþipg RbsinebIkm<úCaerobcMxøÜnmin)anl¥. 3> KuNRbeyaCn_ TTYl)ankareFVIBaNiC¢kmµTUlayelIBiPBelak tamry³karEsVgrk TIpSar[plitkr nigBiessmankarEkTRmg;c,ab;nanarbs;Cati mankarsnüaCak;lak;GMBIkarEkTRmg;c,ab; nigkareFIVviesaFnkmµ dUc Cakic©snüabegáIt{ tulakarBaNiC¢km µ} CaedIm. manbriyakasGaCIvkmµfµI EdlGaCIvkrCati nigGnþrCaticg;)an enAeBlmanc,ab;fµId¾l¥RbesIredIm,I[GaCIvkr nigRKb;sßab½nGnuvtþtam enaH GñkvinieyaKnwgmankarekIneLiIgeRcInCagmun karbegáItc,ab;fµITaMgenaH GaCIvkrTTYl)anGtßRbeyaCn_edayTTYl)an nUvkarrkSasiT§ieTAelIplitplrbs;xøÜn b¤GacnieyayfaCasiT§ibBa¢a nig 40

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt karlubbM)at;ecalnUvGaCIvkmµpþac;mux EdlbgáCavibtþisRmab;GñkeRbIR)as;plitplRKb;rUb Tak;TajGñkvinieyaKBIeRkARbeTstamry³cUlCasmaCik WTO edaykm<úCa CaRbeTsEdlmankarGPivDÆn_tic qøgkat;karcrcaCaeRcIn mkmanRbeTsxøH dUcCashrdæGaemrik)anGnuBaØat[km<úCa naMcUlnUv semøókbMBak;eTAkñúgRbeTsenaH edayminmankarbg;Bn§ b¤bg;Bn§tic bMput. dUecñH vaKWCaplRbeyaCn_mYyya:gFMeTAelIkarbg;Bn§tic eRBaH fa RbeTseyIgmankmøaMgBlkmµeRcIn nigmantémøefakEdleFIV[TMnij rbs;km<úCaGacRbkUtRbECgCamYYy nigTMnijÉeTot)anedayRsYl pgEdr. rIÉRbeTskaNada nigshrdæGaemrikdEdl minykBn§elI plitplRtI EdlsMbUrhUrehorenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa cUleTAkñúgRbeTs rbs;BYkeK. GacnaMecj)anTaMgplitpl]sSahkmµ nigksikmµ eFIV[vis½yesdækic©mankarekIneLIgbUkpSM nigCMnYyBIbreTseTotenaH eFIV[km<úCamankarERbpøas;muxmat;ya:gqab;rh½s. 4> plb:HBal; kñúgkarcUlCasmaCikrbs;km<úCa eTAkñúgGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelakenH mankarb:HBal; dUcCa ³ 41

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt GaCIvkrkñúgRsukmankarRBYy)armÖ edayehtufa RbeTskm<úCaebIkcMh TIpSar dUecñH nwgmankarRbkYtRbECgBIGaCIvkrbreTsFM² EdlGac[ GaCIvkrkñúgRsukkS½yFn)an. karGnueRKaHBn§ KWluHRtaEtRkumh‘unkm<úCamaneRbobelIkarRbkYtRbECg edaymanlT§PaBpþl;nUvplitpl EdlRbkbedayKuNPaBTan;eBl EdltémøRbkbedayPaBRbkYtRbECg ehIyeKarBnUvbTbBaØtþiTak;Tg nwgsnþisuxes,ógrbs;RbeTsEdlGnueRKaHBn§. karGnueRKaHBn§eFIV[km<úCamankMeNInfvika nigesdækic© k¾b:uEnþnwgCYb bBaðaenAeBlEdlkarGnueRKaHBn§RtUv)anbBa©b; dUcCa qñaM2004 kUtakñúg karminykBn§rbs;shrdæGaemrikRtUv)anbBa©b; dUecñH sRmab;kmµkrnig kmµkarinIEdleFIVkarenAeragcRkPaKeRcIn RtUv)anbBaÄb;kargar r)aykarN_)an[dwgfakmµkr nigkmµkarInIcMnYn 220/000 nak; Edl RbQmmuxnwgbBaðaenH¦. dUecñH eyIgeXIjfaeBlenHkm<úCa CYbnwg bBaða EdlGñkEsVgrkkargareFIVmancMnYneRcInelIslub <úCaeFIVkar kat;bnßyCnRkIRk ebImanCeRmIsGVIEdll¥ nigGMeNaypleTAéf¶ GnaKtkm<úCanwgcab;yk»kasenaHPøam¦. eRkaykarGnueRKaHBn§RtUv)anbBa©b; TMnijnwgCYbCamYynwgKUrRbkUt RbECgCamYyRbeTsxøaMg² dUcCa cin\NÐa CaedIm RbsinebIRbkYtmin QñHGacbBa©b;GaCIvkmµrbs;xøÜn. 42

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt RbeTskm<úCaenAmankarxVHxatxagbec©kviTüa edIm,IbegáInRbsiT§iPaB nigKuNPaBTMnij esvakmµ nigplitpl EdlbNþal[karnaMecjenA mankRmitTab nigBuMTan;bMeBjtRmUvkarrbs;breTs)an. mankarGnuvtþn_eTAelIkarkat;bnßyBn§naMcUl rIÉBn§KyKWenAeFIVkarcrca tamRbeTsnImYyenAeLIy. dUecñH vaenAEtCakarlM)aksRmab;GaCIvkr ExµrkñúgkarnaMecjTMnij nigplitpleTAkan;breTs. §KyenA EtCabBaðasRmab;RbeTsTn;exSay eRBaHBn§ KWCacMNUld¾FMrbs; RbeTs¦. bBaðavtßúFatuedImenAmanRbeTsmYycMnYnmkcrcafa eKnwgGnueRKaHBn§ ebIkm<úCa GacpÁt;pÁg;vtßúFatuedImRKb;RKan;sRmab;plitplnaMecj eday mincaM)ac;naMcUlvtßúFatuedIm BIbreTsenaH]TahrN_ dUcCaGMe)aH sURtmYyPaKFMRtUvnaMcUlBIbreTs dUecñH km<úCaminGacbMeBjl½kçx½NÐ EdleFIV[plitplsURtkm<úCaminGacnaMecjeTAbreTs)an. 5>plvi)akEpñkc,ab; nigplb:HBal;elIkmµsiT§ibBaØa kñúgkarcUlCasmaCik WTO minfaEtRbeTskm<úCaeT Edlmanpl vi)akeTAelIEpñkc,ab;enaH RKb;smaCikTaMgGs;rbs;GgÁkar RtUvCYbnUvbBaðaenH dUcKña edayehtufa eKtRmUv[smaCiknImYy² eFIVviesaFnkmµeTAtamc,ab;Edl GgÁkarenHmanrYcehIy ³ 1RbeTsCasmaCiknImYy² Rbkan;yknUvGFibetyüPaBerog² xøÜn 43

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt 2KWCaTMnas;GMBIGtßRbeyaCn_rbs;RbeTsEdlmankarGPivDÆn_xøaMg nig RbeTsEdlmankarGPivDÆn_tictYc. 3enAEtCa]bsKÁkñúgkarQaneTArkkarGnuvtþn_c,ab;rYmmYy. 4RbeTsnImYy² manc,ab;rbs;RbeTserog²xøÜn dUecñH c,ab;EdleKeFIVkar cgRkgeLIg KWedIm,IkarBarplRbeyaCn_[RbCaBlrdæerog² xøÜnEdr. 5müa:gRbeTsnImYy² manrbbRKb;RKg TsSnvis½y b¤sasnaxus²Kña EdlCa karBi)akkñúgkarcab;bgçMeK[Gnuvtþn_tamc,ab;rYm. dUecñH eTIbtRmUv[BaNiC¢krRtUveFIVkarseRmccitþedayxøÜnÉg[c,as;fa eBleFIVBaNiC¢kmµBIRbeTsmYyeTARbeTsmYy KYrRtUveRbInUvkic©snüa Edlman lkçN³CaBaNiC¢kmµGnþrCati b¤ya:gNa? km<úCa)ansnüafa nwgFanaeFIV[mankarEkERbeTAelIRbB½n§c,ab; nig bBa¢arbs;xøÜn edIm,I[mankarRsbKñaeTAnwgbTbBa¢arbs; WTO Rtwméf¶TI 01 Ex]sPa qñaM 2005 enH. enHehIyKWCakarb:HBal;eTAelIEpñkc,ab;rbs;km<úCa eRBaHfa enHKWCatRmUvkarrbs; WTO edIm,IGaccUlCasmaCik)an. cMeBaHplb:HBal;elIkmµsiT§ibBaØavij CakarsnüamYyrvagkm<úCa nig GgÁkar WTO pgEdr edayRbeTskm<úCasnüafa nwgGnuvtþn_[)anTaMgRsugnUv kic©RBmRBagGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak sþBI IkmµsiT§ibBaØa EdlehAfa kic©RBm RBag sþIGMBI{TidæPaBénkmµsiT§ibBaØaTak;TgnwgBaNiC¢kmµ} Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights(TRIPS) Rtwméf¶TI01 Exmkra qñaM 2007. 44

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt RbeTskm<úCaFøab;)anesñIsuMpgEdr kñúgkarkMNt;eBlevlamYysmRsb rbs;xøÜnrhUtdl; qñaM2009 edIm,IGnuvtþn_nUvkic©RBmeRBogxagelI b:uEnþ karcrca KWFøak;mkRtwmqñaM 2007. c,ab;kmµsiT§ibBaØa rdæsPaCati Gnum½tc,ab;enHtaMgBI qñaM 2002 mkemø:H km<úCa)anGnum½t nigRbkas[eRbInUvc,ab;mYycMnYnrYceTAehIy dUcCa )a:tg;eTAelIfñaMeBTü EdlTaMgenHKWCakic©snüarhUtdl; qñaM 2016 enAÉ Doha RbeTs Qata . bEnßmeTotenaHc,ab;fµIenH manpllM)akcMeBaHEtplitkrEdl eFIVkarlYcbnøMnUvplitplrbs;eKEtb:uENÑaHEdlmanbBaða KWdUcCa ³ karEkøgbnøMTMnij lYcftcmøgxusc,ab;  ceRmog b¤kmµviFIkMuBüÚT½r¦ karbMBaneTAelIBaNiC¢kmµsBaØa ‘unePsC¢³¦ EdlTaMgenHvaCa pll¥eTAvijeT dl;plitkrEdlmanc,ab;RtwmRtUveKarB nigGnuvtþn_ c,ab;enH. c,ab;enH)anCYydl;plitkrkñúgkarTTYl)ansiT§ieFIVGaCIvkmµ elIKMnitfµI² edayminmankarxøacERkgBIkarlYcbnøMBIGñkdéT. 6>TsSnvis½ysRmab;GnaKt edayehtufaRbeTskm<úCa CaRbeTsEdlmankarGPivDÆn_tic dUcenH km<úCaRtUvmankarGnueRKaHBaNiC¢kmµBIRbeTsmYycMnYn. k¾b:uEnþ mankarlM)akxøH EdrkñúgkarTTYlTIpSarfµIBitCaBi)akkñúgkareFIVBaNiC¢kmµ. km<úCa)anebIkcMhTIpSar rbs;xøÜntaMgBIqñaM 2001 mkemø:H dUecñHkarRbkYtRbECgBIxageRkA nigkarnaMcUlnUv 45

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt plitplrbs;breTsCaktþamYyd¾KYr[)armÖNas;dl;plitplkñúgRsuk. kñúgkar cUlCasmaCikrbs;km<úCaeTAkñúg WTO minR)akdfanwgTTYl)aneCaKC½ykñúgkar eFIVBaNiC¢kmµeRkARbeTsenaHeT. karcUlCasmaCikenHKWCMruj[mankareFIVkMEN TRmg;edIm,I[GaCIvkmµkm<úCa GaceFVIkarRbkYtRbECgCamYyKUrRbkYtbreTs. TnÞwmnwgenaHEdrkarcUlCasmaCikrbs; WTO enHeyIgGacbgáCabriyakas mYyEdlGaceFVIkarTak;TajGñkvinieyaKTunbreTs[mkvieyaKkñúgRsukRbeTs km<úCa. eTAkñúgéf¶GnaKt»kasCaeRcInnwgekItmkdl;GaCIvkr nigRkumh‘unnana kñúgkm<úCa nigGacmankarekIneLIgya:geRcIn. kþIrMBwgTuk KWesdækic©rbs;RbeTs km<úCanwgmankarekIneLIg ehIycMnYnRbCaCnEdlrs;enAeRkambnÞat;RkIRknwgRtUv kat;bnßyCaGtibrima karrMelaPsiT§i karekgRbv½Ba©n_ nigGMeBIBukrlYyd¾nwgRtUv RtYtBinitüpgEdr. 7>Gnusasn_rbs; NGOs Fine Arts Association sUmpþl;Gnusasn_Cabzmfa ³ km<úCaRtUveFIVkarCMruj[mankarvinieyaK[)anxøaMgenAkñúgRsuk. Tak;Taj[)annUvGñkvinieyaKbreTsFM²[mkvinieyaKRsukExµr eday eFVIkMENTRmg;[)anl¥nUvEbbEpnnana nigkarGnuvtþn_c,ab; CaBiess KWRtUvkat;bnßy nigQaneTArkkarlb;bM)at;ecalnUvGMeBIBukrlYy. pþl;nUvkarelIkTwkcitþdl;ksikr plitkrnana[mankmøaMgcitþkñúgrk eXIjnUvplitplfµI² EdlmanRbeyaCn_dl;vis½yesdækic©km<úCa. 46

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt CMrujmankarpþl;nUvbec©keTsviTüaCUndl;ksikrbEnßmeTot kñúgbMNg eFIV[plitplkm<úCa GacQandl;kRmitsþg;darbreTs edIm,IeyIgrk TIpSarCUnplitkr. bgá[)annUvsßanPaBesdækic©EdlmanlMnwg. eyIgRtUvCMruj[mannUvTMnukcitþ kñúgkareRbIR)as;plitplkñúgRsukedIm,I Qan[)annUvkarnaMecjeTAbreTs. pþl;CaedImTunxøH² dl;GñkEdlmanKMnit nigmanqnÞ³x<s;kñúgkareFIV GaCIvkmµ nigTTYlTijplitplBYkKat;eFIVya:genH eyIgGacbegáInnUv vtßúFatuedImenAkñúgRsukedaymincaM)ac;cUlBIbreTs ehIytémøplitpl rbs;eyIgk¾GacmantémøTab EdleFIV[RbCaBlrdæGacmanlT§PaB TijTMnij)anehIyvis½y esdækic©k¾mankarekIneLIgeTot. plitplkm<úCamanekrþ×eQµaHtaMgBIyUrlg;Nas;mkehIy dUcCaplitplsURtCaedIm¦. GaCIvkmµTaMgGs; RtUvplitnUvplitplEdlmanKuNPaBx<s; edIm,I deNþImnUvekrþ×eQµaHTaMgkñúgRsuk nigeRkARsukpgEdr. eFIVkarbn§ÚrbnßynUvBn§RKb;RbePTdl;plitpl kñúgRsukCMrujya:gNa [plitplkñúgRsukTTYl)annUvkarcab;GarmµN_ KuNPaBx<s;témøefak ehIyGaceFVIkarRbkYtRbECgCamYynwgplitplbreTs)an. bBaðaneya)ay kareKarBsiT§imnusS tulakarÉkraCü KWRtUvEtman sißrPaB eRBaHral;GñkvinieyaKEtgEtKitBIbBaðaenH. 47

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt eFIVkarkat;bnßyCabeNþIr²nUvkarnaMcUlTMnijbreTsxusc,ab;edIm,IbegáIn nUvplitPaBkñúgRsuk. 8> esckþIsnñidæan karEdlkm<úCacUlCasmaCik WTO edaysarEtkm<úCaemIleXIjnUv GtßRbeyaCn_ GMBIkarnaMecjnUvplitplsemøókbMBak; nigplRbeyaCn_xag neya)aypgEdr. dUecñH eyIgGacemIleXIjfa karEdlcUlCasmaCik WTO vaBitCa)anpþl;nUvplRbeyaCn_dl;km<úCa eTaHbICakm<úCaCaRbeTsRkIRk ehIy enAmankarxVHxatnUvbec©kviTüa kñúgkareFIV[KuNPaBTMnijtamEbbsþg;darBiPB elakenAmankRmit k¾kñúgeBlEdlkm<úCaTTYlnUvlaPsMNagmYyry³ edayman karGnueRKaHBn§ km<úCaGaceFIV[RbCaCn 220/000 nak;mankargareFIVpgEdr. RbCaCnmankargareFIVkñúgry³eBlxøI KWvaRbesIrCagkarEdlTuk[kmøaMgBlkmµ TaMgenaHTMenrecaledayKµanplRbeyaCn_GVIesaH. plRbeyaCn_BIsmaCikPaBenH GacnwgmaneTAéf¶muxeTot GacnwgeRcIn Cag GVIEdleyIgeFIVkar)a:n;sµaneTotk¾fa)an. kñúgenHEdrGaCIvkrRKb;rUbRtUv BRgwgnUvyuT§sa®sþ kñúgkarlk;rbs;xøÜnedIm,IeFIVkarRbkYtRbECg minfakñúgRsuk b¤eRkARsukenaHeT. eyIgeFIVkarebIkcMhTIpSarya:g FMTUlayeTAehIy dUecñH karRbkYtRbECg KWCaKnøwHsMxan;kñúgkarrujRcaneTArkeCaC½y. k¾b:uEnþ karRbkYt RbECg KWzitenAkñúgrgVg;énc,ab; eBalKWRtUvEteKarBc,ab;. c,ab;enHehIyEdl eFVI[GñkvinieyaKeRkARbeTsha‘nmkbNþak;TunkñúgRbeTskm<úCa. 48

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt smaKmviciRtsil,³ Fine Arts Association-FAA sgÇwmya:g emaHmutfa kareFIVGtßaFib,ayenHnwg)anCaKtisRmab;karBicarNa sRmab;m®nþI sMxan;²rbs;Cati GaCIvkrEdlRbkbrbrbGaCIvkmµenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa nig RbCaBlrdæExµr. 49

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt km<úCa nigGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak plvi)akEpñkc,ab; nigplb:HBal;elIkmµsiT§ibBaØa Ék]tþm swum sara:k; GKÁnaKy GKÁnaykdæanrdæ)al énRksYgvb,Fm’ nigviciRtsil,³ RbvtþisaRsþkm<úCa)anbeRgonExµr[cgcaMfa vDÆnPaBsgÁmkm<úCaekIt maneLIgedaysarbuBVkarIeyIg mancMeNHdwg qøatvagév cUlcitþkarbegáIfµI RsLaj;rYbrYmKña eTIbmansmiT§plvb,Fm’eRcInGenkbnSl;Tuk[eyIg eFIVkar GPivDÆn_esdækic©sgÁmsBVéf¶. RBHraCaNacRkkm<úCa)ankøayCasmaCikTI148 énGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak naéf¶TI 13 Extula qñaM 2004 k¾CaeBlEdlCn km<úCaRtUvbegáInPaBévqøatbgábegáItplitplmanKuNPaB edIm,IRbkYtRbECgelI TIpSarGnþrCati. smaCikPaBénGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak eFIV[mCÄdæanGñk vb,Fm’eyIgxøH mankþIsb,ayrIkray GbGrsaTr xøHmankþIkgVl;cMeBaHGnaKtén TIpSarvb,Fm’enAkm<úCa eRBaHeyIgxVHmUldæansmÖar³ nigFnFanmnusS. smaCik PaBénGgÁkaBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak naMkm<úCa[CYbplvi)akEpñkc,ab; nigpl b:HBal;elIkmµsiT§ibBaØadUcxageRkam ³ 1-plvi)akEpñkc,ab; 50

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt k-plvi)akGaRkk; ³ ebIsinCaeyIgEklm¥c,ab; nigbTbBaØtþiTaMgLayEdlTak;TgnwgkareFIV GaCIvkmµTan;eBlkm<úCa GacnwgGUsbnøayeBlevlaTTYlplRbeyaCn_ eRBaH eyIg)ansnüa[manc,ab; begáIttulakarBaNiC¢kmµRtwmedIm qñaM 2006. x-plvi)akl¥ ³ vis½yvb,Fm’ eyIgmanc,ab;siT§iGñkniBn§ nigsiT§iRbhak;RbEhl EdlCa famBlCMruj karelIkTwkcitþ karbegáItplitplvb,Fm’kñúgeKaledAGPirkS nig GPivDÆvb,Fm’Cati sRmab;Gb;rM nigepÞrvb,Fm’Exµrdl;ExµrCMnan;fµI. plitplvb,Fm’CatimaneRcInenAelITIpSar CakarpSBVpSayGtþsBaØaN Cati pÞúyeTAvijebImanplitplvb,Fm’breTseRcInenAelITIpSarCati naM[kUnExµr TTYlykvb,Fm’BI xageRkAeRcInCagkarTTYlvb,Fm’Exµr. EtCaRbkarl¥bMput ebIeyIgTTYlykvb,Fm’BIxageRkAEpñkbec©keTsviTüaTMenIb. eyIgmanc,ab;siT§i GñkniBn§ nigsiT§iRbhak;RbEhl CaktþasMxan;rYmcMENkBRgwgnItirdæxagvis½y vb,Fm’. 2-plb:HBal;elIkmµsiT§ibBaØa ³ k-plGviC¢man eRkayeBlsRgÁamExµreyIgman\riyabfpÞúyBIdUnta minsUveKarBc,ab; rMelaPbMBanlYccmøgkmµsiT§ibBaØadéTeFIVGaCIvkmµ bgá[mankarraMgxÞb;karEtg BiBn§begáItplitplfµIxagvb,Fm’ nigkareFVIvinieyaKCaktþanaM[mankarrIkcMeRmIn yWt nigb:HBal;dl;karBRgwgnItirdæ. ebIenAmanbnþ)atuPUtmineKarBc,ab;enAkñúg sm½yEdlkm<úCaCasmaCikénGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak enaHkm<úCaminRtwmEt 51

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt Kµanplitplvb,Fm’ sRmab;RbkYtRbECgCaGnþrCatib:ueNÑaHeT EfmTaMgrkSa karBarvb,Fm’CatixøÜnmin)aneTotpg. x-plviC¢man km<úCaCasmaCikénGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak naM[Exµrkan;EteRcIn eLIgpøas;bþÚr\riyabfBIkarmineKarBc,ab; eTACakareKarBc,ab;vij. kareKarB c,ab;siT§iGñkniBn§nigsiT§iRbhak;RbEhlnaM[c,ab;enHbMeBj)antYnaTIbIsMxan;² ³ ™ tYnaTIvb,Fm’ begáIncMnYnGñkniBn§EdlCaGñkbegáItcMeNHdwgsRmab;bNþúHkUnExµr edIm,IksagRbeTsCati[mankarIkceRmIn begáInplitplvb,Fm’vsRmab;bMeBjesckþIRtUvkar kñúgRsukCabeNþIr² BRgwgninñakaresñhavb,Fm’CatieLIgvij EfrkSaGtþsBaØaNCati)an ™ tYnaTIesdækic© Tak;TajCMenOTukcitþkareFIVnivieyaKxagvis½yvb,Fm’. bc©úb,nñenH km<úCa manplitkmµPaBynþ viedrcMnYn 65 kMBugdMeNIrkarplitPaBynþ nig vIedrGU. manplitkmµkan;EteRcIneLIg)aneKarBc,ab;. maneragPaBynþeRcInbBa©aMgExSPaBynþExµr. ™ tYnaTIsgÁm begáItkargarrYmcMENkkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk tamry³kargarkñúgplitkmµ PaBynþviedrGU kñúgeragPaynþ Casil,kr.l. 52

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt K-kþIrMBwgcMeBaHGnaKtkal smaCikPaBénGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak eBlenHkm<úCamin)anTTYl plBIkareFIVBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelakeT eRBaHeyIgKµanTMnijRKb;RKan;sRmab;RbkYt RbECg EtsmaCikPaBénGgÁkarenHCMruj[km<úCaEkTRmg;c,ab; nignaMExµr[ecH eKarBc,ab; bgákarelIkTwkcitþbegáItplitplmanKuNPaB Tak;TajkareFVI vinieyaKTunEtb:ueNÑaH. sBVéf¶enHBinitüelIkareKarBc,ab;mankarekIneLIg Ca esckþIsgÇwmeBlGnaKtd¾xøIkm<úCanwgQñHxøÜnÉg ehIyQaneTARbkYtRbECgCa mYyGnþrCati. 53

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt km<úCa nig GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ plb:HBal;dl;Blkmµkm<úCa Ék]tþm G‘uM man GnurdæelxaFikar RksYgkargar nigbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³ tagnamfñak;dwknaMRksYgkargar nigbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³ ´sUmEføg GMNrKuNya:gRCaleRCAbMpug cMeBaHfñak;dwknaM viTüasßanExµrsRmab;shRbtibtþi kar nigsnþiPaB nigGñkcat;EcgkmµviFI Edl)anpþl;kitþiys[´)ancUlrYmCavaKµin kñúgsnñisITCatid¾mansar³sMxan;enH. Tak;TgnwgbT sþIBI{plb:HBal;cMeBaHBlkmµ BaNiC¢kmµ nigvinieyaK enAkm<úCa} edaymanvaKµinCaeRcIn EdlRtUv)anGeBa¢Ij[mkbkRsayEdr. ehtuenH ´sUmelIkeLIgnUvkarkt;sMKal;rbs;RksYgkargar nigbNþúHbNþal viC¢aCIv³eTAelIbBaðamYycMnYnEdlBak;B½n§b:ueNÑaH. kñúgGMLúgqñaM 2005 mankgVl;CaeRcInBak;B½n§nwgsmaCikPaBrbs;km<úCa eTAkñúgGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak WTO nigkarbBa©b;kUtanaMecjplitplkat; edrsemøókbMBak;eTAkan;shrdæGaemrik naqñaM2005. mtiCati nigGnþrCatixøH snñidæanfa enAqñaM2005 enH GacnwgmankarFøak;cuHelIvis½ykat;edrenHedaysar km<úCa RtUvRbQmmuxCamYynwgkarRbkYtRbECgd¾RsYcRsalBIRbeTsmYycMnYn 54

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt nig CaBiessRbeTscinEdlmaneRbobya:gFMeFg KmnaKmn_ nigesvanana.l.¦ eFIV[km<úCaBuMsUvmankarbBa¢aTijeragcRk PaKeRcInGacbiTTVar kmµkrRtUv)at;bg;kargarya:gKMhuk nigkarGacekInman vibtþisgÁm.l. I kñúgTsSn³enH raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCakñúgnItikalTI2 énrdæsPa mankarKitTukCa mun nig)andMeNIrkarGnuvtþn_viFankarmYycMnYnrYmman ³ karGPivDÆn_vis½yeTscrN_ ksikmµ ksi-]sSahkmµ KmnaKmn_ begáIt tMbn;esdækic©[)aneRcIn.l. sRmab;edaHRsay nigbeBa©ósplvi)akEdl GacekItman. kñúgvis½ykat;edrsemøókbMBak; kñúgqñaM 1999 raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa)ancuHkic© RBmeRBogeTVPaKI CamYyshrdæGaemrikelIkarnaMecjsemøókbMBak; eday P¢ab;eTAnwgkareFIV[kan;EtRbesIreLIg nUvlkçN³TUeTAénkargar RBmTaMg )andMeNIrkar KemøagXøaMemIll½kçx½NÐkargarrbs;GgÁkarBlkmµGnþrCati ILO Monotoring Project on Labor Condition cab;BIeBlenaHmk. bc©úb,nñenH eTaHbIkUtaRtUv)anbBa©b;k¾eday raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCaenAEtKaMRT KeRmagXøaMemIll½kçx½NÐkargar Edl)anbþÚreQµaHCa KeRmag eragcRkkan;Et RbesIrenAkm<úCa . TnÞwmnwgenH KeRmagedaHRsayvivaTkargarenAkm<úCa)an CYyeFIV[RkumRbwkSaGaCJakNþalRtUv)anbegáIteLIg kñúgExFñÚ qñaM2002. ry³ eBl 3 qñaMmkenH RkumRbwkSaGaCJakNþal)anTTYledaHRsayvivaTkargar rYmEdlekItkñúgTMnak;TMngviC¢aCIv³rvagkmµkrnieyaCit nignieyaCk enaHTTYl 55

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt lT§plKYrCaTIkt;sMKal; eTaHbImankrNIxøHBuMTan;yl;RBmBIPaKIvivaTxøHk¾ eday. KeRmageragcRkkan;EtRbesIrenAkm<úCa nigKeRmagedaHRsayvivaT kargarenAkm<úCa)anrYmcMENkya:geRcIndl;karvivtþn_rbs;vis½ykat;edrenA km<úCa. shrdæGaemrik)alpþl;CMnYybEnßmsRmab;bnþdMeNIrkarrbs;GgÁkar BlkmµGnþrCatielIKeRmagTaMg 2 enH ry³eBl 3 qñaMeTot 2005-2008. edayELkKN³kmµkarRbwkSakargar EdlmansmasPaBBIPaKI rdæaPi)al PaKInieyaCk nigPaKIkmµkrnieyaCit dUcmanEcgkñúgCMBUkTI 15 énc,ab;sþIBI kargar k¾)anrYmcMENkrbs;ya:gskmµtamebskkmµrbs;xøÜnGMBI karsikSa RsavRCavral;bBaðaTak;Tgnwgkargar muxrbrénkmµknieyaCit R)ak; QñÜl karGb;rMviC¢aCIv³ clnakmøaMgBlkmµkñúgRbeTs GenþaRbevsn_ karerobcM[ kan;EtRbesIreLIgnUvlk½çx½NÐxagsmÖar³ nigsµartIénkmµkr nieyaCit bBaða Gnam½y nigsnþisuxkargar. CalT§pl kalBIExtula qñaM 2005 knøgeTAfµI²enH GgÁkar BlkmµGnþrCati enATIRkug hSWENv kñúgr)aykarN_rbs;xøÜn nakic©RbCuMevTika RtIPaKI sþIBI{karelIkkm<s;sklPavUbnIykmµ edayesµIPaBkñúgvis½y vaynPNÐ nigsemøókbMBak;kñúgeBleRkaykarbBa©b;kic©RBmeRBogBhusrés GMe)aH} Promoting fair globalization in textile and clothing in a post-MFA environment )anvaytémøGMBIkm<úCaeyIgfa ³ l½kçx½NÐTUeTAénkargarenAkm<úCa l¥KYr[Tukcitþ)anEdlCaeRbobxøaMg nig CakitþisBÞ eFVI[GñkeRbIR)as;TMnijkm<úCaenAbnþKaMRT GñkbBa¢aTijenAEtbnþ bBa¢aTijeTot 56

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt km<úCa)aneRtomerobcMxøÜn)anl¥ CaGaT× muneBlbBa©b;kUta km<úCaKaMRTKeRmag XøaMemIll½kçx½NÐkargar nigkñúgeBlbBa©b;kUta km<úCabnþKaMRTKeRKageragcRk kan;EtRbesIrenAkm<úCa. IIedaymankarxitxMRbwgERbgTaMgGs;enH eTIbcugqñaM2005enH eyIgBinitü eXIjfa ³ 1- eTaHbIsPaBkarN_BiPBelak)anCYbRbTHbBaðaCaeRcIn CaGaT× karekIneLIg éføeRbg\n§n³ karekIteRKaHFmµCati bBaðaePvrkmµ.l. EdlCH\T§iBlxøH² cMeBaHninñakarvivtþn_rbs;esdækic©km<úCaEdrenaH b:uEnþkm<úCaeyIgenAEtTTYlnUv GMeNayplCaeRcInkñúgkarCMrujkMeNInesdækic©. Cak;Esþg vis½ykat;edr semøókbMBak;RtwmExkBaØaenH maneragcRkcMnYnEt 23 Edl)anbiTTVarkñúg enaHmankmµkrsrubcMnYn 16/900nak;  11/550nak;¦ Edl)at; bg;kargar pÞúyeTAvijRtwm Ex]sPa maneragcRkcMnYn 36 Edl)anebIkfµI. eragcRkEdlbiTTVar PaKeRcInCaeragcRktUc² EdlTTYlvtßúFatuedImBI eragcRkFM² mkeFIVeragcRkcMnYnbiTTVarbNþalmk BIsm<aFénkarRbkYt RbECg nigkgVHxatkarRKb;RKgl¥ nigvibtþiTun. eragcRkEdlebIkfµI)an nigkMBugdMeNIrkarBRgIkcgVak;plitkmrµ bs;xøÜnCabeNþIr² cMnYnkmµkrk¾)an ekIneLIgCabnþbnÞab; edayRsUbykkmµkrcas;² Edl)at;kargarBIeragcRk )anEdlbiTTVar nigeRCIserIskmµkrcUlfµIEfmeTot. 2- KeRmageragcRkkan;EtRbesIrenAkm<úCa rbs;GgÁkarBlkmµGnþrCati ILO )anvaytémøfa vis½ykat;edrsemøókbMBak;BuMmankarfycuHeT KitRtwm 4 Ex 57

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt edImqñaM 2005 enH karnaMecjTMnijkat;edreTAkan;shrdæGaemrik)anekIn 11° KitCaTwkR)ak;ekIneLIgCag 17° ebIeRbobeFobeTAnwgry³eBl dUcKña. Tinñn½yrbs;RksYgBaNiC¢kmµkm<úCak¾)an[dwgEdrfa kñúgGMLúg 11 Ex qñaM 2005enH témørYménkargarnaMTMnijkat;edrecjeTAkan;RbeTsnana ekIneLIg 5/36° edayELkeTAkan;shrdæGaemrik)anekIneLIgCag 17° kareRbIR)as;kmøaMgBlkmµkñúgvis½yenHekIneLIgCit 4° ebIeRbob eFobeTAnwgry³eBldUcKña naqñaM 2004. 3- kalBI Ex emsa qñaM 2005 enH mUlniFirUbIyvtßúGnþrCati IMF )anpøas; karBüakrN_rbs;xøÜnelIkkMeNInesdækic©km<úCaBI 2/3° eTA6° edayEp¥k eTAelIPaBxøaMgénvis½ykat;edr. eRkaymkeTot GgÁkarenHk¾)anEkERb karBüakrN¾rbs;xøÜn rhUtdl; 13>1°. 4- eRkABIenHvis½yepSg² eTotk¾mankarrIkcMerInCabnþbnÞab;Edr EdlCaktþaGac pþl;kargareFIVCUnRbCaBlrdæeyIgrab;Esnnak; Cak;Esþgkñúgvis½yeTscrN_ eyIgmansNæaKarcMnYnCag 300 EdlmancMnYnCag 14000 bnÞb; pÞH sMNak;cMnYnCag 600 EdlmancMnYnCag 7600 bnÞb; kñúgenaHkmøaMgBlkmµ beRmI[vis½yenH TaMgmUlmancMnYnRbmaN 20 muWnnak;..l. 5- TnÞwmnwgTIpSarkargarkñúgRbeTs Edl)anpþl;kargarCUnRbCaBlrdæ)anya:g eRcInbgÁÜrEdrenaH eyIgk¾xitxMsmøwgeTATIpSareRkARbeTsdéTeTot. knøg mkkm<úCaeyIgmanTMnak;TMngCamYy RbeTsma:eLsIu saFarNdækUer: kñúgkar bBa¢ÚnBlkreyIgeTAeFIVkarenATIenaH edIm,I)anR)ak;QñÜlx<s; nig)anCMnaj EfmeTotEdlsrubmancMnYnCag 7/000nak;  4/000nak;¦. 58

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt bc©úb,nñenH eyIgkMBugerobcMlixitEbbbTRsbc,ab; CUnBlkrExµrcMnYn RbmaN 18 mWunnak; EdlkMBugrs;enA nigeFIVkarenAkñúgRbeTséfLg;d_. IIIRBHraCaNacRkkm<úCa CaRbeTsRkIRk EdlexOn]sSahkmµTn;exSay ksikmµ EbbRbéBNI kmøaMgBlkmµEdlekIneLIgRbmaN 17/6° enaHPaKeRcIn BuMmanCMnaj b¤mankRmitvb,Fm’Tab. eRkABIkarRsUbykBIvis½yesdækic© esvakmµ dUcCRmabxagelIkmøaMgBlkmµesssl;PaKeRcIn RtUvvilRtLb;eTAeFIV kargarERscMkarrbs;Kat;vij. dUecñH bBaðaGt;kargareFIVBuMsUvCH\T§iBlF¶n;F¶rdl; sgÁmCati dUcCabNþaRbeTseCOnelOneLIy. eTaHbIya:genHk¾eday RksYgkargar nigbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³Edl)an TTYlebskkmµBIraCrdæaPi)al[GnuvtþtYnaTI nigParkic©tamkmµviFIneya)ay rbs;raCrdæaPi)alGaNtþienH CaBiessyuT§sa®sþctuekaN Edl)anEcgkñúgmuM TI3 énctuekaNTI3 KW{karbegáItkargar nigkarFanal½kçx½NÐkargarl¥RbesIrCUn kmµkrnieyaCit} nwgRtUvxitxMbMeBjParkic©sMxan;² mYycMnYndUcteTA ³ 1- rYmcMENkkñúgkarBRgwgsßirPaBvis½y]sSahkmµkat;edr nigkarbgálkçN³ dl;karBRgIkvinieyaKnana tamry³kic©kar 3 ya:g KW ³ k-karbnþBRgwg nigBRgIkCMenOrbs;GñkbBa¢aTij nigGñkeRbIR)as; cMeBaHkitþisBÞl¥rbs;TMnijkat;edrkm<úCaeday karCMrujRKb;PaKIBak;B½n§[ eKarBc,ab; sþIGMBI kargar nigGnusBaØananarbs;GgÁkarGnþrCati CaBiess karbnþKaMRT nigelIkTwkcitþdl;dMeNIrkarynþkartamXøaMemIll½kçx½NÐkargar nigedaHRsayvivaTkargarEdlkMBugvivtþl¥. 59

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt x-karbnþBRgwg nigBRgIkCMenOrbs;GñkvinieyaKeday karedaH RsayvivaTkargarQrelImUldæanc,ab; nigRbkbedaysnþiviFI karkarBar siT§ikmµkrnieyaCitRtUvedIrTnÞwmKñanwgkarBarsiT§iGñkvinieyaK tamBaküesøak d¾x<g;x<s;rbs;semþc h‘un Esn naykrdæm®nþImYyXøafa{kmµkrnieyaCit nig efAEkeragcRkRtUvcat;TukeragcRkCaqñaMg)ayrYmrbs;xøÜn} K-karbnþshkarCamYysßab½nBak;B½n§ erobcMnItiviFIcaM)ac;mYycMnYn edIm,IbgáarCamun nigsRmalkarlM)akrbs;rdæ kmµkrnieyaCit nignieyaCk eBleragcRkdYlrlM b¤biTTVarCayfaehtu. 2- GPivDÆmuxrbrnigBRgIkkargareFIVsMrab;RbCaBlrdætamry³kic©kar2ya:gKW ³ k-karykcitþTukdak;GPivDÆn_RbB½n§bNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³ edIm,IFana CabeNþIr² nUvKuNPaB nigbrimaNBlkrCMnaj EdlGaceqøIytbcMeBaH tRmUvkarTIpSarkñúg nigeRkARbeTs b¤ykmuxCMnajeTARbkbrbrTTYlTan tamshKmn_pÞal;. sUmKUsbBa¢ak;CUnGgÁRbCuMRCabfa eRkABIRKwHsßanbNþúH bNþalviC¢aCIv³ÉkCn RKb;kRmit RksYgkargar nigbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³ man RKwHsßanbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³ EdlRKb;RKgedayRksYgpÞal;cMnYn 39 enA TUTaMgRbeTs kñúgenaHviTüasßanCatiBhubec©keTskm<úCa CamCÄmNÐlfµI nig FMCageKmankRmitGnþrCati nigCaEpøp;áaénTMnak;TMngmitþPaBkm<úCa-kUer:. x-karCMrujkMeNInbrimaNénkarbBa¢ÚnBlkreyIgeTARbeTs Edl Føab;TTYlBlkreyIgRsab; dUcCa saFarNrdækUer: RbeTsma:eLsIu RbeTs éfLg;d_. TnÞwmenH RksYgnwgykcitþTukdak;BRgIkTMnak;TMngEsVgrkTIpSar kargarenAbNþaRbeTsepSg²eTot kñúgenaHCMrujkarbBa¢ÚnBlkrExµreTA 60

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt bNþúHbNþal nigeFIVkarenARbeTsCb:un eFIVkarenARbeTsGara:b‘ÍsaG‘UDIt RbeTskaVta RbeTsRb‘UeN.l. QrelImUldæansPaBkarN_ lT§pl nigkarebþCJacitþxagelIenH eyIgenAEtmansuTidæiniymcMeBaHkarvivtþn_rIkceRmInrbs;km<úCa eTaHbIeyIg RtUvqøg;kat;karsakl,gd¾lM)aksµúKsµajxøHk¾eday. 61

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt km<úCa nigGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak {plb:HBal;elIksikmµ nig]sSahkmµkat;edrkm<úCa{ elak esam GUn RbFanshB½n§shCIBkmµkrkm<úCa CLUF ¦ I -esckþIepþIm ³ bnÞab;BImankarbRgYbbRgYmCati nigqøgkat;kare)aHeqñatsklCabnþ bnÞab; cab;taMgBI qñaM 1993 tamTMrg;lT§iRbCaFibetyü RbeTskm<úCaTTYl)an nUvsuxsnþiPaB sißrPaBsgÁm TTYl)annUvGasn³enAGgÁkarshRbCaCati cUlCa smaCikGas‘an CaBiess)anTTYlnUvRbB½n§PaBGnueRKaH GSP ¦ BIshrdæ Gaemrik. RbeTskm<úCa)anyklkç½x½NÐkargardak;Pñal;CamYyrgVan; Quota sRmab;naMecj nig)anebIkTUlaydl;GgÁkarnana mandUcCaGgÁkarBlkmµ GnþrCati ILO ¦ Epñk ILO/WEP Gb;rMclnashCIB/ ILO/ Monitoring XøaMeXøaMemIllkç½x½NÐkargar / shRKas nigtMNag RksYgkargarshrdæGaemrik)ancuHmkvaytémøGMBIlkç½x½NÐkargar enHCaerog ral; 6Exmþg. r)aykarN_vaytémøEtgEt)anbgðajGMBIPaBl¥RbesIrénlkç½x½NÐ kargar ehIyTTYl)annUvrgVan; Quota bEnßmCaerogral;qñaM  2005¦. 62

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt ktþaTaMgenH CacMNucGaTiPaBsRmab;Tak;TajGñkvinieyaKTunCati nig GnþrCati nigGñkbBa¢aTij Buyers ¦ mkbNþak;TunenARbeTskm<úCa ekIterag cRk / shRKascMnYn 397 ehIy)anRsUbykkmøaMgBlkmµRbmaNm30mWun nak; ;edrsemøókbMBak; 382 nigEs,keCIg15¦. kmµkrTaMg enaH 90°CaRsþI Edl)aneFIVcMNakRsukBIERscmáarmanCIvPaBRkIRk nigBuMsUvman cMeNHdwg nigCMnajc,as;las;. eTaHbIR)ak;QñÜlminTan;mankRmitsþg;dar k¾ eday k¾)ankat;bnßynUvPaBRkIRkrbs;BYkeK)anmYykRmit. RbeTskm<úCaRtUv )anbBa©b;PaBGnueRKaHBn§ GSP ¦ enAbMNac; qñaM 2004 ehIy)aneFIV[vis½y vaynP½NÐkat;edr semøókbMBak; nigEs,keCIgmankarERbRbYlKYr[)armÖ. II karRbQmmux karcUlGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak WTO ¦ 1-RbB½n§c,ab; ³ RbeTskm<úCa mankarRbQmmuxCaeRcIn enAeBlcUlCasmaCikGgÁkar BaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak. mankarsnüaCaeRcInkñúgkarkMENTRmg;c,ab; nigkarbegáIt c,ab;fµI rYmTaMgkarGnuvtþn_c,ab; CaBiessRtUveFIVkMENTRmg;bEnßmeTot GMBIRbB½n§ tulakar. km<úCaRtUvkarc,ab;fµIbEnßmeTot vaCabBaðaBi)akmYyEdlBuMTan;man bTBiesaFn_RKb;RKan; tRmUv[mankarCYyBICMnajkarbreTsedIm,IeFIVsmahrNkmµ c,ab;[RsbeTAnwgeKalkarN_rbs;GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak. 2-vis½yksikmµ ³ 63

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt ksikmµCavis½yGaTiPaBsRmab;RbeTskm<úCa. RbCaBlrdæ 80° Ca ksikr. b:uEnþkargarksikmµrbs;RbeTskm<úCa enAEtCalkçN³GPiirkSniym nig buraN BuMTan;manbec©kviC¢aTMenIb nigBuMTan;manlkçN³sm,tþiRKb;RKan; edIm,IQan eTArkkarRbkYtRbECg CamYybNþaRbeTsEdlmankarrIkceRmInxøaMgkøaenAkñúg tMbn;)aneT. knøgmkk¾dUcbc©úb,nñ karnaMecjplitplksikmµ sßitenAkñúgkRmit tictYcenAeLIy. 3-vis½ykat;edr ³ bnÞab;BIbBa©b;RbB½n§GnueRKaH (GSP) BIshrdæGaemrik nigRsbeBl RbeTskm<úCa cUlCasmaCikGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak (WTO) km<úCaTTYl rgnUvplb:HBal;dl;nirnþrPaBkargarrbs;BlkrExµr nigCaBiessvis½ykat;edr enAkm<úCaRtUveFVIkarRbkYtRbECg eTAelICMnajkargar nigKuNPaBplit. shrdæGaemrik KWCaTIpSard¾FMbMputsRmab;karnaMecj énplitplkat; edrkm<úCa. karbBa©b;RbB½n§PaBGnueRKaH (GSP) BIshrdæGaemrik ebIKitBIEx mkra dl;Exmifuna qñaM 2005)aneFVI[eragcRk shRKasbiTTVarCasßaBrcMnYn 20 eragcRk nwg)at;bg;kargar kmµkrRbmaN 2/207 nak; nigmaneragcRkBüÜr kargarkmµkrcMnYn 48 eragcRk mankmµkrcMnYn 2/8944 nak;. CamYyenHEdr maneragcRkekItfµIcMnYn 29 eragcRk EtTTYlkmµkreFVIkar)anEtcMnYn 5497 nak; b:ueNÑaH. k-GMBICMnajkargar nigKuNPaBplit 64

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt eTaHbIRbeTskm<úCamankmøaMgBlkmµya:geRcInk¾eday b:uEnþkRmitbec©k eTsCMnajenABMuTan;manRKb;RKan; EdlGaceRbIR)as;ma:sIunmanel,OnelOn enA kñúgvis½y]sSahkmµ)aneLIy. km<úCaRtUvxitxMRbwgERbgbNþúHbNþalbuKÁlik nUv CMnajRKb;Epñk EdlGacsRmYl[kmµkrQaneTAeFVIkarkñúg]sSahkmµepSg² eTot)an. kmøaMgBlkmµEdlmanCMnajeRcInmux nigmanlT§PaBEsVgrksßirPaB cMNUl nigsuxPaB. sißrPaB nigelIkkMBs;EpñksµartIEbbenH nigCYydl;kar begáInplitPaB nigkarRbkYtRbECg. karb:HBal;elIkargar KWminmanehtuplc,as;las; EdlRtUvrkSaKMnit suTidæiniymxøaMgkøaenaHeT. edaymankarcab;epþImbec©kviC¢afµI nigkarvinieyaK eRcInmkkñúgTIpSarkm<úCaenaH nigBitCamankarb:HBal;dl;smtßPaBplitkmµén plitkrkñúgRsukCaminxan. TnÞwmnwgenH Gackat;bnßynUvshRKasrbs;rdæ ehIyRtUvdeNþImedayshRKasÉkCn nigbreTs. famBl nigCMnajplitrbs;kmµkrkm<úCa minTan;manlkçN³rwgmaM nig mankRmitCasþg;darenAeLIy EdlCamUlehtueFIV[b:HBal;dl;karRbkYtRbECg KuNPaBCamYyplitplbreTs. eTAéf¶muxRbeTskm<úCa RtUvmanmCÄmNÐl fñak;Cati sRmab;eFIVkarbNþúHbNþalsmtßPaBCMnajviC¢aCIv³ dl;RbCaBlrdæExµr [mankRmitCasþg;dar edIm,IQaneTArkkarRbkYtRbECgCamYybNþaRbeTs nig BiPBelak. x-témøTIpSarénplitPaB eyIgdwgehIyfa vis½yvayNPNÐkat;edr sMelokbMBak; nigEs,keCIg rbs;RbeTskm<úCa KWCavis½yEtmYyKt;EdlmansmtßPaBnaMecjplitplRbkYt 65

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt RbECgenAelITIpSarBiPBelak. b:uEnþGVIEdlCabBaðaRbQmmux enaHKWbBaðatémø énplitplsRmab;naMecjmantémøx<s;CagbNþaRbeTsmYycMnYn dUcCaRbeTs ³ cin/\NÐa ///////CaedIm. mUlehtucm,g Edlplitplkat;edrrbs;km<úCa mantémøx<s;CageK enaHKW edaysarRbeTskm<úCaminTan;manvtßúFatuedImxøÜnÉg ehIyRtUvnaMcUlBI breTsesÞIrTaMgRsug. mYyEpñkeTot edaysarRbeTskm<úCa mankariyal½y Fibetyü nigmanbBaðaBukrlYyenAkñúgvis½ykat;edrenH Edlbc©úb,nñraCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa)an nigkMBugEteFIVkMENTRmg;ya:gxøaMgkøay nigbegáItevTikavis½y ÉkCnerogral; 6 Exmþg rvagRbmuxraCrdæaPi)al nigtMNagnieyaCk. cMENk Éehdæarcnasm<½n§Cati k¾enAminTan;manlkçN³RbkYtRbECgenAeLIy dUcCa ³ pøÚvKmnaKmn_ kardwgCBa¢Ün Twk ePøIg mantémøx<s; EdlminTan;)anTajGñk vinieyaKTun[)anxøaMgkøa enaHeT. srubmkktþaxagelIenH CabribTd¾sMxan;kñúgRbkYtRbECg Epñktémø plitPaBenAelITIpSarBiPBelak EdlRtUveFIVkMENTRmg;sRmab;eTAGnaKt. III esckþIsnñidæan niyayCarYm karcUlCasmaCikGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak CaCeRmIsd¾ RtwmRtUvrbs;RbeTskm<úCa. km<úCaRtUvEtsVHEsVgeFIVkarGPivDÆn_esdækic©rbs;xøÜn [RsmCamYyBiPBelak tamry³eFIVsmahrNkmµesdækic©. sRmab;ry³eBlxøI km<úCaRtUvCUbRbTHnUvkarRbkYtRbECgCamYyRbeTsEdlmankarGPivDÆn_. km<úCa RtUvTTYlnUvkarhUrnUvTMnijRKb;RbePTBIbNþaRbeTsnana. 66

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt sRmab;ry³eBlEvgkm<úCa nwgTTYl)annUv»kasl¥RbesIrenAkñúgTIpSar BaNiC¢kmµ nigCMnYjenAeBlEdlRbeTskm<úCa ebIkeKalneya)ayesrI vanwg mankarTak;TajénkarnaMcUlBIxageRkA. plitplkñúgRsukRtUvEttRmUvtam TIpSar nigkarbegáInsmtßPaB nigKuNPaBplitkmµ. dUecñH plitplTaMgenaH nwgmansmtßPaBQaneTAeFIVkarRbkYtRbECgCamYyplitplbreTs)an. niyayedayELkkarcUlCasmaCikGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak KWCa karse®gÁaHd¾manRbsiT§iPaBbMput cMeBaHvis½yvaynPNÐkat;edr bnÞab;BIRtUv)an bBa©b;PaBGnueRKaHBn§ (GSP) EdlRbeTskm<úCaGacnaMTMnijrbs;xøÜneTAelI TIpSarCaeRcInénRbeTsEdlCasmaCik WTO . 67

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt plvi)akEpñkc,ab; nigplb:HBal;elIkmµsiT§ibBaØa elak suk sMeGOn sa®sþacarüc,ab; emFavI nigCanaykGgÁkarRkumGñkc,ab;karBarsiT§ikm<úCa enAeBlEdlRbeTskm<úCaenACacRkPBExµrkñúgsm½ymhanKr km<úCa sm,ÚreTAedaysm,tþi vb,Fm’ GkSrsa®sþ sßabnükmµ k,ac;cmøak;sil,³. RBHnag\RnÞIeTvI RtUv)aneKTTYlsÁal;fa CaGñkBUEkxagGkSrsa®sþ. RbeTsCit xageKmkeronBIExµr. k¾b:uEnþ KYresaksþayGVITaMgenaHRtUv)anbMpøaj nigqk;bøn; edays®gÁamBIRbeTsCitxag. rwtEtKYr[sþayeTAeTotenaH rbbkm<úCaRbCaFib etyü)anbMpøajvb,Fm’Cati bMpøajÉksar vb,Fm’ GkSrsa®sþ nigmrtkTaMg enaH esÞIrEtTaMgRsukkñúgrbbvalBiXat. enAeBlenaH GñkEdlExµrRkhmrk eXIjmanesovePACaPasaExµrkþI CaPasabreTskþI RtUvcat;TukCaGñkecHdwgCa BYkmUlFn ehIyykeTAsmøab;ecal. nasm½yenaH GñkEdlmansl;lak;Tuk esovePA RtUvbgçMcitþeRbICaRkdas;mUrRkdas;mUr)arIeTAvij. eRkayrbbvalBiXat km<úCamankarxVHxatÉksarya:gxøaMg. eRkayqñaM 1993 eKcab;eXIjmankare)aHBum<esovePAcas;² eLIgvij nigmanesovePA niBn§fµI² RbsUtkan;EteRcInvij. b:uEnþ edaysarTmøab;[témøeTAelIkarGanRtUv )ancuHfyenaH eKminsUveXIjmankar[témøeTAelIsñaédniBn§b:unµaneT. EfmBI 68

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt enaHeTAeTot eKeXIjmankarlYce)aHBum<cmøg nigftcmøgsñaédrbs;eKesáksáasya:gGnaFibetyü EdleFVI[GñkEdlGacmansñaédniBn§esovePAepSg² mankarFøak;Twkcitþkan;EtxøaMg nigminmanTwkcitþrkSamrtkcMeNHviC¢axøÜneTAkñúg esovePAeT. edayeXIjEbbenH raCrdæaPi)al)anRbwgERbgbegáIt nigGnum½tc,ab; sþIBI siT§iGñkniBn§ nigsiT§iRbhak;RbEhl enAéf¶TI 5 ExmIna qñaM 2003. c,ab; enHmaneKalbMNgkarBarsñaéd siT§irbs;GñkniBn§ plitkrTaMgLay nigedIm,I CakarelIkTwkcitþ[kan;EtmankarcYlrYm nigeFIV[mankarrIkceRmInelIvis½yenH. b:uEnþmkTl;nwgeBlenH etIkarcMlgsñaédrbs;eKenAEtmanEdrb¤eT? ebImanetI manmnusSb:unµannak;ehIy EdlRtUvmaneTasedaysarc,ab;enH? BitEmnEtkaredaHRsaybBaða kareFIVc,ab;enaHKWCacMNucCaGaTiPaBmYy ehIykarRKan;Etmanc,ab;vaminRKb;RKan;enaHeT vaRtUvkar[mankarGnuvtþn_c,ab; enaH[manRbsiT§iPaBEfmeTot. RbsinebIminmankarGnuvtþn_c,ab;NamYyenaH eT eKRtUvBinitüemIlfaetImkBIehtuGVI? etImkBIc,ab;xøÜnÉgenAmankarxVHxat EdleFVI[GñkGnuvtþn_minGacGnuvtþ)an? etImkBIxVHynþkarGnuvtþn_Edlman RbsiT§iPaB? b¤ etImkBIGñkGnuvtþn_xVHsmtßPaB? niyayrYm PaBGRbsiT§iPaBkñúgkarGnvu tþn_GacBIktþaeRcInya:gEdlktþa sMxan; KWmanbIEdl)anerobrab;mkxagelI. manc,ab;l¥ vahak;bIdUcCapÞHrbs; GñkEdlmanma:sIunRtCak;l¥ manTUTwkkl¥ nigsmÖar³eGLicRtUnicl¥dUecñaHEdr. rbs;l¥² TaMgenaHnwgeTACa\tRbeyaCn_ b¤eTACaxUceTAvij RbsinebICagtExS minRby½tñ b¤minl¥. eBalKWeyIgRtUvkarRbB½n§GKÁisnIl¥. enAkñúgbBaðac,ab; c,ab; 69

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt sþIBInItiviFI KWCaRbB½n§EdlGaceFIVc,ab;GacnwgGnuvtþn_ edaymanRbsiT§iPaB)an. bc©úb,nñenH eyIgmanEtc,ab; sþIBI nItiviFIRBhµTNÐrdækm<úCaqñaM 1993 eyIg mannItiviFIxøHEcgenAkñúgc,ab;G‘untak;Edr Etc,ab;enaHminRtUv)antulakarykcitþ Tukdak;enaHeT. eyIgminTan;manc,ab; sþIBI nItiviFIrdæb,evNIenaHeT eBalKWeyIg ykEpñkxøHBIc,ab;RBhµTNÐmkeRbI EdleBlxøHnaM[mankarriHKn;BIRbCaBlrdæ. edayeXIjfamankarxVHxat nigmankarriHKn;ya:geRcInEbbenH ehIy)anCaraC rdæaPi)alRbwgERbgeFVIc,ab;TaMgBIrenH KWnItiviFIRBhµTNÐ nignItiviFIrdæb,evNIeday [CMnajkar)araMgCYyxagnItiviFIRBhµTNÐ ehIyCMnajkarCb:unCYyxagnItiviFI rdæb,evNI. CaFmµtaebICnCatiNaeKCYyeRBogehIyenaH R)akdCac,ab;enaH lMeGogeTARbB½n§c,ab;rbs;GñkeRBogehIy. ehIyRbsinebI RbB½n§TaMgBIr RBhµTNÐ nigrdæb,evNI vapÞyKña b¤manbdiPaBnwgKñaenaH enaHk¾CabBaðaEdr. edaysarEtehtuya:gdUecñHehIy)aneyIgCaGñkc,ab; nigCaGñkGnuvtþn_pÞal;)an CUneyabl;fa ³ • sUm[GñkCMnajbreTscUlmkCYyeRBogc,ab;Exµr edayEp¥keTAelIktþa sgÁm nigsßanPaBCak;EsþgenARsukExµr minRtUvcmøgc,ab;rbs;xøÜnTaMg Rsugmk[ExµrGnuvtþn_enaHeT. • sUm[Gñkc,ab;TaMgBIr sikSa nigBiPakSaKñaedaHRsay RbsinebImancMNuc NamanTMnas;nwgKña. 70

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt eTaHCamanc,ab;nItiviFIl¥ehIyk¾eday kalebIminmankarRbKl;tYnaTI c,as;las;dl;sßab½nNaCaGñkGnuvtþn_enaHeT nigminmankarpSBVpSaydl;m®nþI Gnuvtþn_c,ab;enaHeT c,ab;enaHk¾minGacGnuvtþn_)anEdr. PaBGRbsiT§iPaB énkarGnuvtþn_c,ab;enAmanktþaCaeRcIneTot dUcCa GMNaccab;xøÜn PaBRcbUkRcbl;énGMNacesIubGegátrbs;nrK)al nKr)al yutþiFm’ RBHraCCJa ecARkmesIubGegát kgVHénc,ab;Psþútag.]TahrN_ kñúgerOg RBhµTNÐ RbsinebIminEmnCabTelµIsCak;EsþgeT nKr)aleRcInEtrg;caMTal;Et manbNþwgBICnrgeRKaH. Tmøab;enHGacnwgeFIVc,ab;sþIBIkmµsiT§ibBaØa minGacnwg Gnuvtþn_)anEdr. srubesckþIeTA yl;fakalebImanc,ab;kmµsiT§ibBaØaehIy KWCabMeBj lk½çx½NÐrbs;GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ehIyenaHCakarminRtwmRtUvenaHeT. vaRKan;EtCaktþamYyb:ueNÑaH. KWRtUvkar[mankarGnuvtþn_[manRbsiT§iPaBeTot pg. dUecñH CaTsSn³´pÞal; c,ab; sþIBI nItiviFITaMgBIrKWRBhµTNÐ nigrdæb,evNI sMxan;Nas;. ehIyedIm,I[c,ab;TaMgBIrenHmanRbsiT§iPaBc,ab; sþIBI karcat;taMg tulakark¾CakarsMxan;Edr eRBaHebItamesckþIeRBogc,ab;TaMgBIrenHRbB½n§tulakar bc©úb,nñRtUvEtpøas;bþÚr. kñúgcMeNamc,ab;TaMgBIrenH ebIc,ab;NaGnum½tc,ab;Edl Gnum½teRkayRtUvEk[smRsbeTAnwgc,ab;mun. edayehtuya:genHeyIgeXIj fa enAeBlEdldwgfac,ab;sþIBInItiviFIrdæb,evNI EdleRBogedayGñkCMnajc,ab; Cb:unRtUv)anbBa©ÚneTArdæsPa ehIyenaHPaKI)araMg)anTamTar[BinitüeRbobeFob c,ab;TaMgBIrCamunsin. 71

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt EteTaHCaya:gNak¾eday eyIgenAEtsg Çwmfa tamry³rbblT§iRbCaFibetyü km<úCanwgmankarrIkceRmIn RBmKñaelIvis½yeKarBsiT§imnusS nig esdækic©. 72

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt E;pñkTI 2 sunÞrkfa kñúgkic©RbCMutumUl 73

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt etImanplvi)akxagc,ab; nigeKalneya)ayGVIxøH dl;smaCikPaBrbs;km<úCa kñúgGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak? elak tan; yuvrdæ GnuRbFankariyal½yesvakmµ naykdæanGas‘an nigGgÁkarGnþrCati RksYgBaNiC¢kmµ savtar km<úCa)andak;BakücUlGgÁkarenHenAqñaM 1994 nigRtUv)anGnuBaØatCa pøÚvkar[cUlCasmaCikGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelakenAéf¶TI11 ExkBaØa qñaM 2003 kñúgsnñisITfñak;rdæm®nþI GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelakelIkTI 5 RbRBwtþeLIg enARkugkan;KUnRbeTsmiuksiuk. kalbriecäTcugeRkaysRmab;dMNwgeTAGgÁkar BaNiC¢kmµBiPBelakGMBIkar[sc©ab½nrbs;rdæsPaKW éf¶TI31 ExmIna qñaM2004. b:uEnþ edaymankarCab;KaMgxagneya)ay kalbriecäTenHRtUv)anbnþrhUtdl;éf¶ TI30 ExkBaØa qñaM2004. cugeRkaybBa©b;enHRtUv)anrdæsPapþl;sc©ab½n enA éf¶TI31 ExsIha qñaM2004 nig edayRBwT§sPaenAéf¶TI6 ExkBaØa qñaM2004. semþcRbmuxrdæsþITI)ancuHhtßelxaelIRBHraCRkmenAéf¶TI9 ExkBaØa qñaM2004 nigÉk]tþmeTsrdæm®nþI cm RbsiT§)ancuHhtßelxaelIlixitTuBVkrN_enA 74

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km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt cMh k¾b:uEnþ RtUv)aneKkat;bnßyPaBRbkYtRbECgrbs;va tamry³karGnuvtþn_ karykBn§epSg² EdleFVI[TMnijenaHbEnßmtémørbs;xøÜn b:uEnþminmankaryk Bn§EbbenHelIplitpldUcKña EdlplitenAkñúgRsukeT. eKalkarN_RbRBwtþikmµCatienH KWedIm,IFana[mansmPaBrvagplitpl nigesvaEdlplitkñúgRsuk nig plitplnigesvarbs;breTs. eKalkarN_RbRBwtþikmµCatimanEcgenAkñúg{x} nanaénkic©RBmeRBog sMxan;bIrbs; WTO KW kic©RBmeRBogBak;B½n§eTAnwgBaNiC¢kmµTMnij/ BaNiC¢kmµ esvakmµ/ nigkmµsiTi§bBaØa ³ (i) GATT : maRta 3 ;(ii) GATS : maRta 17 ; (iii) TRIPS: maRta 3. eKalkarN_RbRBwtþikmµCatienH k¾eXIjmanenAkñúgkic©RBmeRBogepSg² eTot EdlbegáItCa]bsm<½n§ I A énkic©RBmeRBog WTO dUcCa kic©RBmeRBog sþIBI r)aMgbec©keTscMeBaHBaNiC¢km µ nigkic©RBmeRBog sþIBI viFankarGnam½y CaedIm. eKalkarN_enH k¾CamUldæanénkic©RBmeRBogBhuPaKIsµR½Kcitþ sþIBI lT§kmµsaFarN³pgEdr. eKalbMNgcm,génkatBVkic©RbRBwtþikmµCatiénmaRta 3 én GATT 1994 KWedIm,IecosvagkarkarBar niymkñúgkareRbIR)as;nUvBn§xagkñúg nig viFankarc,ab;déTeTot. dUcEdlmanEcgya:gc,as;enAkñúgmaRta 3³1 eKal bMNgénmaRta 3 KWedIm,IFanaviFankarxagkñúg{minRtUv)anGnuvtþcMeBaHplitpl kñúgRsuk nignaMcUledIm,ICYykarBarplitkmµkñúgRsukeLIy}. cugbBa©b;maRtaenH tRmUv[RbeTssmaCik WTO pþl;nUvsmasPaBsRmab;l½kçx½NÐRbkYtRbECg 79

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt sRmab;plitplnaMcUleFobnwgplitplkñúgRsuk. l½kçx½NÐsRmbénBn§kñúg Rsuk CamYynwgkatBVkic©RbRBwtþikmµCatiénmaRta 3³2 RbeyaKTImYyén GATT 1994 tRmUv[mankarBinitüemIlfaetI ³ 3viFankarenaHKWCa{Bn§kñúgRsuk} b¤eT 4plitplnaMcUl nigplitplkñúgRsukKW{dUcKña} nig 5plitplnaMcUlminRtUv)anykBn§elIsplitplkñúgRsukeT maRta 3³2 RbeyaKTI 2 k¾Bak;B½n§nwgRbRBwtþikmµCati énBn§xag kñúgEdr b:uEnþ smøwgemIldl;{RbePTplitplTUlayCagmun} Cagkñúg maRta 3³2 RbeyaKTI1. vaminGnuvtþEtcMeBaH{ plitpldUcKña} eT b:uEnþ cMeBaH{plitplRbkYtRbECgKñaedaypÞal; b¤GacCMnYsKña)an} pgEdr. maRta 3³2 RbeyaKTI2 manEcgBIl½kçx½NÐsRmbepSgBIenH EdltRmUv[ mankarBinitüemIlfaetI ³ 6viFankarenaHCa{Bn§kñúgRsuk} 7plitplnaMcUl nigkñúgRsukmankarRbkYtRbECgKñaedaypÞal; b¤Gac CMnYsKña)an 8plitplTaMgenHBMuRtUv)anGnuvtþkñúgeKalbMNgkarBarplitkmµkñúgRsuk katBVkic©RbRBwtþkmµCatiénmaRta 3 minRtwmEtniyayGMBIBn§xag kñúgb:ueNÑaHeT b:uEnþGMBIbTbBaØtiþkñúgRsukpgEdr. RbRBwtþikmµCati cMeBaH bTbBaØtiþxagkñúgRtUv)anEcgenAkñúgmaRta 3³4. edIm,IkMNt;fa etIviFankar 80

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt mYyRsbKñaCamYykatBVkic©RbRBwtþikmµénmaRta 3³4 b¤Gt; eKRtUvBinitüemIl elIl½kçx½NÐbIfaetI ³ 9viFankarenaHKWCac,ab; bTbBaØtiþ b¤l½kçx½NÐtRmUvEdlmanEcgkñúgmaRta 3³4 b¤eT 10plitplnaMcUl nigplitplkñúgRsukCaplitpl{dUcKña{ 11plitplnaMcUlRtUv)anpþl;RbRBwtþikmµGnueRKaHticCag b¤Gt; katBVkic©RbRBwtþikmµCaticMeBaHviFankarEdlCH\Ti§Bldl;BaNiCökmµ esvakmµmanEcgkñúgmaRta 12 én GATS . RbRBwtþikmµCatienAeRkam maRta12 manPaBxusKñaBIRbRBwtþikmµCatienAeRkammaRta 3 én GATT 1994 . sRmab;BaNiCökmµTMnijRbRBwtþikmµCati RtUvGnuvtþelIBaNiCökmµ TaMgGs;. cMENkÉRbRBwtiþkmµCatisRmab;esvakmµ GnuvtþEtcMeBaHsmaCik G/B/B NaEdl)aneFVIkarsnüaedayxøÜnÉgkñúgkarpþl;nUv{RbRBwtþikmµCati} dl;esvakmµtamvis½yNamYyEtb:ueNÑaH. CaerOy² karsnüaRbRBwtþikmµCatiTaMgenaH Cakmµvtßúénkardak; l½kçx½NÐ nigkarkMhitepSg² elITMhMénkarsnüaenaH. enAeBlEdl smaCik)aneFVIkarsnüatamvis½ynImYy²kñúgkarpþl;{RbRBwtþikmµCati} va RtUvbMeBjkatBVkic©{RbRBwtþikmµCati{ énmaRta 17 én GATS . edIm,IeFVIkarkMNt;fa etIviFankarenaHRsbCamYykatBVkic©Catikñúg maRta 17 b¤Gt; eKmanl½kçx½NÐbIedIm,IeFVIkarkMNt; faetI ³ viFankarenaHCH\Ti§BleTAelIBaNiCökmµesvakmµb¤eT 81

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km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt RbsinebIeyIgpþl;karGnueRKaHGVImYy eyIgRtUvBicarNa[)anm:t;ct;GMBIlT§PaB EdlGacpþl;plcMeNjdl;smaCikepSgeTot EdlGacCaKUrRbECgd¾RsYcRsal CamYyeyIg. eKalneya)ayCaeRcInnwgRtUvBinitüesIerIeLIgvij edIm,I[Rsb tamyuKsm½yfµI nigsmRsbtamkarGPivDÆn_énsPaBkarN_BaNiCökmµ Edl ERbRbYlCanic©enAkñúgyuKsm½ysaklPavUbnIykmµenH. esckþIsnñidæan eTaHbICaeyIgmankarenOyht;kñúgkareFVIc,ab;k¾eday k¾karxitxMrbs; eyIgnwgmin\tRbeyaCn_eLIy ³ eyIgmanRckcUlTIpSarcMnYn 147 RbeTs ³ kalNaeyIgmanplitpl ( ehIybMeBj)antaml½kçx½NÐtRmUvnanarbs;RbeTs naMcUl ) KWeyIgmanTIpSarEdlebIkTVarrYcCaeRsc edayRbeTsTaMgenaHKµanels minsmrmüNamYy edIm,IraraMgplitpleyIgmin[cUlTIpSar)anenaHeT dUecñHnwg begáInplitPaB nigkalanuvtþPaBsRmab;plitplkm<úCa kñúgkarRCotcUlTIpSar BiPBelak. kñúgkrNIRbeTsNamYyGnuvtþeKalkarN_erIseGIg nigrwtt,wtelI plitplnaMecjBIkm<úCa RbeTsenaHGacRbQmmuxnwgkartva: ehIyRbsinebI edaHRsaykñúglkçN³eTVPaKIKWmin)aneT cugeRkaynwgRtUvbBaöÚneTAkan; ³ ynþkaredaHRsayCemøaH WTO CaynþkaresµIrPaBEdlRbeTstUcFøab; QñHRbeTsFM. enAeBlEdleyIgmanc,ab;nana EdlcaM)ac;sRmab;RTRTg;brisßan vinieyaK nigFurkic©EdlRsbnwgc,ab; nigl½kçx½NÐnanarbs;kic©RBmeRBog WTO 83

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt enAkm<úCarYcehIy CMenOTukcitþrbs;vinieyaKin nigFurCnbreTskñúgRsuknwgman karekIneLIg edayehtufa eKmanlT§PaBeRcInkñúgBüakrN_ nigeFVIEpnkar Furkic©rbs;eK edayeKGac)a:n;sµanBIcMNaysRmab;karbg;Bn§ RbsinebIkm<úCa GnuvtþnUvviFIsaRsþvaytémøBn§Ky tamkic©RBmeRBogGgÁkarBaNiCökmµBiPB elak. dUecñaH nwgkat;bnßynUvkarcMNayeRkApøÚvkar nigCakarbegáItPaBRbkYt RbECg ehIynwgTak;TajelIkTwkcitþ[manvinieyaKnigFurkic©fµIenAkm<úCa. karEk sRmYlc,ab;nigbTbBaØtiþnanafVIt,itEtmanPaBsµúKsµaj nigCYbRbTHnwgkarlM)ak CaeRcIn b:uEnþ vanwgpþl;GtßRbeyaCn_dl;RbeTs nigRbCaraRsþrbs;eyIgCak;Esþg dUcCakarksagc,ab;fµI sþIBI Gnam½ynigCYybegáInKuNPaBplitples,ógGahar rbs;km<úCa TaMgsRmab;karnaMecj TaMgsRmab;kareRbIR)as;kñúgRsuk dUecñHnwgkat; bnßynUvkarP½yxøac GMBIkareRCotcUlmkkñúgRsuk nUvCMgWnana EdlekItecjBImðÚb Gahar dUcCaekItecjBIBBYkeb:sþ_ kareRbIsarFatuKImIkñúgmðÚbGahar GaharxUc KuNPaB nigGaharmanCatiBul. kñúgenaHenAeRkamkic©RBmeRBogrbs;GgÁkar BaNiCökmµBiPBelak karRtYtBinitüRBMEdnedIm,IeFVIctþaLIs½k KWRtUvEp¥kelImUldæanhaniP½y dUecñHnwgminmann½yfac,ab;fµI nwgbgáCakarrwtt,wtdl;BaNiCökmµ eLIy. müa:geTot karGnum½tykmkeRbIR)as;nUvbTdæanGnþrCati k¾nwgCYy[ mankarTTYlsÁal;nUvKuNPaBplitplkm<úCa CaGnþrCati EdlCaEpñkmYyénkar FanaPaBeCaKC½ypgEdr. 84

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak nigkarEkTRmg;RbB½n§yutþiFm’enAkm<úCa elak suk sMeGOn emFavI nigCanaykGgÁkarRkumGñkc,ab;karBarsiTi§km<úCa karcUlCasmaCikGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelakrbs;km<úCa KWCaerOgfµI nigCaerOgEdlkm<úCaRtUvEteRtomxøÜn edIm,ITb;Tl;kñúgTmøab;briyakas nig vb,Fm’fµÍ. GVIk¾edayvaEtgEtmanplb:HBal;CaviC¢man nigGviC¢manminElg eLIy. enAeBlEdleyIgminTan;seRmccitþ eyIgGacelIkykplb:HBal;TaMg enaH edIm,ICamUldæansRmab;seRmccitþfa etIeyIgRtUvseRmccitþcUlCasmaCik GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelakenHb¤k¾Gt;? b:uEnþ kalebIeyIg)anseRmccitþfanwg eFVIGVIb¤fa cUlCasmaCikGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµenaHeTA ehIyplb:HBal;TaMgenaH ElgCamUldæaneTotsRmab;seRmceTotehIy EtvakøayeTACamUldæansRmab; eyIgeRtomxøÜn Tb;Tl;nwgplCaviC¢manTaMgLay nigBüayamkat;bnßynUvpl b:HBal;GviC¢manTaMgenaH. 85

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt cMeBaHplb:HBal;esdækic©kñúgry³eBlb:unµanqñaM dMbUgkm<úCaRbEhlCa RtUvrgkarsRmukcUlénmuxTMnij nigRkumh‘unbreTsCaeRcInR)akdNas; ehIy km<úCak¾RbQmeTAnwgkarRbkYtRbECgCamYybreTsEdr. karRbkYtRbECgTaMgenaHrYmman ³ karRbkYtplitpl ³ plitkrenAkñúgRsukGacnwgRtUvgayRbQmeTA nwgplitplbreTsTaMgtémø nigKuNPaB. edaysareyIgCasmaCik GgÁkar BaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak eyIgnwgBi)akykBn§plitplbreTsx<s;Nas; dUecñH plitplbreTsGacefak ehIymanKuNPaBCagplitplkñúgRsuk. dUecñH edIm,I [plitplkñúgRsukrs;enA)anenaHRtUvEtbnßyBn§ b¤minykBn§plitplkñúgRsuk mYyry³ ehIyrdæRtUvCYyBRgwgsmtßPaB plitkrkñúgRsuk nigBRgwgKuNPaB plitplkñúgRsuk. karRbkYtTIpSarBlkr ³ kMufaeLIydl;karcUlCasmaCikGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak sUm,IEtbc©úb,nñenH k¾RbCaBlrdækm<úCaRtUvRbQmeTAnwgFnFan mnusSbreTsEdr. sBVéf¶enH manCnbreTsEdlsµR½KbeRmIkargarenAtam GgÁkarsklviTüal½y nigmanrhUtdl;RksYgsaßb½nrdæeTAeTot edayTamTar ebovtSr_minCax<s;CagBlrdæExµrenaHeT. dUecñH RbsinebIrdæminkMhit nigRtYt BinitütwgEtgenaHeT RbCaBlrdæExµrnwgmingayrkkareFVIenaH)aneLIy ehIy tamRkumh‘un nigsßab½nFM² Gacnwgsm,ÚreTAedayCnbreTs b¤CnCatiExµredIm kMeNItbreTs. eBalKWesdækic©RsukExµr GacnwgRtUvdwknaMedayCnbreTseTA vij. kñúgn½yenH c,ab;sBa¢ati c,ab;GenþaRbevsn_ nigc,ab;kargarRtUvBinitüCafµI nigRtUvEtGnuvtþn_[)anmWugm:at;. 86

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt ]sSahkmµ nigvtßúFatuedIm ³ bBaða]sSahkmµ km<úCaenAmankar xVHxatb¤k¾Gacfa KµanEtmþgk¾)an dUecñH erOgRbkYtRbECgEpñk]sSahkmµenaH KWminsUvCamanenaHeT. k¾b:uEnþ ´mankgVl;dUcteTA ³ km<úCaenAEtKµankarrIkceRmInEpñk]sSahkmµdEdl. knøgmk enHeXIj maneragcRklk;eTA[CnbreTs EtEbrCamindMeNIkareTAvij dUcCaRKan;EtTij edIm,IbiT edIm,IebIk[plitpl RbeTsCitxagdeNþImTIpSarenARbeTskm<úCa eTAvij. edaykardwkvtßúFatuedImecjeTAeRkARbeTsvagayeBkenaH enaHnwg GacmanbBaðabI KWkm<úCaenAEtKµankarrIkceRmInEpñk]sSahkmµdEdlBlkrkm<úCa enAEtxVHkargareFVIdEdl nigvtßúFatuedImkm<úCagaynwgrlaynaeBlGnaKt. dUecñH edIm,ITb;Tl;nwgbBaðaenH karnaMecjnUvvtßúFatuedImsuT§² RtUvEt hamXat;b¤rwtbnþwg. RbsinebIc,ab;kMNt;fa RtUvhamXat;karnaMecjnUvvtßúFatu edImsuT§ eyIgGacbgçM[Rkumh‘unbreTsRtUvEtbegáIteragcRkenAkm<úCa edIm,I plitrbs;naMecj b¤ya:gehacNas;[BaNiC¢kr km<úCaGacnwgEbkKMnitGPivDÆn_ ]sSahkmµ. ehIykalebImaneragcRkekIteLIgeRcIn ehIyeBlenaHkm<úCa k¾nwgGacsm,Úrkargardl;RbCaBlrdæEdr. ehdæarcnasm<½n§ ³ cMNucexSayEdleFVI[]sSahkmµkm<úCaminGacnwg rIkceRmIneTA)anenaH KWkarxVHnUvehdæarcnasm<½n§ dUcCa pøÚvfñl; pøÚv Edk nig GKÁisnI. RbsinebIehdæarcnasm<½n§TaMgenaHenAxVHxat éfødwk CBa¢Únnwgmantémø x<s; EdlnaM[témøplitplenAkñúgRsukGacnwgeLIgx<s; dUecñH edIm,ICYyRTRTg; plitplkñúgRsuk[)anenaH KWRtUvBRgwgehdæarcnasm<½n§TaMgenaH[)an. 87

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt GMeBIBukrlYy ³ GMeBIBukrlYyk¾CaktþaEdlnaMmanfycuHnUvvinieyaKTun breTs nignaM[plitplkñúgRsukeLIgéfø b¤raMgsÞHminGacnwgmankarrIkceRmIn Edr. eTaHbICaebIkcMhya:genHEmn fµIt,itEtkarcUlCasmaCikGgÁkarBaNiC¢ kmµBiPBelak tRmUv[km<úCaRtUvmanc,ab;CamUldæanmYycMnYnFMk¾eday k¾min sgÇwmfa GñkvinieyaKTunbreTs eRkayeBlEdleKeXIjfa km<úCamanc,ab; RKb;RKan;ehIy ehIye)alsRmukcUlkm<úCaenaHk¾eTEdr ktþamYyeTotEdlsMxan; enaHKWfa etIRbsinebIeKmanCemøaHNamYy eKnwgTTYl)annUvyutþiFm’Edrb¤eT? etIeKTTYl)annUvkarBarenaHEdrb¤eT? niyay[xøI eTaHbICamanc,ab;eRcInya:g Nak¾eday RbsinebItulakar nignKr)alenABukrlYyenAEtxVHsmtßPaBc,ab; TaMgenaHRKan;EtCaRkdasEtb:ueNÑaH. dUecñH rdæaPi)alRtUvEtEkTRmg;]tþmRkum RbwkSaénGgÁecARkm sßab½ntulakar nigkgkmøaMgnKr)al. 88

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt km<úCa nig GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ plb:HBal;dl;ksikmµkm<úCa elak TYt saravuF 1-esckþIepþIm eRkayry³eBlCit10 qñaM KWcab;BIeBlEdlRbeTskm<úCa)andak;Bakü sMucUlCasmaCik kalBI ExFñÚ qñaM 1994 eTIbEtry³eBl 30 éf¶ eRkayBI rdæaPi)alkm<úCa)anCUndMNwgeTAGgÁkarBaNiCökmµBiPBelakenH GgÁkark¾)an GnuBaØat[RbeTskm<úCa cUlCasmaCikeBlsiTi§TI 148 enAéf¶TI 13 tula 2004. 2-sßanPaBTUeTAénRbeTskm<úCa cMnYnRbCaCn 14 lannak; lpitplkñúgRsuksrubsRmab;mnusSmñak; 281/38 duløarkñúgmYyqñaM RbCaCnEdlsßitenAeRkambnÞat;PaBRkIRk 35/9° RbCaBlrdækm<úCaCag 80° enACnbT RbCaBlrdæ 70° BwgEp¥kelIksikmµsRmab;ciBa©wmCIvit °CanarI¦ PaKryplitplkñúgRsuksrubtamvis½y 89

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt ksikmµ 38° ]sSahkmµ 23/5° esvakmµ 35° PaKrykargartamvis½y ksikmµ 74° ]sSahkmµ 8° esvakmµ 18° PaKryénfvikaCatisRmab;ksikmµ nigkarGPivDÆn_CnbT qñaM 20024° RbCaCnEdleBjkmøaMgsRmab;kargar 45° RbCaCnEdlmanGayueRkam 20 qñaM man 54/6° RbCaCnEdlGacecHGan nigsresr)an 37° RbCaCnEdlecHGan nigsresrxøHman 27° 3-ksikmµkm<úCa ksikmµedIrtYnaTIya:gsMxan;sRmab;kargarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk nigbegáIn smtßPaBsRmab;karGPivDÆn_mnusS. kñúgvis½yksikmµdMNaM nigClplCa Gnuvis½yEdlsMxan;CageK Edlman 45° nig 35°énplitplkñúgRsuksrub énvis½yksikmµ. dIdaMdMNaMman 2/6 lanhicta kñúgenaHdMNaMRsUvman 90° én épÞdIdaMdMNaMTaMgGs;. dMNaMnaMecjmanRsUv  mWunetan enAqñaM 2001¦ ehIy enAqñaM 2005 témøTIpSarsRmab;RsUvmantémøx<s;Cag edImqñaM 2004. ekAs‘U CadMNaMnaMecjmYyd¾sMxan;EdrsRmab;km<úCaeyIg dMNaMenHkMBugEtcab;daMeLIg 90

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt vij elIsBIenHeTAeTot cMkarekAs‘Uk¾kMBugdMeNIrkar eTACaÉkCnPavUbnIykmµ pgEdr. karciBaw©mstVrYmcMENkelIplitplkñúgRsuksrub 14° eTA 15° én plitplksikmµ. ClplmancMENkkñúgkarnaMecjEdr k¾b:uEnþ karEdlRBYy )armÖenaHKW plitplRtIFmµCatimankarFøak;cuH. karrYmviPaKTanelIplitplkñúg RsuksrubmankarfycuH KWGnuvis½yéRBeQI. plitplksikmµCaTMnijcm,g mYyEdleKrMBwgfanwgGacnaMecj)an b:uEnþeBlenHminGaceFVIeTArYcedayKuNPaB rbs;eyIgenAmankRmit. karKaMRTksikmµ nigkarpSBVpSayenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa enAEtmankRmitexSayenAeLIy b¤BMuTan;begáIt)an. 4-GgÁkarBaNiCökmµBiPBelak (WTO) 4-1-GVIeTACa WTO? WTO KWCaRbB½n§EdlEpñkelIeKalkarN_c,ab; CaFMEp¥kelIkic©RBmeRBog nigvin½yEdlEp¥kelIviFankarc,ab;BaNiCökmµsmaCik naeBlbc©úb,nñKW 148 RbeTs. 4-2-etIeKbegáItGgÁkarBaNiCökmµBiPBelakkñúgeKalbMNgGVI? elIk temáIgCIvPaBrs;enArbs;RbeTsCasmaCik BRgIkkareFVIBaNiCökmµxagTMnij nig BaNiCökmµxagesvakmµ[RsbtameKaledAénkarRTRTg;nirnþrPaBsRmab;kar GPivDÆn_ karBar nigEfrkSabrisßan tmøaPaB nigPaBGacTsSn_Tay)anCaevTika sRmab;crcaBaNiCökmµ CaevTikasRmab;ynþkaredaHRsayCemøaHxagBaNiCökmµ. 4-3-etI WTO manmuxgarGVIxøH? CakEnøgsRmbsRmYlelIkic© karRbtibtiþkic©karrdæ)al nigeFVI[kic©RBmeRBog WTO nanaGacdMeNIrkarCa RbRktI)anCaevTikacrcaelIRbFanbT Rkbx½NÐ WTO CaevTikacrcasRmab; 91

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt kic©RBmeRBogepSg² viFanc,ab;epSg² vin½ynanasRmab;GnaKt CakEnøgsRmab; RKb;RKgynþkaredaHRsayCemøaH CakEnøgsRmab;RKb;RKgynþkarRtYtemIlkarEk sRmYlxageKalneya)ayBaNiCökmµ. 4-3-km<úCa nigGgÁkarBaNiCökmµBiPBelak ³ RbeTskm<úCa)ankøay CasmaCikeBjsiTi§rbs; WTO TI 148 enAéf¶TI 13 tula 2004. RbeTskm<úCaCaRbeTsmankarGPivDÆn_yWtTI2 Edl)ancUlCasmaCik eBjsiTi§rbs; WTO . bnÞab;BIRbeTsbg;køaeds Edl)ancUlCasmaCikGgÁkar enH enAéf¶ 23 emsa 2004. RbeTskm<úCaCaRbeTsmYykñúgcMeNamevlaman karGPivDÆn_yWtTaMg 3 énGgÁkar WTO . 5-plb:HBal;dl;ksikmµkm<úCa (Impact on Cambodia Agriculture) 5-1-plb:HBal;CaviCöman (Positive impact) karcUlCasmaCik WTO enH RtUv)anm®nþIraCrdæaPi)alBnül;fa RbeTs km<úCanwgmanTIpSarya:gFMelIqakGnþrCati EdlGacnwgRbmUlGñkvinieyaKTun breTs[cUlmkrksIukan;EteRcIneLIg. k¾b:uEnþ BMuTan;mankarsikSaNamYy)an bgðajc,as;fa etIkarcUlCasmaCik WTO rbs;km<úCa)anTTYlplcMeNj b¤xatya:gNaBitR)akdenaHeT. karcUlCasmaCik WTO énRbeTskm<úCacaM)ac;RtUvmanc,ab; 40 bEnßmeTot edIm,ItRmUvtamsnüarbs;RbeTsCamYy WTO enH kñúgenaHman c,ab;mYycMnYneqøIytbeTAnwgvis½yksikmµ dUcCa c,ab;RKb;RKgFBaØCati c,ab; karBarrukçCatifµICaedIm. 92

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt kñúgry³eBl 5 qñaMxagmuxenH RbeTskm<úCaRtUvGnumt½nUvc,ab;sMxan;² mYycMnYn edIm,IbMeBjkarsnüaEdl)aneFVIenAkñúgkic©RBmeRBog cUlCasmaCik WTO . km<úCanwgeFVIsmahrNkmµesdækic©rbs;xøÜnkñúgRbB½n§ WTO . 5-2-plb:HBal;GviCöman ³ plitplksikmµGaclk;)anEtkñúgextþ minGacnaMecj)anminGacRbkYt TIpSareRkARbeTs. mUlehtu ³ minRtUvtamsþg;darGnþrCati nigkarRKb;RKgsRmYlEbb bTBaNiCökmµenAkm<úCamanPaBsaMjaMú EdlbNþal[éføedImeLIgx<s;Cagplit plnaMcUlBIbreTs. plitplrMBwgTukGac ³ rdæaPi)alnwgsRmYlEbbbT[lk; nigksikr bBaÄb;karplitenaHnwgmankarhUrcUlkan;EteRcIn ehIyRbCaCnkan;EtRk ³ lk;dI lk;kmøaMgBlkmµeTAeRkARbeTs. enAkñúgGgÁsikçasala sþIBI{plb:HBal; énsmaCikPaBGgÁkarBaNiCökmµBiPBelak mkelIksikrkm<úCa} 23-24 FñÚ 2004 EdlerobcMedayGgÁkarsþarkm<úCa)anbgðajfa ³ éføcMNayx<s;sRmab; karpÁt;pÁg;plitPaBksikmµ xVHfvikaenAcugrdUvRbmUlplrbs;ksikr ( épÞdIdaM dMNaMtic ) QµÜjkNþalmYycMnYnRbmUlTijksiplkñúgtémøefak GacnaMecjeTA lk;eRkARbeTs)an b:uEnþlk;[ksikrvijkñúgtémøx<s; plitplenAkm<úCaBi)akrk cMeNjpgetIGacRbkYtTIpSar)anEdrb¤eT? 6-sMNUmBr 93

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt rdæaPi)alKYrkMNt;sþg;darBUCnaMecjdl;RbCaksikr edIm,I[plitplnaMecj tamtRmUvkarTIpSarGnþrCati. rdæaPi)alKYrBicarNaelIkarniyayrbs;sßanTUtGaemrik Edl)anelIkeLIg fa ³ smaCikPaBénGgÁkar WTO KWCayanþmYysRmab;kat;bnßyPaBRkIRk RbkbedaynirnþrPaB. k¾b:uEnþ vak¾tRmUv[mankaredIredayqnÞ³neya)ay nirnþrPaB nigkarebþCJacitþedIm,ICMrujkarGnuvtþn_c,ab;epSg² nigkatBVkic© mYycMnYnEdlTak;Tgdl;GgÁkarBaNiCökmµBiPBelak. raCrdæaPi)alCYyBRgwgRbsiTi§PaBénkarpþl;esvasaFarN³ karepÞrbec©k eTsksikmµ FarasaRsþdl;ksikr nigsRmYlral;neya)ayBaNiCökmµ[ kan;Etl¥eLIg. 7-esckþIsnñidæan karcUlCasmaCikGgÁkarBaNiCökmµBiPBelakrbs;RbeTskm<úCa BitCa eFVI[mtiCatiGnþrCati nigCaBiess RbCaCnenACnbTmankarcab;GarmµN_ nig )ansEmþgeLIgnUvmtiCaeRcIn kñúgkarCYyCMrujkarGPivDÆn_Cati[kan;EtmanPaB xøaMgkøaeLIg. 94

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt km<úCa nig GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ plb:Hpldl;ksikmµkm<úCa elakRsI Rbuk va:n;nI GñkÉkeTs eynD½rnigsgÁménkmµviFIGPivDÆn_Epñkksikmµ RbcaMRksYgksikmµ rukçaRbmaj; nigensaT savtar nigkarbgðaj RBHraCaNacRkkm<úCa CaRbeTsEdlmankarGPivDÆtictYc ehIy RbeTsenH)ancUlCasmaCikGgÁkarBaNiCökmµBiPBelak (WTO) enAExkBaØa qñaM2003. eTIbEtmYyTsvtSr_b:ueNÑaH taMgBIkm<úCa)anrs;ranmanCIviteLIgvij naqñaM1993 bnÞab;BIsßitenAkñúgPaBÉeka s®gÁamraMuér nigkarsmøab;rgÁalGs;bI TsvtSr_. enHKWCasmiT§plmYyd¾cm,gbMputrbs;raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa. km<úCa)an køayeTACasmaCikPaBeBjsiTi§ énsmaKmRbCaCatiGasIuGaeKñy_ (ASEAN) enAkñúg qñaM1999. taMgBIqñaM 1993 mk km<úCaCaRbeTsEdlmanRbvtþisaRsþTMenIb)an bBa©ÚlrebobénkarRKb;RKgesdækic©TIpSar naMmuxd¾manRbsiTi§PaBeTAkñúgGPi)al kic©EdlmanlkçN³esdækic©. rcnasm<½n§énGRtaBn§KyCaTUeTA KWTabehIyefr 95

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt RBmTaMgman]bsKÁEpñkBn§tictYcbMputeTotpg. c,ab;vinieyaKenAkm<úCaKW sßit enAkñúgcMeNamRkbx½NÐc,ab;vinieyaK esrICageKenAkñúgtMbn; EdlminxusEpøkKña rvagkarvinieyaKeRkARsuk nigkñúgRsukeT elIkElgEtkñúgkrNIm©as;kmµsiTi§dIFøI EdlbRmugTukCarbs;CnCatikm<úCa. ral;karrkSaTukbBaðaniytkr RtUvEtbMeBj tYnaTICamYyEpñkksikmµCarbs;rdæ Edlkúgñ krNIxøHkMBugdMeNIrkarÉkCnIykmµ. kñúgnamCasmaCikénsmaKmRbCaCatiGasIuGaeKñy_ (ASEAN) ehIy \LÚvenH k¾CasmaCikGgÁkarBaNiCökmµBiPBelak (WTO) eTotenaH RbeTs km<úCa)anseRmccitþeKarBtamc,ab; énkic©RBmeRBogGgÁkarBaNiCökmµBiPBelak CalkçN³sakl enaHKWkic©RBmeRBogksikmµ maKa’kMENTRmg; ©úb,nñenHsßit enAeRkamkarRtYtBinitüemIleLIgvij nigkarcrca¦ EpñkBiFIsarGas‘an nigtMbn; BaNiCökmµesrIGas‘an (AFTA) RBmTaMgKeRmagGnueRKaHBn§KyrYm (CEPT) . km<úCaeBjcitþnwgeCaKC½ymYycMnYn kñúgkarRbkYtRbECgEpñksuvtßiPaB Gahar nigksikmµ. enAkñúgry³eBlR)aMqñaMcugeRkayenH km<úCa)anTTYlnUv plitplRsUvRKb;RKan;sRmab;xøÜnÉg Cak;Esþg km<úCa)ankøayeTACaGñknaMecj RsUvtictYcxøH eTAkan;RbeTsCitxagrbs;xøÜn CaBiesskñúgGMLúgeBleRkayBIrdUv RcUtkat;. GtiprNakñúgRbeTskm<úCa bgðajedaysnÞsSn_témøeRbIR)as; (CPI) BI-1  eTA3° ry³kalR)aMqñaMknøgmk GaRs½yedaytémøGaharefrb¤ k¾Føak;cuH. elIsBIenHeTAeTot kareFVIGegátelIEpñksuxPaBfµI²enHbgðajnUvPaB l¥RbesIr kñúgsßanPaBGaharrUbtßmÖsRmab;RbCaBlrdæ CaBiesskñúgcMeNam kumar. 96

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt eTaHCaya:gNak¾eday suvtßiPaBGahar nigkMeNInsrubkñúgeBlGnaKt énEpñkksikmµrbs;km<úCaRtUvBwgEp¥k eTAelIkarRbkYtRbECgry³eBlyUrrbs; Cati enAkñúgbTbBaØtþirbs;Gas‘an nigGgÁkarBaNiCökmµBiPBelak (WTO) RBmTaMgbgðajPinPaK nigGPivDÆkalanuvtþPaB Edlpþl;edayesrIPavUbnIykmµ énBaNiCökmµ. enHKWsMxan;Nas;sMrab;Epñkksikmµ nigCnbTkm<úCa EdlEpñk enHpþl;[eyIgya:geRcIndl;eTA 2 / 3 énkargar nigbegáInplitpl kñúgRsuk)an 32°. eRkABIenH dUckareFVIniTsSn_enAkñúgbTBiesaFn_GPivDÆn_CaGnþrCati )anbgðajfa karrIkceRmInelIvis½yksikmµ nigCnbTnwgCH\Ti§Blya:gsMxan; eTAelIR)ak;cMNUl eRkABIvis½yksikmµ nigkargartamry³karpSarP¢ab; nigPaB rs;revIkCamYyEpñkesdækic©déTeTot. karlUtlas;eTAmuxnaeBlfµI²enH elIEpñk kmµnþsalenAkm<úCaPaKeRcIn GaRs½yedaykarekIneLIgya:gqab;rh½snUvEpñk naMecj]sSahkmµkat;edr nigvaynPNÐEdlkMeNInEbbenH Gacrs;ran)antam ry³KuNPaBl¥ nigtémøRbkYtRbECg. CalT§pltémøRbkYtRbECgCasMxan; TTYlrg\T§BlBIkéRmR)ak;QñÜl nigtémømðÚbGahar. km<úCasßitenAkNþalrvagRbeTséf nigRbeTsevotNam EdlRbeTs TaMgBIr nabITsvtSr_cugeRkayenH)anbgðajnUvkarRbkYtRbECgEpñkksikmµd¾ elceFøa. RbeTscink¾)anbgðajxøÜnenAkñúgtMbn;pgEdr. km<úCaRtUvEteronyk KMrUBIkarviPaKBiesaFn_énRbeTsCitxagxøÜn ehIyKYrEtRbECgCamYyeCaKC½y rbs;RbeTsCitxag nigecosvagral;kMhusepSg². srubesckþImk smtßPaBrbs;CatiGaccat;Ecg nigdwknaMkñúgry³eBl yUrKWedIm,Isßabna nigkarBarkarRbkYtRbECgEpñkksikmµCati nigTajyk 97

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt RbeyaCn_BI»kas Edlpþl;edayGgÁkarBaNiCökmµBiPBelak (WTO) nig smaCikGas‘anenAeRkARbeTs TamTar[mankic©xitxMRbwgERbgeFVIkarviPaK nig )a:n;sµand¾TUlMTUlay GMBIkarRbkYtRbECgCalkçN³GnþrCati cMeBaHTMnijsMxan;² Edlplitedaykm<úCa. karvaytémøEbbenH KYrEtRKbdNþb;elIplitPaB témø plitkmµ nigTIpSarrYmTaMgsßab½neKalneya)ay nigbTbBaØtþiEdlman\Ti§Bl ehIyGackMNt;témønigplitPaB. dMeNIrkarviPaKnwgCYyeFVI[manPaBCak;lak; CYysRmYlkarBiPakSa sþIBI bBaðaepSg² nigkarlM)ak CaBiessRbsinebI dMeNIrkarviPaK)aneFVIeLIg edaylkçN³tmøaPaB nigmankarcUlrYm. karksagmtßPaBviPaKelIdMeNIrkar sþIBI KeRmagCMnYyEpñkbec©keTs KWBitCasMxan;sRmab;km<úCa edIm,IbegáInPaBl¥RbesIrénkargaresdækic©TIpSar nig rebobRKb;RKgRbB½n§témø. TaMgenHKWsMxan;Nas; edayehtufaRbeTskm<úCaFøab; )ansßitenAÉeka nigmanRbvtþisaRsþénkarGnuvtþn_EpnkarmCÆwm. ebIeyIg RkeLkemIleTAGnaKtkalmUldæanRKwHd¾rwgmaMénsmtßPaBviPaKeKalneya)ay tamEpñkRtUvEterobcMeLIgvij nigeFVI[RCYtRCabdl;smahrNkmµGnþrCati nig kñúgtMbn; nigédKURbkYtRbECgEdlTajykRbeyaCn_BIédKU b¤GñkRbkYtRbECg EpñkBaNiC¢kmµrbs;xøÜnkñúgeKalbMNg edIm,IRTRTg;nUvsuvtßiPaBGahar karRbkYt RbECgEpñkksikmµ karlUtlas; nigkarGPivDÆn_Cati. karRbQmmux nigdMeNaHRsay 2/1-CYyKaMBar nigEklm¥TMnijEpñkksikmµrbs;ksikrtUctac 98

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt ksikmµedIrtYnaTIya:gsMxan;kñúgesdækic©km<úCa nigCavis½yTI 1 énkar pþl;karedaHRsay 80° énkmøaMgBlkmµsßitenAkñúgvis½yksikmµ ehIyPaKeRcIn BYkeKKWCaksikrtUctacehIyRkIRk. ehtudUecñHehIy karykcitþTukdak;d¾viess mYyRtUvpþl;dl;BYkeK cMeBaHplb:HBal;énkarcUlCasmaCik WTO elIEpñk ksikmµ BiesscMeBaHksikrtUctac. ebIKµankarsRmalnUv\Ti§BlenHeT vaR)akd CaekItmaneRKaHfñak;énvibtþisgÁm. edIm,IKaMBar nigFanacMeBaHR)ak;cMNUlrbs;ksikr CakarcaM)ac;KWRtUv ³ GnuvtþeKalneya)aytémømYyeRkamkarkRmitrbs; WTO( Amber Box) CamYynwglT§PaBBIrya:g. TImYy KWRtUvpþl;Bt’man BIkareRbIR)as;kEnøgrkSaTuknUvsuvtßiPaB es,óg bRmug Ca]bkrN_sRmbsRmYltémøRsUv. kalebIBt’manRtUv)anraykarN_ ehIyRbeTskm<úCaGaceRbIR)as;kRmitdUc²KñaCaerogral;qñaM TIBIr KWbTbBaØtþi “de minimis” eKGacpþl;karKaMRTtémøcMeBaHRsUv Ggár RbsinebItémøénkarKaMRT enaHvaticCag 10° témøsrubénkarplitRsUv [ témøénkarKaMRT= -témøBiPBelak¦ x brimaN ] . edIm,IQancUleTAkñúgGgÁkarBaNiCökmµBiPBelak RbeTskm<úCaRtUvPöab; taragBn§Kyrbs;xøÜn elIplitplksikmµkñúgkRmitepSg² Kña. cMeBaHRsUv EdlCaRKab;FBaØCati yuT§saRsþrbs;ExµrtaragBn§Ky KWGacQandl; 40° ehIykRmitenaHvaRKb;RKan; edIm,IKaMBarplitkmµkñúgRsuk nigksikr nig edIm,IbeBa©óskarhUrcUlénkarnaMRsUvefak² cUl 99

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt karsÞg;mtielIPaBxusEpøkKñarvagtémøkñúgRsuk nigtémøGnþrCati KWmansar³ sMxan;Nas;. kñúgkrNIEdlmankarekIneLIgya:gelOnnUvbrimaN énkarnaMcUlRbeTs km<úCa GacnwgRtUvgakeTAykbTbBaØtþiénkarkarBar CaBiessedaybEnßm Bn§ 30° eTAelIBn§KysRmab;ry³eBlmYymankMNt; edIm,IecosvagkMu[karRbkYtRbECg énplitplnaMcUlrbs;km<úCafycuH Ca karcaM)ac;KWRtUv[mankar KaMRTmYycMeBaHkarbegáInplitPaB. kareFVIEbb enHTamTar[KuNPaBénFatucUl ;BUC CI fñaMsmøab;stV céRg¦ kan;Et RbesIreLIg karbNþúHbNþalksikr nigKaMRTGgÁkarksikr edIm,IeFVI[ GMNac TIpSarrbs;BYkeKkan;Etl¥RbesIr enAcMeBaHmuxBaNiCökr. kargar enHGacRbRBwtþeTA)aneRkamRkbx½NÐénGgÁkar WTO BIeRBaHviFankarTaMg enH RtUv)ancat;bBa©ÚlkñúgRbGb;ébtg (Green box) . 2/2-karlanuvtþPaBénkarnaMecj karkøayCasmaCikGgÁkar WTO RbeTskm<úCamankalanuvtþPaBénkar naMecjCaeRcIn. RbsinebIRbeTsGPivDÆn_mYycMnYnpþl;RckcUleTAkñúgTIpSar rbs;xøÜn)anl¥ ehIyedaymkBIsßanPaBrbs;RbeTskm<úCa CaRbeTs GPivDÆn_tictYc (LDC) RckcUlTIpSarenaHnwgRtUv)anGnuvtþ ehIysmaCik GgÁkar WTO TaMgGs;nwgGnuvtþ cMeBaHRbeTskm<úCanUvRbRBwtþikmµCa RbeTsTTYlkarGnueRKaHbMput (Most Favored Nation) . 100

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt k¾b:uEnþ edIm,IGac[mankarnaMplitplksikmµecjeTARbeTsÉeTot² nig CaBiessenaH eTARbeTsGPivDÆn_  eyIgRtUvEteqøIytb eTAtamlkçN³vinicä½yénPUtKamGnam½y (SPS) KWCakarcaM)ac;. erOgenH tRmUv[mankarvinieyaKelIkarTukdak;kñúgXøaMg kareRbIma:sIunRtCak; nigbnÞb; BiesaFn_ karGnuvtþn_RbB½n§GFikarkic©edayxøÜnÉg karGnuvtþn_karRtYtBinitü CasaFarN³ karbNþúHbNþal taMgBIksikrrhUtdl;GñknaMecj. karbiTpøak elIplitpl KWCa]bkrN_sRmab;begáIntémøbEnßm nigkarkarBarkarbBa¢ak; PUmisaRsþ EdlKaMBaredayRkbx½NÐénGgÁkarBaNiCökmµBiPBelak. kareFVI EbbenHGacpþl;nUvkalanuvtþPaBd¾l¥²Edr. 2/3-karerobcMPsþPakñúgRbeTs bBaðaenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa KWCakarlak;elomtémøkarrt;Bn§ kgVH karRtYtBinitü nigPaBpþac;mux xusc,ab; EdlCaehtueFVI[vinieyaKin)ak;Twk citþ nigbnßylT§PaB kñúgkarTajykplRbeyaCn_eBjelj BIkarcUlCa smaCikGgÁkar WTO . karrt;Bn§eFVI[KµanRbsiTi§PaBdl;karRKb;RKg BaNiCökm µ nigkarGnuvtþn_GVI²[)antamsþg;dar . karcUlCasmaCikGgÁkar WTO pþl;kalanuvtþPaB[km<úCabegáIt Rkbx½NÐc,ab;mYy. edIm,IeKarBRkbx½NÐ WTO c,ab;cMnYn 46 RtUvEtGnum½t b¤EktRmUvenAkñúgqñaMeRkay²enH. eRkaykarGnum½t rdæaPi)alRtUvEtGnuvtþ nigFanaRbsiTi§ PaBtamry³kareFVIRbB½n§tulakarsaCafµIeLIgvij. 101

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt 2/4-TIpSar plitkrCaeRcInRbQmmux CamYykarlM)akya:geRcIn kñúgkarlk;plitpl rbs;xøÜn. ehdæarcnasm<½n§ minGMeNaypldl;kardwkCBaöÚn karsagsg; XøaMgsþúkTMnij nigTIstVXat.]sSahkmµEkécñmanPaB Gn;fyNas; shRKasÉkCn nigksikrRbQmnwgkarxVHBt’manTIpSar. cMeBaHkarcUl CasmaCikGgÁkar WTO RtUvnaMmknUvkarGnuvtþn_GVI² tamsþg;da. edIm,Iqk; yk[)annUvkalanuvtþPaBénkarnaMecj nigkarRbQmCamYykarRbkYt RbECgfµI énplitplnaMcUll½kçx½NÐénkarEsVgyl;BITIpSar RtUvEtCMruj[ )anRbesIreLIg. karvinieyaKCasaFarN³ CaesckþIRtUvkarsRmab;ehdæarcnasm<½n§saFarN³ ehIykñúgkrNIxøH eKnwgGacGMBavnavrkkarvinieyaKÉkCn. RbB½n§pþl; Bt’man GMBITIpSarmYyRtUvEtbegátI eLIg enAkñúgCMhandMbUgmYyedaysh RKassaFarN³ CamYynwgkarrYmcMENkEpñkhirBaØvtßú énGñkeRbIR)as;edIm,I QaneTAykBt’man. karGnuvtþnUvsþg;darénKuNPaBtRmUv[mankarhVwkhVWn RBmCamYynwgbNþajpÁt;pÁg kareFVIvinieyaK enAbnÞb;ma:sIunRtCak; mnÞIrBiesaFn_ RtYtBinitükarbegáItRkumm®nþIraCkard¾ manRbsiTi§PaBmYyRkum. edIm,IEfrkSaksi-]sSahkmµfµI kñúgbMNgrkSaTuktémøbEnßm eKGacGnuvtþ nUvbTbBaØtþiKaMBar eRkamk,Ünc,ab;TUeTArbs;kic©RBmeRBog sþIBI taragBn§Ky nigBaNiCökmµ (GATT) edIm,IEfrkSa]sSahkmµeTIbEtekItfµI. 102

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt esckþIsnñidæan 1- GgÁkarBaNiCökmµBiPBelakpþl;nUvRkbx½NÐ sRmab;eKalneya)ayBaNiCökmµenAkñúgn½yTUlay. CakarBitNas;GgÁkar WTO bgðajnUv]bsKÁ b:uEnþ pþl;nUvlT§PaB edIm,IGPivDÆBaNiC¢kmµksikmµ. km<úCabc©úb,nñ)ankøayeTA CasmaCikGgÁkar WTO dUecñH eyIgRtUvEtGnuvtþTaMgkarebþCJacitþrbs;xøÜn. 2- edIm,ITajyk»kas nigbnßynUvPaBRbfuyRbfan rdæaPi)alkm<úCamantYnaTI Cacm,gmankñúgkarGnuvtþn_. kñúgPaBskmµedayKaMRTEpñkksikmµ edIm,ITb; Tl;nwgkarRbQm CameFüa)ayEtmYyedImI,TajykplRbeyaCn_TaMgRsug BIsßanPaBfµIenH edaysarEtkarcUlCasmaCikGgÁkar WTO ksikmµkm<úCa RtUvEtRbQmnwgbBaðaCaeRcIn. 3- ebIeyageTAtambTbBaØtþiGgÁkar WTO karGnuvtþn_GaceFVIeTA)anluHRtaEt bTbBaØtþiGgÁkar WTO nigbTbBaØtþiCatimankarEkERbedIm,I[sIusgVak;Kña. 4- kñúgcMeNamc,ab;TaMgGs; karGnuvtþn_ SPS nigr)aMgbec©keTselIkareFVI BaNiC¢kmµ (TBT) TamTarnUvCMnYyEpñkbec©kviTüa nigkarksagsmtßPaB. 5- GgÁkar WTO KWsßitenAkñúgdMeNIrkarcrcaCaGciéRnþy_ km<úCaRtUvEterobcM CMhrrbs;xøÜnenAkñúgdMeNIrkarenH. kargarenHTamTar[km<úCa bBa¢ak;kar Eklm¥kñúgRkbx½NÐGgÁkar WTO edIm,IKaMBarksikmµkm<úCa nigCMrujkar GPivDÆrbs;xøÜn edIm,Ipþl;Bt’maneTAdl;sßab½ndéTeTot nigedIm,Isßabna sm<½n§PaB. 103

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt Éksareyag 1- Eb‘nIDik emImILaMg {ksikmµkm<úCa nigGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµ BiPBelak} 2- TsSn³énkarRbkYtRbECgksikmµ enAkñúgsmaKmRbCaCatiGasIu GaeKñy_ nigGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak  qñaM 2004¦ 3- kic©RBmeRBogGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak sþIBI ksikmµ 4- kic©RBmeRBogGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak sþIBI PUtKamGnam½y (SPS) 104

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt km<úCa nig GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ plb:HBal;dl;Blkmµkm<úCa Ék]tþm G‘Mu man GnurdæelxaFikar nigCatMNagÉk]tþmrdæm®nþI RksYgkargar nigbNþúHbNþalviCöaCIv³ Cabzm sUmGnuBaØat[xøÜn´ tagnamÉk]tþmrdæm®nþI RksYgkargar nig bNþúHbNþalviCöaCIv³ sUmsEmþgnUvkþIesamnsSrIkray nigGMNrKuNya:gRCal eRCAcMeBaHfñak;dwknaMén viTüasßanExµrsRmab;shRbtibtiþkar nigsnþiPaB Edl)an erobcMkmµviFId¾mansar³sMxan;enH RBmTaMg)anpþl;kitþiys[´)ancUlrYm nig EføgbTGnþraKmn_kñúgevTikaenHeTotpg. dUcÉk]tþm elakCMTav elakRsI Gs;elak smaCik smaCikaén GgÁevTika)anRCabehIyfa raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCasRmab;nItikalTI 2 énrdæsPa )anGnuvtþseRmc nigRbkbedayeCaKC½yCabnþbnÞab;nUvyuT§saRsþRtIekaN eFVI [RKb;vis½yénesdækic© sgÁmkic©)anrIkceRmInKYrCaTIkt;sMKal; Cak;Esþgvis½y ]sSahkmµkat;edrsemøókbMBak; nigplitEs,keCIg)anrIkceRmInBIcMnYnRbmaN 40 eragcRk mkdl;eBlenHmancMnYnCag 300 eragcRk kmµkrrIkceRmInBIcMnYn RbmaN 3 mWunnak;mkdl;cMnYnCag 2 Esnnak;. TMnijnaMecjénvis½yenH)an 105

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt ekInBIRbmaN 80 mWunduløarGaemrikmk 1/900 landuløarGaemrik enAqñaM 2004 knøgeTAenH. Tinñn½yxagelIenHsrbBaöak; GMBIsar³sMxan;rbs;vis½y ]sSahkmµkat;edr kñúgkarrYmcMENkbegáIncMNUldl;fvikaCati nigkarbegáIt kargareFVICUn RbCaBlrdækm<úCa enHKWCacMENkmYyénkarGnuvtþn_eKalneya)ay edIm,Ikat;bnßyPaBRkIRkrbs;RbeTsCatieyIg. eRkABIenH vis½yeTscrN_ KmnaKmn_ ksikmµ.l. k¾)anRsUbykkmøaMgBlkmµ TaMgedaypÞal; TaMgeday Rbeyalrab;Esnnak;epSgeTot. kñúgdMNak;kal EdlTIpSarkargarkñúgRbeTsRsUbykminGs;kmøaMg BlkmµEdlmankMeNInRbmaN 17/6 % Caerogral;qñaMenaH TIpSarkargareRkA RbeTsk¾CaTisedAmYyEdr kñúgkaredaHRsaykargarCUnyuvCn nigBlkrTaMg BIrePT edIm,IelIkkm¥s;CIvPaBpg nigTTYl)annUvkarbNþúHbNþal b¤begáIn CMnajviCöaCIv³eTAtambec©kviTüaTMenIbpg. knøgmk km<úCamankic©RBmeRBogCa mYyRbeTsmYycMnYnenAkñúgtMbn; kñúgkarbBaöÚnBlkrkm<úCaeTAeFVIkarenAeRkA RbeTs kñúgenaHeyIg)anbBaöÚneTARbeTsma:eLsIu cMnYnCit 2/500 nak; nigeTA saFarNrdækUer:)anCag 1/600 nak; rYcehIy. Blkrkm<úCacMnYn 18 mWunnak; EdlkMBugrs;enA nigeFVIkarenAkñúgRBHraCaNacRkéfLg; kMBugTTYlkarerobcM ÉksarEbbbT edIm,IkøayeTACaBlkrRsbc,ab; Edlbgb¥ÚnnwgTTYlnUvsiTi§ RbeyaCn_ dUcBlkrCatiéfEdr. eyIgnwgxitxMBRgIkTMnak;TMngCamYyRbeTs epSgeTot edIm,IRsUbykkmøaMgBlkmµrbs;eyIgEfmeTot. 106

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt GgÁkarBaNiCökmµBiPBelak nigplb:HBal;cMeBaHBlkmµkm<úCa RBwtþikarN_mYyenH EdleFVI[eyIgTaMgGs;Kñasb,ayrIkray nigman emaTnPaBya:gxøaMg enaHKWRbeTskm<úCa)ankøayCaRbeTsTI 1 kñúgcMeNam RbeTsRkIRkkñúgkarcUlCasmaCik TI 147 énGgÁkarBaNiCökmµBiPBelak (WTO) kalBIExkBaØa qñaM 2003 knøgeTAenH. cab;BIqñaM 2005 teTAenH karpþl;kUtasRmab;naMTMnijeTATIpSarshrdæGaemrikRtUv)anbBa©b;. kñúgsßanPaBenH km<úCaeyIgmanplvi)ak 2 ya:g KWplvi)akCaviCöman KWTMnijrbs;km<úCaeyIg nwgRtUvnaMeTAlk;edayesrIenATIpSarnanakñúgBiPBelak edayKµankMNt;kUtaeLIy. rIÉplvi)akCaGviCömanenaHKWTMnijrbs;km<úCaeyIg Biesskñúgvis½ykat;edrRtUvcUlrYmRbkYtRbECgGMBITIpSar CamYybNþaRbeTs EdlplitmuxTMnij dUceyIgenHEdr. tamkarsnñidæanrbs;GñkCMnajkaresdækic© GnþrCati eTAGnaKtGacmanRbmaNCag 10 RbeTsb:ueNÑaH EdlnwgcUlrYmenA kñúgkarRbkYtRbECgkñúgvis½ykat;edr kñúgenaHmanRbeTsFM² mYycMnYnenAkñúg tMbn;eyIg dUcCa RbeTscin RbeTs\NÐÚensIu RbeTséfLg;d_ RbeTsevotNam RbeTsbg;køaeds nigbNþaRbeTsmYycMnYn enAkñúgTVIbGaemrikLaTIn nigTVIb GaRhVIkpgEdr. GñkCMnajkaresdækic©GnþrCati)anvaytémøfa km<úCaCaRbeTs mYy EdlGaccUlrYmkñúgkarRbkYtRbECgkñúgTIpSarGnþrCati)annwgeKEdr k¾b:uEnþ km<úCaRtUvxitxMRbwgERbgGnuvtþ[)anl¥nUvRbkar nigl½kçx½NÐCaKnøwHmYycMnYn KW ³ • karGnuvtþn_l½kçx½NÐkargarBIRKb;PaKIBak;B½n§[)anl¥ • karbegáInKuNPaBplitpl • karedaHRsaybBaðaéføTMnij 107

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt • karedaHRsaybBaðary³eBlbBaöÚnplitpleTAdl;TIpSar. knøgmk RbeTskm<úCaeyIg)anTTYlcMNat;fñak;lMdab;TI 1 GMBI karGnuvtþn_l½kçx½NÐkargar EdlkñúgenaHRbeTsCitxag dUcCa RbeTséfLg;d_ )anTTYllMdab;TI 4 rIÉRbeTscin RbeTsevotNam nigRbeTsbg;køaedssßit kñúglMdab;TI8. RbkarenH KWCaskþanuBlPaBd¾viessrbs;km<úCaeyIg EdlRKb; PaKIBak;B½n§RtUvEtcUlrYmKña bnþGnuvtþ[kan;EtRbesIrEfmeTot. eyagtamtaragsßiti eragcRkkat;edrsemøókbMBak; nigplitEs,keCIg EdlRksYgmanCapøÚvkarRtwmEx]sPa qñaM2005 enH)anbBaöak;[eyIgkt;sMKal; fa maneragcRkcMnYn 16 RtUvbiTTVarCasßaBr EdlmankmµkrnieyaCitrYmcMnYn 14/079 nak; kñúgenaHmankmµkarinIcnM Yn 9/489 nak; nigeragcRkcMnYn 48 RtUvBüÜrmYyry³EdlmankmµkrnieyaCikrYmcMnYn 28/944 nak; kñúgenaHman kmµkarinIcMnYn 38/708 nak;. mUlehtu énkarbiT nigBüÜreragcRkxagelIenHKW eragcRkmYycMnYnmanxñattUc nigCaeragcRkTTYledrbnþBIeragcRkFM². eragcRk CYbRbTHkarlM)akGMBIkarrkTIpSar TnÞwmnwgenaH manbBaðavivaTkñúgeragcRk jwkjab;eBkEdlbgáPaBrGak;rGYlkñúgkarbBaöÚnTMnij. pÞúyeTAvij maneragcRk fµIcMnYn 36)andMeNIrkar ehIyEdl)anRsUbykBlkrcUleFVIkarcMnYn 6/931 nak; kñúgenaHmankmµkarinIcMnYn 6/005 nak;. RksYgkargar nigbNþúHbNþalviCöaCIv³ EdlCaesnaFikarmYyrbs;raC rdæaPi)alkm<úCasRmab;nItikalTI3énrdæsPa manTsSnvis½y eKalneya)ay rbs;xøÜnKWGnuvtþ nigshkarGnuvtþCamYyRksYg nigsßab½nBak;B½n§nana nUvkmµviFI 108

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt neya)ay nig yuT§saRsþctuekaNrbs;raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa EdlCaRtIvis½yedIm,I seRmcParkic©edayeCaKC½y. RksYgkargar nigbNþúHbNþalviCöaCIv³ yl;eXIjfa RksYg nigsßab½n Bak;B½n§ RBmTaMgPaKInieyaCk nigkmµkrnieyaCitTaMgGs; RtUvykcitþTukdak; GnuvtþtamGnusasn_rbs; semþc h‘un Esn naykrdæm®nþIénraCrdæaPi)al km<úCa Edlsemþc)anéføgtamsarlixit kñúg»kasTivaBlkmµGnþrCati 1]sPa 2005 knøgeTAfµI²enH. Gtßn½yCasarv½nþénGnusasn_ enaHKWkarCMrujGPivDÆn_ esdækic©Cati CaBiesselI]sSahkmµkat;edrsemøókbMBak;kñúgTisedA {xitxMrkSa nirnþrPaB nigkarGPivDÆn_]sSahkmµkat;edr edIm,IkarRbkYtRbECg nigkarbegáIt kargarCUnBlrdækm<úCa} . edIm,IseRmc)aneKalbMNgd¾Bisidxæ agelIenH PaKIBak;B½n§nanaRtUv GnuvtþedayykcitþTukdak;nUvkargarmYycMnYn dUcxageRkamenH ³ 1Rkumh‘unkat;edrRtUvxitxMelIkkm<s;bec©keTs tamry³kareRbIR)as;smÖar³ nigbrikçaplitkmµTMenIb nigkarhVwkhVWnkmµkrnieyaCit CabnþbnÞab;edIm,I elIkkm<s;EfmeTotnUvplitPaB nigKuNPaBTMnijkat;edrkm<úCa[RsbeTA taml½kçx½NÐ nigtRmUvkarrbs;TIpSar. 2bnþeKalneya)ayelIkTwkcitþdl;GñkvinieyaK tamc,ab;sþIBIkarvinieyaKTun RBmTaMgbegáItkmµviFIGb;rMpSBVpSaysgÁmCatiTaMgmUl GMBI sar³sMxan;én karvinieyaKedIm,IbegáIteragcRkshRKas begáItkargareFVICUnRbCaBlrdæ [eRcInEfmeTot. karelIkTwkcitþkarvinieyaKTun RtUvedIrRsbKñanwgkarCMruj [GñkvinieyaKRtUveKarBc,ab;sþIBIkargar nigsiTi§rbs;kumar. TnwÞmnwgenaH 109

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt RtUvkarBarsiTi§Rsbc,ab;rbs;RKb; PaKIBak;B½n§pgEdr CaBiessecosvag[ )andac;xatkareRbIR)as;GMeBIhigSa kñúgskmµPaBEsVgrkdMeNaHRsay nig kñúgdMeNIrkarpSHpSavivaT. ebIKµanvinieyaK b¤mankarvinieyaKehIy b:uEnþ RtUvdYlrlMeTAvijenaH BMuEmnmanEtPaKInieyaCkb:ueNÑaHeT EdlRtUvxatbg; b:uEnþ CIvPaBkmµkrnieyaCitk¾RtUvrgplb:HBal;Edr. RtUveyIgcgcaMfa eyIg kMBugedIr elImaK’aénkarRbkYtRbECgTIpSar edIm,Ilk;TMnijrbs;km<úCaeyIg ehtuenH eyIgTaMgGs;KñaRtUvebþCJacitþxitxMRbwgERbg edIm,ITisedArYmdUceBal xagelI. 3bnþelIktemáIgekrþ×eQµaH nigkitiþsBÞd¾l¥rbs;TMnijkm<úCa EdlTIpSarGnþrCati CaBiess TIpSarGaemrik nigshKmn_GWr:ub)anTTYlsÁal;fa enAkm<úCamin mankargaredaybgçM minmankarerIseGIg minmankareRbIR)as;Blkmµkumar nig)anGnuvtþRtwmRtUvtambTdæanGnþrCatixagkargar. kñúgn½yenH eyIgRtUv xitxMBRgwg nigBRgIksµartIénlT§plrbs;KeRmagXøaMemIll½kçx½NÐkargar enAkm<úCa. GgÁkarGnþrCatixagkargarEdleyIgcat;Tukfa CakarRtYsRtay pøÚvd¾mansar³sMxan;sRmab;karGnuvtþn_c,ab; sIþBI kargar karrkSaTMnak;TMng l¥rvagkmµkrnieyaCit nignieyaCk TaMgry³eBlcMeBaHmux nigeTAGnaKt yUrGEgVg. 4RksYg nigsßab½nBak;B½n§ RtUvshkarkñúgkarbnþEfrkSaTIpSarFM² EdlFøab; pþl;PaBGnueRKaHsRmab;naMTMnijecjrbs;km<úCa manCaGaT× TIpSarshrdæ Gaemrik shKmn_GWr:ub Cb:un kaNada.l. TnÞwmnwgenH RtUvxiitxMbgá lkçN³[esvadwkCBaöÚn nigesvakmµepSg² EdlBak;B½n§)ancuHefak edIm,I 110

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt bnßyéføedImTMnij RBmTaMgkat;bnßyry³eBlnaMecjTMnij EdlTaMgGs; enHk¾CaktþamUldæan bgáPaBgayRsYlkñúgkarRbkYtRbECgkñúgTIpSarGnþrCati pgEdr. 5bnþBRgwg nigBRgIkPaBCaédKUCamYyEpñkÉkCn tamry³karBRgwgRkum kargarcRmuH EdlmanRsab;CaynþkarBieRKaHeyabl;. kic©RbCMuevTikarvag raCrdæaPi)al nigÉkCn KWCa»kasEdlPaKIBak;B½n§GMBIvinieyaK nigFru³kmµ Binitü nigedaHRsaybBaða)anedaypÞal; nigqab;rh½s. 6kñúgGaNtþiknøgmkenH GtItRksYgsgÁmkic©kargar nigbNþúHbNþalviCöaCIv³ nigyuvnItism,Ta)anxitxMedaHRsaydMeLIgR)ak;QñÜlGb,brmaCUnkmµkr nieyaCitvis½ykat;edrBI 40 eTA 45 duløarGaemrik ehIynigmanR)ak;rgVan; mYycMnYnEfmeTot. kñúgsßanPaBesdækic©GMeNaypl mann½yfaenAeBl EdlbBaðakariyal½yFibetyüRtUv)anEkTRmg; karRbkYtRbECgrbs;eyIg enAelITIpSarGnþrCatiTTYl)aneCaKC½y RksYgnwgBicarNaCMrujkartemøIg R)ak;QñÜlCUnkmµkrEfmeTot tamry³karcrcasmUhPaBEdlRKb;PaKIGac TTYlyk)an ehIynigFana)anfa GñkvinieyaKrkSanirnþrPaB b¤bnþkarsag sg;eragcRkenAkm<úCaEfmeTot EdleFVI[kmµkrnieyaCikrab;Esnnak;rbs; eyIgenAmankargarbnþ b¤RbCaBlrdækm<úCaeyIgGacmankargarbEnßmeTot. 7kñúgeKalbMNgkarBar nigbegáItmuxrbrCUnkmµkr nieyaCik k¾dUcCaRbCa Blrdækm<úCa raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa manKeRmagbegáIttMbn;]sSahkmµEkéqñ sRmab;naMecj KeRmagGPivDÆn_Epñkksi]sSahkmµ KeRmagGPivDÆn_ 111

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt eTscrN_]sSahkmµFuntUc nigmFüm EdlRtUvkareRbIR)as;kmøaMgBlkmµ rab;Esnnak; edIm,IRsUbykkmøaMgBlkmµesssl;kñúg krNIvis½ykat;edr CYbkarlM)ak. Ék]tþm elakCMTav elakRsI Gs;elak smaCik smaCika énGgÁRbCMu CaTIeKarB nigCaTIrab;Gan karelIkeKalneya)ay b¤TisedAParkic©sRmabkarGnuvtþn_ KWCakar lM)akmYyehIy BIeRBaHTamTarnUvkarvaytémøkarGnuvtþn_ niglT§plknøgmk [)anRtwmRtUvsRmab;eFVICamUldæanénTsSnvis½y. b:uEnþ GVIEdllM)akCagenH eTAeTot KWkarecHGnuvtþn_[seRmceKalneya)ay b¤TisedAenaH. dUecñH TamTar[eyIgTaMgGs;KñaEdlCaédKU nigPaKIBak;B½n§kñúgsgÁmEsVgyl; nigcUl rYmRbkbedaysuqnÞ³ minemIlbMNaM nigya:gskmµbMput. karrYbrYmKña karrkSa samKÁIPaB kareecHEfrkSaPaBsuxdumrmnarvagPaKIBak;B½n§ karxitxMRbwgERbg CmñHRKb;]bsKÁedaysµartIRsLaj;CatimatuPUmi nigkitþiysRbeTsCati R)akd CanwgGac[eyIgTTYl)aneCaKC½y kñúgkarRbkYtRbECgTIpSarGnþrCatiBitCa minxan. kñúgn½yenH tagnamÉk]tþmrdæm®nþI RksYgkargar nigbNþúHbNþal viCöaCIv³ nigxøÜn´pÞal; sUmGMBavnavcMeBaHGgÁkarviCaöCIv³ GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al Cati nigGnþrCatiTaMgGs; sUmbnþcUlrYm[kan;EtskmµEfmeTot GMBIkargarGb;rM nigpSBVpSaynUvxøwmsarc,ab; sþIBIkargar lixitbTdæan nigeKalkarN_nanarbs; GgÁkarBlkmµGnþrCatiCUnnieyaCk nigbgb¥Únkmµkr nieyaCik[)anRCYtRCab 112

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt nigrYmKñaGnuvtþ[)anl¥RbesIr edIm,IseRmctameKalbMNgd¾Bisidæ rbs;eyIg TaMgGs;Kña KW manvinieyaKmankargareFVImanl½kçx½NÐkargarl¥ manPaBeyaKyl;Kña manPaBsuxdumrmna maneCaKC½ykñúgkarRbkYtRbECg manCIvPaBFUrFa manesdækic©CatirIkceRmInmanRbeTsCatirugerOg. CaTIbBa©b; nigsarCafµImþgeTot ´sUmEføgGMNrKuN nigekatsr esIya:gesµaHsµR½K cMeBaHkarcat;EcgerobcMkarRbCMuevTikanaeBlenH Edl)an dMeNIrkarRbkbedaybriyakassamKÁIPaB PartPaB nigsb,ayrIkray. sUmCUnBr Ék]tþm elakCMTav elakRsI Gs;elak smaCik smaCika GgÁRbCMuTaMgGs; RbkbedayBuT§BrTaMgR)aMRbkarKW Gayu vNѳ sux³ Bl³ nig bdiPaN³kMubIXøagXøateLIy. 113

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt etImanplb:HBal;ya:gNacMeBaHsmaCik WTO rbs;km<úCaeTAelI]sSahkmµkat;edr elak ya b‘unNa GnuRbFannaykdæan kic©kar]sSahkmµ nigCaRbFanGgÁPaBplitPaBGasIu énRksYg]sSahkmµEr: nigfamBl eRkayeBlxitxMRbwgERbgGs;ry³eBlCit 9 qñaM RBHraCaNacRkkm<úCa )ancUlCasmaCikGgÁkarBaNiCökmµBiPBelak WTO enAéf¶TI13 tula 2004 eRkamkarpþl;sc©ab½nBIrdæsPa nigmankarGnum½tyl;RBmrbs;RBwT§sPaCati km<úCa. kñúgnamCasmaCik WTO km<úCanwgman»kaselIvis½yBaNiCökmµCa mYybNþaRbeTsCaeRcIn edayQrelIeKalkarN_c,ab; nigviFankarnanaRbkb edaytmøaPaB. CamYynwglT§plénkarxitxMRbwgERbgrhUt)ankøayCasmaCik WTO enH manmtiCaeRcIn)anEvkEjkGMBIplb:HBal; k¾dUcCa lT§PaBEdlkm<úCaGac TTYl)annUvRbeyaCn_ BIsmaCikPaBénGgÁkarenH. ehIyenAkñúgevTikaEdl viTüasßanExµrsRmab;shRbtibtiþkar nigsnþiPaB)anerobcMeLIgenAeBlenH k¾nwg BiPakSaGMBIplb:HBal;énsmaCikPaBkm<úCakñúg WTO eTAelI]sSahkmµkat;edr Edlbc©úb,nñCa]sSahkmµQanmux kñúgkarpþl;kargareFVIdl;BlkrExµrrhUtdl; 114

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt 255/876 nak;. dUecñHvasna]sSahkmµkat;edrrbs;km<úCa enAeBlGnaKtman sar³sMxan;lµm[mankarcab;GarmµN_ edIm,IrkviFankarkarBarkMu[plb:HBal; F¶n;F¶reTAelIesdækic© sgÁmkm<úCa kñúgkrNImansPaBkarN_GaRkk;ekIteLIg. eRkayExmkra qñaM 2005 bnÞab;BIkic©RBmeRBogvaynPNÐRtUv)anbBa©b; bNþaRbeTsEdlTTYl)anplRbeyaCn_ BIkarpþl;kUtasemøókbMBak;naMcUleTA kñúgshrdæGaemrik. km<úCamankarRBYy)armÖGMBIkarEdlminGacRbkYtRbECgCa mYyRbeTsFM dUcCa cinEdlkMBugmanlT§PaBplitnUvsemøókbMBak;Rbkbeday cMNayplitkmµd¾Tab. ehIymkdl;eBlenH manry³eBl 6Ex ehIyeKenA BMuTan;eXIjmanGVIF¶n;F¶rekItmandl;]sSahkmµkm<úCaeLIy. eyagtamtYelx BIsmaKmplitkrkat;edrkm<úCa mkdl;eBlenHcMnYn eragcRkenAkm<úCa)anbiTGs;cMnYn 11 eragcRk b:uEnþeragcRkkat;edrEdlsMuebIk fµImancMnYn23 ehIyeragcRkEdlkMBugdMeNIrkarplitkmµman240 emIltaragCUnPöab;¦. kñúgcMeNameragcRkEdlebIkfµITaMg 23 enHPaKeRcInCaeragcRkmk BIRbeTscin  nigbnÞab;BIcinKWRbeTskUer: . dUecñH plitkrEpñksemøókbMBak;rbs;cin RbEhlCamanyuT§saRsþbegáInkarvinieyaK EpñkenHmkkm<úCa tamesckþItRmUvrbs;GtifiCnEdlbBaöaTij CaBiessBITIpSar shrdæGaemrik EdlrdæaPi)alGaemrik)andak;nUvviFankarCak;EsþgmYyTb;sáat; TMnijEpñksemøókbMBak;EdlhUrKMhukmkBIRbeTscin.]sSahkmµkat;edrenA km<úCahak;dUcCamanvasnapSarPöab;ya:gsMxan; CamYyl½kçxN½ÐGPivDÆkñúgvis½y 115

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt kat;edrrbs;GgÁkarBaNiCökmµBiPBelak CaBiessKWRbtikmµrbs;smaCikd¾sMxan mYyénGgÁkarenH enaHKWshrdæGaemrik. segçbclnaéncMnYneragcRkkat;edrenAkm<úCaBIqñaM 1996-2005 l/r qñaM eragcRkbegáItfµI eragcRkbiTTVa eragcRkEdlkMBugdMeNIrkar 1 1996 48 0 48 2 1997 28 0 76 3 1998 63 1 138 4 1999 47 1 184 5 2000 34 23 195 6 2001 13 19 189 7 2002 12 7 194 8 2003 20 7 207 9 2004 30 9 228 10 2005 23 11 240 96- May 05 318 78 240 cMnYnkmµkrsrub 255/876 nak; cMnYnkmµkrRsI 233/312 nak; cMnYnkmµkrRbus22/564 nak; etIkm<úCaKYrEtrg;caMemIl nigepJIvasnaeTAelIkarGPivDÆn_ énGgÁkar BaNiCökmµBiPBelak nigRbtikmµrbs;shrdæGaemrik b¤ya:gNa? edayRbemIlemIlGMBIkarbegáInplitPaBenAkm<úCa eXIjfaGacCa skmµPaBmYyrYmcMENk kñúgkarrYmkmøaMgedaHRsaybBaðaRbQm Edlkm<úCanwg RtUvCYbRbTHeRkayBIkarcUlCasmaCikénGgÁkar WTO . cab;BIqñaM 2003 RksYg]sSahkmµEr: nigfamBl)anxitxMRbwgERbgsMucUl CasmaCikGgÁkar plitPaBGasIu (Asian Productivity Organization, APO) EdlCaGgÁkar 116

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt mYyRtUv)aneKTTYlsÁal;fa Casßab½nEdlmanÉkeTs nigbTBiesaFn_RKb;RKan; elIkarCMruj nigelIkkm<s;plitPaBenAGasIu ehIyEdlfµI²enH GgÁkarenHman KeRmagBRgIkskmµPaBrbs;xøÜneTAeRkATVIbGasIuEfmeTot eq<aHeTATVIbGaRhVik¦. edaymankarGnuBaØatBIraCrdæaPi)alRksYg]sSahkmµEr: nigfamBl)anxitxMbMeBjsMNMuEbbbT nigesckþItRmUvrbs;GgÁkarplitPaB GasIuenH rhUtdl;)anTTYlkarGnum½tBIkic©RbCMuKN³RKb;RKgGgÁkar plitPaB GasIuelIkTI 46[km<úCa)ancUlCasmaCikTI 20 enAéf¶TI 17]sPa 2004. karcUlCasmaCikénGgÁkarenH KWsMedAcUlrYmclnaelIkkm<s;plitPaB EdlnwgCYydl;karelIkkm<s;smtßPaBRbkYtRbECgdl;]sSahkmµkat;edr km<úCa k¾dUcCa]sSahkmµnana CaBiessKW]sSahkmµ nigsib,kmµFuntUc nig mFüm RBmTaMgelIkkm<s;plitPaBdl;vis½yksikmµ BaNiCökmµ EdlrYmcMENk begáInmuxplitplnaMecj sMedATajykRbeyaCn_[)aneRcInCaGtibrima BIkar cUlCasmaCikGgÁkarBaNiCökmµBiPBelak sRmab;karGPivDÆn_esdækic©sgÁm km<úCa. GgÁkarplitPaBGasIumanTIsñak;karkNþalTIRkugtUküÚedIm,IbeRmIkargar [smaCIkTaMg20. clnaelIkkm<s;plitPaBénGgÁkarplitPaBGasIu)annwg kMBugepþateTAmuxRBYjsMxan;²R)aMKW ³ BRgwgshRKasFuntUc nigmFüm (Strengthening of Small and Medium Enterprises) ³ KWCYydl;shRKasFuntUc nigmFüm[manlT§PaB RbkYtRbECgenAelITIpSarCati nigGnþrCati tamry³karelIkkm<s;shRKinPaB karRKb;RKg nigCMnajbec©keTs. 117

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt kmµviFIGPivDÆn_shKmn_ (Integrated Community Development): KWCYyRbeTsCasmaCikTaMgGs;[seRmc)annUvtulüPaBGPivDÆn_ esdækic© edIm,Ikat;bnßyPaBRkIRk begáInkargareFVIGPivDÆehdæarcnasm<½n§sgÁm elIkkm<s;shRKinPaB nigelIksÞÜyEpñkénsgÁmEdlxVHlT§PaB rYmTaMgEpñkRsþI pgEdr. plitPaBébtg (Green Productivity) ³ KWCYyKaMRTdl;RbeTsCa smaCik[karBar)annUvkarbMBulbrisßan tamry³karelIkkm<s;plitPaB nig BRgwgsmtßPaBGgÁPaBplitPaBCati edIm,IGnuvtþkmµviFIplitPaBébtg. karRKb;RKgBuTi§ (Knowledge Management) ³karRKb;RKgBuTi§ KWkar EsVgrkkarRKb;RKg ehIyGnuvtþBuTi§edIm,IeFVI[RbesIreLIg nUvsmtßPaBkargar rbs;buKÁlmñak;² kñúgkarRbkYtRbECgenAépÞkñúgshRKas nigenAkñúgkarGPivDÆn_ Cati. karRKb;RKgBuTi§GacGnuvtþ)anTaMgenA kñúgbec©kviCöaCan;x<s; kñúg]sSahkmµ nigksikmµpgEdr. kmµviFIenH KWCYyRbeTsCasmaCik[erobcM)annUvGnþrkal énmUldæanBuTi§esdækic© (Knowledge-based Economies) . GPivDÆGgÁkarplitPaBCati (Development on National Productivity Organization NPOs) kñúgmuxRBYjGPivDÆGgÁkarplitPaB Cati EdlehAkat;fa DON enHKWGgÁkarplitPaBGasIumaneKaledABRgwg GgÁkarplitPaBCati edayksagsmtßPaBpþl;esvakmµ nigCMrujclnaplitPaB edIm,ITak;TajcMNab;GarmµN_GñkeFVIeKalneya)ay nigfñak;dwknaM[rYmcMENk begáItCaclnaplitPaBCatiTaMgmUl. 118

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt BinitüeTAelImuxRBYjsMxan;²TaMgR)aM énGgÁkarplitPaBGasIu)anqøúH bBa©aMgskmµPaBGgÁkarenH Edl)anpSarPöab;eTAnwgninñakarvivDÆn_Epñkesdækic©nig sgÁmenAkñúgdMNak;kalbc©úb,nñ ehIyPaKeRcIn KWsmRsbeTAnwgsPaBkarN_ esdækic©énRbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_ dUcCa km<úCa nigLavpgEdr. enAkñúg»kas énkic©RbCMukMBUlrbs;GgÁkarplitPaBGasIuelIkTI 47 kúñgExmifuna qñaM2005 enH RbeTsCb:untamry³RksYgkarbreTs nigRksYgesdækic© BaNiCökmµ nig ]sSahkmµ Cb:un)anbgðajnUvCMhr nigkarebþCJacitþya:gcMhrbs;xøÜnkñúgkarCYy CaBiessdl;smaCikGgÁkar plitPaBGasIuEdlCaRbeTskMBugGPivDÆ dUcCa km<úCa nigLav edIm,Ikat;bnßynUvKMlaténkRmitGPivDÆn_ BiessKWKMlatenAkñúg smaCikGas‘an. km<úCanwgTTYl)annUvGtßRbeyaCn_CaeRcIn BIkarcUlCa smaCikPaB kñúgGgÁkarplitPaBGasIuenH. RksYg]sSahkmµEr: nigfamBl k¾)anykcitþTukdak;eTAelIplitkmµ én]sSahkmµFuntUc nigmFüm tamry³karGnuKN³kmµaFikar]sSahkmµFuntUc nigmFüm Edl)annwgkMBugedaHRsay]bsKÁnana elIynþkarGnþrRksYgCamYy tMNagEpñkÉkCn nigshKmn_GnþrCati RsbtamParkic©EdlraCrdæaPi)al)an RbKl;CUn. RksYg]sSahkmµEr: nigfamBlk¾)anerobcMehdæarcnasm<½n§ nig mUldæanRKwHsRmab;karGPivDÆn_ k¾dUcCa)anbegáItc,ab;nanamanCaGaT× c,ab;sþIBI GKÁisnI c,ab;sþIBIkarRKb;RKgFnFanEr: c,ab;sþIBIkarRbkasnIyb½Rttþkákmµ viBaØabnbRtm:UEdlmanGtßRbeyaCn_ nigKMnUr]sSahkmµ.l. ehIykMBugerobcM esckþIRBagc,ab;mYycMnYndUcCa c,ab;RKb;RKgeragcRk cgRkgeKalneya)ay ]sSahkmµFntUcnigmFüm c,ab;sþg;dar]sSahkmµkm<úCa c,ab;sþIBImaRtsaRsþ 119

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt .l. c,ab;TaMgGs;enH k¾CamUldæanRKwHkñúgkarcUlrYmcMENkelIkkm<s;Tak;Taj vinieyaKBIbreTs nigkñúgRsuk edIm,IbegáInplitkmµsRmab;muxplitplepSg² eTot Edlpþl;»kasedaysmaCikPaBrbs;km<úCa kñúgGgÁkarBaNiCökmµBiPB elak sMedAbegáIt[mankargareFVIeRkABIvis½ykat;edr. enAkñúgdMNak;kal Edlkm<úCakMBugmankarRBYy)armÖ GMBIvasnaénvis½y plitkmµkat;edr karcUlCasmaCikrbs;km<úCa eTAkñúgGgÁkarBaNiCökmµBiPB elak k¾nwgGacpþl;nUv»kasl¥sRmab;km<úCapgEdr RbsinebIkm<úCaGacbegáIt brisßanGaCIvkmµmYyl¥sRmab;vis½yÉkCn edIm,ITak;TajkarvinieyaKBIbreTs nigsRmab;GñkvinieyaKkñúgRsuk. TnÞwmnwgenH raCrdæaPi)alRtUvxitxMbegáIn lT§PaB[manPaBCaédKUrvagvis½yÉkCn nigrdæ)alsaFarN³kan;EtRbesIr eLIg tamry³karpþl;lT§PaB[vis½yÉkCn)anTTYlnUvBuT§ifµI² TaMgEpñk RKb;RKg nigbec©kviCöaCaedImedaybgálT§PaB TTYlkarbNþúHbNþalTaMgenAkñúg Rsuk nigeRkARsuk. karpþl;lT§PaB[GñkvinieyaKkñúgRsuk CaBiessKWsRmab; shRKasFuntUc nigmFümgayrkx©I)annUvTunvinieyaK edayBRgwgRbB½n§c,ab; EdlGacpþl;karkarBardl;RbPB[x©IR)ak; k¾CaskmµPaBmYyd¾RbesIrpgEdr. CarYm km<úCaenAmanmeFüa)ayeRcIneTot EdlRtUvGnuvtþedIm,IQan eTArkeCaKC½y BIkarcUlCasmaCikGgÁkarBaNiCökmµBiPBelak. karrYbrYmKña nigRbwgERbgRbkbedaysuTidiæniymTUTaMgkm<úCaCaktþasMxan;bMput. 120

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km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt 3kmµviFIGPivDÆn_vis½yÉkCntMbn;TenøemKgÁ:km<úCa nigGgÁkarBaNiCökmµ BiPBelak esovePAmKÁúeTsk¾sRmab;GaCIvkmµ:. 4TsSnavdþIviPaKesdækic© c,ab;ecjpSayqñaMTI 1 elx 6 tula-FñÚ qñaM 2004 TMB½r 9-12 k: m<úCaenAkñúgesdækic©BiPBelak ³ kUnbkSIenAkñúg éRBd¾FM:. 5viTüasßanExµrsRmab;shRbtibtiþkar nigsnþiPaB ³ r)aykarN_ sþIGMBI :km<úCa nigGgÁkarBaNiCökmµBiPBelak plb:HBal;dl;ksikmµkm<úCa: éf¶c½nÞ TI 28 Ex kumÖ³ qñaM 2005. 6smaKmGadhukkarBarsiTi§mnusS nigGPivDÆn_enAkm<úCa ³ sßanPaBsiTi§ mnusS 2003 PñMeBj 2004. 128

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt km<úCa nig GgÁkarBaNiCökmµBiPBelak ³ kareRbIR)as; WTO Ca]bkrN_CMrujkMENTRmg; elak ehov vasña naykRKb;RKg mCÄmNÐlGPivDÆn_sgÁm sklUbnIykmµ nigGgÁkarBaNiCökmµBiPBelak (The Globalization and WTO sBVéf¶enH sklUbnIykmµ [eTACasklglobalization ¦ KW CaRbFanbTeBjniymbMputsRmab;karBiPakSa nigkareFVIviPaK. RbFanbTenH )ankøayeTACakþIkgVl;d¾cm,génGñkriHKit thinker ¦ GMBIkarGPivDÆ nigGñkEdl Bak;B½n§nwgeKalneya)ayGPivDÆn_enAkñúgrdæaPi)alnana rYmTaMgraCrdæaPi)al km<úCaEdleTIbEtcUlCasmaCikénGgÁkarBaNiCökmµBiPBelak (WTO) pgEdr. tamkarBiteTAdMeNIrkarenH KYrEtCakþIkgVl;énRbCaBlrdæTUeTA CaBiessRbeTs kMBugGPivDÆn_TaMgLay edaysardMeNIrkarenHGacnwgmanplb:HBal;ya:gRCal eRCA (deep impacts) dl;CIvPaBrs;enAénGñkTaMgenaH. eKEtgB¤semøgd¾kgrMBgénGñkKaMRTsklUbnIykmµ EdlGHGagfa dMeNIrkarenHmanskþanuBl\tRBMEdn (infinite potencial) sRmab;karGPivDÆ nigsuxumalPaBénmnusSCati. GñkTaMgenaHniyayfa eTaHCakñúgkrNINak¾eday 129

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km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt karhUrcUlénmUlFnBIRbeTsmYyeTAkñúgRbeTsmYyeTot. lT§PaBénkarrYmpSM skmµPaBTaMgBIrRbePTenH GacbgðajCa]TahrN_ énkic©Rbtibtiþkaresdækic© mYyRbePTeTot dUcCaplitkmµTMnij nigesva. karhUrénTMnijqøgkat;RBMEdn sMedAykkarnaMecj nigkarnaMcUlTMnij epSg².]TahrN_ karhUresvaqøgkat;RBMEdn)andl;kic©karFnaKar karFanara:b; rgTUrKmnaKmn_ nigesvaepSg²RsedogKñaenH EdlRbeTsmYypþl;eTA[ RbeTsmYyeTot karhUrénmUlFnrEmgekItmaneLIg edaykarbegáIt b¤karTTYl )aneragcRk b¤edaykardak;Tuntmál; b¤pSarPaKh‘un Share market ¦ kñúg RbeTsmYyeTot.]TahrN_mYyeToténplitkmµTMnijCaskl KWeragcRkmYy EdleKksageLIg enAkñúgRbeTsmYytamry³mUlFnEdleKvinieyaKBIRbeTs mYyeTot nigkareRbIR)as;vtßúFatutRmUvkar BIRbeTsdéTenAkñúgdMeNIrkarplit kmµ b¤kartRmg;TisedAplitkmµeTAelIGñkeRbIR)as;kñúgRbeTsepSgeTot. Cakar Cak;EsþgRbePTepSg² énskmµPaBesdækic©qøgkat;RBMEdn dUc)aneBalBIxag edImenaH eKminGaccat;TukfaCaTwkRCabcUlmin)aneLIy. edayehtufa kñúgkrNIPaKeRcInbMputskmµPaBTaMgenaH KWCar)aylaybBa©ÚlKñaénsarFatu TaMgenH. 2Gahr½Nkmµ nignIhr½NkmµTMnij Import and Export of Goods \LÚvenH eyIgKYrBinitüemIlfa etIkic©Rbtibtiþkaresdækic©qøgEdnsMedA ykGVIxøH? karhUrTMnij KWkarnaMTMnijcUl nigkarnaMTMnijecjmann½yfa RbeTs mYyminKYrdak;kMNt;karrwtbnþwg b¤bTbBaöaenAtamRBMEdnxøÜncMeBaHTMnijecj b¤ 131

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt cUleLIy ehIyedayehtuenHplitplNak¾edayGacRtUv)annaMcUl b¤naMecj kúñgbrimaNb:unNak¾)an. enHmann½yfa rdæaPi)alminKYrdak;kMNt;brimaNén plitplnaMcUlNamYyeLIy ehIyCakarl¥ rdæaPi)alk¾minKYrdak;kRmitBn§Ky elITMnijnaMcUlpgEdr. plitpltémø nigbrimaNTMnijnaMecj nigTMnijnaMcUlKYrGaRs½yTaMg RsugeTAelIkarvinicä½yrbs;GñknaMTMnijecj nigGñknaMTMnijcUl EdlCaGñkRbkb muxrbrenH. esckþIsnñidæanEdlminTan;c,as;las;enaH KWfaBYkBaNiCökrnwgcUl eTAkñúgTMnak;TMngkargarenH EtenAeBlNaEdleKKiteXIjfa TMnak;TMngenHGac seRmcplxagesdækic©)anb:ueNÑaH.]TahrN_ enAeBlEdleK)a:n;RbmaNeXIj fa GñkeRbIR)as;eRtomxøÜnnwgnaMTMnijTaMgenaH ehIyGñkplitk¾eRtomxøÜnnwgplit niglk;TMnijenaHEdr. 3BaNiCökmµesvakmµ Trade in Services karhUrecj-cUlénesvaqøgkat;RBMEdnedayesrI edayKµankarrwtt,it nwgmann½yfa FnaKarénRbeTsmYyGacnwgeFVIRbtibtiþkarya:geBjeljkñúg RbeTsmYyeTot. FnaKarTaMgenaHGacnwgebIksaxaenAkEnøgNak¾)an nigeFVI Rbtibtiþ karkic©karFnaKarepSg²edayKµankarRtYtRtaBIrdæaPi)al. dUecñH eKGac nwgepÞrbþÚrR)ak;tmál; nigpþl;R)ak;km©IedayKµankarRtYtBinitü b¤esckþIENnaMBI rdæaPi)aleLIy. cMeBaHesvakmµdéTeTot dUcCakarFanara:b;rgKmnaKmn_ sMNg; karBieRKaHeyabl;.l. k¾mansßanPaBRsedogKñaenHEdr. 132

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt 4karhUrecj-cUlénR)ak;mUlFn Flow of Capital clnaecjcUl énR)ak;mUlFnqøgkat;RBMEdn edayKµankarraraMgTaMg Rsug mann½yfa Rkumh‘unbreTsGacnaMR)ak;mUlFncUlsRmab;skmµPaBGVImYy enAeBlNak¾)an nignaMykR)ak;mUlFnTaMgenaHecjeTAvij enAeBlNak¾ )anEdr. enHmann½yfa Rkumh‘unbreTsmYyGaceFVIvinieyaKTun kñúgkarksag eragcRkmYy b¤tmál;R)ak;kñúgFnaKar)anedayesrI. Rkumh‘unenHGacdkR)ak; kéRm b¤R)ak;cMeNjCarUbiyb½NÑbreTs ehIyGaclk;PaKh‘un dkR)ak;tmál; nigykR)ak;Ca rUbiyb½NÑbreTseTAvijenAeBlNak¾)anpgEdr. kareRCIserIsplitpl nigTItaMgPUmisaRsþsRmab;eragcRk EdlnwgRtUv ksageLIgnwgRtUvTuk[GñkvinieyaKTunbreTsCaGñkseRmcTaMgRsug. elIsBI enHeTot GñkvinieyaKTunbreTs EdlksageragcRknwgmanesrIPaBeBjTIkñúg karykvtßúFatuBINamkbBa©ÚlkñúgeragcRk ehIynwgykplitpleTAlk;ÉNaKW fa smÖar³bBa©ÚlrYmTaMgvtßúFatuedImpg nwgRtUvnaMcUlBIeRkA b¤Gacrk)ankñúgRsuk faetIplitpleragcRknwgRtUvnaMecjeTAeRkARbeTsb¤lk;tamTIpSarkñúgRbeTs? 5sMeyaKmUldæan Underlying Assumption eskþIsnñidæanCamUldæanKWfa GñkRbtibtiþkarxagesdækic© dUcCam©as;plit kmµ GñkCMnYj GñkpÁt;pÁg;esvaFnaKar.l. rEmgeFVIkarRbkbedayRbsiTi§PaB x<s; ehIykic©RbtibtiþkaredayKµan]bsKÁraraMg rbs;GñkTaMgenaHnwgnaMGtß RbeyaCn_mk[sgÁm CamYynwgGñkTaMgenaH EdlTajykplRbeyaCn_GMBIkic© RbtibtiþkarxøÜn. 133

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt manesckþIsnñidæaneTAeTotfa GnþraKmn_NamYyBIrdæaPi)al rEmgkat; bnßyRbsiTi§PaBGñkTaMgenaH edayehtuenH k¾Cakarkat;bnßyGtßRbeyaCn_sgÁm Edr. enAeBlRbkYtRbECgKñaedaycMhkñúgcMeNamKñaÉg eKsnµtfa Rkumh‘unTaMg LayeFVIkarEklm¥kic©RbtibtiþkarxøÜnCabnþbnÞab;. PaBGn;exSayrbs;Rkumh‘un NamYynwgRtUvpþnÞaeTas edaykarRbkYtRbECgCacMh kñúgn½yfa GñkTn;exSay nwgRtUvdkykecjedayrkSaTukGñkxøaMg. karGHGag nigkaryl;EbbenHsnµt TukCamunfa kic©RbtibtiþkaredayesrIénTIpSarnwgmanGtßRbeyaCn_dl;sgÁm nig RbCaBlrdæ. karsnµtmYyeTotfa GnþraKmn_rdæaPi)alrEmgkat;bnßykarRbkYtRbECgKñaedayesrI ehIyedayehtuenH k¾Cakarkat;bnßyRbsiTi§PaBénRbtibtiþkar esdækic©pgEdr. eKGHGagfa rdæaPi)alRbtibtiþedayehtuplneya)ay ehIy GnþraKmn_rdæaPi)alnwgeFVI[maneRKaHfañk;dl;dMeNIrkaresdækic©. karGHGagTaMgenHdak;Tm¶n;sar³sMxan;CaeRcIn eTAelIKtibNÐiténkic©karBaNiCökmµÉkCn. eKsnñidæanfa TIpSarCaGñkkMNt;kic©Rbtibtiþkaresdækic© EdleKcUlcitþtammeFüa)ayRbkbedayRbsiTi§PaB nigl¥RbesIrbMput. karyl; eXIjEbbenHGacCaKMnitl¥bMputCaRbeyaCn_dl;BaNiCökmµÉkCn b:uEnþminR)akd fa CaKMnitl¥bMputsRmab;RbCaBlrdæpgeT CaBiesssRmab;RsTab; GñkRkIRk nigGñkxSt;exSay énsgÁm. kñúgTRmg;d¾l¥bMputenaH BaNiCökmµÉkCnRbRBwtþeTA edIm,I[)anpl cMeNjEdleKGacyl;)anya:gc,as; ehIykñúgkrNIxøHk¾KYrCaTIR)afañpgEdr. TunvinieyaKEdleFVIedayBaNiCökmµÉkCn RtUvEtrk[)anR)ak;cMNUllµmRKb; 134

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt RKan;edIm,ITUTat;éføvinieyaK ehIyk¾edIm,I[)anceRmInlUtlas;edayeTotTat; pgEdr ebImindUecñaHeT kic©karenHminGaccat;Tukfa CaBaNiCökmµRbkbeday cIrPaBeLIy ehIyGacnwgdYlrlMkñúgeBld¾xøI. 6esckþIsnñidæan Conclusion karmanBaNiCökmµrwgmaMRtwmRtUvkñúgsgmÁ KWCaktþamansar³sMxan;bMput BIeRBaHktþaenHnwgCYybegáInkargar nigesdækic©TaMgmUl. k¾b:uEnþeKminGacrMBwgelI BaNiCökmµ[CYyKaMBarBYkGñkRkIRk GñkTn;exSaykñúgsgÁm nig[maneKaledA eq<aHeTArkEpñksgÁmFMTUlay)aneLIy. CamYyKñaenHEdr eKk¾minGacrMBwgelI BaNiCökmµenH edIm,IGPivDÆn_esdækic©énRbeTsTaMgmUl)anEdr eRBaHbc©úb,nñeyIg enAmankgVHxateRcIn. BaNiCökmµÉkCnEtgEtRbRBwtþeTA enAkñúgbridæanénkarRbkYtRbECgKña CamUldæan EdlkñúgenaHGñkxøaMgRtUvEtQñH cMENkÉGñkexSayRtUvEtcaj;. dUecñH eKRtUvEtmanFnFanRKb;RKan;edIm,IeFIVBaNiCökmµpgEdr. FnFanenaHGacman rUbPaBCaR)ak;kas b¤rUbPaBCarUbv½nþ dUcCa dIFøI b¤pÞHsEm,g b¤k¾GacmanrUbPaBCaektnPNÐxagbBaØasµartI b¤rUbv½nþ (mental of physical attribute) dUcCa muxCMnajxagviCöaCIv³b¤RKan;EtCakmøaMg edIm,IeFVIkargarxagpøÚvkayEdl mincaM)ac;manmuxCMnaj. kñúgsßanPaBenH GñkEdlmanRTBüsm,tiþ nigmuxCMnaj x<s;CageKnwgRtUvQñH cMENkÉGñkÉeTot EdlKµanRTBüsm,tiþnwgRtUvTuk[enA xageRkayeK ehIynwgKµankEnøgrksIueToteLIy. müa:geTotTIpSark¾mancMNuc xVHxatxøÜnxøHEdr ehIykarbraC½yénRbB½n§TIpSark¾manlT§PaBGacnwgekIteLIg 135

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt )anxøaMgkøaNas;Edr enAkñúgkal³eTs³CaeRcIn. kñúgkrNIenHRbsiTi§PaBd¾RbesIr bMputnwgmin)anseRmcpleLIy ehIyGaRs½yehtuenH plRbeyaCn_EdleK rMBwgfanwg)anmkdl;sgÁmenaHk¾nwgmin)anekIteLIgEdr. TaMgGs;enH TamTar[rdæaPi)albMeBjmuxnaTIkñúgkal³eTs³CacaM)ac; nigkñúgvis½ymYycMnYn. suxumalPaBRbCaBlrdæ KWCakarTTYlxusRtUvrbs;rdæaPi)alya:gBitR)akd. BaNiCökmµÉkCn CaBiessRkumh‘unBaNiCökmµbreTsmin GacTTYlbnÞúkenH)aneT fVIebIRkumh‘unTaMgenaHmanbBaðasgÁmmYycMnYnenAkñúg skmµPaBxøÜnk¾eday. karKaMBarGñkxSt;exSay nigGñkEdlKµanRTBüsm,tiþ b¤ manRTBüsm,tiþsþÜcesþIg KWCaTidæPaBd¾sMxan;énkargarrdæaPi)al. kñúgkarseRmceKalbMNgenH rdæaPi)alRtUvEtbMeBjmuxnaTId¾skmµmYy EdlGacraraMgkarEsVgrkkéRm edayesrIénRkumh‘unÉkCn. müa:geTot mankar gar nigskmµPaBRbePTxøH EdlminhucplkéRmTan;hn; Cak;Esþg b¤plkéRm tictYc nigyWtya:v dUcCaviFankarsuxaPi)alsaFarN³ salabzmsikSa pøÚvlM tamPUmiCaedIm. Rkumh‘unBaNiCökmµÉkCnemIlmineXIjkargarTaMgenaHfa CaTI cab;GarmµN_RKb;RKan;eT ehIyrdæaPi)alRtUvEtra:b;rgkarTTYlxusRtUvTaMgenaH. CamYyenHEdr rdæaPi)alRtUvEtFanararaMgRkumh‘unmin[edkdYleTAkñúgskmµPaB nana EdlmanlkçN³CakarekgykRbeyaCn_ b¤k¾maneRKaHfñak;dl;sgÁm nig RbCaBlrdæTUeTA. bnÞab;BIcMNucTaMgGs;enH karelIksÞÜyplRbeyaCn_saFarN³ karGnu vtþn_[manRbsiTi§PaBénGPi)alkic©l¥ karbM)at;GMeBIBukrlYyTaMgEpñkbuKÁl nig 136

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt TaMgEpñkneya)ay karerobcMRbB½n§esdækic©tamEbbbec©kviTüa karBRgwgRbB½n§ c,ab; nigkarha‘nTTYlxusRtUvCak;lak; KWCakatBVkic©FMbMputrbs;rdæaPi)al. ebIBinitüemIlesckþIsnñidæanenHedayRtYs² GñkKaMRTdMeNIrkarsklUb nIykmµGacnwgTamTar[rdæaPi)alkRmittYnaTIxøÜnenARtwmEt elIvis½yCaRbéBNI sMxan;² dUcCa karEfrkSac,ab; nigsNþab;Fñab;.l. eTaHbIya:gNak¾eday eK minyl;RBm[rdæaPi)alGnuvtþkargarNa EdleRCotERCkeTAkñúgkic©Rbtibtiþkar Rkumh‘unÉkCn nigkarEsVgrkplcMeNjeLIy. cUlCasmaCikGgÁkarBaNiCökmµBiPBelak km<úCaRbQmnwgkar RbkYtRbECg karkt;smÁal;nUvkarRbkYtRbECgCaeRcIn EdlRbeTskm<úCaRtUvRbQm CamYy edIm,I[shRKasksikmµGacTTYlplcMeNjBIkarcUlCasmaCikénGgÁ kar WTO enH. 1GPi)alkic©l¥ sBVéf¶enHbBaðacm,g EdlRbeTskm<úCaRtUvRbQmCamYyGacRtUv RbmUlpþúMeRkamTsSn³énGPi)alkic©d¾l¥ nigPaBxøaMgénrdæaPi)al. karlak;elom témørt;Bn§ xVHkarRtYtBinitü nigPaBpþac;muxxusc,ab; eFVI[vinieyaKin)ak;Twkcitþ nigbnßylT§PaB kñúgkarTajykplRbeyaCn_eBjeljBI karcUlCasmaCik WTO . ksikrrMBwgEteTAelIBaNiCökr edayKµanGVICaCMnYybnÞan;eLIy. esckþI 137

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt seRmcedaybMBarbMBan nigGMeBIBukrlYyCakarKMramcMeBaHvinieyaKin. karrt;Bn§ eFVI[KµanRbsiTi§PaBdl;karRKb;RKgBaNiCökm µ nigkarGnuvtþGVI²[)antamsþg;da . karcUlCasmaCik WTO pþl;kalanuvtþPaB[km<úCabegáItRkbxNÐ c,ab;mYy. edIm,IeKarBRkbx½NÐ WTO c,ab;cMnYn 46 RtUv)anGnum½t b¤EktRmUv enAkñúgqñaMeRkay²enH. eRkaykarGnum½t rdæaPi)alnwgRtUvGnuvtþ nigFanara:b;rg dl;FrmanbBaØtþiénc,ab;TaMgenH tamry³kareFVIRbB½n§tulakarsaCafµIeLIgvij. 2karEsVgyl;BITIpSar BYkplitkrRbQmmuxCamYykarlM)akya:geRcIn kñúgkarkMNt;témølk; plitplrbs;xøÜn. ehdæarcnasm<½n§minGMeNaypldl;kardwknaM karrkSaTukkñúg XøaMg karsmøab;.]sSahkmµEkécñmanPaBGn;fyNas; shRKasÉkCn nig ksikrRbQmnwgkarxVHBt’manBITIpSar. enATIbBa©b; karcUlCasmaCik WTO RtUvnaMmknUvkarGnuvtþn_GVI²tamsþg;dar edIm,Iqk;yk[)annUvkalanuvtþPaBénkar naMecj nigkarRbQmCamYykarRbECgfµI énplitplnaMcUll½kçx½NÐénkarEsVg yl;BITIpSarRtUvEt[)anRbesIreLIg. karvinieyaKCasaFarN³ CaesckþIRtUvkarsRmab;ehdæarcnasm<½n§saFa rN³ ehIykñúgkrNIxøH eKnwgGacGMBavnavrkkarvinieyaKÉkCnCamYynwgRbB½n§ éføQñÜl. RbB½n§pþl;Bt’manGMBITIpSarmYy RtUvEtbegáIt[maneLIgenAkñúgCMhan dMbUgmYy edayshRKassaFarN³CamYynwgkarrYmcMENk EpñkhirBaØvtßúénGñk eRbIR)as; edIm,IQaneTAykBt’man. karGnuvtþnUvsþg;darénKuNPaBtRmUv[man karhVwkhVWn RBmCamYynwgkarpÁt;pÁg;CabnþKñaTaMgGs; kareFVIvinieyaK 138

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt rN³ b¤CaÉkCn¦ enAbnÞb;masIunRtCak; mnÞIrBiesaFn_RtYtBinitü karbegáItRkum raCkard¾sk½þsiTi§mYyRkum. edIm,IEfrkSaksi-]sSahkmµfµI kñúgbMNgrkSaTuktémøbEnßm eKGacGnuvtþnUvbTb,BaØtþiKaMBar eRkamk,Ünc,ab;TUeTArbs; GATT edIm,IEfrkSa]sSahkmµ eTIbekItfµI. 3CYyKaMBarksikrEdlmanFnFantUctac ksikmµmantYnaTIcm,gkñúgesdækic©Exµr nigkñúgnamCavis½yTI 1 énkar eRbIR)as;. 80° énkmøaMgBlkmµsßitenAkñúgvis½yksikmµ ehIyPaKeRcInKWCa ksikrtUctacRkIRk. ehtudUecñH eKRtUvpþl;karykcitþTukdak;d¾viessmYycMeBaH lT§PaBénkarcUlCasmaCik WTO elIEpñkksikmµ CamYynwgkarRbmUlpþú¿eTA elIksikrtUctac. ebIKµankarsRmalnUv\Ti§BlenHeT vaBitCaekItmaneRKaHfñak; énvibtþisgÁm. edIm,IKaMBar nigFanara:b;rgR)ak;cMNUlrbs;ksikrCakarcaM)ac; KWRtUvGnu vtþeKalkarN_témømYyeRkamkarkRmitrbs; WTO ;elOgTMu¦ CamYynwg lT§PaBBIrya:g. lT§PaBTImYy KWRtUvpþl;Bt’manBIkareRbIR)as;kEnøgrkSaTuknUv es,ógbRmugCa]bkrN_sRmbsRmYltémøRsUv. kalebIBt’manRtUv)anraykarN_ehIy RbeTskm<úCaGaceRbIR)as;kRmitdUc² KñaCaerogral;qñaM. lT§PaB TIBIr KWbTbBaØtþi “de minimis” eKGacpþl;karKaMRTtémøcMeBaHRsUvGgár Rbsin ebItémøénkarKaMRTenaHvaticCag 10° éntémøsrubénkarplitRsUv. 139

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt edIm,IQancUleTA WTO RbeTskm<úCaRtUvPöab;taragtémørbs;xøÜn elI plitplksikmµkñúgkRmitepSg²Kña. cMeBaHRsUvCaRKab;FBaØCatiyuT§saRsþrbs; Exµr taragtémøKWGacQandl; 40° etIkRmitenaHvaRKb;RKan; edIm,IKaMBarplit kmµkñúgRsuk nigksikr nigbeBa©óstémøefakénkarnaMRsUvcUlb¤eT? karsÞg;mti elIPaBxusKñarvagtémøkñúgRsuk nigtémøGnþrCati mansar³sMxan;Nas;cMeBaHkar eRbIR)as;]bkrN_KaMBar )ac;¦ Edlkic©RBmeRBogsþIBI ksikmµrbs; GgÁkar WTO )anyl;RBm[eRbIR)as;. kñúgkrNIEdlmankarekIneLIgya:g elOnnUvbrimaNénkarnaMcUlRbeTskm<úCa GacnwgRtUvgakeTAykbTbBaØtþién karkarBa CaBiessbEnßmBn§ 30° eTAnwgtaragtémøsRmab;ry³eBlmYy Edl mankMNt; . edIm,IecosvagkMu[karRbkYtRbECg énplitplrbs;km<úCafycuH enA cMeBaHmuxplitplnaMcUlCakarcaM)ac; KWRtUv[mankarKaMRTmYy cMeBaHkarbegáIn KuNPaBénplitPaB. karN_enHmann½yfa eFVI[KuNPaBénedImTun  CI fñaM smøab;stVl¥it¦ kan;EtRbesIreLIgC¿ruj[mankarhVwkhVWnksikr nigKaMRTGgÁkar ksikr edIm,IeFVI[lT§PaBTIpSarrbs;BYkeKkan;Etl¥RbesIr enAcMeBaHmuxBaNiCö kr. kargarenHGaceFVI)aneRkamRkbx½NÐénGgÁkar WTO BIeRBaHviFankarTaMg enHRtUv)ancat;bBa©ÚlkñúgRbGb;ébtg. 4kareRbIkalanuvtþPaBénkarnaMecj tamkarcUlCasmaCik WTO RbeTskm<úCaRtUvRbQmnwgkalanuvtþ PaBénkarnaMecjCaeRcIn. RbsinebIRbeTsGPivDÆn_xøH rkTIpSarrbs;xøÜn)anl¥ 140

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt ehIyedaymkBIlkçnþik³Ca LDC rbs;RbeTskm<úCa karrk)anTIpSarenaHnwgRtUv BRgwgEfmeTot ehIysmaCik WTO TaMgGs;nwgGnuvtþcMeBaHRbeTskm<úCa nUv RbRBwtþikmµCaRbeTsGnueRKaHbMput (Most Favored Nation) . b:uEnþ edIm,IGac[mankarnaMplitplksikmµecjeTARbeTsÉeTot² nig CaBiesseTAeTotRbeTsGPivDÆn_  karRbkYtCamYylkçN³ vinicä½yénkar SPS KWCakarcaM)ac;. erOgenHtRmUv[mankarvinieyaK elIkar Tukdak;kñúgXøaMg kareRbIma:sIunRtCak; nigbnÞb;BiesaFn_ karGnuvtþRbB½n§GFikarkic© edayxøÜnÉg karGnuvtþkarRtYtBinitüCasaFarN³ karhVwkhVWntaMgBIksikrrhUt dl;GñknaMecj. karbiTpøakelIplitpl KWCa]bkrN_sRmab;begáIntémøbEnßm Cakar RbECgtamrebobenHCamYynwgTIpSar enAkñúgRbeTsGPivDÆn_ mandUcCaplitpl manCIvit. karbegáIteLIgnUvsnÞsSn_PUmisaRsþ EdlKaMBaredayRkbx½NÐénGgÁkar WTO k¾Gacpþl;nUvkalanuvtþPaBd¾l¥²Edr. 141

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt EpñkTI 3 r)aykarN_segçbénevTikasaFarN³ 142

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt r)aykarN_segçbénevTika TI 1 RbeTskm<úCa nigGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak TsSn³rYm esckþIepþIm ³ eRkayBImankare)aHeqñatfñak;CatidMbUgbMput kñúgqñaM 1993 mk RbeTs km<úCa)anerobcMkare)aHeqñatCahUrEh nigeTogTat;rhUtmk. dMeNIrkare)aH eqñatenH)anmknUvsnþiPaB nigsßirPaBénneya)ayesdækic©kñúgGMLúgeBlstvtS eRkayenH. ry³kalenHRbeTskm<úCa k¾)anebIkcMhTVarsarCafµI sRmab;»kas BaNiC¢kmµfñak;dMbUg nigBaNiC¢kmµGnþrCati nig)ankøayCasmaCikGas‘an (ASEAN) nigGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak (WTO) . evTikaelIkTI1 qñaM 2005 sþIGMBI {RbeTskm<úCa nigGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµ BiPBelak WTO TsSn³rYm} )anRbRBwtþeTA kalBIéf¶TI 28 ExkumÖ³ qñaM 2005 eRkamGFibtIPaBrbs;Ék]tþm Gwug hYt TIRbwkSaraCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa nigCa GnuRbFanRkumRbwkSaPi)al énviTüasßanExµrsRmab;shRbtibtþikar nigsnþiPaB edaymankarcUlrYmBIKN³vaKµinkitþiysBIrrUb nigGñksRmbsRmYlmYyrUb. sRmbsRmYl KeRmagkmµviFIenHRtUveFIVeLIgeday elakbNÐit cab sufariT§ 143

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km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt II TsSn³rYménvaKµinkitþiys ³ elak can; esrI nayk naykdæanFnFanmnusSénFnaKareGsIu lIda PIGilsIu)anbgðajnUvTsSnvis½yrbs;elak sþIBI{RbeTskm<úCa nigGgÁkar BaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak} (WTO) EdlCasMxan;eTAelIkarksagFnFanmnusS. k- eKalbMNg ³ km<úCacUlCasmaCikPaB WTO edIm,IcUlrYmksagFnFanmnusS[ seRmcnUv]tþmRbeyaCn_Cati. x-ktþaFnFanmnusS GVI²TaMgGs; kñúgelakseRmc)anGMBImnusS. dUecñH caM)ac;RtUverobcM GPivDÆn_nUvFnFanmnusS[)an dMbUgmuneKbg¥s;. K-karGPivDÆFnFanmnusS eRCIserIsmnusS[)anl¥  KW ³ mnusSmanGtþcritl¥/ man cMeNHdwg nigCMnajRsbtamtYnaTI¦ eBalKW ³ • yl;dwg nigbdibtþil¥tamc,ab;Cati nigGnþrCati • yl;dwg nigGnuvtþl¥tameKalkarN_ nignItiviFIrbs;kargarkñúgtYnaTI • cMeNHdwgkargarkñúgtYnaTI Gb;rMbNþúHvb,Fm’kargarl¥ dUcCakarbdibtþi edayeKarB edIm,I[mannUvsucritPaBqnÞ³neya)ay. • eFVI[)anseRmcpl TaMgbrimaN nigKuNPaBtamEpnkarCaeKaledA kMNt;. 145

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km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt Casegçb elak can; esrI)anvaytémøFnFanmnusSCaktþacMbg bMputkñúgkareFIV[seRmcbMNgRbeTskm<úCa nigkarTajplRbeyaCn_BIGgÁkar BaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak. enHCaTsSn³tMNag[EpñkÉkCn. - elak twker:t sMerc CMnYykarpÞal;rbs;Ék]tþm sux Gan )anelIkeLIgfa ebIniyayBIGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak caM)ac;RtUvniyayGMBI ninñakaresdækic©fµIrbs;RbeTskm<úCa. karEkTRmg;esdækic©rbs;RbeTskm<úCa BI esdækic©EpnkarRbmUlpþúMmkesdækic©TIpSaresrI ekIteLIgenAqñaM 1993 eRkay BImankare)aHeqñatCaskl. TnÞwmnwgenaH kardak;BaküsuMcUlCasmaCikGgÁkar BaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak RkumkargarRtYtBiniitükarsMucUlrbs;km<úCa RtUv)anbegáIt enAéf¶TI 21 ExFñÚ qñaM1994. elak)anbBa¢ak;bEnßm BIkarebþCJacitþrbs; raCrdæaPi)al kñúgkarcUlCasmaCik WTO EdlP¢ab;CamYynUvl½kçx½NÐCaeRcIn dUcCa karEkTRmg;c,ab; nigbegáItc,ab; karbegáItnUvtulakarBaNiC¢kmµCaedIm. cMENkÉédKUBaNiC¢kmµsMxan;² Edlkm<úCaeFIVkarcrcaeTVPaKI rYmmanRbeTs Gaemrik/ shKmn_GWru:b/ Cb:un/\NÐa/ keU r:/ kaNada/ GURsþalI nigcinétva:n;. karkekItGgÁkar WTO KWenAéf¶TI 01 Exmkra qñaM1995 EdlmansmaCik 148 RbeTs ehIyRbeTsEdlcUlcugeRkayeKKW km<úCa/ en)a:l; nigRbeTsEdlkMBug sMucUlCasmaCikmancMnYn 25. elxaFikardæanGgÁkar WTO manTItaMgenA TIRkughSWENv énRbeTssIVs EdlmanGKÁnaykKW elak Supachai Panitchpakdi cab;BIéf¶ TI10 ExkBaØa 2002 dl; éf¶TI 31 ExsIha qñaM 2005. GgÁkar WTO manfvikaRbEhl 150 landuløaGaemrik ehIy 147

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt smaCiknImYy² RtUvbg;R)ak;eTAtamtémøénkareFIVBaNiC¢kmµ. GgÁkar WTO minEmnCaPñak;garpþl;CMnYykarGPivDÆn_eT GgÁkarenHCaynþkarsRmbsRmYl BaNiC¢kmµ EdlmanTMnak;TMng BiessCamYymCÄmNÐlBaNiC¢kmµGnþrCati. muxnaTIsMxan;² rbs ; WTO: • Gnuvtþsn§isBaØaBaNiC¢kmµBhuPaKI • CaevTikasRmab;karcrca • CaevTikaedaHRsayCemøaHrvagsmaCik • CaGñkRtYtBinitü karGnuvtþn_eKalneya)ayBaNiC¢kmµ énRbeTsCa smaCik • eFVIshRbtibtþikarCamYyGgÁkarGnþrCati. yutþaFikarbs; WTO sn§isBaØaBaNiC¢kmµenH mankic©RBmeRBogTaMgGs;cMnYn 27 EdlRtUv GnuvtþedaysmaCikTaMg 148 eTAtamkarsnüarrbs;xøÜn eTAtamkic©RBm eRBogelIkareFIVBaNiC¢kmµTMnij nigkic©RBmeRBogelIkareFIVBaNiC¢kmµ esvakmµ rYmnwgkic©RBmeRBogelIBaNiC¢kmµTak;Tg nigkmµsiT§ibBaØa. eRkABIenH elak sMerc k¾)anelIkpgEdr BIrcnasm<½n§rbs;GgÁkar WTO EdlrYmman ³ • snñisITfñak;rdæm®nþI (Ministerial Conference) • GKÁRkumRbwkSa General Council ¦ EdlrYmmankaredaHRsayCemøaH ynþkarRtYtBinitüneya)ayBaNiC¢kmµ. 148

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt • RkumRbwkSa (Council) EdlkñúgenaHmanBaNiC¢kmµTMnij/ BaNiC¢kmµelI vis½yesvakmµ nigBaNiC¢kmµTak;TgnwgkmµsiT§ibBaØa. • kic©snüanananwgkic©snüalm¥itepSg² rYmmaneRkamkic©RBmeRBog nImYy² karxatbg;fvika tulüaPaBCBa©IgTUTat;/ BaNiC¢kmµ nig karGnuvtþn_. esckþIseRmcrbs; (Decision maleing) rbs; ; WTO • kugsg;sIus • kare)aHeqñat • siT§iénkarelIkElgminGnuvtþkatBVkic© • karsuMdkxøÜnfyBIsmaCikPaB elak)anbEnßmeTotfa GgÁkar WTO mindUceTAnwgGgÁkarsh RbCaCatieT EtTak;TgpÞal;CamYyEpñkmYycMnYnrbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCati. \T§iBlrbs;GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ • \T§iBlelIneya)ayesdækic© • \T§iBlelIvis½yÉkCn • \T§iBlelIsgÁm • karvaytémøplb:HBal;elIesdækic© • naTIrbs;vis½yÉkCn • naTIrbs;sklviTüal½y 149

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km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt eRkABIenH mtiénGgÁBiPakSa PaKeRcIn)ancab;GarmµN_eTAelIkarbegáIt c,ab; nigkarGnuvtþn_c,ab; edaysarry³eBlxøI KWry³bIqñaM RtUvbegáItc,ab;[)an 47 c,ab;. EtkþIkgVl;enHGgÁBiPakSa)anrkdMeNaHRsay eday)anbBa¢ak;fa c,ab;mYycMnYn)anbegáItrYcehIyRtUvsRmYlEtb:ueNÑaH dUecñH eyIgminRtUv)armÖ eBkeT. cMENkbBaðaGnuvtþc,ab;RtUvEtmanlkçN³sklBIeRBaHRbeTs 147 CaGñkXøaMemIl. BiessCagenHeTAeTot GgÁBiPakSa)anrkeXIjfa RtUvEtCMruj [RbCaCneRbIR)as;plitplkñúgRsuk. edIm,ITb;sáat;karhUrcUlTMnijBIRbeTs éfLg;d_ evotNam ÉkarpSBVpSayGgÁBiPakSaTaMgmUl)anÉkPaBKña nigRtUvEt pSBVpSay[)anTUlMTUlay edIm,IRbCaCnExµrcUlrYm[manRkumkmøaMgsgÁmsIuvil rYbrYmeFIVesckþIseRmcelIkarbegáItc,ab;. cMENkÉkgVl;rbs;nisSitkñúgkarEsVg rkkargareFIVenaHGgÁBiPakSa)anyl;fa RtUvKitBIsIlFm’ viC¢aCIv³ smtßPaB CMnaj cMeNHdwgeFIVsIlFm’sgÁm nigeFIVya:gNa[edIrTan;bec©kviTüaTMenIb. IV esckþIsnñidæan ³ CarYmkic©BiPakSatumUlelIkTI1)anbBa©b;enAema:g12 éf¶Rtg; Rbkb edaylT§plKYrCaTIKab;citþ. RbCaCatiExµrTaMgmUlRtUvEtTTYl)annUvcMeNHdwg BI WTO nigRbwgERbgbgálkçN³GMeNaypledIm,ITak;Taj nigCMrujBaNiC¢kmµ nigmanvinieyaK[kan;EteRcIn BiesskMENTRmg;c,ab;CaeRcIn CaGaT× c,ab;sþIBI RkmBaNiC¢kmµ/ c,ab;sþIBI BIkic©snüa/ c,ab;kmµsiT§ibBaØa/ c,ab;kS½yFn/ c,ab;dIFøI/ nigc,ab;rYmbBa©Úl nigkarksagFnFanmnusSRbkbedaysmtßPaB nigsIlFm’ EfmeTot. 151

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km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt RksYgBaNiC¢kmµ/ -elakemFavI suk sMeGOn naykRkumGñkc,ab;karBar siT§ikm<úCa. -elak tan; yuvrdæ)anbBa¢ak;bEnßmfa karbriecäTcUlrbs;RbeTs km<úCa kñúgGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak KWenAéf¶TI11 ExkBaØa qñaM 2004 Ca smaCik TI 147. enAéf¶TI31 ExsIha qñaM 2004 rdæsPa)an[sc©ab½n. eRkayBIRBHraCaNacRkkm<úCa)ankøayCasmaCikGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµ BiPBelakCapøÚvkar enAéf¶TI 13 Extula qñaM 2004 mk km<úCaRtUvbMeBjnUv katBVkic©CaeRcInsRmab;sßab½nenH kñúgenaHk¾manl½kçx½NÐénkarksagc,ab; nig eKarBneya)aynana edIm,IKaMRTdl;esrIPavUbnIykmµBaNiC¢kmµenARbeTskm<úCa pgEdr. elak)anelIkeLIgBIpllM)akxagvis½yc,ab;rbs;km<úCa rYmman ³ • c,ab;cMnYnRbmaN 40 RtUvksagfµI b¤eFIVviesaFnkmµ • c,ab;nImYy² RtUveRbIry³eBl 2 Ex nigGacQaneTAdl;1qñaM • FnFanmnusSEdlRtUvbMeBjkargarelIkkic©RBmeRBog • GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak mancMnYnCag 20 kic©RBmeRBog ehIy manlkçN³sµúKsµajBi)akyl;. dUecñH TamTar[mankarerobcMFnFan mnusSEdlmansmtßPaBkargar edIm,IsikSaRsavRCav[yl;c,as;elI kic©RBmeRBognImYy². • kargarsRmbsRmYlGnþrRksYg min)ansIucgVak;Kña edayxVHFnFan CMnajtamsßab½nnImYy². dUecñH RtUvBieRKaHCamYyRksYgCMnajEdlman karyl;dwgBIc,ab; nigbTbBaØtiþGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak edIm,ICYy 153

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt BinitüBIPaBRsbKña CamYyc,ab;bTbBaØtþiGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak TaMgGs;enaH EdlGacCakarcMeNjeBlevla nignItiviFImunnwgbBa©Ún eTABiPakSaenAKN³rdæm®nþI. • eBlevlasmRsbedIm,Iksag nigqøúHbBa©MagBItRmUvkarBitR)akdxag esdækic© nigsgÁmkic© KWRtUvmankarBieRKaHeyabl;ya:gl¥itl¥n;CamYy vis½yÉkCn nigGñkBak;B½n§déTeTot. elakk¾)anbBa¢ak;bEnßmeTotfa c,ab; b¤bTbBaØtþi cas;TaMgLay NaEdlpÞúyBIeKalkarN_c,ab;rbs;GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelaknwgRtUv eFIVviesaFnkmµ. cMENkÉc,ab;RtUvksagfµIvij RtUvEteKarBeTAtambTbBaØtþieKalkarN_nanaénkic©RBmeRBogGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak Ca BiesseKalkarN_FM² EdlRtUvBicarNaenAeBlksagc,ab;nImYYy². eKalkarN_TaMgenaHrYmman ³ k-eKalkarN_tmøaPaBedayFana[mankarpSBVpSayc,ab; nigbTbbBaØtþi CasaFarN³ kñúgenaHkm<úCa)ansnüaenAeBlcUlCasmaCikGgÁkar BaNiC¢kmµBiPBelakfa ral;c,ab;bTBaØtþinana RtUveFIVkarcuHpSaykñúg RBwtþibR½tCapøÚvkar ry³eBl 1Ex munnwgc,ab;enaHcab;epþImmanRbsiT§iPaB Gnuvtþ. x-eKalkarN_minerIseGIgcm,gBIr kñúgc,ab;GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ katBVkic©RbRBwtþikmµ MFN CakarhamXat;RbeTsmYymin[erIs eGIgRbqaMg nigRbeTspgKñaÉeTot.]TahrN_ enAkñúgRbeTs smaCikGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelakmYymanplitpldUc b¤ Rsedog 154

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt Kña EdlnaMcUlmkBIRbeTsBIr//////kñúgkrNIenH RbeTsm©as;pÞH RtUv ykBn§dUcKñaelITMnijmkBIRbeTsTaMgBIr ehIyRbsinebImankarpþl; l½kçx½NÐGnueRKaHdl;TMnijrbs;RbeTsmYy CamYYyRbeTsmYyeTot RtUvEtTTYl)anl½kçx½NÐenaHdUcKñaEdr. katBVkic©RbRBwtþikmµCati katBVkic©RbRBwtþikmµCati CakatBVkic©EdlhamXat;RbeTsmYymin[ eFIVkarerIseGIgRbqaMg nwg plitplrbs;RbeTsmYyeTot enAkñúgTIpSarkñúgRsuk. ]TahrN_plitplsENþkesogrbs;RbeTs{k} GacnaMcUlmkkan;RbeTs{x} edaycMh k¾b:uEnþRtUv)aneKkat;bnßyPaBRbkYtRbECgrbs;va tamry³karGnuvtþn_ TarykBn§epSg² EdleFIV[TMnijenHbEnßmtémørbs;xøÜn b:uEnþminmankarykBn§ EbbenH elIplitpldUcKña EdlplitenAkñúgRsukeT. eKalkarN_RbRBwtþikmµ CatienH KWedIm,IFana[mansmPaBrvagplitpl/esva EdlplitplenAkñúg Rsuk nigplitkr esvarbs;breTs. eKalkarN_RbRBwtþikmµCatiEcgenAkñúg{x} nana énkic©RBmeRBogsMxan; bIrbs;GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµ KWkic©RBmeRBogBak;B½n§nwgBaNiC¢kmµTMnij BaNiC¢kmµ esvakmµ nigkmµsiT§ibBaØa (i) GATT: maRta/ 3 (ii) GATS: maRta 17/ (iii) TRIPS : maRta 3. dUecñH eyIgeXIjfamansMBaFeRcIn TaMgFnFanmnusS hirBaØvtßú nig eBlevla k¾dUcCa karsRmbsRmYlkñúgkarksagc,ab;nImYy². kuMfaeLIy sRmab;RbeTskm<úCa sUm,IEtRbeTseCOnelOnenAelakxaglic Edlman FnFaneRcIn k¾RtUvcMNayeBlevlayUrbgÁÜrEdr edIm,Iksagc,ab;bTbBaØtþi 155

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt nImYy². elak yuvrdæ)anbEnßmeTotfa ebIeyIgmineFIVBlIkmµeT RbeTseyIg nwgenAEtBuMTan;manc,ab;TMenIbRsbtamsþg;darGnþrCati edIm,ICamUldæansRmab; Fana nigTak;TajvinieyaK nigFurCn mkbNþak;Tun nigeFIVBaNiC¢kmµ nigpþl;esva enAkm<úCaeLIy. elak)anbBa¢ak;fa elakcaM)annUvRbsasn_rbs;Gñkcrca BaNiC¢kmµ Edl)anelIkeLIgfa RbsinebIkm<úCaxitxMCMrujkarksag nigEkTRmg; c,ab; eTaHbImankaryWtya:vkþI k¾RbeTssmaCikdéTeTotnwgmancitþCYyKaMRT nig mankareyaKyl;evorElgEteyIgmineFVIGIVesaH. elak yuvrdæ k¾)anbBa¢ak;pgEdrfa eyIgRtUvEtmankarRbugRby½tñ Cagmun eRBaHeyIgCasmaCikGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak eyIgRtUvGnuvtþeKal karN_ MFN RbsinebIeyIgpþl;GnueRKaHGVImYy eyIgBicarNa[)anm:t;ct; GMBI lT§PaBEdlGacpþl;plcMeNjdl;smaCikepSg² eTot EdlGacCaKURbECgd¾ RsYcRsalCamYyeyIg. -elak suk sMeGOn)anelIkeLIgfa RbeTskm<úCa)anseRmccitþ cUl CasmaCikGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelakrYceTAehIy dUecñH eyIgRtUveRtomxøÜn Tb;Tl;nwgplCaGviC¢manTaMgLay nigBüayamkat;bnßynUvplb:HBal;GviC¢man TaMgenaH. cMeBaHplb:HBal;esdækic© kñúgry³eBlb:unµanqñaMdMbUgkm<úCa RbEhlCa RtUvrgkarsRmukcUlénmuxTMnij nigRkumh‘unbreTsCaeRcInCaR)akdNas; ehIy km<úCak¾RbQmeTAnwgkarRbkYtRbECgCamYynwgbreTsEdr dUcCa ³ karRbkYt RbECgplitpl karRbkYtRbECgTIpSarBlkr karRbkYtRbECg]sSahkmµ nig vtßúFatuedIm. 156

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt elak)ansgát;F¶n;fa km<úCaenAEtKµankarrIkceRmInEpñk]sSahkmµ dEdl. knøgmkeXIjmaneragcRkxøHlk;eTA[CnbreTs EtEbrCamin dMeNIrkareTAvij dUcCaRKan;EtTijedIm,IbiT edIm,IebIk[plitplRbeTsCitxag dMeNIrkarenATIpSarenAkm<úCaeTAvij. elakyl;fa edaykardwkvtßúFatuedIm ecjeRkARbeTsvagayeBkenaH nwgGacmanbBaðabI KWkm<úCaenAEtKµankarrIk ceRmInEpñk]sSahkmµdEdl. Blkrkm<úCaenAEtxVHkargareFIVdEdl nigvtßúFatu edImkm<úCagaynwgrlaynaGnaKt. dUecñH edIm,ITb;Tl;nwgbBaðaenH karnaMecjnUvvtßúFatuedImsuT§² RtUvEt hamXat;b¤rwtbnþwg. RbsinebIc,ab;kMNt;fa RtUvhamXat;karnaMecjnUvvtßúFatu edImsuT§ eyIgGacbgçM[Rkumh‘unbreTsRtUvbegáIteragcRkenAkm<úCa edIm,Iplit rbs;naMecj b¤ya:gehac[BaNiC¢krkm<úCaGacnwgEbkKMnitGPivDÆ]sSahkmµ. ehIy kalebImaneragcRkekIteLIgeRcIn eBlenaHkm<úCak¾nwgGacsm,Úrkargar dl;RbCaBlrdækm<úCaEdr. elak)anelIkeLIgBIcMNucexSay EdleFIV[]sSahkmµkm<úCaminGac nwgrIkceRmIneTA)an enaHKWkarxVHnUvehdæarcnasm<½n§ dUcCa fñl; pøÚvEdk GKÁIsnI nigTwk. RbsinebIehdæarcnasm<½n§TaMgenHenAxVHxatenaH éfødwkCBa¢Únnwgman témøx<s; EdlnaM[témøplitplkñúgRsukGacnwgeLIgx<s;. dUecñH edIm,IGacCYy RTRTg;plitplkñúgRsuk[)anenaH KWRtUvBRgwgehdæarcnasm<½n§TaMgenaH[)an. cMNucexSaymYyeTotKW GMeBIBukrlYy k¾CaktþaEdlnaM[mankarfy cuHnUvvinieyaKTunbreTs nignaM[plitplkñúgRsukeLIgéfø b¤raMgsÞHminGac nwgmankarrIkceRmInEdr. eTaHbICaebIkcMhya:genH fVIt,itEtkarcUlCasmaCik 157

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelaktRmUv[km<úCa RtUvmanc,ab;CamUldæanmYycMnYnFM k¾eday k¾minsgÇwmfa GñkvinieyaKTunbreTseRkayeBlEdleKeXIjfa km<úCa manc,ab;RKb;RKan;ehIy enaHBitCae)alsRmukcUlmkdak;vinieyaKCaminxan. ktþaEdlsMxan;enaHKW faetIRbsinebIeKmanCemøaHNamYy eKnwgTTYl)annUv yutþiFm’Edrb¤eT? etIeKTTYl)annUvkarkarBarenaHEdrb¤eT? niyay[xøI eTaHbICa manc,ab;eRcInya:gNak¾ edayRbsinebItulakar nignKr)alenABukrlYyenAEt xVHsmtßPaB c,ab;TaMgenaHRKan;EtCaRkdas;Etb:ueNÑaH. dUecñH rdæaPi)alRtUv EkTRmg;]tþmRkumRbwkSaénGgÁecARkm sßab½ntulakar nigkgkmøaMgnKr)al. III - mtirYménGgÁBiPakSa bNÐit cab sufariT§)anbegðIbfa karcUlrbs;RbeTskm<úCa kñúgGgÁkar BaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak RtUvbegáItc,ab;sRmab;Gnuvtþ 147 RbeTs. dUcCac,ab; BaNiC¢kmµ nigc,ab;r)aMgBn§KyCaedIm EdlcaM)ac;RkumRbwkSaGñkc,ab; nigRkum RbwkSaesdækic© RtUvkareBlevlaBieRKaHeyabl;Kña[)anl¥itl¥n; edIm,Iecosvag karxatbg;mçag². elak hm sMNag CaGñkRsavRCavCan;x<s;énviTüasßanExµrsRmab;sh Rbtibtþikar nigsnþiPaB)ancab;GarmµN_eTAelItulakarBaNiC¢kmµ etImandMeNIr dl;NaehIy? eRBaHfa tulakarBaNiC¢kmµmansar³sMxan;Nas;sRmab;vinieyaKin. tamBitBak;B½n§nwgtulakarBaNiC¢kmµenH GgÁBiPakSa)anyl;RBm Kñafa tulakarBaNiC¢kmµRtUvEtdac;RsLHBItulakarepSg²eTot nigRbkbedayecARkm mansmtßPaB. eTAGnaKtRksYgBaNiC¢kmµRtUvEteRCIserIsGñkCMnajEpñkc,ab; 158

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt mkeFIVkarCamYy. elak suk sMeGOn)anyl;fa knøgmkkarbegáItc,ab; rdæaPi)alminsUvpþl;dMNwg[sßab½n GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)alcUlrYmeT eRBaHxøac GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)alykmkeFIVBaNiC¢kmµ. bBaðaenH eFVI[c,ab;begáItecjmk minsUvrlUnmankarBi)akkñúgkarGnuvtþn_. kic©BiPakSak¾)anelIkplEdr BInItiviFIénkarerIsecARkm nigemFavI. emFavIRtUvEtbBa©b;;briBaØab½Rt minfaelIEpñkNaenaHeT nigRtUv)anqøgkat;sala bec©keTsc,ab; 3 qñaM EfmeTot eTIbGñkkøayCaemFavIeBjelj. cMENk ÉsmasPaBecARkmvijRtUvFøab;CaemFavI EdlFøab;TTYlerOgkþIGs;ry³eBl5qñaM ya:gtic eTIbkøayCaecARkm)an. elIsBIenHeTot GgÁBiPakSa)ansEmþgkgVl; eTAelIkaredaHRsayvivaTBaNiC¢kmµ etIsßab½nNaCaGñkecjmuxedaHRsayvivaT rvagRbeTs nigRbeTs b¤rvagRbeTs nigGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak? bBaðavivaTBaNiC¢kmµ KN³vaKµin)anBnül;fa ebImanRbeTsBIrman vivaTerOgBaNiC¢kmµ dMbUgRtUvrkdMeNaHRsayedaysnþiviFI rebobcrcaCaeTVPaKI ebIminTTYleCaKC½yRtUvbþwgeTA WTO edaymanemFavICMnajmkBIGgÁkar BaNiC¢kmµBiPBelakCaGñkCYy. eqøIytbnwgsMNYrEdlfa etIRbeTskm<úCaman karRbkYtRbECg elIvis½yBaNiC¢kmµ)andl;kRmitNa? vaKµin)anbkRsayfa edIm,IcUlrYmRbkYtRbECg RbeTseyIgRtUvmanplitpl dUcCa RsUv RKab;sVay cnÞI nigeRmcenAkMBtCaedIm bUkrYmnwgkmøaMgBlkmµefakenaH eyIgsgÇwmfa nwgman»kaseRcIn. bBðaaRsUv cMeBaHRbeTsnanaRtUvKitBIKuNPaB EtsRmab; ExµreyIgRtUvKitBIbrimaN etIRtUveFIVya:gNaedIm,IplitRsUv[)aneRcIn? erOg sMxan;mYyeTot EdlRbeTskm<úCaRtUvKitenaH KWPUmimYyplitplmYy (one 159

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt village one product) edIm,ICMrujkarnaMecjRbkbedayKuNPaB. eRkABIenH GgÁBiPakSak¾)anykcitþTukdak;eTAelIc,ab;sMxan;² dUcCa c,ab;kmµsiT§ibBaØa/ c,ab;FnaKar/ c,ab;PUmi)al/ c,ab;RKb;RKgRkumh‘un/ c,ab;kS½yFn nigRtUvman c,ab;GaCJakNþalmYy (arbitration) EfmeTot. IV - esckþIsnñidæan ³ eTaHbICamankarRbQmmuxCaeRcIn kñúgkareFVIc,ab;ya:gNak¾eday k¾GgÁ BiPakSa)anrkeXIjnUvplRbeyaCn_CaeRcIn dUcCa ³ km<úCanwgmanRckcUlTIpSar cMnYn 147 RbeTs. sRmab;RbeTskm<úCa RbsinebIeyIgmanplitplman KuNPaBRsbtamsþg;darén WTO enaH KµanelsminsmrmüNamYy EdlraMgxÞb;plitplrbs;eyIgmin[cUleTARbeTsTaMg 147 enaHeT. edayehtufa eyIgmanynþkaredaHRsayCemøaH WTO CaynþkaresµIPaBKña EdlRbeTstUc Føab;)anQñHRbeTsFM. sMxan;CagenaHeTAeTot enAeBlEdleyIgmanc,ab;nana EdlcaM)ac; sRmab;RTRTg;brisßanvinieyaK nigFurkic©EdlRsb nigc,ab;l½kçx½NÐtRmUvnana rbs;kic©RBmeRBog WTO enAkm<úCarYcehIy enaHCMenOTukcitþrbs;vinieyaK nig FurCnbreTs kñúgRsuknwgmankarekIneLIg edayehtufaeKmanlT§PaBeRcInkñúg karBüakrN_ nigeFVIEpnkarTurkic©rbs;eK edayeKGac)a:n;sµan)anBIcMNay sRmab;karbg;Bn§ RbsinebIkm<úCaGnuvtþnUvviFIsaRsþvaytémøBn§Ky eTAtamkic© RBmeRBog WTO . bBaðaenHnwgkat;bnßynUvkarcMNayeRkApøÚvkar begáInPaB 160

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt RbkYtRbECgRbkbedaykarTak;Taj nigkarelIkTwkcitþ[manvinieyaKFurkic© fµIenAkm<úCa. BiessbMputenaHKWkarEksRmYlc,ab; bTbBaØtþinana fVIt,itEtmanPaB sµúKsµaj nigCYbRbTHkarlM)akCaeRcInk¾BitEmn b:uEnþ vanwgpþl;GtßRbeyaCn_ dl;RbeTs nigRbCaraRsþrbs;eyIgCak;Caminxan. Cak;Esþgkarksagc,ab;fµI sþIGMBIGnam½y nigPUtKamGnam½ynwgCYy[manKuNPaB plitples,óg Gaharrbs;km<úCa TaMgsRmab;karnaMecj nigTaMgsRmab;kareRbIR)as;kñúgRsuk. c,ab;TaMgenaH nwgCYykat;bnßynUvkarP½yxøac GMBIkareRCotcUlkñúgRsuknUvCMgW nana EdlekItecjBImðÚbGahar dUcCa ekItecjBIBBYkeb:sþ_ edaysarkareRbI sarFatuKImI kñúgmðÚbGaharEdlKµanKuNPaB nigGaharmanCatiBulCaedIm. kñúg krNIenH eRkamkic©RBmeRBogrbs;GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak karRtYtBinitü RBMEdn edIm,IctßaLIs½k KWEp¥kelImUldæanhaniP½y. dUecñH nwgminmann½yfa c,ab;fµInwgbgáCakarrwtt,itdl;BaNiC¢kmµeLIy. müa:geTot karGnum½tykmkeRbIR)as;nUvbTdæanGnþrCati k¾nwgCYy[ mankarTTYlsÁal;nUvKuNPaB plitplkm<úCaCaGnþrCati EdlCaEpñkmYyén karFanaeCaKC½yelITIpSarpgEdrsRmab;km<úCa. 161

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt r)aykarN_segçbénevTika TI 3 RbeTskm<úCa nigGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ plb:HBal;dl;ksikmµkm<úCa I - esckþIepþIm ³ kñúgnamCasmaCikmñak;rbs;GgÁkarBaNiCökmµBiPBelak (WTO) RbeTskm<úCa RtUvqk;yk»kasnaMecjplitplksikmµ]sSahkmµ nigClpl edIm,ICayanmYysRmab;cmøg karkat;bnßyPaBRkIRkRbkbedayRbsiTi§PaB. ktþaenH tRmUv[raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa manmnsikarRbkbedayqnÞ³neya)ay emaHmut nigmankarebþCJacitþc,as;las; edIm,ICMrujkarGnuvtþn_c,ab; bTdæannana rYmpSM nigkatBVkic©mYycMnYnEdlTak;Tg eTAdl;GgÁkarBaNiCökmµBiPBelak. II - TsSn³rYménvaKµinkitþiys 1- elak TYt sara:vuF GnuRbFannaykdæanEpnkarsßiti nigsh RbtibtiþkarGnþrCati Bak;B½n§ WTO elak)anbBaööak;fa plb:HBal;minRKan;Et mkelIvis½yksikmµb:ueNÑaHeT KWvab:HBal;elIRKb;vis½y dUcCa kmµkr GgÁkar sgÁmsIuvil EpñkÉkCn k¾dUcCa sßab½nrdædéTeTotEdr. EtEpñkTaMgGs;enaH RtUvEtcUlrYmRbkYtRbECgykQñH. karcUl WTO rbs;ExµrGacb:HBal;dl; 162

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt GñkrksIutUctac dUcCaksikrkmµkrCaedIm. elak)anelIkeLIgfa etIeFVIya:gNa edIm,I[ksikrtUctacrksIu)an? rdæmanEpnkarGVIxøH edIm,IKaMRTdl;GñkTaMgenaH? ehtuGVI)anCakm<úCaseRmccitþcUl WTO ? elak)anbBaöak;fa RbeTscin CaTIpSarmYyya:gFM enAkñúgGgÁkarBaNiCökmµBiPBelak RbeTsevotNam)ancuH kic©RBmeRBogeTVKaKIBaNiCökmµCamYyGaemrik. dUecñH kareFVIBaNiCökmµKµanmenaseBa©tnaeT KWRtUvBwgEp¥keTAelIkarBinitüCBaöIgBaNiCökmµTaMgsgxag. cMENk Évis½yksikmµ karnaMGgárcUlvaTak;TgeTAnwgkMeNInRbCaCn ;¦ kMeNInkmøaMgBlkmµnwgRtUvKit cab;taMgBIeBlplitrhUtdl;naMecj dUcCa bBaða dwkCBaöÚn karbg;Bn§ nigkarykBn§RtUvEtKit[)anc,as;las; eFVIya:gNasRmYl dl;GñkrksIuelIplitplksikmµGacrkplkéRm)an. elak sara:vuF)anelIkeLIgpgEdr GMBIkarykBn§xusc,ab;eTAelIGñk CMnYjEpñkRsUvGgárGñkTaMgenaH edayelIkeLIgfa eKykluyBIQµÜj minEmn ykluyBIksikreT EteTaHCaya:gNak¾edayelak)anbBaöak;fa bBaðaenH rdæaPi)alkMBugykcitþTukdak;. elIsBIenHeTAeTotelak)anbBaöak;fa raCrdæa Pi)al)anseRmccitþcUl WTO KWmankarRbesIrCag GATT TaMg karedaH RsayTMnas;edaysnþiviFITaMgkarerIseGIg. elakk¾)anbBaöak;pgEdr BIkarcUl CasmaCik WTO tamBitRbeTskm<úCa RtUvcUlmunRbeTsen)a:l; b:uEnþedaysar eRkayBIkare)aHeqñat 2003 RbeTseyIgmanbBaðaneya)ay eFVI[eyIgyWt mYyqñaM. eRkABIenH elak sara:vuF k¾)anbBaöak;pgEdr BIGaCJabRtnaMecj (Export License) nigl½kçx½NÐvinieyaK. bc©úb,nñenH raCrdæaPi)alExµr)an 163

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt ecjeKalkarN_fa ral;karvinieyaKTaMgLayNa EdlmantémøeRkam 2lan duløarGaemrik KWmin)ac;sMuc,ab;vinieyaKBIRkumRbwkSaGPivDÆn_km<úCa (CDC) eLIy RtUveTATak;TgCamYyGaCJaFrextþ-RkugEtmþg enHCakarsRmYl nigelIk Twkcitþdl;GñkvinieyaKTaMgLay Edlcg;vinieyaKelIvis½yksikmµenARKb;extþRkugnana. karnaMecjplitplksikmµRtUvKitdl;KuNPaB nigmanlkçN³RbmUlpþúM RBmTaMgmankarKaMRTykcitþTukdak;BIrdæaPi)al. CagenHeTAeTot edIm,IelIk Twkcitþdl;GñkplitRbeTsxøH dUcCa RbeTsCb:un rdæaPi)al)anRbmUlTij plitplksikmµBIRbeTsrbs;eKkñúgtémøx<s; ehIylk;eTA[RbCaBlrdæeKvij kñúgtémøTab. kareFIVEbbenHmann½yfa rdæbMeBjxat b¤rdæ]btßmÖFn.]TahrN_ rdæTijRsUvBIRbCaCnkñúgtémø 4US$ kñúgmYykILÚRkameBllk;[RbCaCnvij enARtwmEt 2US$ kñúgmYykILÚRkam. sMxan;CagenHeTAeTot Gñkcrcarbs; km<úCakñúgGgÁkar WTO )anxitxMeFVIya:gNaedIm,I[ExµreyIgTajplcMeNj BIsßab½nenH. ebIplitplNaEdleyIgsMbUr eyIgRtUvykBn§naMcUlx<s;edIm,I Tb;sáat;karnaMcUlBIeRkA ehIyebIplitplNaEdlenAkñúgRsukminsUvsMbUr eyIg RtUvykBn§Tab edIm,I[eKnaMcUl dUcCa TMBaMg)ayCU/ e)a:m CaedIm. Bak;B½n§nwg]sSahkmµkat;edr elak)anmanRbsasn_fa eyIgminGac b:HBal;xøaMgkøaeT eTaHbIman karbBa©b;kUtak¾eday edayehtufa maneragcRkxøH biTTVar EtmaneragcRkfµIekIteLIg bUkrYmnwgkmµkrExµr manbTBiesaFn_EfmeTot enaH eFVI[eyIgmanlT§PaBcUlrYmRbkYtRbECgeTAkñúgTIpSarBiPBelak)an. 164

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt 2- elakRsI Rbuk va:n;nI GñkÉkeTs eynD½r nigsgÁménkmµviFI GPivDÆn_Epñkksikmµ rukçaRbmaj; nigensaT k-sßanPaBTUeTAénRbeTskm<úCa elakRsI Rbuk va:n;nI)ansEmþgnUvkgVl; BIkarekIneLIgéncMnYnRbCaCn KWrhUtdl; 14 lannak; kñúgenaHRbCaBlrdæ 70° rs;enACnbT EdlBwg Ep¥kelIvis½yksikmµTaMgRsug nig 35>9° rs;enAeRkambnÞat;PaBRkIRkenA eLIy. GñkRsIk¾)anmanRbsasn_pgEdr BIplitplkñúgRsuksRmab;mnusSmñak; (GDP) esµInwg 281 duløar kñúgmYyqñaM. cMENkÉfvikaCatisRmab;vis½yksikmµ nigkarGPivDÆn_CnbTenAkñúgqñaM 2002 KWmancMnYntictYcb:ueNÑaH. eRkABIenH elakRsI)ansgát;F¶n;eTAelIvis½yksikmµfa mantYnaTIsMxan;Nas;kñúgkarkat; bnßyPaBRkIRk nigbegáInsmtßPaBkñúgkarGPivDÆ. Cak;Esþg enAkñúgqñaM 2005 enH témøRsUvenAelITIpSarmantémøx<s;CagenAqñaM 2004. eRkABIRsUv elakRsI )ancat;TukGaTiPaBkñúgkarnaMecjenaHKW ekAs‘U EdleyIgkMBugdMeNIrkareTACa ÉkCnPavUbnIykmµ cMENkÉcMNat;fñak;TI 3 enaHKWClpl b:uEnþ karRBYy)armÖ enaHKW TinñplRtIFmµCatimankarfycuHCalMdab; edaysarEtkarRKb;RKgkar ensaTmin)anl¥. x-GgÁkarBaNiCökmµBiPBelak elakRsI)an[niymn½yGgÁkarBaNiCökmµBiPBelak (WTO) fa Casßab½nEdlEp¥kelIeKalkaN_c,ab; elIkic©RBmeRBog nigviFanc,ab;BaNiCökmµ EdlmansmaCik 148 RbeTs. karbegáIt WTO kñúgeKalbMNgelIktemáIg CIvPaBrs;enArbs;RbCaCn enAkñúgRKb;bNþaRbeTsCasmaCik nigedIm,IBRgIkkar 165

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt eFVIBaNiCökmµTMnij esvakmµ[RsbeTAtameKaledAénkarRTRTg;nirnþrPaB sRmab;karPivDÆn_karkarBar nigEfrkSabrisßanRbkbedaytmøaPaB nigPaBGac TsSTay)an CakEnøgcrcaBaNiC¢kmµ nigCaevTikasRmab;edaHRsayCemøaHxag BaNiCökmµ. K-plb:HBal;dl;ksikmµkm<úCa k-plb:HBal;GviCöman ³ plitplksikmµkm<úCaGaclk;)anEtkñúgextþ-Rkug minGacnaMecj)an edaysarxVHkarRbmUlpþúM minGacRbkYtRbECgTIpSareRkARbeTs)an edaysar KuNPaBminRtUvtamsþg;darGnþrCati nigedaysarkarRKb;RKg karsRmbsRmYl EbbbTBaNiCökmµenAkm<úCa manPaBsaMBaúMJaEdlbNþal[éføedImeLIgx<s;Cag plitplnaMcUlBIbreTs. x-plb:HBal;viCöman ³ km<úCanwgmanTIpSarFMTUlayrhUtdl;eTA 147 RbeTsGacTak;Taj vinieyaKTunmkrksIu[kan;EteRcInEfmeTot. rdæaPi)alkñúg karbegáItc,ab; raCrdæaPi)al)anbegáItc,ab;fµI nigEkTRmg;c,ab;rhUtdl;eTA 40 bEnßmeTot edIm,IbMeBjtRmUvkar WTO EdleFIV[km<úCakøayCanItirdæ. III - plT§plénkic©BiPakSarYm ³ elakmñak;Edl)anGeBa©IjmkBIGakascrN_sIuvil)anelIksMNYrfa etI ral;r)aykarN_Edl)an BiPakSaknøgmk)anepJIeTArdæaPi)alEdrb¤eT? sMNYrenH elaknaykRbtibtiþ énviTüasßanExµrsRmab;shRbtibtiþkar nigsnþiPaB)an 166

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt eqøIyfa ral;r)aykarN_énkic©BiPakSa eyIgEtgEtcgRkgCaesovePA nig e)aHBum< Eckcayeday\tKitéfø eTARKb;sßab½nEdlBak;B½n§TaMgGs;. minEt b:ueNÑaH enAral;kic©BiPakSaeyIgEtgEt)anGeBa©Ij GñkCMnajRKb;sßab½nrdæEdl Bak;B½n§ k¾dUcCa NGOs [mkeFVICavaKµinCaerogral;kic©RbCMuEfmeTotpg. sMNYr mYyeTotfa etIRbeTskm<úCaeyIgmanplitpl nigTMnijGVIxøH sRmab;karnaM ecj? KN³vaKµin)aneqøIyfa eyIgmanplitplCaeRcIn dUcCa plitpltm,aj nigsemøókbMBak;RsUv sENþkesog ekAs‘U RKab;sVaycan;TI eRmc bUkrYmnwg plitplmYycMnYneTot. cMENkÉelak Edl)anGeBa©IjmkBIGgÁkarmøb;ébtg)anelIksMNYrfa RKb;El,gTaMgGs; GñkEdlcUlrYmelgEtgmanQñHcaj; etIEl,gBaNiCökmµEdl km<úCaeyIgelgdUcEl,gTUeTAEdrb¤eT? KN³vaKµin)anbkRsayfa bBaðaenH ehIy EdleyIgxitxMedIm,I[)ancUlCasmaCik WTO KW edIm,IeFVIya:gNa[ RbeTsCasmaCikTTYlplcMeNjerogxøÜn tamry³karcrca karRbkYtRbECg TMnijCaedIm EfmTaMg)anTuk»kas[GñkCMnYjExµrGacrksIu)aneTotpg TaMgenH KWCacMNucsMxan; EdlGñkcrcaeyIgEtgEtKit edIm,IykQñHxagBaNiCökmµ. elakmñak;eTot Edl)anGeBa©IjmkBIGgÁkarGPirkS nigGPivDÆn_km<úCa )anelIksMNYrfa etIrdæaPi)al)anKitKUrGVIxøH sRmab;[RbCaBlrdæsþarvis½y ksikmµ? KN³vaKµin)aneqøIyfa raCrdæaPi)al)anCMrujEpñkBUC dUcCa RKab; BUCFBaØCati nigBUCstVnwgkMBug)ansþarRbB½n§FarasaRsþ edIm,IbMeBjtRmUvkarEp¥k ksikmµ. cMENk É]tþm CasmaCikRBwT§sPa)anmanRbsasn_bEnßmfa sBVéf¶ sßab½nnItibBaØtiþ)ankMBugEtCMrujvis½yc,ab;edayeFVIkarbegáItc,ab; nigEkTRmg; 167

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt c,ab;[)anRKb;RKan; eTAtamtRmUvkarGgÁkarBaNiCökmµBiPBelak edayehtufa c,ab;CabBaðasMxan;kñúgkarRbkYtRbECgEpñkBaNiCökmµ. eRkABIenH GgÁBiPakSak¾)anelIksMNUmBrpgEdr dl;viTüasßanExµr sRmab;shRbtibtiþkar nigsnþiPaB[eFVIkare)aHBum<ral;r)aykarN_ CaBiess r)aykarN_bUksrubBIplT§plénkic©RbCMuBiPakSaTaMg 10 elIk sþIBI{RbeTs km<úCa nigGgÁkarBaNiCökmµBiPBelak} CakUnesovePAtUc² edIm,IsRmYldl; karpSBVpSay. elIsBIenHeTAeTot GgÁBiPakSaTaMgmUlmankar)armÖCaxøaMgBI karhUrcUlTMnijxUc KuNPaBBIbNþaRbeTsCitxag CaBiessKWmðÚbGahar nig kareRbIR)as;fñaMBul EdlKµanlkçN³bec©keTsc,as;las; EdlbNþal[b:HBal; dl;suxPaBRbCaCn dUecñH eyIgTaMgGs;KñaRtUvrkmeFüa)ayeFVIya:gNa edIm,I kat;bnßy[)anCaGtibrma nigCMruj[RbCaBlrdæeRbIR)as;fñaMBulmansþg;dar nig CIFmµCati[)anCaGenkb,kar. IV - sMNUmBr nigGnusasn_ ³ edIm,ITajykplcMeNjBIGgÁkarBaNiCökmµBiPBelak raCrdæaPi)al RtUvbegáInxÞg;fvikaCatibEnßmeTot sRmab;vis½yksikmµ nigKYrkMNt;sþg;dar BUCRKb;RbePT dl;RbCaksikr RBmTaMgCYyBRgwgRbsiTi§PaBénkarpþl;esva saFarN³ karepÞrbec©keTsksikmµ karsþarRbB½n§FarasaRsþ nigCYysRmYldl; neya)ayBaNiCökmµ[)anRbesIrEfmeTot edIm,ITak;TajvinieyaK[mkbNþak; Tun enARbeTskm<úCa[)aneRcIn CaBiessKWRbeTsCb:un nigshKmn_GWur:ub. 168

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km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt r)aykarN_segçbénevTika TI 4 RbeTskm<úCa nigGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ plb:HBal;dl;Blkmµkm<úCa I - esckþIepþIm Cabzm Ék]tþm Gwug hYt GnuRbFanRkumRbwkSaPi)al v/x/s/s)an CRmabGgÁBiPakSatumUlfa karCECkKñakñúgéf¶enHminEmnkñúgRkbx½NÐrdæaPi)aleT KWkñúgRkbx½NÐeRkArdæaPi)al b:uEnþ eyIgGacpþl;Caeyabl; CaKMnitdl;raC rdæaPi)al tamry³karbBaöÚnr)aykarN_eTARKb;sßab½nBak;B½n§edayRbeyal nig tamry³karGeBa©IjKN³vaKµinkitþiys EdlCasmaCikraCrdæaPi)aledaypÞal;. Cak;Esþg Ék]tþm)anbBaöak;fa dUcCaéf¶enHCaedIm CICP )anGeBa©Ij Ék]tþm G‘¿u man GnurdæelxaFikarRksYgkargar nigbNþúHbNþalviCöaCIv³ EdlCaGñk Rbtibtiþc,ab;kargar nigmanbTBiesaFn_CaeRcIncab;taMgBIRksYgkargar nigbNþúH bNþalviCöaCIv³minTan;ekItemø:H. Ék]tþm Gwug hYt)anbEnßmeTotfa Ék]tþm manesckþIrIkrayNas; Edlkm<úCa)ancUlCasmaCik WTO EdlCasmaCik BiesskñúgenaHRbeTskm<úCa nigRbeTsen)a:l;CaRbeTsRkIRk nigGn;fyCag eKkñúgcMeNamRbeTs 148 edIm,IeFVIkardkBiesaFn_ faetIRbeTsTaMgenaH eTA rYcb¤Gt; TaMgvis½yc,ab;vinieyaK c,ab;kargar TaMgkarnaMecj TaMgKuNPaBTMnij 170

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt nigsmtßPaBplit. ehIyfaetIeyIgRtUvkarCMnYyEpñkGVIxøH edIm,ImanlT§PaB RbkYtRbECg elITIpSaresrIrbs;GgÁkarBaNiCökmµBiPBelak? II - TsSn³rYmrbs;KN³vaKµinkitþiys vaKµinTI 1 Ék]tþm G‘¿u man GnurdæelxaFikar RksYgkargar nig bNþúHbNþalviCöaCIv³)anmanTsSn³fa raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCasRmab;nItikalTI 2 énrdæsPa)anGnuvtþnUvyuT§saRsþRtIekaNRbkbedayeCaKC½y nig)aneFVI[vis½y esdækic©sgÁmrIkceRmInCak;Esþg dUcCavis½y]sSahkmµkat;edrsemøókbMBak; nig Es,keCIg)anrIklUtlas;ya:gqab;rh½s. dMbUgmanEt 40 eragcRkEdleRbI kmøaMgBlkmµRbmaN 30/000 nak; eRkaymkekIneTAdl; 300 eragcRk nigeRbIkmøaMgBlkmµrhUteTAdl;BIrEsnnak; ehIyTMnijnaMecjrbs;vis½ykat; edr)anekInBI 80 mWun dl; 1/900 landuløarGaemrikkñúgqñaM 2004 ktþaenH )anrYmcMENkbegáIncMNUldl;fvikaCatiEfmeTot. Ék]tþm)anbBaöak;R)ab;GgÁBiPakSafa eTAGnaKtRbeTsEdlGaccUl rYmRbkYtRbECg Epñkvis½ykat;edr)anmanEtRbeTscin\NÐÚeNsIu éfLg;d_ evotNam bg;køaeds CaBiessRbeTsmYycMnYneTotkñúgTVIbGaemrikLaTIn nig TVIbGaRhik. cMENkÉRbeTskm<úCa k¾GaccUlrYmkarRbkYtRbECgpgEdr Rbsin ebIeyIgxitxMRbwgERbgGnuvtþ[)anl¥nUvRbkarbYn enaHKW ³ karGnuvtþn_l½kçx½NÐkargarBIRKb;PaKIBak;B½n§[RtwmRtUv karedaHRsaybBaðaéføTMnij karbegáInKuNPaBplitpl 171

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km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt BlkmµenAEtmin)anpl eTIbelakeTACYbshCIBFMrbs;Gaemrik enATIbMputeTIb )anTTYllT§pl. Bak;B½n§erOg WTO elak)anmanRbsasn_fa vaCakarelOn bnþicedaysarEteyIgCaRbeTsRkIRk xVHFnFanmnusS eyIgRtUvkareBlevla edIm,IerobcMxøÜneLIgvij. b:uEnþ eTaHCaya:gNak¾eday k¾eyIgmansuTidiæniymeRcIn eTAelIkarbegáIt nigEkTRmg;c,ab;cMnYn 40 eTAtamsþg;dar k¾dUcCakarcUlrYm EkTRmg;RbB½n§yutiþFm’ EdlmanenAkñúgyuT§saRsþctuekaNrbs;raCrdæaPi)al EdlkñúgxN³enaH elak)anbEnßmfa vak¾Ca»kasedIm,IBRgwgtmøaPaBEpñk BaNiCökmµpgEdr. Bak;B½n§nwgtmøaPaBBaNiCökmµenHeTotesat elakk¾)an eFVIkareRbobeFobeTA nigRbeTscin kñúgenaHcinmanbec©kviCöax<s; nigsMbUr FnFanmnusSsMbUrvtßúFatuedIm nigmanehdæarcnasm<½n§RKb;RKan; minEtb:ueNÑaH mhaykScin k¾)anTmøak;Bn§naMcUly:agTab edIm,ICafñÚnwgkarnaMecjeTAshrdæ Gaemrik nigshKmn_GWr:ub. cMENkÉRbeTsExµr manlkçN³GMeNaypl mYyEdrKW kmøaMgBlkmµefak k¾b:uEnþ vtßúFatuedImRtUvnaMcUlbec©kviCöaminTan;TMenIb bUkrYmTaMg karxVHehdæarcnasm<½n§ Twk ePøIg pøÚv nigeRbg éføEfmeTot enaHeFVI[eyIgmankarlM)ak kñúgkarnaMecjplitpl[manlkçN³RKb;RKan; nig RbkYtRbECg. elak)anbEnßmfa tamkarviPaKrbs;Gñkesdækic©)anbgðajfa edIm,Iecosvagplb:HBal; BIkarpþac;kUta nigedIm,IcUlrYmRbkYtRbECgEpñk BaNiCökmµRbeTsnImYy² RtUv ³ mansißrPaBEpñkma:RkU nigRtUvkat;bnßyGMeBIBukrlYy BRgwgkarRKb;RKg rbs;efAEk nigRtUvelIkTwkcitþdl;kmµkr[manR)ak;Exsmrmü minRtUvcMNayelI 174

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt vtßúFatuedImeRcIneBkeT ;bnßykarnaMcUl¦ eFVIya:gNa[GñkTijeBjcitþ [eFVIkarKµanBlkmµkumar¦ CacugbBa©b;elak)anpþl;nUvGnusasn_BIr³ 1RksYgkarbreTsRtUvshkarCYyTak;TajvinieyaK edayehtufa RksYg enHmanTMnak;TMngeRcIn edIm,IbEnßmelIRksYgBaNiCökmµ. 2karbNþúHbNþalFnFanmnusS RtUveFVIkarEkTRmg;BIkarGb;rM edIm,Irk kargareFVIeTACakarGb;rMedIm,IbegáItkargar eRkayBIbBa©b;mhaviTüal½y GacbegáItKeRmag)annigbegáItkargarCUnRbCaraRsþ. III - mtiBiPakSarYm ³ Tak;TgeTAnwgsMNYrrbs;elak lI sUPa cMeBaHKeRmagtamdan (monitoring project) Ék]tþm G‘¿u man)anmanRbsasn_fa enHCacMNuc EdlshrdæGaemrikerobcMeLIg edIm,IKaMRTTMnijEdlnaMecjeTAshrdæGaemrik. edIm,I[TMnijrbs;km<úCa manKuNPaBGacRbkYtRbECg enAelITIpSarGnþrCati shrdæGaemrik)anshkarCamYyGgÁkar ILO edayeFVIkarykcitþTukdak;eTA elIplitplkat;edrEtmYymuxb:ueNÑaH. dUecñH karbegáIt Monitoring project edIm,IKaMRTdl;kitiþsBÞTMnij km<úCa. tamBiteTA Monitoring project RtUvcb;enAqñaM 2004 Etedaysarkm<úCamankitþisBÞl¥ shrdæGaemrik nig ILO )anesñImkrdæaPi)alkm<úCa[bnþnUvKeRmagenHry³eBlBIrqñaMeTot KWrhUtdl;qñaM 2005. 175

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km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt eTAkñúgkNþab;édrdæaPi)alF¶n;F¶reBk rdæaPi)almanviFankarTb;sáat; nigbRgáab )atukmµ EdlkarTb;sáat;enHGacQaneTAdl;kareRbIGMeBIhigSarvag)atukr nig smtßkic©k¾man. kñúgkaredaHRsaybBaðarvagkmµkr nigefAEkeragcRk CadMbUg kmµkrRtUvsMuc,ab;mkGaCJaFr ehIykaredaHRsayCMhandMbUg KWedaHRsay rvagkmµkr nigefAEkeragcRk ehIyebIkrNIenH edaHRsaymin)anseRmceTenaH kmµkr b¤tMNagkmµkrRtUvpþl;dMNwgdl;RksYgkargaredIm,IeFVIGnþraKmn_ ehIy ebIRksYgeFVIGnþraKmn_min)an RtUvbBaöÚnsMNuMerOgeTAtulakarCadMNak;kalcug eRkay. mtibEnßmrbs;elak esg pløI cMeBaH Monitoring project elak )anriHKn;cMeBaH ILO fa Gnuvtþkargarmin)anm:t;ct;eRBaHmYyqñaM ILO cuHRtYt BinitüEtmþgKWvaminRKb;RKan;eT ehIymüa:geTot buKÁlikrbs; ILO k¾man cMnYntic. elIsBIenHcMNucminl¥mYyeTotKW ILO min)anhVwkhVWnbuKÁlikExµr[ manskmµPaBeTAelI Monitoring project enHCabBaðacm,g eRBaHenAeBl Edl ILO Gs;GaNtþi buKÁlikExµrnwgminmansmtßPaBRKb;RKan; edIm,IbMeBj kargarenHeT. sMNYrrbs;elakmñak; mkBIGgÁkarsegátkare)aHeqñatkm<úCa }etIvivaT rvagkmµkr nignieyaCkmankarfycuHb:unµanPaKry? ehIyetIcab;BIqñaMNamk EdlRbeTskm<úCaTTYl)ancMNat;fñak;elx 1 BIl½kçx½NÐkargar? nigbBaðaefAEk cg;eKcevsBIGtItPaBrbs;kmµkrCaedIm}. Ék]tþm G‘¿u man)anbkRsayfa eRkayBImanevTikarvagrdæaPi)al nig EpñkÉkCnmk KWcab;epþIm BI qñaM 2002 mk eK)anvaytémøelIbIcMNucKW Kµankar 177

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt eFVIkargaredaybgçM KµankarerIseGIg nigKµanBlkmµkumar EdlFnaKarBiPBelak )ansresrkñúgr)aykarN_enAqñaM 2004 eday[cMNat;fñak;RbeTskm<úCaelx 1 RbeTséfelx 4 RbeTsevotNam nigRbeTscinelx 8 edayvaytémøeTAtam cMNucbIxagelI. cMENkÉkareKcevsrbs;efAEkknøgmkman b:uEnþPaKticbMput RbEhlCa 10° b:ueNÑaH. kñúg»kasenaHEdr Ék]tþm Gwug hYt)anelIk sMNYrfa etIeyIg)anEkERbc,ab;kargarelIcMNucNaxøH eRkayBIExµr)ancUlCa smaCik WTO ? sMNYrenH Ék]tþm G‘¿u man)anbkRsayfa eyIg)anEtc,ab; kargarelIcMNuckarBnüakic©snüa kargarrbs;CnbreTsEdlmkeFVIkarenAkm<úCa EdlBImunbnþkic©snüamYyqñaMmþg mkBIrqñaMmþgRsbtamsþg;dar WTO . cMENkÉ sMNYrrbs; elak hm sMNag enAviTüasßanExµrsMrab;shRbtibtþikar nig snþiPaB etIraCrdæaPi)al nigRksYgBak;B½n§)anKitdl;kmµkrExµrEdleTAeFVIkar enAbreTsEdrb¤eT? Ék]tþm G‘¿u man)anmanRbsasn_fa eyIg)anKitKUrc,as; las;Nas; KWeyIgmanRkumh‘unnaMBlkr nigtamry³sßanTUtsRmab;[kmµkreFVI TMnak;TMng enAeBlmanbBaðaekIteLIg eyIgedaHRsayeTAtamc,ab;kargar. cMeBaHsMNYrrbs; elak sMNag dEdl Edl)anelIkBIkarKitTukmun eRkayBI eragcRkbiTTVar faetIkmµkrTaMgGs;RtUveFVIGVIbnþeTot? Ék]tþm)aneqøIyfa rdæaPi)al)anbegáIt{ tMbn;Ekécñksi-]sSahkmµ} Edlbc©úb,nñmandMeNIrkar beNþIr² ehIydUcCakarplitRsaeck Rsamñas; nigRsaTwketñatCaedImeTA GnaKtd¾xøIenH eyIgnwgeFVIkarEkécñEpøeckCakBa©b;EfmeTot. elakmñak; Edl)anGeBa©IjmkBIRksYgBaNiCökmµ)anbBaöak;bEnßmeTot fa km<úCa)aneRtomxøÜncUlCasmaCik WTO taMgBIqñaM 1994 mkemø:H eRkABIenH 178

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt elak)anelIksMNYrfa {etIeyIgmanviFankarya:gNa edIm,IGPivDÆtMbn;ksi]sSahkmµenaH?} Ék]tþm G‘¿u man)aneqøIyfa eyIgRtUvRbmUlpþúMTMnij[)aneRcIn RtUvCMruj kardwkplitpl[)anqab; nigRtUvEklm¥ehdæarcnasm<½n§bEnßmeTot. Cacug bBa©b; elak esg pløI)anbEnßmfa edIm,IeFVIkarGPivDÆn_RbeTsRtUvman karbegáItfµI k¾dUcCa karbegáItkargarRtUveFVIya:gNa[nisSitEdlbBa©b;BIsala enaH ecHsresrKeRmag ehIynwgsMu[m©as;CMnYyTukxÞg;cMNaysRmab;KeRmag TaMgenaH. CacugeRkay Ék]tþm Gwug hYt)anelIk KMnitfa raCrdæaPi)alminRtUv KitEtBIkarTarBn§eBkeT dUcCa saMg RtUvbBa©úHBn§ KWRtUvlk;[RbCaCnkñúgtémø edIm edaymin)ac;KitéføBn§naMcUl edIm,IeFVI[vis½ydéTeTotrIkceRmIn eRBaHfa ebIsaMgeLIgéfø GVI²k¾éfø ehIynwgeFVI[RbCaCn)at;»kaskñúgkarrkcMNUl. IV - esckþIsnñidæan ³ edIm,I[plitplkm<úCamanskþanuBl kñúgkarRbkYtRbECgenAelITIpSar GnþrCati eyIgRtUvepþatkar ykcitþTukdak;enAelIkarGnuvtþl½kçx½NÐkargar[ )anRtwmRtUvkarbn§ÚrbnßyBn§elIvtßúFatuedIm dUcCasMagCaedIm karsþar nigkar ksageLIgvijnUvehdæarcnasm<½n§ edIm,ICYysRmYldl;cracrTMnij nigkat;bnßy éfødwkCBaöÚn. CamYyKñaenH karpþl;siTi§esrIPaBRKb;RKan;[eTAkmµkrkñúgkar TamTar nigtva:cMeBaHkarrMelaP nigCiHCan;rbs;efAEkeragcRkCaktþasMxan;bMput 179

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt edIm,IeFVI[RbesIreLIgcMeBaHbridæankargar. EtkareFVI)atukmµ RtUvEtKitKUdl; sNþab;Fñab;sgÁm nigkareyaKyl;KñarvagnieyaCk nigneyaCit. elIsBIenHeTAeTot karGPivDÆn_FnFanmnusSCaktþasMxan;bMputEdlmin GacxVH)anedIm,IdeNþImyk]tþmPaBRbkYtRbECgenAelIqakGnþrCati. FnFan mnusSminRtwmEtCaktþacm,g sRmab;karGPivDÆn_ nigelIkkMBs;esdækic© b:ueNÑaHeT EtEfmTaMgCaktþalIkrEdlCMrujkarGPivDÆn_RKb;vis½y dUcCasgÁmkic© bec©keTs nigRbsiTi§PaBénkarGnuvtþc,ab;. kñúgkarshkarrvagrdæaPi)al nig EpñkÉkCnCaktþasMxan;bMputminGacxVH)an eRBaHEpñkÉkCnCaGñkcUlrYmya:g skmµ nigeFVIkarya:gCitsñitCamYykmµkr ehIyEpñkÉkCnenHCaGñkpþl;nUv bec©keTsTak;Tg nigkarbegáItc,ab;karEkERbc,ab; nigCaGñkEdlpþl; karhVwkhVWn edIm,IGPivDÆFnFanmnusS eRBaHFnFanmnusSCaktþasMxan;bMput enAkñúg WTO enH. 180

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt r)aykarN_segçbénevTika TI 5 RbeTskm<úCa nigGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ etImanplb:HBal; ya:gNacMeBaHsmaCik WTO rbs;km<úCaeTAelI]sSahkmµkat;edr? I - esckþIepþIm Cakic©cab;epþIm Ék]tþm G‘un nwg smaCikRkumRbwkSaPi)al v/x/s/s nig CaGnuRbFanKN³kmµkarkic©karbreTs shRbtibtiþkarGnþrCati nigBt’manén rdæsPamanmtisVaKmn_ nigENnaMKN³vaKµinénkic©BiPakSa cMeBaHGgÁRbCMuTaMg mUl. Ék]tþm)anelIkeLIgfa kic©BiPakSatumUlenHKWedIm,IsikSa nigelIkkm<s; karyl;dwgrbs;smaCikPaBénkm<úCa kñúgGgÁkarBaNiCökmµBiPBelak nigelIk sÞÜytYnaTIénfñak;dwknaM nigRbCaCnkm<úCaTaMgmUl[ykcitþTukdak; nigeFVIkar edIm,IseRmc)anRbeyaCn_d¾FMeFgsRmab;km<úCa. eyIgk¾enAminTan;c,as;fa fñak; dwknaMénRbeTskm<úCayl;dwg GMBIplb:HBal;énGgÁkar WTO mkelIkm<úCakñúg kMritNaenaHeLIy faetIbnÞab;BIcUl WTO km<úCaTTYlplb:HBal;elIvis½y NaxøH? etIvis½yGb;rM ksikmµ]sSahkmµrbs;km<úCaeTACadUcemþc? dUcenH ehIyeTIbviTüasßanExµrsRmab;shRbtibtiþkar nigsnþiPaB)anykRbFanbTenH mkBiPakSa nigpSBVpSayedIm,IelIkkm<s;karyl;dwgBI WTO mkelIvis½y kat;edr eRBaHenHCabBaðasMxan; resIbsRmab;km<úCaEdlRtUvEtykcitþTukdak;. 181

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt II - TsSn³rbs;KN³vaKµinkitþiys vaKµinTI 1 elak ya b‘unNa GnuRbFannaykdæan kic©kar]sSahkmµ nigCaRbFanGgÁPaBplitPaBGasIu RksYg]sSahkmµEr: nigfamBl)anelIk eLIgfa karcUlCasmaCikrbs;km<úCakñúgGgÁkar WTO mansar³sMxan;pg nig plb:HBal;pg EdleyIgminGacdwg)anenAéf¶GnaKt. km<úCa)anxitxMerobcMxøÜn edIm,IcUlCasmaCik WTO ry³eBl 9 qñaMehIy TIbMputeyIg)ancUlCasmaCik enAExtula 2004 eRkayBIkarpþl;sc©ab½nrbs;rdæsPa nigkarGnum½t yl;RBm BIRBwT§sPa. elak)anbEnßmeTotfa karcUlCasmaCikenH km<úCaman»kas CaeRcIn edIm,IeFVIBaNiCökmµCamYyRbeTsdéTeTot nigCasmaCikedayQrelI mUldæanc,ab; nigtmøaPaB. elIsBIenHeTAeTotkareQVgyl;BIc,ab; nigviFankar nanarbs; WTO CaRbkarsMxan;bMput edIm,IeyIgGacTajykGtßRbeyaCn_ sRmab;RbeTskm<úCaeyIg. cab;taMgBIkm<úCa)ancUlCasmaCik WTO manmti CaeRcIn)anelIkeLIg nigEvkEjkplcMeNj nigplb:HBal;rbs;km<úCa kñúg GgÁkarenH CaBiessvis½ykat;edr EdlCavis½yQanmuxsRmab;karGPivDÆn_ esdækic© nigbegáIt)annUvkargarCaeRcInsRmab;RbCaCnkm<úCa rhUtdl;eTA 255/876 nak;. dUecñH vis½yenHeyIgRtUvEtcab;GarmµN_edIm,IrkviFankar Tb;sáat;nUvplb:HBal;F¶n;F¶reTAéf¶GnaKt. elak ya b‘unNa k¾)anelIkeLIg pgEdr nUvkic©RBmeRBogvaynPNÐ Edl)anbBa©b;enAExmkra qñaM 2005 enH EdleFVI[RbeTsepSg² naMsemøókbMBak;eTAshrdæGaemrik nigshKmn_GWr:ub edayKµankUta. CaBiessRbeTskm<úCamankarRBYy)armÖ eRBaHminGaceFVIkar 182

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt RbkYtRbECgCamYYyRbeTscin EdlCaRbeTsman\Ti§Blkñúgkarplitsemøók bMBak;edaycMNaynUvéføedImTab. EteTaHCaya:genHk¾edayrhUtmkdl;eBl enH eyIgminTan;eXIjmanplb:HBal;F¶n;F¶r mkelIvis½ykat;edrrbs;RbeTs eyIgeT Cak;EsþgeyIgeXIjmaneragcRkcMnYn 11)anbiTTVar EteyIgman eragcRkcMnYn 23)anbegáIteLIg dUcenHcMnYnebIkeRcInCagbiT. cMnYnerag cRkkat;edrsrubenAkñúgRbeTs km<úCabc©úb,nñKWmancMnYn 240. kñúgcMeNam 23 eragcRkEdl)anbegáItfµI²enHKWman 15 eragcRk mkBIcin nig5eragcRkmk BIkUer:. elak ya b‘unNa)aneFVIkarviPaKfa mUlehtuEdleFVI[cinvinieyaKeRcIn EfmeTotelIvis½ykat;edrkñúgRbeTskm<úCaenaHKW edaysarEtGaemrikenAEtbnþ dak;kRmitkUtanaMcUlsemøókbMBak;BIRbeTscin dUecñH cinRtUvEtbEgVrTisvinieyaK mkkm<úCa. eTaHCaya:gNak¾eday eyIgRtUvEtdwgfa km<úCanwgmanplb:HBal; ya:gxøaMgkøakñúgvis½ykat;edrenH enAeBlEdlGaemriklubecalnUvkardak;kRmit kUta semøókbMBak;cMeBaHcinTaMgRsug eRBaHeyagtamc,ab; WTO Gaemrikmin Gacdak;kRmitrebobenHrhUt)aneT enAkñúgkrNIEbbenHmansMNYrmYyEdleyIg RtUvelIkeLIgKW {etIvasnaGnaKténvis½ykat;edrrbs;km<úCa RtUvBwgEp¥kTaMg RsugeTAelIkardak;kRmitkUtarbs;shrdæGaemrik cMeBaHRbeTscinb¤ya:gNa?} ebIeyIgRkelkemIltémøBlkmµenARsukExµr eyIgeXIjmankRmitTab EmnEteyIgk¾manplitPaBTabEdr ebIsinCaeFVIkareRbobeFobCamYykmøaMg BlkmµenARbeTscin edaysarEtktþaplitPaBrbs;eKx<s;enaH eFVI[kmøaMg BlkmµenARsukExµreyIgéføCag. dUecñH edIm,ITb;sáat;nUvplb:HBal;xøaMgkøaelI vis½yenH RksYg]sSahkmµEr: nigfamBl)anxitxMeFVIya:gNa edIm,IbegáIn 183

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt plitPaBkññúgeKalbMNgTb;sáat;plb:HBal;F¶n;F¶reTAéf¶GnaKt. edayyl;fa karbegáInplitPaBCaktþasMxan; kñúgkarrYmcMENkTb;sáat;nUvbBaðaRbQmeTIb RksYg]sSahkmµEr: nigfamBl)anxitxMRbwgERbgsMucUlCasmaCikplitPaB GasIu (Asia Productivity Organization) EdlCaGgÁkarmYymankmøaMg nigsmtßPaBRKb;RKan; edIm,ICMrujnigelIkkm¥s;plitPaBenAGasIu km<úCa)ankøay CasmaCikeBjsiTi§rbs; APO enAéf¶TI20]sPa 2004. fµI²enH APO man KeRmagBRgIksmaCikPaBrbs;xøÜneRkATVIbGasIueTot KWenATVIbGaRhVik. karcUl CasmaCikénGgÁkar APO rbs;km<úCa minRtwmEtGac[km<úCabegáInplitPaB elIvis½ykat;edreT EtEfmTaMgkñúgvis½yshRKas FuntUc nigmFümpgEdr. APO manTIsñak;karenATIRkug Tokyo nigmanRbeTscMnYn20 CasmaCikGgÁkar enHmaneKaledA 5 ya:gKW ³ BRgwgshRKasFuntUc nigmFümeFVIkmµviFIGPivDÆ shKmn_ begáInnUvplitPaBébtg RKb;RKgBuTi§ GPivDÆGgÁkarplitPaBCati. GgÁkarplitPaBGasIuenH tRmUv[RbeTsCasmaCiknImYy² RtUvbegáIt nUvGgÁkarplitPaBCatimYy (National Productivity Organization) sMrab; km<úCaeyIg. RksYg]sSahkmµEr: nigfamBl)anbegáItnUvGgÁkarplitPaBCati bnÞab;mkeTotrdæaPi)al k¾)anGnuBaØat[eyIgbegáItnUvRkumRbwkSaplitPaBCati mYyehAfa (Cambodian Council Productivity Unit) edIm,IbegáInnUvTMnak; TMngCaGnþrRksYg. elIsBIenHeTAeTot RksYg]sSahkmµEr: nigfamBl k¾)an ykcitþTukdak;pgEdrelIshRKasFuntUc nigmFüm edIm,IedaHRsaybBaðanana Edlvis½yenHCYbRbTH. RksYgk¾)anerobcMehdæarcnasm<½n§ nigmUldæanRKwH nanasRmab;eFVIkarGPivDÆn_ eday)anbegáItnUvc,ab;CaeRcIn dUcCa c,ab;RKb;RKg 184

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt GKÁisnI c,ab;RKb;RKgFnFanEr:.l. nigkMBugerobcMc,ab;RKb;RKgmYycMnYneTot dUcCa c,ab;RKb;RKgeragcRk c,ab;sþg;dar]sSahkmµkm<úCa nigcgRkgeKal neya)ayshRKasFuntUc nigmFüm. c,ab;TaMgenHcUlrYmcMENkelIkkm<s; nigTak;Taj vinieyaKBIbreTs k¾dUcCa kñúgRsuksMedAbegáIt[mankargarepSg² eTot eRkABIvis½ykat;edr. elakk¾)ansgát;F¶n;fa enAkm<úCaeRkABIplitPaBTab KWeyIgnUvmanbBaðakarGnuvtþn_c,ab;min)anRtwmRtUv dUecñH eTIbGñkvinieyaKeKmin sUvmkrksIuenAkm<úCa CaBiessRbB½n§tulakarRsukExµreyIg minTan;manlkçN³ EdlGaceFVI[GñkvinieyaKeCOTukcitþ)an RbBn½§FnaKark¾enAmanPaBTn;exSay. vaKµinTI 2 elak CYn muMful RbFanshB½n§shCIBExµr)anelIk eLIgfa plviCömanrbs;RbeTskm<úCakñúgGgÁkar WTO KWkm<úCaGacnaMTMnij rbs;xøÜneTAlk;edayesrI eTA[RbeTsEdlCasmaCik WTO CaBiess elI plitplkat;edr eRBaHeyIgminmankarkRmitkUtadUc MFN b¤ GSP eT KWeyIg Gacplit nignaMeTAlk;edaybrimaNKµankMNt; EtbBaðaFMKWTMnijRtUvman KuNPaB EdlGacRbkYtRbECgelITIpSar)an. elak)anbEnßmeTotfa km<úCaCa RbeTsTI 1 EdleFVIkic©RBmeRBogeTVPaKI CamYyshrdæGaemrik ehIynigman Pöab;l½kçx½NÐkargarmkCamYy BiessCagenHeTAeTot km<úCaCaRbeTsEtmYyKt; Edl manGgÁkar ILO CYyRtYtBinitül½kçxN½Ðkargarrbs;eragcRkkat;edr Edl eFVI[kitiþsBÞrbs;km<úCa kñúgvis½ykat;edrenHman PaBl,Il,ajelITIpSarGnþrCati EdlCaktþamYYykñúgkarTak;TajvinieyaK. cMeBaHplb:HBal;GviCömanvij elak)anmanRbsasn_fa cab;BIkm<úCa RtUv)anpþac;kUta km<úCamaneragcRkCaeRcIn)anbiTTVar ehIyelak CYn muMful 185

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt )anbdiesFn_ecalcMeBaHr)aykarN_fa cab;taMgBIkm<úCaGs;kUta KWmaneragcRk 11 biT nig 23 ebIkTVar edayelaksgát;F¶n;fa smaKmkat;edrEdl)an[ Tinñn½y eTARksYg]sSahkmµEr: nigfamBl KWminmanlkçN³R)akdRbCa eRBaH Tinñn½yenHbBaöak;EtGñkCasmaCikrbs;xøÜnEtb:ueNÑaH eyIgeXIjfaCag 300 eragcRk KWmaneragcRkRbEhlCag 200 EdlCasmaCikrbs;smaKmkat;edr dUecñHGñkEdlminEmnCa smaCiksmaKmkat;edr min)andak;bBa©ÚleT. elak )anbEnßmeTotfa cab;taMgBIExkBaØa 2004 mk maneragcRk 36)anbiTTVarCa sßaBr nigman 41 eragcRk eTot)anBüÜr. cab;taMgBIenaHKWmankmµkrcMnYn RbEhl 50/000 nak;Edl)at;bg;kargareFVI ehIyeragcRkEdl)anbiTTVarenH KWeKeTAvinieyaKenARbeTscinvij edaysarEteyIgGs;kUta nigtémøfamBlenA cinTabCagenAkm<úCa. elIsBIenHeTAeTot kmµkrenAcinpþl;plitPaBx<s;Cag enAkm<úCa nigvtßúFatuedImmanRsab;edaymincaM)ac;naMcUl enHCaktþaEdlkat; bnßy cMNayelIkardwkCBaöÚn. elakk¾)anbEnßmeTotfa karcUlCasmaCikrbs; km<úCakñúg WTO enHKW vahak;bIdUcCaqab;rh½seBk eRBaHkm<úCaminTan;)aneRtom xøÜn[)ansmrmü nigBi)akbt;EbntamsPaBkarN_rbs; WTO . km<úCaminGac eRbobeFobCamYyRbeTsepSg²)aneT edaysarRbeTsTaMgenaH)aneRtomxøÜn rYcCaeRsc dUecñH karcUl WTO minmanpllM)aksRmab;eKeLIy. elak)an elIkeTotfa karcUlCasmaCik WTO RtUvKitelIcMNucBIrsMxan; KWKuNPaB nig témø edIm,IFana[)annUvkarRbkYtRbECgelIqakGnþrCati. cMeBaHRbeTskm<úCa eyIgplitpleyIgenAminTan;manbec©kviTüax<s; dUecñH KuNPaB nig plitpl rbs;eyIgenATab ebIeRbobeFobCamYyRbeTsdéTeTot elIsBIenH eyIgman 186

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt bBaðaCaeRcIn Ed;leFVI[plitplkat;edrkm<úCamantémøéfø KWktáavtßúFatu edIm nigbBaðakariyal½yFibetyü. Tak;TgnigeragcRkEdlbiTTVarenAkm<úCa knøgmk elak)anmanRbsasn_fa edaysarEteragcRk TaMgenaHEbreTArksIuenA RbeTs cin eRBaHkñúgnamCasmaCikrbs; WTO cinGacnaMplitplrbs;xøÜnedayesrI eTAGaemrik nigshKmn_GWr:ub edayKµankMNt;kUta. EtCaGkuslKWGaemrik nigshKmn_GWr:ub)andak;kUta mkelIplitplsemøókbMBak;rbs;cinEdlbBaðaenH eFVI[eragcRkmYycMnYnRtLb;mkRsukExµrvij EteragcRkTaMgenHmindak;eQµaH dUcedImeT KWdak;eQµaHepSg. elak)anbEnßmfa PaKeRcIneragcRkEdl)an biT ehIyebIkvijenHKWCaeragcRkdEdl EtmaneQµaHfµI ehIycMnYnenHKWman 45 eragcRk EdlGacRsUbykkmøaMgBlkmµ)an 9/000 nak;. CagenHeTAeTot elaksgÇwmfa km<úCanwgmaneragcRkfµI²eTot cUlmkrksIuEfmeTot edaysar EtGaemrik nigshKmn_GWr:ubdak;kUtaeTAelIRbeTscin. III - mtiBiPakSarYm ³ bnÞab;BIvaKµinTaMgBIr)anbBa©b;nUvkarEføgsunÞrkfarbs;xøÜnrYcmkGgÁevTika TaMgmUl)anebIkkic©BiPakSa edIm,Ipøas;bþÚreyabl; pþl;nUvmti nigkaryl;dwgRBm TaMgelIkeLIgnUvsMNYrCUnKN³vaKµin k¾dUcCaGgÁevTika TaMgmUledIm,IedaHRsay. elak esg suvIr³ GñkRsavRCavénviTüasßanExµrsMrab;shRbtibtiþkar nigsnþiPaB)anelIkCa sMNYrfa etImUlehtuGVIxøHEdlshrdæGaemrikdak;kRmit kUtadl;RbeTscin? etIkarpøas;eragcRkBIExµreTAcin ehIyRtLb;mkExµrvij enaH 187

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt vab:HBal;dl;GtItPaBrbs;kmµkrEdrb¤eT? eRBaHenAkm<úCamaneragcRkxøH dMeNI kar)an4-5qñaM k¾)anbiTTVareTARbeTscin ehIyRtLb;mkvijedaydak;eQµaHfµI. Tak;TgnigsMNYrenH elak CYn mMuful)anmanRbsasn_fa enAeBlEdl eragcRk)anbiT KWkmµkr Gs;GtItPaB ehIyenAeBlenaH efAEkeragcRk)an bg;luy[kmµkrTaMgGs;Rsbtaml½kçxN½Ðkargar. eragcRkEdl)anbiTehIy ebIkrksIuenARsukExµrvij eK)anpøas;eQµaHfµI dUecñH kmµkrEdleFVIkarknøgmkRtUv Gs;GtItPaB. cMeBaHbBaðaEdlTak;Tgkardak;kRmitkUta rbs;shrdæGaemric nig shKmn_GWr:ubcMeBaHplitplkat;edrrbs;cin KN³vaKµin)anelIkeLIgfa edaysarplitplkat;edrrbs;cinmantémøefakCag plitplkat;edrrbs; shrdæGaemrik nigshKmn_GWr:ubxøaMgeBk dUecñH ebImindak;kRmitkUtaeT shrdæ Gaemrik nigshKmn_GWr:ubminGacRbkYtRbECgCamYycin)aneLIykñúgvis½yenH. elak LaM suvtßara GñksRmbsRmYlkariyal½yesuIbGegát GgÁkar sm<½n§ExµrCMrOn nigkarBarsiT§imnusSlIkadU elak)aneFVIkarcab;GarmµN_Tak;Tg nwgRbFanbTenH faetIkm<úCaRtUveFVIGVIbnÞab;BIcUlCasmaCikrbs; WTO ? elak )anelIkeLIgfa cMNucmYycMnYnEdlRbeTs eyIgKYrykcitþTukdak; enaHKW ³ • c,ab;GaCJasala ³ c,ab;enHRtUvecj[)anqab; edIm,I[mansßab½nmYy mannItism,TakñúgkarGnuvtþn_salRkm eRBaHedaysartulakarExµr BMumanlkçN³ yutþiFm’RKb;RKan; edIm,I[GñkvinieyaKTuneCOTukcitþkñúg karedaHRsaybBaða vivaTBaNiCökmµ. • tulakarkargar ³ edIm,IedaHRsayerOgvivaTkargarrbs;kmµkr nigefAEk eragcRk nigeFVI[l½kçx½NÐ kargarenAkñúgeragcRkmanPaBRbesIreLIg. 188

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt • RbB½n§FnaKar ³ km<úCaRtUvmanRbB½n§FnaKarmYyEdlrwgmaM nigGaceCO Tukcitþ)an edIm,Ipþl;R)ak;km©I[GñkvinieyaKTun kñúgRKaNaEdleKman karxVHxat. • snþisux nigsßirPaBneya)ay ³ enHCaRbkarsMxan; RbsinebIKµansnþisux kñúgRbeTseT GñkvinieyaKeK nwgxøackñúgkarmkrksIuenARsukExµr eKnwg bEgVrTisedACMnYjrbs;eK eTAkan;RbeTsepSgeTotEdlmansnþisux nig sßirPaBneya)ayl¥Cag. • FnFanmnusS ³ enHCabBaðasMxan;sRmab;km<úCakñúg WTO ebIsineyIg RkeLkemIlFnFanmnusSenAkm<úCa eyIgeXIjfa enAmanlkçN³ Tn;exSayenAeLIy minGacRbkYtRbECgCamYyRbeTsepSgeTot Edl CasmaCikén WTO )aneT. kñúgsklPavUbnIykmµenH GVI²k¾esrI CaBiess kmøaMgBlkmµenARbeTsmYyGaceTAeFVIkarenARbeTsNamYy eTotedayesrI kñúgkrNIenH ehIyebIFnFanmnusSrbs;km<úCaeyIg Tn;exSay eyIgminGacRbkYtRbECgCamYyRbeTsdéTeTot)aneLIy. elak m:m sm,tþi naykGgÁkarsIudes)anelIkeLIgBIbBaðaBaNiC¢kmµ esrI edayecaTsYrfa etIeyIgmanyuT§saRsþGVI edIm,IRblgRbECgCamYyRbeTs Citxag? Tak;TgnwgsMNYr BaNiC¢kmµesrIenH elak ya b‘unNa)anman Rbsasn_fa enAkñúg WTO manc,ab;RKb;RKan;kñúgkareFVIBaNiCökmµRkbkeday smPaB dUecñH eyIgTaMgGs;Kña RtUvxitxMEsVgyl;BIc,ab;epSg²rbs; WTO [ )ansIuCeRmA edIm,I[kareFVIBaNiCökmµmanlkçN³smPaB eRBaHc,ab;CaeKalkarN_sRmab;smaCikRKb;rUbeKarBkñúgkareFVIBaNiCökmµ. 189

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt elak ehog b‘unhn mkBInaykdæanesdæsaRsþénRksYgksikmµ rukçaRbmaj; nigensaT elak)ancUlrYmCaeyabl;Tak;TgnwgbBaðanana Edl km<úCaCYbRbTHkñúgvis½ykat;edr kñúgnamCasmaCikPaBén WTO fa karcUlCa smaCikén WTO bBaðasMxan;EdlvaKµinykcitþTukdak;enaHKW manEtkarRbkYt RbECgb:ueNÑaH elak)anecaTCasMNYrfa etIeRkABIkarRbkYtRbECgeyIgman bBaðaGVIxøHeTot? elak)anbEnßmfa enAkñúg WTO mankic©RBmeRBogCaeRcIn dUcCa ³ SPS nig GBP Agreement EdlTak;Tg nigGnam½y nigPUtKam Gnam½y CaBiessTak;Tg nigsuvtßiPaBrbs;plitplcMeBaHGñkeRbIR)as;. ral; plitplkat;edrEdlnaMecjBIRbeTsmYyeTARbeTs mYyeTotRtUvmankareFVI Treatment BiessmYy ehIybBaðaenH)ankMNt;enAkñúg SPM elx 15 Casþg;dar EdlerobcMeLIgeday IPPC Edlkm<úCa)ancUlCasmaCiktaMgBIéf¶TI 10 tula 1982. dUecñH enAeBlEdlkm<úCacUlCasmaCik WTO k¾RtUvEt eKarBtam SPS nig GBP Agreement enHpgEdr. elak)anbEnßmeTotfa eyIgminKYrBwgEp¥kEteTAelI WTO TaMgRsugkñúgkareFVIBaNiCökmµenaHeT KWeyIg RtUvrkédKUeTVPaKI CamYyRbeTsepSgeTot kñúgkareFVIBaNiCökmµ edIm,I[eyIgman sßirPaB. elak vNÑara: mkBIGKÁnaykdæan rdæ)alRksYgmhaépÞ elak)anecaT CasMNYrfa kúñgry³eBl 9 qñaM cab;BIeBlEdlkm<úCacUlCasmaCik WTO KWeKtRmUv[eyIgeFVIc,ab; 40[ehIysBVRKb; etImkdl;eBlenHeyIgeFVIc,ab; 190

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt )anb:unµanehIy? etI WTO manplb:HBal; nigplcMeNjGVIxøH mkelIshCIB enAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa? elak CYn mMuful)anmanRbsasn_fa shCIBmanplb:HBal;F¶n;F¶r edaysarEteragcRkmYycMnYnRtUvbiTTVar ehIysmaCik 50/000)at;bg;kargar eFVI. cMeBaHlkçN³l¥rbs; WTO mkelIkm<úCavij elak)anelIkeLIgfa vaman sar³sMxan;kñúgkarbegáItTIpSarsRmab;RbeTskm<úCa bnÞab;BIkm<úCa)anbBa©b;kUta mk. cMeBaHsMNYrfaetIc,ab;TaMg 40 Edl WTO tRmUv[km<úCaeyIgeFVIenH elak Lúg kan;NabuRt mkBIRksYgBaNiCökmµ)anmanRbsasn_fa eyIg)an Gnum½tcMnYn 16 c,ab;ehIy. IV - esckþIsnñidæan GgÁevTikaTaMgmUl)aneFVIesckþIsnñidæanelIplb:HBal;viCöman nig GviCöman rbs;]sSahkmµkat;edrrbs;km<úCakñúg WTO . karcUlCasmaCik WTO rbs;km<úCavaCakarcaM)ac;Nas; eRBaH WTO CaTIpSarmYy d¾sMxan; sMrab;lk;plitplrbs;km<úCa CaBiessplitplkat;edrenH eRkayEdlkm<úCa RtUv)anbBa©b;kUta Edlpþl;edayshrdæGaemrik nigshKmn_GWr:ub. elIsBIenH eTAeTot km<úCak¾man»kasnaMecjplitpldéTeTot eRkABIvis½ykat;edreTA lk;kñúgTIpSarRbeTsEdlCasmaCik WTO pgEdr. TnÞwmnwgplviCöman eyIgk¾manplGviCöman nigplvi)akCaeRcInEdl RtUvedaHRsayenAéf¶GnaKt dUcCabBaðakarelIkkm<s;FnFanmnusSkarBRgwg RbB½n§tulakar karbegáIt[mantulakarBaNiCökmµ karelIkkm<s;KuNPaBTMnij 191

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt karBRgwgRbB½n§FnaKar nigkarFana[)annUvsnþisux nigsßirPaBneya)ay. TaMgGs;enHCabBaða Edlkm<úCakMBugCYbRbTH ehIyRtUvedaHRsay[)ankñúgeBl GnaKt ebImindUecñaHeT km<úCaminGacTajplRbeyaCn_BI WTO )aneRcIneT. 192

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt r)aykarN_segçbénevTika TI 6 RbeTskm<úCa nigGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ manplb:HBal;GVIxøHeTAelIkmµviFIkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk? I - esckIþepþIm edayGnuvtþtamkmµviFIRbcaMqñaM 2005 CabnþbnÞab;Kñakñµúgry³eBlmYy Exmþg viTüasßanExµrsRmab;shRbtibtiþkar nigsniþPaB)anerobcMevTikamYy eTotEdlCaevTikaTI6 kalBIéf¶TI28 kkáda eRkamRbFanbTsþIBI{RbeTskm<úCa nigGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ etImanplb:HBal;GVIxøH eTAelIkmµviFIkat; bnßPaBRkIRk Cambodia and WTO: Any Implications on Poverty Reduction Program? ¦. kic©BiPakSaelIkTI 6 enH dwknaMsRmbsRmYl edayelakbNÐit cab sufariT§ naykRbtibtiþ viTüasßanExµrsRmab;sh RbtibtiþkarnigsniþPaB. cUlrYmCaKN³vaKµinkitiþysrYmman  ¦ Ék]tþm kwm r½tñvisidæ TIRbwkSaÉk]tþm sux Gan]bnaykrdææmRnþI rdæmRnþITTYlbnÞúk TIsþIkarKNrdæmRnþI -Ék]tþm TUc s‘agtaNa smaCikRkumsegátkarN_ esdækic© sgÁmkic© nigvb,Fm’ (OBSES) TIsIþkarKNrdæmRnþI -Ék]tþm G‘ug cnÞ½tarariT§ smaCikRkumsegátkarN_esdækic© sgÁmkic© nigvb,Fm’ (OBSES) TIsIþkarKN³rdæmRnþI -Ék]tþm ma:n; eQOn GPi)alrgraCFanIPñMeBj 193

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt nigCaRbFan mUlniFiGPivDÆn_kat;bnßyPaBRkIRkTIRkug -elakRsI hYt rtn³ nayikaevTikaTUeTAénkm<úCa. cUlrYmCasmaCik smaCikaénGgÁBiPakSa manGñkdwknaM nigtMNagGgÁkarsgÁmsuIvil EpñkÉkCn tMNagsßab½nrdæ niisiSt bBaØvnþ nig GñksarBt’man. elakbNÐit cab sufariT§ RbFanGgÁRbCMu)anebIkkmµviFIevTikaTI 6 sIþBI {RbeTskm<úCa nigGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak manplb:HBal;GVIxøHeTAelIkmµ viFIkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk} eday)aneFVIkarsVaKmn_cMeBaH smaCik smaCikaénGgÁ BiPakSaTaMgmUl nig)aneFVIkarbBa¢ak; BIeKalbMNgénGgÁevTika KWCaevTika saFarN³ RKb;smaCik smaCikamansiT§ibeBa©jmti pÞal;edaymincaM)ac;qøúH bBa©aMg b¤tMNagrdæaPi)al b¤k¾GgÁkarsßab½n EdlxøÚnkMBugbeRmIkareLIy dUecñH eyIgmanesrIPaBTaMgRsug kñúgkarbeBa©jmtiRsbtamrdæFmµnuBaØrbs;RBHraCaNacRkkm<úCaeyIg. II - TsSn³rbs;vaKµinkitiþys ³ vaKµinTI1 Ék]tþm kwm rtñ½visidæ TIRbwkSaÉk]tþm sux Gan]bnayk rdæmRnþI rdæmRnþI TTYlbnÞúkTIsIþkarKN³rdæmRnþI)anelIkeLIgBIPaBRkIRkenAelI BiPBelak Edlbc©úb,nñGñkRkmancMnYneRcInCagGñkman ebItamtYrelxrbs; FnaKaBiPBelakbgðajfa BiPBelakeyIgmanmnusSRbEhl 5000 lannak; kñúgcMeNammnusS 6000 lannak; manRTBüsm,tþiticCag 20 % énRTBü sm,tþiBiPBelak. dUecñH mnusSmYyryBan;lannak; Kat;mankmµsiT§manRTBü sm,tiþRbEhlCa 80 % énRTBüTaMgmUlrbs;BiPBelak. enHmanny½fa vaman 194

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt PaBxusKñay:agxøaMg ehIyfa etIPaBRkIRkTaMgenH eKGaceFVIkarkat;bnßytam rebobNa? CaBiessenAkm<úCaeyIgCag 30 % énRbCaBlrdæ KWrs;enAeRkam bnÞat;énPaBRkIRk. Ék]tþmk¾)anecaTCasMNYrfa etIsmaCikPaBkm<úCa enAkñúg WTO vaCYyRbCaBlrdæeyIgrugerOg b¤eFVI[RbCaBlrdæeyIglM)akCagmun? karelIkCasMNYrrbs;elakxagelIenH KWTak;TgnwgkarExVgKMnitKñamYy cMnYn sþIBI smaCikPaBkm<úCa enAkñúgGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak. manmnusS CaeRcInEdlyl;fa BaNiC¢kmµCam:asIuneFVI[esdækic©lUtlas; Engine of Growth ¦ b:uEnþk¾manxøH minyl;RsbTaMgRsugeT. GñkEdleCOelItYnaTIsMxan; rbs;BaNiC¢kmµebIkcMh kñúgkMeNInesdækic©mancMnYneRcIn Etk¾manmYycMnYntUc )anRbqaMg nigKMnitxagedImenH ehIyyl;faBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak eFVI[b:HBal; CaGviC¢mandl;BaNiC¢kmµkñúgRsuk nigsuxumalPaBénmnusSCati. Ék]tþm k¾)anelIkeLIgbgðajpgEdr nUvPsþútagénKMnitRbqaMgeTA nigBaNiC¢kmµesrI dUcCa kareFVI)atukmµ RbqaMgeTAnigkic©RbCMu WTO kic©RbCMusIþBICMnYy CaBiessKW kic©RbCMuTak;TgeTA nigsklPavUbnIykmµ. CamYyKñaenHpgEdr Ék]tþmk¾)an bBa¢ak;nUvKMnitpÞal;rbs; Ék]tþm EdlCaGñkKaMRTnUveKalneya)ay BaNiC¢kmµ esrI edayelIkeLIgfa BaNiC¢kmµesrI vaCMrujkarGvivDÆesdækiic©. Cak;Esþgtam karsikSaRsavRCav cross-country study ¦ 133 RbeTs Edl)anelIkeLIg enAkñúgGtßbTrbs; Krueger enAqñaM 2004 bgðajfa RbeTsEdlmanrbb BaNiC¢kmµesrI mankMeNInesdækic© RbcaMqñaMRbEhlCa 0>5 % x<s;Cagkal Edl RbeTsTaMgenaH BMuTan;ebIkcMhBaNiC¢kmµ. dUecñH bgðajfa karcUlCasmaCik WTO mankMeNIn esdækic©elOnCagkalminTan;cUlCasmaCik. ehIykMeNIn 195

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt enH mankarekIneLIgxøaMgkñúgGMLúgTsvtS TI 90 EdlmanrhUtdl; 2>5 % enAeBlEdleKeFVIkarlubbM)at;nUvral;]bsKÁBaNiC¢kmµ. TnÞwmnwgenH mankar sikSamYyEdlmanlkçN³Ca cross-country study EdleFVIeLIgeday AUSAID eTAelIRbeTscMnYn 73 EdlCaRbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_rYmmanRbeTs cin\NÐa eRbsIul miucsuIkU ma:eLsuI eXIjfa edaysarkarebIkcMhBaNiC¢kmµ eFVI[kMeNInesdækic© RbeTsTaMgenHekInelOnCagkalminTan;ebIkcMhBaNiC¢kmµ ehIyGacekIneLIgelOnCagRbeTsGñkmanxøHpgEdr. kñúgenHpgEdr karsikSa rbs; AUSAID k¾)anelIkbgðajBIkMeNInesdækic©xusKñarvagRbeTs EdlebIk cMhBaNiCæ¢kmµ nigRbeTsminebIkcMh CaBiessKWTak;TgeTA nigBn§naMcUl Tariffs ¦ edayelIkeLIgfa RbeTsEdlkMBugvivtþn_ dUc)anelIkeLIgxagelI )ankat;bnßyB§n naMcUlcMnYn 34 % ehIyeFVIeGaykMeNInesdækic©rbs;eKekIn eLIg 5 % ebIeFobeTA nigRbeTs minebIkcMhEdlmankarekIneLIgEt 1>4 % Etb;ueNÑaH. cMeBaHBaNiC¢kmµ nigPaBRkIRk Ék]tþm kwm r½tñvisidæ k¾)anbgðaj CUnpgEdlfa enAkñúgcenøaH qñaM1993 dl; 1998 RbCaCnenAelIBiPBelak rs;enAkñúgPaBRkIRkTaMgRsug absolute poverty enAkñuúgRbeTskMBugGvivDÆn_ ehIyeRkayBIebIkeGaymanBaNiC¢kmµesrI eXIjfa PaBRkIRk)anfycuHGs; 14 % ebIeFobeTA nigRbeTsEdlkMBugGvivDÆn_Edr EtBMumankarebIkcMhBaNiC¢kmµ edayPaBRkIRkmankarekIneLIgcMnYn 4 % eTAvijkñúgGMT,úgeBldUcKña. CamYyKñapgEdr PaBRkIRkCaskl (Global poverty) mankarfycuH ehIy mnusSRbEhl 200 lannak;)ancuHeQµaHcUleron nigCIvPaBrs;enAmankar RbesIreLIg kñúgry³eBlBIrTsvtScugeRkayenH. CacugbBa©b;Ék]tþm)anelIk 196

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt yksßitirbs;FnaKarBiPBelak Edl)a:n;sµanfa karEdllubr)aMg BaNiC¢kmµTaMg Gs;GaceFVI[cMNUlCaskl (Global Income) ekInRbEhl 2>8 Ban;ekadæ duløa (USD2.8 Trillion) kñúgry³eBl 10qñaM ehIyGaceFVI[manRbeyaCn_ dl;mnusSRbEhl 320 lannak; kñúgRbeTskMBugGvivDÆn_dl;qñaM 2015. cMeBaHesdækic©km<úCavij Ék]tþmman KMnitsuTidiæniymfa km<úCanig)ancMeNj BIkarcUlCasmaCik WTO edayÉk]tþmepþatsMxan;eTAelImIRkUhirBaØvtßú nig CaBiesseTAelIkarbnßyBn§naMcUl Tariffs ¦[mkenAkRmitGb,rma EdlnaM [RbCaBlrdæTTYl)anenAesva nigTMnijefak. cMeBaHEpñkma:RkUesdækic©vij naM[RbCaBlrdæmankareFVI dUcCa eragcRkkat;edrCaedIm. EtTnÞwmnwgTTYl)an plRbeyaCn_ BI WTO Ék]tþm k¾)aneFVIkt;sMKal;pgEdlfa kalNaeyIg ebIkesdækic©TIpSar KWnigeFVI[b:HBal;dl;esdækic©Cati CaBiess]sSahkmµkñúg Rsuk EdlmanlkçN³Ca]sSahkmµekµgx©ITMhMplitenAmankRmit.l. Ék]tþm kwm r½tñvisidæ k¾)anelIkeLIgCaGnusasn_mYYycMnYn edIm,IeFVI [esdækic©rwgmaM nigmankarrIkceRmIn nigGacRbkYtRbECgCamYy nigbreTs dUcCa BRgwgsmtßPaBRbkYtRbECg begáInkarplitedIm,InaMecj edayEp¥kelI FnFanmnusS nigBRgwgedImTunBRgwgrcnasm½<n§c,ab; nigRbBn§tulakar CaBiess eFVIy:agNa[mansßirPaB ma:RkUesdækic© CMrujkarvinieyaKeTAelIvis½yksikmµ b¤vis½yepSgeTot ecosvagkarBwgEp¥kTaMgRsugeTAelI]sSahkmµkat;edr BRgIk mUldæanRKwHkñúgkarnaMecj edayminGacepþatsMxan;eTAelIkarnaMecjsemøók bMBak;EtmYymux)aneLIy. 197

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km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt r)aykarN_segçbénevTika TI 7 RbeTskm<úCa nigGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ kareRbIR)as; GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak Ca]bkrN_CMrujkMENTRmg; I - esckIþepþIm evTika TI 7 sþIBI:RbeTskm<úCa nigGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ kareRbIR)as; WTO Ca]bkrN_CMrujkMENTRmg;:. RbFan nigGñksRmb sRmYledayelakbNÐit cab sufariT§ naykRbtibtþi viTüasßanExµrsRmab;; shRbtibtþikar nigsnþiPaB. evTikaenH manvaKµinkitþiysBIrrUb KW -Ék]tþm ega: huglI GKÁelxaFikarRkumRbwkSakMENTRmg;rdæ)al TIsþIkarKN³ rdæm®nþI nig-elak ehov vasña naykRKb;RKgmCÄmNÐlGPivDÆn_sgÁm. k¾b:uEnþ elak ehov vasña manFur³CacaM)ac;RtUvGak;xankñúgkarcUlrYm Etelakk¾)anepJI bTGnþraKmn_rbs;elakEckCUnsmaCik smaCikaenAkñúgevTika enHEdr. munebIkevTikaelIkTI 7 elakbNiÐt cab sufarTi§)anpþÜcepþImbMpusKMnit dl;CasmaCik smaCikaénGgÁBiPakSa BIkalb,vtiþxøHrbs;km<úCa ry³eBl 10 qñaM kñúgkarsMucUlCasmaCik WTO . dMNak;kalnImYy² eBalKWcab;taMgBI qñaM 1993 EdlraCrdæaPi)almaneKalbMNgrbs;xøÜnkñúgkarkøayCasmaCik WTO . 206

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt enAéf¶ TI 08 FñÚ qñaM 1994 RbeTskm<úCa)andak;BaküCapøÚvkarsMucUlCasmaCik WTO . bnaÞb;mkRkumkargarsRmab;RtYtBinitü nigvaytémøsmaCikPaBrbs; km<úCa)anbegáItenA éf¶TI 21 Ex FñÚ qñaM 1994 CamYyÉkGKÁraCTUtGIutalI Edl CaRbFanRkumkargar WTO . Rkumcrcarbs;km<úCa sIþBI WTO )anbegáIteLIg edayGnuRkitürbs;raCrdæaPi)al  54 ssr cuHéf¶TI 29 ExsIha qñaM 2001¦ sIþBI bBaðaEdlTak;TgnwgeKalneya)ayesrIPavUnIykmµBaNiC¢kmµ. tamkarBitkm<úCa)andak;CUnnUvGnusSrN³ eTA WTO enAéf¶TI 22 Ex mifuna qñaM 1999 EdlCaCMhand¾mansar³sMxan;mYyeq<aHeTArkkarFanasmaCik PaBenH kñúgsßab½nBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak. cugeRkay smiT§plEdlkm<úCaTTYl)anenaHKW km<úCa nig en)a:l; )ankøayCasmaCikGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak enA éf¶TI 11 kBaØa qñaM 2003 enAkñúgsnñisIT§fñak; rdæmRnþI elIkTI 5 naTIRkugkanKuN RbeTsmiucsIukU kñúgzan³Ca RbeTsRkIRkbMputdMbUg kñúgcMeNamRbeTsRkIRk rbs;smaCik WTO enH. II - TsSn³vaKiµn nigmtiBiPakSa ³ k-TsSn³vaKµin ³ Tak;TgeTAnwgbBaða WTO Ék]tþm ega: huglI)anbBa¢ak;fa eyIg RtUvEteFVIkMENTRmg;CaeRcIn dUcCakMENTRmg;c,ab; nigtulakar kMENTRmg; eyaFa nKr)al kMENTRmg;rdæ)alsaFarN³ kMENTRmg;hirBaØvtßúsaFarN³ kMENTRmg;dIFøI éRBeQI>>>.l. elIsBIenHeTot KYrEtbegáItsßab½nmYycMnYn 207

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt bEnßmeTot edIm,IBRgwg nigFanavis½yBaNiC¢kmµeyIg[mansþg;darGnþrCati rYmmantulakarBaNiC¢kmµ tulakarrdæ)alCaedIm. kMENTRmg;rdæ)al KYrEt eFVIkarEksRmYlRbB½n§rdæ)albc©úb,nñ[manGPi)alkic©l¥ kat;bnßyPaBGskmµ kñúgCYrrdæ)al eBalKWRbB½n§énkarpþl;esva  sMedAy:agNa[ RbCaBlrdæ <úCa GñkvinieyaK CnbreTssñak;enAkm<úCa edayRsb c,ab;¦ manPaBRbesIrCagmun. Ék]tþm)an elIkykTisedACayuT§saRsþbYncMNucrbs;rdæaPi)al sþIBI {kMENTRmg;rdæ)alsaFarN³} mkeFVIkarbgðajCUn smaCiks maCikacUlrYm. TI1-Eklm¥RbB½n§esva ³ RtUvlubbM)at;esvaKµantmøaPaB dak;cMeBaHEtGñkmanR)ak; RBegIykenþIycMeBaHRbCaCnRkIRk b¤ehAfaesvaEbb rUbPaB¦ bM)at;TsSn³Edlyl;faGñkpþl;esva KWCaGñkmanGMNac nigGñkTTYl esva RtUvEtbg;R)ak;cMeBaHGñkmanGMNactamzananuRkm. eFVIkarEbgEck[dac; BIKñarvagesvaRTRTg; nigesvaCUnRbCaBlrdæ )almYyeTA rdæ)almYyeTot BMuEmnCakatBVkic©rbs;RbCaBlrdæeTKWCakic©karépÞkñúgrdæ)al¦. kat;bnßykariyal½yFibetyü begáIt[manRckecjcUlEtmYy kat;bnßy ry³eBlbnßytémøesva ;RKan;Et dak;BaküsMusiT§iebIkGaCIvkmµ enARkumRbwkSaGPivDÆn_EtmYykEnøgKt; min)ac;rt; kareTARksYgBaNiC¢kmµ eTARksYgsuxaPi)al eTAb:UlIsGKÁiP½y>>>.l. enaHeT ehIyKat;caMTTYllixitpþl;siT§iebIkGaCIvkmµ BIRkumRbwkSaGPivDÆn_vijEt b:ueNaÑH¦. BRgwgesvatamEbbrUbPaB Rkumh‘unrdæ b¤shRKassaFarN³. esva 208

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt mYycMnYnKYrRbKl;[ÉkCnRKb;RKg dUcCaRkumh‘uncMkarekAs‘U vis½yTUrKmnaKmn_ CaedIm>>>>.l. TI 2- karelIkTwkcitþmRnIþ Edlmansñaédl¥kñúgkarbMeBjkargar manBIrcMNuc ³ 1-karerobcMebovtSr_ eKalneya)ayrbs;rdæaPi)al Tak;Tgnwg karerobcMebovtSr_ Ék]tþm)anelIkeLIgfa eRkayqñaM 2004 manKeRmag dMeLIgBI 10° eTA 15° EtqñaMenH)aneLIgelIs 15° kareLIgmanBIrdMNak; TI1 enAEx mkra qñaM 2005)andMeLIg 15° ebovtSr_mUldæan TI2 enAExsIha fµI² enHmankardMeLIgR)ak;bMNac;muxgarRbmaN 20° eTot. sBVéf¶enH rdæaPi)al)anpøas;bþÚrRbB½n§ebovtS _¦ edayepþateTAelI zannþrskiþrbs;mRnþI  EdlBImunmanEt 2 kMa Etbc©úb,nñman rhUtdl; 14 kaM ehIydMeNIrkarenHcab;GnuvtþBIqñaM 2002 rhUtmkdl;\LÚv manry³eBlCag 3 qñaM. edaysarrdæaPi)alKµanfvikaRKb;RKan;sRmab;dMeLIg CUnmRnþIraCkarRKb;RbePTkñúgeBlRBmKña)an dUecñH raCrdæaPi)al)ancab;erobcM RbB½n§fµI edayGnuvtþBIfñak;elIcuHmkeRkamKitcab;BIrdæsPa bnÞab;mkrdæaPi)al fañk;GnurdæelxaFikar bnÞab;mkRbFannaykdæan ehIybc©úb,nñGnuvtþ)anmkdl; fñak;GnuRbFannaykdæanRbFanmnÞIrextþRkug. RbsinebIqñaMeRkayrdæaPi)alman fvikaRKb;RKan; nigbnþGnuvtþmkdl;RbFankariyal½y nigGnuRbFankariyal½y eTot. cMeBaHR)ak;bMNac; muxgarÉk]tþm)anbBa¢ak;fa eyageTAelIRbsiT§iPaB kargarpÞal;GtItPaBRkbx½NÐpÞal;xøÜn. 209

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt 2-RKb;RKgkargarmRnþIraCkar[)anl¥RbesIrCagmun ³ cab;BIEx kBaØa qñaM2005 rdæaPi)alnwgbþÚrRbB½n§RKb;RKgm®nþIraCkareLIgvijTaMgGs; eday RbeTsRbu‘yeN shkarCYykñúgkMENTRmg;enH. CMhandMbUgerobcM[mankic© RbCMuGnþrRksYg edIm,I[GnþrRksYgBinitüelIRbB½n§fµIenH. Tak;TgnwigRbB½§nfIµenH KWBiinitüeLIgvijcMeBaHmRnþIEdlskmµkargar edIm,IgayRsYldl;karelIkTwkcitþ CaBiesscMeBaHkardMeLIgR)ak;ebovtSr_. karRtYtBinitü nigkareRCIserIsmRnþICa Parkic©rbs;RksYgpÞal; CaBiessnaykdæanbuKÁlik. TI3-GPivDÆsmtßPaBmRnþIraCkar[manCMnajRbkbedaysmtßPaB ³ Bak;Bn§½ nigkarGPivDÆn_smtßPaBmRnþIraCkarman 6 cMNucsMxan;² dUcCa GPivDÆsmtßPaBmRnþIraCkar[mancMeNHdwgnigCMnajc,as;las; GPivDÆsmtßPaBsßab½n [manlT§PaBRKb;RKan; RKb;RKgFnFanmnusSbNþúHsµartI[QrelImUldæankargar Eklm¥RbB½n§RkbxNнRKb;RKg énkargarGPivDÆn_smtßPaB RkmsIlFm’ nigkarTTYlxusRtUvrbs;mRnþI KitKUrBIhaniP½y :HBal; BIkarbþÚrRbB½n§RKb;RKg¦ TI 4- kareRbIR)as;bec©kviC¢aBt’man IT ¦³ eyIg)aneRbIRbB½n§Bt’manviTüa sRmab;RKb;RKgcMnYnmRnþIraCkarBItYr elx BitR)akd karcUlnivtþn_>>>.l. edIm,IeRbIfvikaCati[manRbsiT§iPaB [mRnþIexµac b¤mRnþI Edlmin)anbMeBjkargar¦ gay RsYldl;kardMeLIgebovtSbEnßm. eRbIRbB½n§Bt’manviTüagayRsYldl;kar 210

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km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt Tan;erobcMRtwmRtUvtammuxgar? ehIyRKUbeRgonEdlbeRgon 7 eTA 8 qñaM Etsißt enAkaMTabdEdl? cMelIy Tak;TgnigkarpSBVpSayÉk]tþmbBa¢ak;fa)aneFVIkarENnaMrYc ehIy. RksYgsuxaPi)al)aneFVImuneK nigbBa©b;mundac; qñaM 2005 RksYg Gb;rMk¾)anENnaM[eFVIEdr[bBa©b;kardak;m®nþI[RtUvtamGtItPaBrbs;xøÜn CamYy RbsiT§iPaBkargar nigCMnajrbs;xøÜn ehIyRksYg)anTTYlsaracrENnaMrYc ehIyEdr. bEnßmBIelIenHeTot Ék]tþm)ansgát;F¶n;fa bBaðakMENTRmg; KWEtg EtmankarRbCMuCamYyGnþrRksYgya:gjwkjab; ehIyÉk]tþm k¾)ancuHpSay eTAdl;extþRkugmYycMnYnpgEdr rYmpSMCamYyev:bsay nigRBwtþbRt½Bt’man. sMNYr etIrdæaPi)almaneKalkarN_ya:gNa kñúgkarCMrujEynD½reTA kñúgkMENTRmg;rdæ)al? cMelIy bBaðaEynDr½ Ék]tþmelIkeLIgfa CaerOgsµúKsµaj EtrdæaPi)al )anykcitþTukdak;ya:gxøaMg. knøgmkkñúgvKÁhwVkhWVn PDP ;CMnaj¦nig MDP ;RKb;RKgdwknaM¦ kñúgenaHl½kçx½NÐmYyKWerIsnarIePT. enAkñúg karRblgeRCIserIsmRnþIcUlbeRmIkarkñúgRkbxN½ÐepSg² KWEtgEtdak;eKalkarN_ erIsTaMgBIrePT ehIyc,ab;k¾KµanEcg kñúgkarhamXat;RsþIePTmin[cUlbeRmI kargarEdr cMeBaHcMnYnRsþImankRmitTab  enAkñúgCYrrdæ)alÉk]tþm sgát;F¶n;fa CaerOgsgÁmRKYsar nigsmtßPaBpÞal;rbs;RsIþ. sMNYr Tak;Tg nigkarelIkTwkcitþmRnþI[manRbsiT§iPaBkargar dMeLIg R)ak;ebovtSr_ eyagelIkenSamGaTiPaB eXIjfamRnþIraCkarmancMnYn 150/ 000 215

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt nak; EtehtuGVI)anCardæaPi)albBa©ÚlEt 1200 nak;? cuHRKUbeRgonEdlCam®nþI skmµ nigkargarenaH ehtuGVI)anCaminsißtenAkñúgkenSamGaTiPaB? cMelIy cMeBaHbBaðaenH Ék]tþmbBa¢ak;fa mkBIKµanfvikaRKb;RKan; eTIb eRCIserIsviFIEbbenH. RbsinebIykfvikasRmab;EbgEck[mRnþIcMnYn 1200nak; kñúgkenSamGaTiPaB >5 landularø GaemrikkñúgmYyqñaM¦ mkeFVIkar EbgEckdl;cMnYnmRnþIraCkarcMnYn 150000 nak;enaH KWGacTTYlbEnßm)an RbEhl 2000erol b:ueNÑaH KWticNas;. dUecñH rdæaPi)alk¾seRmcykeKalkarN_erIsykkenSamGaTiPaBmkGnuvtþ edayminykfvikaenaH mkdMeLIgCUn mRnþIraCkarTaMgGs;enaHeT KWeFIVkarBRgwgm®nþIcMnYn 1200 nak; kñúgkenSam GaTiPaB[mankargarl¥sin. müa:geTot karGnuvtþn_EbbenH KWelIkTwkcitþmRnþIskmµkargarKYrEt TTYl)anplRbeyaCn_eRcIn CagmRnþIEdlminskmµ dUecñH CaemaTnPaBbMputEdl KeRmagenH nigTTYl)aneCaKCy½manRbsiT§iPaB nigKuNPaBkargarl¥ Rbsin ebIkarbBa©Úlm®nþIeTAkñúgkenSamGaTiPaBRtUv)aneRCIserIsRbkbedaytmøaPaB. sMNYrenHfa ehtuGVI)anCaminbBa©ÚlRKUbeRgoneTAkñúgkenSamGaTiPaB enaH elakbNiÐt cab sufariT§)anbkRsaybEnßmfa edayfvikamankRmit dUecñH RtUvGnuvtþGVIEdlCasñÚlmun. edaysarEtRksYgCak,alma:sIun erobcMEpnkar GaTiPaBRtUvGnuvtþeTAelImRnþIeFVIkarenARksYgCamun. sMNYr eKalkarN_rdæaPi)al nigeFVIkarEbgEckkMeNInesdækic©[man smFm’ cuHehtuGVI)anCa[R)ak;ExmRnþIraCkarEt 1200 nak; cuH 150 000 nak; eTot KitdUemþc? etIGacmanTMnas;kñúgCYrmRnþIraCkarEdrb¤eT? 216

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km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt 3-etIenAeBlEdlevotNamcUl CasmaCik WTO vanwgmanpl b:HBal;dl;km<úCaya:g dUcemþc? cMelIy Tak;TgnwgsMNYrTI1 elakbNÐit kg cnÞ½dara:rtñ½)anbkRsayfa sarCatirbs; WTO KWviC¢man ;plRbeyaCn_¦. k¾b:uEnþ plCaviC¢man b:uNÑaenaH vaGaRs½yelIkarRbkYtRbECg nigkarxitxMRbwgrbs;eyIg. cMeBaHsMNYrTI2 elakbNÐit hIug fUra:k;sIu bBa¢ak;fa kmøaMgBlkmµenA km<úCaBitCaéføCagRbeTsbg;køaeds nigPUma EdltémøBlkmµrbs;eKesµIBak; kNþalénkmøaMgBlkmµkñúgRsukExµr. ehIytMbn;xøHénRbeTs cinkmøaMgBlkmµ rbs;eKmantémøefakCagkm<úCa b:uEnþenAevotNamKWRbhak;RbEhlnwgeyIg. CamYy enHEdr elakbNiÐit)anGHGagfa karrYjrarbs;GñkvinieyaKkñúgkarbNþak; TunenAkm<úCa Tak;Tgnigc,ab;kargarpgEdr. c,ab;kargarkm<úCaEcgfa éføBlkmµ eBlyb;RtUvesµI 2 dg nwgéføBlkmµeFIVkareBléf¶ b:uEnþenARbeTseKeFIVkaryb; nigéf¶témøBlkmµesµIKñµa. Tak;TgnwgsMNYrenHpgEdr elakbNÐit kg cnÞ½dara:rtñ½)anbkRsayfa tamkarsikSarbs;elakCamYynwgRkumh‘unCag 30 enAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa rkeXIj fa kmøaMgBlkmµEdleKfaéfømanbI KW ³ 1R)ak;ExTTYl)anKitCasac;luy 2lT§plTTYl)anvamankRmitTabebIeFobeTA nigR)ak;Ex 3karp¥akskmµPaB PaBrgeRKaHéneragcRk Edlbgáedaykmµkr eFVI)atukmµ 230

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt Tak;TgnwgsMNYrTI3 elakbNÐit hIug fUra:k;sIu)anmanRbsasn_fa evotNamminEmnCaEpñkmYyEdleyIgRtUvRBYy)armÖeT KWRbeTscineTEdleyIg RtUv)armÖ eRBaHcin KWCaRbeTsEdlTak;TajGñkvinieyaK)aneRcInCageKbMput enAelIBiPBelak. k¾b:uEnþelakbNÐit k¾)anTTYlsÁal;pgEdrfa enAeBl EdlevotNamcUlCasmaCik WTO vaBitCab:HBal;dl;km<úCa b:uEnþeTaHCa ya:gNakþI bc©úb,nñeyIgmanviFankarBar Safe Guard Measure . Safe Guard Measure KWCar)aMgkarBarEdlGWr:ubnwgGaemrikman viFankar manny½fa ral;TMnijEdlcUleTAGaemrikelIsBI 2 % eLIgeTARtUvdak; kUta eTaHCa WTO manc,ab;esrIya:gNak¾eday. sMNYr 1-etIkarlagluyexµAenAkm<úCa manplb:HBal;dl;esdækic©km<úCa Edlb¤eT? 2-ebIeKecaTfakm<úCa CaRbeTslagluyexµAnwgmanplb:HBal;GIV dl;TIpSarkñúgRsuk k¾dUcCa TIpSarGnþrCati? cMelIy Tak;TgnwgsMNYrTI1 elakbNÐit hIug fUra:sIu)anmanRbsasn_fa bc©úb,nñeyIgminTan;manGgÁkar b¤sßabn½NamYyeFVIkarsikSa[c,as;GMBIerOgenH enAeLIyeT. EtelakeCOCak;fa km<úCaminEmnCakEnøglagluyFMenaHeT eRBaH esdækic©km<úCatUcNas; ehIybc©úb,nñkm<úCakMBugEtbegáItc,ab; sþIGMBI karkarBar karlagluyenAkm<úCa EdlFnaKarCatikMBugshkarCamYyRksYgesdækic©. Tak;TgnwgsMNYrTI2 elakbNÐit kg cnÞ½dara:rtñ½)anBnül;fa Rbsin ebIbreTscat;TukRbBn§½FnaKareyIg RKb;dNþb;edaykarlagluyexµA eBlenaH nwgKµanluys¥ats¥McUlmkRbeTseyIgenaHeT. dUecñH b:HBal;dl;karvinieyaK 231

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt breTs nigb:HBal;dl;ekr×þeQµaHFnaKarénRbeTskm<úCaeyIgEtmþg. eRBaHfa RbeTseyIgeRbIR)as;luyduløar FnaKarCatieyIgBMumanlT§PaBpþl;\NTandl; FnaKarBaNiC¢kmµeT dUecñH eFIV[FnaKarBaNiC¢kmµRtUvEp¥keTAelIRbPBluyBI breTs.]TahrN_ RbsinebIeyIgcg;eTAx©IluyBIbreTs dUcCaFnaKarRkugLúg ;eKøs¦ eKRtUvemIlfa etIRbPBx©ImkBIRbPBNa. ehIyebIeKdwgfa mkBIkm<úCaEdlmanBak;Bn§½nwgRbB§n½lagluy enaHeKnwgminrksIuCamYyeyIgeT. ehIysBVéf¶manEtFanaKareGsIulIdaeT Edlmanekr×þeQµaH ehIyGacTTYlyk )an[cUleTAx©IluyenATIpSarbreTs. sMNYr 1- ehtuGIV)anCaGaCIvkreyIg minmanKMnitcg;BRgIkTIpSar? eday sarehtuGIV b¤edaysarminmantRmUvkarbEnßmsmtßPaBmankMNt; b¤minman karBieRKaHeyabl;BIraCrdæaPi)al? 2-bnÞab;BIcUlCasmaCik WTO etInwgmankarRbkYtRbECgrvag Rkumh‘untUc²kñúgRsuk nigRkumh‘uneRkARsukEdrb¤eT? etIRkumh‘untUc²kñúgRsuk GacmansmtßPaBRbkYtRbECgEdrb¤eT? cMelIy Tak;TgnwgsMNYrenHTI1 elakbNÐit kg cnÞ½dara:rtñ½)anman Rbsasn_fa minEmnKat;  minKiteT b:uEnþKat;mindwgfaerOgenH CaerOgsMxan;. ehIyGIVEdlsMxan;bMputsRmab;BYkKat; KWKat;mindwgfa etIRtUveFIV dUcemþc edIm,Ilk;plitplecj. bBaðamYyeTotEdlGaCIvkreyIgsBVéf¶CYb RbTH KWxVHkarts‘UEsVgrkyuT§saRsþ edIm,IRbkYt[QñH nigcUlcitþKitfa muxrbr rbs;Kat;KWbnÞab;bnSM ebIKat;RbkYtminQñH KWKat;nwgbþÚrmuxrbrfµI. 232

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt Tak;TgnwgsMNYrTI2 elakbNÐit kg cnÞ½dara:rtñ½)anbkRsayfa cg;min cg;sBVéf¶enH KWeyIgcaj;eKrYceTAehIy eRBaHRkumh‘unFM²eKlk;GIVk¾efakCag eyIgEdr ehIyKuNPaBl¥EfmeTotpg nigrYmTaMgFananUvkarpÁt;pÁg;eTotpg. cMENkÉRkumh‘unkñúgRsuktUc² KWtémøéfø KuNPaBGn; nigminGacFanabrimaN énkarpÁt;pÁg;)aneTotpg. dUecñaH eKmincaM)ac;RbkYtRbECgCamYyeyIgeT KWeK RKan;EtecjmuxPøam KWeyIgcaj;eKrYceTAehIy. CabEnßm elakbNÐit cab sufariTi§)aneFVIcMNab;GarmµN_pgEdrfa FatuBitrbs; WTO KWl¥Nas; b:uEnþsYrfa etIval¥dl;kRmitNaenaHvaGaRsy½ eTAelIlT§PaBRbkYtRbECgrbs;eyIg. ehIyvaCakarFmµtaeT karcUlkñúg WTO KWCakarebIkTVareTAvijeTAmkedIm,IeFIVCMnYjTaMgGs;Kña nigTTYl)ankarcMeNj TaMgGs;Kña. b:uEnþ ebIdMeNIrkarénkareFVICMnYjrbs;eyIgminl¥ enaHKWeyIgnwgTTYl )annUvbraC½yCak;Caminxan. ehIyplcMeNjénkarcUl WTO KWkarepÞrbec©k viTüaBt’man EdlGaceFIV[kmµkreyIgTTYl)annUvplRbeyaCn_bEnßmeTot. sMNYr tamRbsasn_ elakbNÐit kg cnÞ½dara:rtñ½ RbeTskm<úCamankar lM)akelI\NTanKWlM)akx©I nigkarR)ak;x<s; ehtudUcenH etIeFIVdUcemþcedIm,I[ SME ekIneLIg edIm,IbgálkçN³gayRsYldl;GaCIvkreyIg? etIRbeTskm<úCa manplcMeNjeRbobeFob (comparative advantage) GIV? ehIyGIVeTACapl cMeNjdac;xat (Absolute advantage) ? sRmab;km<úCaeyIgedIm,IRbkYt RbECgenAkñúg WTO . cMelIy Tak;TgnwgsMNYrenH elakbNÐit cabsufariT§)anBnül;fa comparative advantage enAkm<úCamaneRcIn k¾b:uEnþRKan;EtplcMeNjenaH 233

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt eyIgminTan;ykmkeRbICa»kas edaysarEtkm<úCaenATn;exSay nigmankar xVHxat. kñúgeBlenaH elakbNÐit)anelIkvis½ykat;edr EdleyIgkMBugEtman karlUtlas; bnÞab;BIeyIgcUl WTO nigRtUvkat;pþac;kUta. EteRkayBIkm<úCacUl kñúg WTO visy½kat;edrrbs;km<úCa KWminFøak;cuH ehIyEfmTaMgmankarekIneLIg eTot. dUecñaH comparative advantage KWvis½ykat;edr nigtm,aj. ehIy absolute advantage KWvisy½ksikmµ eRBaHkm<úCamandITMenrsRmab;ksikmµ eRcInNas;. Tak;TgnwgsMNYr etIeFIVdUcemþcedIm,IelIkkm<s; SME ? ebIsinkarlM)ak kñúgkarx©IluysRmab;vinieyaK CaBiesskarR)ak;x<s; ehIyRckénx©IvaKµaneTA eTot. elak bNÐit kg cnÞ½dara:rtñ½)anbkRsayfa GaCIvkreyIgsBVéf¶ Kat;GacrIklUtlas; eTaHbICaKat;Kµanluyk¾eday BIeRBaHKat;mansm<aFcg; begáInCaGaCIvkmµ FMmYyelIsBIsmtßPaB edayemIlrMlgBIGaCIvkmµFuntUc. RKan;EtKat;bEnßmTun nigbec©kviTüaenaH Kat;GacBRgIkGaCIvkmµ nigmanluy RKb;RKan;. kñúgenaHEdr elak bNÐitk¾)anbnþeTotfa manEtRckmYyKt;sRmab; bc©úb,nñ KWkarbegáItCasm<n§½ GaCIvkr EdltMNag[TwkcitþGaCIvkreTIbGac edaHRsaynUv\NTan nigrhUtdl;karkRmiténkareFIVvinieyaKRbePTNa Edl GaceFIVeTA)an. sMNYr etIFnaKareGsIulIda KYreFVIdUcemþc? edIm,I[GRtakarR)ak;Edl pþl;eTA[RbCaksikrmantémøTabCag 15 % eTA 18 % ebIFnaKar)anTTYl km©IkñúgRsuk k¾dUcCa eRkARsukmancMnYn 12 % eTAehIyenaH. 234

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt cMelIy Tak;TgnwgsMNYrenH elakbNÐit kg cn½Þdara:rtñ½)anman Rbsasn¾fa sMNYrenHKYrsYr eTAxagFnaKareGsIulIda b:uEnþelakyl;fa ehtudUc emþc)anCakarR)ak;x<s;? eRBaHedaysarhaniP½yRbeTsx<s;. ehIyRbeTsEdl RtUv)ankMNt;CaRbeTs EdlmanhaniPy½x<s;eKBinitüelIbIcMNuc KW 1kMeNIn esdækic©/ 2rdæ)alsaFarN³ b¤GPi)alkic©l¥ b¤minl¥ 3etIlTi§RbCaFibetyü mankRmitNa? sMNYr etIBI\LÚvenHeTAdl; 5qñaM eTA 10 qñaMeTot etIesdækic©km<úCa GacFøak;cuHCaKMhukb¤ya:gNa? etImanb:HBal;dl;sßirPaBsgÁm b¤ eT? cMelIy Tak;TgnwgsMNYrenH bNÐit kg cnÞ½dara:rtñ)anbkRsayfa vamin Føak;CakMhukeT BIeRBaHeyIg)anFøak;rYceTAehIytaMgBIqñaM 1999 mkemøH eday sarEtERbRbYlxøHBIEpñkÉkCn. k¾b:uEnþ\LÚvenH rdæaPi)al)ankMBugcab; epþImksagehdæarcnasm<n§½RKb;TIkEnøg. kñúgenaHeyIgk¾)aneXIjfa BitCaman karrIkceRmInCagmun RKan;EtkarrIkceRmInenaHenAminTan;mankRmitGacRbECg CamYy nigbNþaRbeTsepSgeTot)anenAeLIy. Tak;TgnwgsMNYrenH bNÐit cab sufariT§i)aneFIVcMNab;GarmµN_fa Bakü faesdækic©km<úCa Føak;cuHCaKMhukenaHKWminRtwmRtUveT eRBaHebIeyIgBinitüBI sßanPaBma:RkUesdækic©vij eyIgeXIjfal¥ KWGacFanakMeNIn GDP CamFüm RbEhlCa 6/5° kñúgry³eBl 10 qñaMknøgmkenH. CamYyKañenH elakbNÐit k¾)anelIkeLIgfa edIm,IeFIV[esdækic©km<úCamankarrIkceRmInelIsenH luHRtaEt GDP rbs;eyIgekIneLIgRbEhl 9° eTA 10° kñúg 1qñaM. 235

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt sMNYr\LÚvenH km<úCa)ancUlkñúgGgÁkar WTO ehIybc©úb,nñeyIg Gs;kUta dUecñH bBaðaFMKWeyIgRtUvRbECg b:uEnþkarRbECgenaHKWeyIgCYbRbTHéfø plit nigéføedImx<s; etIrdæaPi)alKYreFVIdUcemþc edIm,I[karRbkYtRbECgenH mansßanPaBl¥? ehIyRbsinebI rdæaPi)alcg;eRCIserIsvis½yEdlmankarRbkYt RbECg etIKYrEteRCIsvisy½mYyNa? cMelIy Tak;TgnwgsMNYrenH bNÐit cab sufariT§)anmanRbsasn_fa RbsinebIeyIgenArkSa[RbEhl²enH dUcCasBVéf¶bNþaRkumh‘unTaMgenaHeKnwg minrt;eT BIeRBaHkarpøas;bþÚrTItaMg edIm,IeFIVCMnYjsRmab;GñkvinieyaKminEmnCa kargayRsYlenaHeT. ehIykñúgcMNucmYyeTotEdlfa etIrdæaPi)alKYreRCIserIs ykvisy½NaenaH? elakbNÐit)anbBa¢ak;fa vis½yNak¾)anEdr eRBaHeyIg)an ebIkcMhFMNas;. dUcvaKµinTaMgBIr)anelIkrYmmkehIy eyIgmanvis½yksikmµ ]sSahkmµtm,aj nigsemøókbMBak; nigeTscrN_EdlmanmUldæanrwgmaM. kñúgenaHeyIgk¾TTYlsÁal;Edlfa karTak;TajGñkvinieyaKenAkm<úCa BitCaman karRbQmmuxxøaMg eRkayeBlcUl WTO dUecñH bBaðacMeBaHmuxKWkaredaHRsay karRbkYtRbECg[TTYl)anedaycIrPaB eTIbeFIV[esdækic©km<úCaedIreTAmux. IV - esckþIsnñidæan GgÁevTikaTaMgmUl)aneFIVesckþIsnñidæanfa karcUl WTO KWcMeNjdl; RbCaBlrdæ b:uEnþmankarRbQmmuxeRcIn. ehIyminEmnEtraCrdæaPi)al b¤visy½ saFarN³mñak;ÉgCaGñkTTYlxusRtUvenaHeT KWeyIgTaMgGs;Kña. dUecñH vis½y 236

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt ÉkCn sgÁmsIuvil nigRbCaBlrdæRtUvrYmédKñaedaHRsay nigcUlrYmcMENkeFVIkar CamYyKña. CaTIbBa©b; bNiÐt cab sufariT§)anbgðajnUvTsSnvis½yrbs;elak pÞal;fa esdækic©km<úCa nwgmankarrIkceRmIn edayelak)aneFVIcMNab;GarmµN_eTA elIvisy½bI EdlRbeTskm<úCakMBugBRgwg nigEkERbrYmman ³ TI1-vis½yeTscrN_ TI2-visy½kat;edr nig TI3-visy½ksikmµ nig]sSahkmµEkécñ CaBiess karEkécñmðÚbGahar. 237

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt r)aykarN_segçbénevTika TI 9 RbeTskm<úCa nigGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ plb:HBal;elIkmµsiT§ibBaØa I esckIþepþIm evTikaelIkTI 9 sIþBI{GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ plb:HBal;elI kmµsiT§ibBaØa} RtUv)andwknaM nigsRmbsRmYleday elakbNÐit cab sufariT§ naykRbtibtþi viTüasßanExµrsRmab;shRbtibtþikar nigsnþiPaB. KN³vaKµin kitþysBIrrUb KW -elak va: rutsan RbFannaykdæankmµsiT§ibBaØa én RksYgBaNiC¢kmµ/ nig -elak Ca sMNag GñkRsavRCav viTüasßan esdækic©km<úCa. elakbNiÐt cab sufariT§)anpþÜcepþImKMnitTak;TgnwgkmµsiT§ibBaØa Edl sMedAeTAdl;karkarBareTAelIvtßú b¤bec©kviTüaGVImYy EdlrkeXIjedayCnNa mñak; edIm,IkarBarsiT§iRsbc,ab;énsñaédrbs;CnenaH BIkarlYccmøgb¤ykeTAeFVI GaCIvkmµedaybMBaneTAelIm©as;kmµsiT§i.]TahrN_ karniBn§bTceRmog nimitþ sBaØa>>.l. CamYyKñaenHEdr kalNaeyIgKitBIkmµsiT§ibBaØaxøaMgeBk GaceFVI [eyIgCYbRbTHnUvkarlM)ak CaBiesskñúgRbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_edaykareRbIR)as;rbs;edImmantémøx<s;. 238

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt II - TsSn³vaKµinkitiþys 1- elak va: rutsan elak)anelIkeLIgfa karcrcaCamYy WTO epþatsMxan;eTAelIcMNucbICaeKalcm,g KW ³ TI1-GRtaBn§Ky etIKYrkMNt;Bn§KydUcemþc? etIRtUvkMNt;témø Gtib,rma nigGb,rmakñúgkRmitNa?]TahrN_ karkMNt;Bn§kñúgkarnaMLancUl. ]bmafa km<úCakMNt;témøGtib,rmaelIkarnaMLancUlkMNt;yk 200° nig Gb,rma 80° EtRbeTsEdlmanplRbeyaCn_elIkarnaMLancUlkm<úCa dUcCa Cb:un GaceFVIkarcrcaCamYykm<úCafa KYrEtyktémøGtib,rmaRtwm 150° nig Gb,rmanRtwm 50°)anehIy. eBlenaH km<úCaRtUveFVIkarcrcaCamYyCb:un bnÞab;mk ebIPaKITaMgBIrRBmeRBogKñaelItémøNamYy ehIyTaMgGtib,rma nig Gb,rma KWtémøenaHnwgykeRbICaTUeTA manny½fa témøRBmeRBogEdlkm<úCanwg Cb:un)aneFVIkarcrcaCamYyKña enaHnwgGacykeTAeRbIcMeBaHRbeTsEdlnaMLan cUlkm<úCaepSgeTot dUcCa kUer:xagt,Úg Gaemrik)araMg pgEdr. cMeBaHTMnij epSgeTot dUcCa fñaMeBTü eRKOgbrikça>>>.l. k¾eKRtUveFVIkarcrcadUcKñaenH pgEdr. TI 2- esvakm µ dUcCaTUrKmnaKmn_ eTscrN_>>>.l. sRmab; RbeTsNaEdlyl;fa GacmanGtßRbeyaCn_elIvisy½TaMgenHKW GaceFVIkarcrca CamYykm<úCa.]TahrN_ mKÁúeTseTscrN_sRmab;extþesomrab]bmafa RbeTskUer: eKmancMNab;GarmµN_elIvisy½enH eKcg;crcaCamYykm<úCaeday esñIsMubeRmIesvakmµ elIEpñkmKÁúeTscrN_kñúgextþesomrab RbsinebIxagPaKI 239

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt km<úCa yl;RBmelIsMeNIenH KWRtUvepÞrsiT§ipþac;muxelIEpñkenH eTA[xagPaKI kUer:. EtebIkm<úCayl;fa esomrabCaextþrbs;km<úCa dUecñHRbvtiþsaRsþkm<úCaman EtCnkm<úCaeT Edlyl;eRcInenaHKW GaceFVIkarbdiesFenAsMeNIrbs;kUer:)an. TI 3- kmµsiT§ibBaØa BMumanPaBsµúKsµajdUccMNucBIrxagedImenaHeT KW eKtRmUv[eyIgGnuvtþeTAtamkic©RBmeRBog EdlBak;Bn§½nwgBaNiC¢kmµGMBIkmµsiT§ibBaØa EdlehAkat;CaPasaGg;eKøsfa Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights(TRIPS) KW)anehIy. sþg;dar nigral;c,ab;epSg² Edl niyayBIkmµsiT§ibBaØa KWRtUv)ankMNt;enAkñúgkic©RBmeRBog TRIPS enHEtmþg. elak)anbEnßmeTotfa cMeBaHkm<úCakarcrcaCamYy WTO Tak;Tgnig kmµsiTi§bBaØamiinEmnCaerOglM)akenaHeT eRBaH WTO maneKalkarN_rYceTA ehIyelIEpñkenH. eyIgRKan;EteFVIc,ab; eyIg[sbeTAtameKalkarN_rbs; eKeTAKW)anehIy. elak)anbEnßmeTotfa muneBleyIgcUl WTO eKTamTa [eyIgbMeBjnUvtaragmYyEdlehAkat;fa ACC9 EdleFVIkareRbobeFobc,ab; b¤BRgagc,ab;eyIg EdlmaneTAnwgmaRtanImYy²énkic©RBm eRBog TRIPS etImanxusKñaRtg;cMNucNa ehIyRsbKñaRtg;cMNucNa ebIminc,as;Rtg;cMNuc NaKWeKsYreyIg. elIsBIenHeTot elak)anelIkykmaRta 61>1 nig 66>1 kñúgkic©RBmeRBog TRIPS EdlEcgfaRbeTs LDC RtUv Gnuvtþkic©RBmeRBog TRIPS enAedImqñaM 2006[)an. EtmaRtadEdlenHk¾)anEcgfa ebIman PaBcaM)ac;RbeTs LDC GacsMuBnüareBlGnuvtþkic©RBm eRBog TRIPS enH. edaysarRbeTseyIgCaRbeTs LDC elakk¾)anep£IlixitsMuBnüareBlGnuvtþ kic©RBmeRBog TRIPS enHeTATIsñak;karrbs;GgÁkar WTO enATIRkughSWENv 240

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt kalBIs)aþh_mun. eKalbMNgkñúgkarBnüarenH KWcg;ykkmµsiT§ibBaØasRmab; Tak;TajvinieyaK. cMeBaHry³eBlénkarsMuBnüarenH KWRbeTs LDC TaMgGs; RtUveFVIkarBiPakSaKña etIKYrsMuBnüareBlGnuvtþb:unµanqñaM? bnÞab;mkeTIbbBa©Ún lixitesñIsMuBnüareTARkumRbwkSa TRIPS edIm,IBicarNanigseRmc. elakk¾)an eFVIkarbBa¢ak;pgEdr GMBIkic©RBmeRBogEdlkm<úCa)aneFVICamYyGaemricenAqñaM 1996 EdlTak;TgeTAnwgkarkarBarkmµsiT§ibBaØa elIplitplrbs;Gaemrik edIm,ITTYl)anPaBGnueRKaHBIshrdæGaemrik. kic©RBmeRBogenaHcuHhtßelxa enAéf¶TI 04-10-1996 ehIykic© RBmeRBogenaHcUl CaFrmanenA éf¶TI 2510-1996. ehIybnÞab;BIcuHkic©RBmeRBogenaHmk eyIgeXIjfa eragcRk kat;edrCaeRcIn)anekIteLIg enAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa eRBaHEt manPaBGnueRKaHEpñk TIpSarBIshrdæGaemrik. TnÞwmnwgenH elakk¾)anbEnßmeTotfa karcuHkic©RBm eRBogenH KWGaemrikeK)andak;l½kçxNнCamYyeyIg KWtRmUv[eyIgbnÞab;BIkic© RBmeRBogenHcUlCaFrman 24 ExeRkaymkkm<úCaRtUvmanc,ab; kmµsiT§ibBaØa c,ab;ma:k>>>? EtebIKiteTA 24 ExeRkayénkarcUlCaFrmanrbs;c,ab;;enHKW km<úCaRtUvmanc,ab;TaMgenH enAqñaM 1998. EtenAqñaM 1998 km<úCaBMuTan;man c,ab;TaMgenHenAeLIyeT enHsbBa¢ak;[eXIjfa shrdæGaemrik)anCYykm<úCa elIEpñkesdækic©eRcIn. 2-elak Ca sMNag)anelIkeLIgfa tamkarcuHsmÖasn_rbs;elak pÞal;CamYyRbCaBlrdæExµrmanGñkrt;m:UtUDub GaCIvkrfñak;Tab nigmFüm ksikr eXIjfa RbCaBlrdæTaMgenHmYyPaKFM KWminsÁal;GVIeTA WTO ? ehIymYy PaKRKan;Et)anlWBakü WTO Etmindwgfa WTO maneKaledAGVIenaHeT? 241

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt elak)anbBa¢ak;fa ebIKittaMgBIéf¶dak;BaküCapøÚvkar sMucUlCasmaCik rhUtdl; køayCasmaCikmanry³eBl 10 qñaM. kñúgry³eBl 10 qñaMenH RbCaBlrdæ ExµrPaKeRcInelakBMu)andwgfa rdæaPi)al)aneFVIGVIxøHTak;Tgnig WTO . ehIy faetIxøøÜn  GaccUlrYmcMENkCamYyrdæaPi)alkRmitNa sIþGMBI WTO ? elak)ansgát;F¶n;elIcMNucenHfa vaCabBaðalM)akrbs;km<úCa eRBaH Blrdækm<úCa CaGñkRtUveFVIkarRbkYtRbECgedaypÞal;kñúg WTO min)an yl;dwg GVIeRcInBIeKalkarN_rbs; WTO . Tak;TgnwgbBaðakmµsiT§ibBaØaenH mancMNuc 4 rYmenaHKW ³ 1-RbvtþikmµsiT§ibBaða etIBakükmµsiT§ibBaðaecjmkBINa? RbB½n§énkmµsiT§ibBaØaRtUv)aneKniyay nigykmkeRbIenAedImstvtS TI15 enAbNþaRbeTsGWrub dUcCa Gg;eKøs)araMg. bnÞab;mkenAqñaM 1883 eK)anbegáItGnusBaØaRkug)a:rIs edIm,IkarBarRTBüsm,tiþEdlCa]sSahkmµ. eK )aneFVIkarEkERb 6 dg rhUtdl;qñaM 1967. enAqñaM 1886 eKbegáIt)an GnusBaØa Berne mYyeTot EdlkarBareTAelIsñaédénkarcmøak; kartak;Etg niBn§CaedIm ehIyeK)aneFVIkarEktRmUv 8 dgrhUtdl;qñaM 1979. GnusBaØa TaMgBIrenH RtUv)aneKbBa©ÚlKañenAqñaM 1893 edIm,IgayRsYlkñúgkarRKb;RKg ehIyeK[eQµaHfa kariyal½yGnþrCatiedIm,IkarBarkmµsiT§ibBaØa (International Bureau for the Protection of Intellectual Property) (BIRPI) . eRkaymkenAqñaM 1970 BIRPI )anbþÚrmkCa WIPO . 2- plb:HBal;énkarGnuvtþc,ab;kmµsiT§ibBaØaenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa 242

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt karGnuvtþn_kmµsiTi§bBaØa nignaM[mankareLIgéfø. mann½yfaral;TMnij b¤smÖar³eRbIR)as; nigP¢ab;mkCamYynUvkarkarBar.]TahrN_ esovePAGan mYyk,al EdlBImuneyIgGacrkTij)ankñúgtémøefak eRBaHCaesovePAftcmøg Etdl;eBleyIgGnuvtþkmµsiT§ibBaØa esovePAenaHminRtUv)anGnuBaØat[ftcmøg eLIy. dUecñH esovenaHRtUvlk;kñúgtémøx<s; EdlGaceFVI[b:HBal;dl;kar GPivDÆn_FnFanmnusSrbs;RbeTspgEdr. bnÞab;mkelak)anelIkeLIg BIkareFVIsmahrNkmµcUleTAkñúgGgÁkar GnþrCati k¾dUcCakñúgtMbn; rYmman ³ • km<úCa)ankøayCasmaCik WIPO enAEx kkáda qñaM 1995. • enAExtula qñaM 1996 km<úCa)ancuHkic©RBmeRBogTMnak;TMngBaNiC¢kmµ nigkarkarBarkmµsiT§ibBaØaCamYyshrdæGaemrik. • enAExmIna qñaM 1997 km<úCa)ancuHhtßelxa elIGnusSarN³ eyaKyl; edIm,IshRbtibtþikarelIEpñkkmµsiT§ibBaØaCamYyéf. • enAExkBaØa qñaM 1998 km<úCa)ankøayeTACasmaCikénGnusBaØaTIRkug )a:rIs. • enAExemsa qñaM 1999 km<úCakøayCasmaCikGas‘an. • enAEx tula qñaM 2004 km<úCa)ankøayCasmaCikrbs; WTO . CamYynigkarkøayxøÜnCasmaCik WTO km<úCa)ansnüafanwgGnuvtþ tamkic©RBmeRBog TRIPS enAedImqñaM 2007. enAeBlEdlkm<úCaGnuvtþeKalkarN_ TRIPS enH etIkm<úCamanpl b:HBal;dUemþcxøH? 243

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt elak)anelIkykbTBiesaFn_RbeTsmYycMnYn mkbgðajCUnGgÁevTika TaMgmUl)anyl;fa eBlGnuvtþeKalkarN_ TRIPS nigeFVI[karhUrcUlenA smÖar³eRbIR)as;epSg² RtUv)ankat;bnßy EdlCaktþanaM[b:HBal;dl;GñkeRbI R)as;. cMeBaHRbeTskMBugGPivDÆsmÖar³eRbIR)as;CatRmUvkarcaM)ac; EtcMeBaH RbeTsGPivDÆ CaRbPBénkMeNInesdækic©.]TahrN_ enAqñaM 1999 shrdæ GaemriknaMecj plitplmancMnYnTwkR)ak; 80 Ban;landuløar ehIyEdlman témøsrubdl;eTA 260 Ban;landuløar. dUecñH ebIeFobmkkm<úCabc©úb,nñman karxusKñadUcemþc enAeBl GDP srubeyIgmanEt 4 Ban;landuløar. dUecñH )anCashrdæGaemrik nigRbeTsGñkmanmYycMnYnxMRbwgCMruj[RbeTs kMBug GPivDÆ GnuvtþenAeKalkarN_TaMgenH edIm,I[R)ak;hUrcUlRbeTsrbs;eK. Etelakk¾)anelIkeLIgfa vaGacmanplcMeNjdl;RbeTskMBugGPivDÆxøHEdr. ]TahrN_ karelIkTwkcitþ[mankarécñRbDit. CamYynigplvi)akrbs;km<úCa elak)anelIkeLIgfa enAeBlkm<úCaGnuvtþnUveKalkarN_ TRIPS karGPivDÆ FnFanmnusSnwgrgb:HBal;y:agF¶n;F¶r. PaBsm,ÚrEbbénÉksarRsavRCav nig kmµviFIkMBüÚTr½epSg² RtUv)ankarBarmin[mankarftcmøg CaehtueFVI[smÖar³ TaMgenHeLIgéfø. cMeBaHsuxumalPaBvij eyIgdwgfa bnÞab;cakputBIsRgÁam km<úCaRtUvRbQmmux nigkarRbyuT§RbqaMg nigCMgWRKb;Ebbya:g. PaBGt;Xøan tRmUv[RbCaBlrdæEsVgrkcMNIGaharsRmab;briePaK. PaBKaµnGanam½yén cMNIGahar bNþal[b:HBal;dl;suxPaBrbs;RbCaBlrdæya:gxøaMg. sgÁm bc©úb,nñRtUvRbQmmuxnwgCMgWCaeRcIn dUcCa CMgWrebg CMgWXøg; CaBiessCMgWeGds_ EdlkMBugEtyayIu GayuCIvitRbCaCnkm<úCaRbEhl 2 Esnnak;. karBüa)al 244

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km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt TRIPS enHEtmþg. cMENkRbeTskm<úCa k_TTYl)anplRbeyaCn_BI Doha Declaration enHpgEdr eRBaHtaMgBI Doha Declaration enHecjmk KWel,WnénkarcrcamansnÞúHxaøMgCagmun. Doha Declaration enH)anGnueRKaH dl;RbeTskMBugGPivDÆeRcIn dUcCaGnuBaØat[mankarplitedIm,IbeRmIkareRbIR)as;kñúgRsuk CaBiessxagEpñksuxPaBsaFarN³eRcIn. ]TahrN_ dUcCakm<úCaeyIgmanRKwHsßanplit»sfcMnYn 5. ehIy RKwHsßanmYyenaHmanplitfñaMeGds_. dUecñH RKwHsßanTaMg 5 enH GacplitenA RbePTfñaMedIm,IbeRmIesckþIRtUvkarkñúgRsukcMnYn 51° ehIy 49° eTotGacnaM ecjeTAkan;RbeTsepSgeTot EdlKµanlT§PaBplit dUcCa RbeTsxagGaRhVic CaedIm)an. ehIyenAkñúgsnñisITfañk;rdæmRnþIelIkTI 5 naTIRkugkanKUnénRbeTs miucsIukU eKGnuBaØat[naMecjedayesrInUvfñaMeBTü eRBaHEttRmUvkarmaneRcInenA RbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_. enAmanPaBGnueRKaHCaeRcIneTot sRmab;RbeTskMBug GPivDÆ dUcCa karsMuBnüareBlGnuvtþeKalkarN_rbs; TRIPS >>>.l. 4-karGPivDÆn_fµIénkmµsiT§ibBaØa enAkñúgkarcrcakic©RBmeRBogBaNiC¢kmµesrI eyIgFøab;mankarcrca CalkçN³kic©RBmeRBogBaNiC¢kmµknøgmkCa mYyGaemrik b:uEnþBMuEmnCakic©RBmeRBogBaNiC¢kmµesrIenaHeT. eyIgeFVIkarEbg Eckkic©RBmeRBogBaNiC¢kmµ nigkic©RBmeRBogBaNiC¢kmµesrI[)anc,as;. kic© RBmeRBogBaNiC¢kmµesrIKµanr)aMgGVITaMgGs;. dUcCa karcUlCasmaCikGas‘an KWtMbn;BaNiC¢kmµesrIGas‘an AFTA ¦ EdlenAqñaM 2020 niglubr)aMgecal TaMgGs;. elak)anelIkeLIgfa taMgBIedImmkRbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_ Kµancg; 246

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt eKarBkmµsiT§ibBaØaenHeT eRBaHb:HBal;F¶n;F¶rdl;karGPivDÆsgÁm. sUm,IEt RbeTsGñkmanmYycMnYnEdlkMBugEtCMruj[eKeKarBenH kaledImeLIyk¾Føab; mineKarBEdr. Etdl;RbeTsxøÜnkøayCaRbeTsGPivDÆn_eTA KWxitxMBRgwgCMruj[ eKGnuvtþedIm,ITTYl)anplRbeyaCn_BIbBaðaenH. elak)anbBa¢ak;bEnßmeTotfa bc©úb,nñkarkarBarkmµsiT§ibBaØaRtUv)anBnüarBI 50 qñaM eTAdl; 70 qñaM. ]TahrN_ dUcCabTceRmUv elak sIun sIusamut KWRtUvkarBareBjmYyCIvitrbs; elakehIybUkEfm 50 qñaMeTot Etbc©úb,nñRtUvbUkEfmdl; 70 qñaM. srubmkelak)anbgðajnUveKalKMnitpÞal;rbs;elakBIrcMNuc ³ RbeTs km<úCanwgCab;CMBak;nwgkarGnuvtþkic©RBmeRBog sþIBI kmµsiT§ibBaØaTaMgGs; ehIy elaksgát;F¶n;fa km<úCaKµancMeNjGVIBIkarGnuvtþkmµsiT§ibBaØaeT manEtxat ebIeRbobCamYyRbeTskMBugplit. elakcg;bgðajfa kic©RBmeRBogBaNiC¢kmµesrI nignaMmknUvkarkarBar CaeRcInEdlnaM[témøénkareRbIR)as;eLIgx<s;sRmab;RbeTskMBugGPivDÆ. dUecñH eBlcrcakic©RBmeRBogesrIRtUvRbugRbytñ½[)anxøaMg. elakbEnßmeTotfa eTaH bICasBVéf¶km<úCa Kµankic©RBmeRBogBaNiC¢kmµesrIEtkm<úCaCasmaCikGas‘an. bc©úb,nñ Gas‘ankMBugEteFVIkarcrcakic©RBmeRBogBaNiC¢kmµesrI CamYyRbeTs Cb:un nigRbeTscin. III - mtiBiPakSa bnÞab;BITsSn³rbs;KN³vaKiµinTaMgBIrRtUv)anbBa©b; elakbNiÐit cab sufariT§)anepþImeFIVkic©BiPakSaedayelakbNÐit)anelIkykbBaðaepSg² CMuvij 247

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt WTO mkdak;nwgeFIVkarecaTsYr k¾dUcCa bMpus[smaCikénGgÁevTikaTaMg mUlcUlrYmbeBa©jeyabl; nigrYmcMENkkñúgkaredaHRsayelIbBaðaTaMgenH. sMNYr-etIenAeBlNa eTIbc,ab;kmµsiT§ibBaØaeyIgRtUv)anbegáIteLIg? etIKYrcat;viFankardUemþc cMeBaHkarlYcftcmøgGtßbT k¾dUcCa bTceRmog naeBl bc©úb,nñ? cMelIy-cMeBaHsMNYrenH elak va: rutsan)anmanRbsasn_fa c,ab; kmµsiTi§bBaØa KWRtUv)aneKbegáItrYceTAehIy tMagBIéf¶TI 05 ExmIna qñaM 2003 mkemøH. dUecñH kalNaeyIgmanc,ab;rYcehIy KWeyIgGacdak;eTaseTAelI buKÁlNaEdl)anRbRBwtþxus. b:uEnþeyIgenAmanbBaðaRtg;fa ecARkmrbs;eyIg minTan;yl;c,as; GMBIc,ab;kmµsiTi§bBaØaenAeLIy. ehIyGIVEdleyIgkMBugmankar lM)akeTotenaH KWenAeBlEdleFIVkarbþwgpþl;m©as;kmµsiTi§RtUvcMNayluy. ehIy RbeTskm<úCaeyIgminTan;kMNt;c,as;enAeLIy GMBIkéRmrdæ)al faetIm©as; kmµsiTi§RtUvbg;éføb:unµan? sMNYr-Tak;TgnwgeKalkarN_ enAeBlkm<úCacrcaCamYy WTO Ca BiesskmµsiT§ibBaØaenH KWfaGacmankic©RBmeRBogelIEpñkmKÁúeTseTscrN_Ca mYyRbeTsEdlmancMNab;GarmµN_elIvisy½enH. etIeyIgRtUveFIVkaredaHRsay dUemþc? enAeBlmKÁúeTseTscrN_bc©úb,nñPaKeRcIn KWCaCnbreTs dUcCa kUer: cin éf kMBugEt beRmIkarenAtamextþeTscrN_rbs;Exµr dUcCa RkugRBHsIhnu nig extþesomrab. cMelIy-Tak;TgnwgsMNYrenH elak va: rutsan)aneFIVkarbkRsayfa karbeRmIxagEpñkmKÁúeTscrN_ enAextþesomrabBMuEmnCakic©RBmeRBog b¤Ca 248

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt kmµsiT§ibBaØaenaHeTvaCaesvakmµ. ehIyelakbEnßmeTotfa rdæaPi)alBMuEdl cuHhtßelxaelIkic©RBmeRBog[CnbreTsmkbeRmIelIEpñkenHeT. elaksgát;F¶n;fa bBaðaenHRtUvRksYg b¤sßabn½EdlRKb;RKgpÞal;CaGñk RtYtBinitü nigedaHRsay eRBaHeyIg)ancrcaCamYy WTO rYcehIy. ehIy ebImanCnbreT scg;beRmIesvakmµelIEpñkenH eKRtUveFVIkarcrcaCamYykm<úCa eyIgCamunsin. sMNYr-etI WTO nwg manviFankarya:gdUcemþc? enAeBleyIgcg;eFIV karvinieyaKeTAelIRbeTsmYy Ed;lCasmaCik WTO b:;uEnþplitplrbs;eyIg RtUv)aneKftcmøg. ehIykñúgenaHEdr eyIg)aneFIVkarbþwgeTAtuulakar b:uEnþc,ab; énRbeTsenaH)anEcgfa karlYccmøgenHminmanxuseTAnwgc,ab;RbeTseKeT. cMelIy-Tak;TgnwgsMNYrenH elak va: rutsan)anRsaybMPøWfa kic© RBmeRBg TRIPS KWCakic©RBmeRBogsþg;darGnþrCati dUcGIVEdlelak)anelIkrYc mkehIyfa kalNaRbeTsTaMgGs;)ancUlCasmaCik WTO KWRbeTsTaMg enaHRtUvEteFIVc,ab;rbs;xøÜn[RsbeTAnwgsþg;darenH. ehIykñúgenaH elakk¾)an manRbsasn_bnþeTotfa vaCakarFmµtaeT kalNaEteyIgcg;eFIVkarvinieyaK eTAkñúgRbeTsNamYybBaðadMbUg KWeyIgRtUvsikSaGMBIc,ab; nigesdækic©rbs; RbeTsenaH eyIgminGaceFIVkarvinieyaK edaymindwgGMBIsßanPaBrbs;RbeTs enaH)aneT. sMNYr- etIraCrdæaPi)alKYreFIVkarelIkTwkcitþdl;ksikrya:gdUcemþc edIm,I[BYkKat;GacnaMplitplrbs;Kat;cUlkñúgTIpSaGnþrCati? - enAeBl 249

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt EdleyIgGnuvtþc,ab;kmµsiTi§bBaØa etIvanwgmankarb:HBal;ya:gdUcemþc dl; esdækic©km<úCa? cMelIy-Tak;TgnwgsMNYrTI1 elak va: rutsan)anbkRsayfa kñúgkar elIkTwkcitþdl;ksikrKWEp¥kelIc,ab;bgðajPUmisaRsþTMnij (GI) Edlbc©úb,nñ GñkÉkeTsCMnajkMBugeFIVkarsikSaRsavRCaveTAelI 3 mux TMnij ³ rYmmansár etñatextþkMBg;s<W sURtExµr Ggár)at;dMbg. enAéf¶TI 03 Ex kBaØa 2006 naykdæanrbs;elaknwgeFIVkar]eTÞsnam muxTMnijTaMgbI Edlxagelak)an sikSa. kñúgenaHelak)anbkRsayBaküfaGgár)at;dMbg KWRtUvEtmanlkçN³ tamk,ÜnxñatBIburaN eKRtUveFVIkardak;CItamlkçN³ya:gdUcemþc? sßanCIya:g dUcemþc eTIbeKehAfaGgár)at;dMbg? ehIyEdlsBVéf¶enHRksYgBaNiC¢kmµ )ankMBugshkarCamYyRksYgksikmµ edIm,ICYydl;ksikr BIbBaðakmµsiTi§bBaØaenH BIeRBaHfa kalNaeyIgGackMNt;c,ab; (GI) rYcehIy KWplitplksikmµ rbs;RbCaCnExµreyIgnwgmantéRm niggayRsYllk;enAkñúúgTIpSarGnþrCati. Tak;TgsMNYrTI2 elak Ca sMNag)anbkRsayfa kñúgkrNIdUcRbeTs eyIgsBVéf¶ karGnuvtþn_c,ab;kmµsiTi§bBaØa KWmanEtxateT BIeRBaHRbeTs eyIgKWminEmnCaRbeTsplit dUecñH eyIgmanEtkarRsUbyknUvbec©kviTüafµI² EdleKeTIbnwgrkeXIjykmkeFIVkarGPivDÆn_enAkñúgRbeTseyIg. eqøIytbeTAnwgkarbkRsayrbs; elak Ca sMNag enH elak va: rutsan)anelIkeLIgfa kareKarBc,ab;kmµsiT§ibBaØa vaminEmneFVI[km<úCaxatEt rhUtenaHeT vamaneBlcMeNjpgEdr dUcCakarTak;TajGñkvinieyaK nigkarelIk Twkcitþ. 250

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt sMNYr-etIenAeBlEdleyIgcUleTAkñúg WTO nwgmanplb:HBal;GVIxøH eTAelITIpSarkñúgRsuk ehIynwgpþl;plcMeNjGVIxøH eTATIpSareRkARsuk? eRBaHfa kmµkr kmµkarnIEdleTAeFIVkarenAeRkARsukPaKeRcIn TTYlrgnUvkarrMelaPsiT§imk elIBYkKat;? cMelIy-Tak;TgnwgsMNYrenH elak Ca sMNag)anBnül;fa ebIBinitü emIlkarebIkTIpSarrbs;km<úCa kñúgqMañ1993 kñúgenaHeyIgeXIjfa esdækic©kñúgqñaM 1993 nig 1994 mkdl;bc©úb,nñ GDP CamFüm ekInBI 6% eTA 7% kñúgmYyqñaM. ehIycMNUlGñkTIRkugqñaM 1994 KW 800 duløar kñúgmYyqñaMsMrab; mnusSmñak;² ehIycMNUlGñkenAtamextþ KW 200duløar kñúgmYyqñaM. kñúgenaH bnÞab;BI 10 qñaM eRkaymkeyIgeXIjfa cMNUlrbs;GñkTIRkugekIneLIgBI 800 duløar eTA 1000duløar b:uEnþ GñkenAtambNþaextþ)anfycuHBI 200duløar mk 180 duløar kñúg1qñaM. dUcenHva)anbBa¢ak;ya:gc,as;fa eyIg)aneCaKCy½enA kñúgkMeNInesdækic© 6% eTA 7% kñúgmYyqñaM b:uEnþeCaKCy½enHnwgmin)anpSaP¢ab; eTAnwgkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRkenaHeT eRBaHGgÁkar WTO min)anpSarP¢ab;ksikr eTAnwgBaNiC¢kmµGnþrCatieT. dUecñaH meFüa)aymanEtmYyKt;KWeFIVdUcemþc edIm,I [RbCaksikrmankaryl;dwg GMBIkarnaMplitplcUleTAdl;TIpSarGnþrCati. sMNYr-etIenAkñúgTIRkugPñMeBjsBVéf¶ eKehAfakarGPivDÆn_esdækic© (Economic development) b¤karBRgIkesdækic© Economic expansion ¦ BIeRBaHfa GtiprNak¾ekIn ehIy GDP k¾ekIn? cMelIy-Tak;TgnwgsMNYrenH elak CasMNag)anbkRsayfa ebI BinitüemIlelIGtiprNa eyIgeXIjfa RbeTskm<úCaenAeRkam 2xÞg; ehIyknøg 251

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt mkelIkElgenAkµñúgqñaM 1997 EdlRbeTseyIgmansRgÁambnþibnþÜc eyIg eXIjfa GtiprNa)anekIneLIg b:uEnþeRkaymk)anFøak;cuHeTAvijCaFmµta. EtenAkñúgqñaM 2005 KWGtiprNa)anekIneLIg 6% b:uEnþebIeFobeTAnwgRbeTsdéT KWeyIg eXIjfa 6% minmankarb:HBal;dl;esdækic©eT luHRtaEteLIgdl;elIs BI10 % eTIbGacmanbBaða. ehIykñúgenaH elakk¾)anbBa¢ak;fa GtiprNa vamkBIéføedIm énplitkmµ karnaMecjnaMcUlGacmkBIGRtabþÚrR)ak; b:uEnþtam TsSn³rbs;elakpÞal; KWbBaðaGacmkBIvtßúFatuedImEdlCMrujmkBI ktþabIbYn CaBiesséføsaMg. Tak;TgeTAnwgkarbkRsayrbs;elak Ca sMNag GMBI tYrelxén GDP rbs; RbCaCn elak va: rutsan)anbdiesFedaysYrfa etITinñ½y EdlelIkeLIgfa 1994 GñkTIRkugcMNUl 800duløar GñkCnbTcMNUl 200duløar faetITinñn½yenH vaRtwmRtUvEdlrWeT enAeBlEdleyIgykmkviPaK? BIeRBaHknøgmktYelxrbs;RksYgBaNiC¢kmµKW mantYrelxxusKµña eTAnwgtYelx rbs; IMF . ehIycMNucmYyeTot elaksYrfa etIbgb¥ÚnEdlKat;xitxMeFIVkar enaH Kat;min)anykR)ak; Edlrk)anepJIeTARsukkMeNItKat;eT b¤GI? sMNYr- etIc,ab;kmµsiTi§bBaØa Edlecj éf¶TI03 ExmIna qñaM2003 CaGnuRkitü b¤Casaracr? cMelIy-Tak;TgnwgsMNYrenH elak va: rutsan)anbBa¢ak; vaminEmnCa GnuRkwtü b¤saracreT EtvaCac,ab;kmµsiTi§bBaØa. sMNYr-Tak;Tg nwgc,ab;kmµsiTi§bBaØa dUcCabTceRmog elak siun sIusamu:t faetIkmµsiTi§rbs;Kat; nrNaCaGñkTTYl ;Kat; b¤Rkumh‘unplit ceRmog? 252

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt cMelIy-Tak;TgnwgsMNYrenH elak va: rutsan)anbkRsayfa ral; bTceRmogTaMgGs;rbs; elak sIun sIusam:ut GacminEmnCakmµsiTi§rbs;elak sIun sIusam:uteT EtCak;EsþgCarbs;Rkumh‘unplitkmµbTceRmogEdlKat;man kic©snüaCamYy. edayelak)anelIknUv]TahrN_BIsßanPaB bc©úb,nñ dUcCa elak RBab suvtþi ral;bTceRmogTaMgGs;rbs; elakRBab suvtþi KWCakmµsiTi§ rbs;Rkumh‘un hgSmas. ehIykñúgenaH ral;ÉksarTaMgGs;Edl Tak;TgnwgbT ceRmogrbs; elak sIun sIusam:ut)an)at;bg;Gs;eTAehIy dUecñaHeyIgminGac kMNt;)aneTfa etIbTceRmogTaMgrbs;Kat;enaHCarbs;GñkNa. kñúgenaH elak va: rutsan k¾)anBnül;BIBaküfa siTi§GñkniBn§ KWCaGñkbegáItsñaéd ehIy eKalKMnitrbs;c,ab;kmµsiTi§bBaØamancMNucmYyBiess enaKWKMnitminRtUv)aneK karBareT KWkarBarEtsñaéd. IV - esckþIsnñidæan elakbNÐit cab sufariTi§)aneFIVkarbUksrubnUvkic©BiPakSarelIkTI9 edayelakbNÐit)anmanRbsasn_fa CarYmeyIg)ancMeNjfµI²eRcInTak;Tgnwg c,ab;kmµsiTi§bBaØaEdlvaCaerOgfµI ehIyeyIgCaRbCaBlrdæ CamRnþIraCkar nig sgÁmsIuivilRtUvyl;nUvbBaðaenH. kñúgenaHbBaðaTaMgGs;vaCakaMbitmuxBIr dUceyIg )ansþab;mtirbs;KN³vaKµin KWvaGaccMeNj nigvaGacxat. b:uEnþbBaðasMxan; eyIgCaRbeTsRkIRk eyIgRtUvkarlYcbec©keTsfµI²xøHBIeK edIm,IykmkEkécñkñúg eKalbMNgGPivDÆRbeTsCatieyIg. dUecñH kmµsiTi§bBaØaebIeyIgKitTaMgRsugtam c,ab;GnþrCati KWeyIgnwgmankarlM)ak kñúgenaHeyIgRtUvrwtbnþwg[manRbsiTi§PaB 253

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt nUvc,ab;kñúgRsuk edIm,IGnuelameTAtamc,ab;kmµsiTi§bBaØaTUeTA. elak bNÐitk¾ )anbnþeTotfa GnusBaØaGnþrCati KWmantémøRbhak;RbEhlc,ab;rdæFmµnuBaØ manny½fa ebIsinCaeyIgcuHkic©snüaCamYyeKehIy EtGnusBaØaenaHvapÞúynig eKalkarN_rbs;rdæFmµnuBaØeyIg KWeyIgGaceFVIviesaFnkmµrdæFmµnuBaØrbs;eyIg enH kñúgkrNIGnusBaØaenaH vapþl;GtßRbeyaCn_dl;sgÁmCatieyIg. dUecñH)anCa raCrdæaPi)al)ankMBugxitxMkarBarc,ab;kmµsiTi§bBaØa kñµúgeKalbMNgedIm,IRsUbyk GñkvinieyaKTunGnþrCati cUlmkbNaþk;TunenAkm<úCa EdlCaktþaya:gsMxan;kµúg karelIkkm<s;esdækic© ehIysBVéf¶eyIgk¾)aneXIjehIyfa visy½ÉkCn KWcab; epþImmanPaBrs;revIkCabeNþIr² ehIykñúgenaHelakbNÐitk¾)ansgÇwmpgEdrfa GnaKtesdækic©km<úCanwgRbesIrCagenH. 254

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt r)aykarN_segçbénevTika TI 10 RbeTskm<úCa nigGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ emeronEdlTTYl)an nigTisedAeTAGnaKt I esckþIepþIm evTikaTI10 sþIBI{ km<úCa nigGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ emeronEdlTTYl)an nigTisedAeTAGnaKt} EdlCaevTikacugeRkay énKeRmag qñaM 2005 rbs;viTüasßanExµrsRmab;shRbtibtþikar nigsnþiPaB. elak hm sMNag GñkRsavRCavCan;x<s; viTüasßanExµrsRmab;sh Rbtibtþikar nigsnþiPaB eFVICaGñksRmbsRmYltMNag[ elakbNÐit cab sufariT§. evTikaenHmanvaKµinkitþiysbIrUbKW ³ - Ék]tþm Et dYgtara GKÁnaykGaCJaFreRbgkatCati/ - elak R)ak; esrIvDÆ naykRKb;RKg mCÄmNÐlsikSa nigGPivDÆn_ksikmµkm<úCa nig -elak Ca hYt Gñk esdækic©énFnaKarBiPBelak. munkic©cab;epþImebIkevTika elak hm sMNag k¾)anpþÜcepþImfa ral;lT§plkic©BiPakSaénevTikanImYYy² EdlviTüasßanExµrsRmab;shRbtibtþikar nigsnþiPaB epJICUnraCrdæaPi)aledIm,I)anCaeKalKMnit bTBiesaFn_sRmab;kar 255

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km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt eXIjfa maneRbgkatBitR)akdEmn EtminmanlkçN³CaBaNiC¢kmµmann½yfa plEdlTTYl)anenaH KWticCagkarcMNay. ebIniyayBIkarxYgykeRbgkatenH eKRtUveRbIcMeNHdwgpSMKñaCaeRcIn dUcCa Gñkbec©keTs emkanic ry³semøg FrNIviTüa. eBlTTYl)anlT§pl ehIyeKRtUveFVIkarviPaKedayeRbIRbB½n§ IT . eKRtUveFVIkarviPaKTinñn½yfa kEnøgNaGacxYg)anehIyGacTajykplcMeNj. elakbBa¢ak;fa karsikSaeTAelIGNþÚgmYyGaceRbIeBlBI 5 eTA 7qñaM. knøgmk rdæaPi)al)anGnuBaØat[Rkumh‘uneRbgGaemrik eQµaH Chaveron Texaco rukrkeRbgkatenAkñúgEdnsmuRTkm<úCa. Rkumh‘unenH)anxYgGNþÚgcMnYn 6 kñúg enaH 4 eXIjfamaneRbgkat ehIyGNþÚgTI 5 eXIjfa man]sµn½ enHCalT§pl viC¢man. elak)anbBa¢ak;fa karrukrkrbs;Rkumh‘unGaemrikenAkñúgEdnsmuRTenH RKan;EtCatMbn;mYy kñúgcMeNamtMbn;FM²TaMg 6 EdlsMbUreRbgkatenAkñúgRbeTs km<úCaEtb:ueNÑaH. Ék]tþmbBa¢ak;bEnßmpgEdrfa karGnuBaØat[rukrkeRbg minGacecHEteFVIeTA)anenaHeT KWRtUvBinitüBIeKalkarN_rbs;Rkumh‘unenaH[ )anc,as;Camun. knøgmkmanRkumh‘unbreTsCaeRcIncg;bNaþk;TunelIEpñkenH Et dl;eBlrdæaPi)alehAsYreTA KWminmanlkçN³tamsþg;dareT dUcecñH rdæaPi)al BMu)anGnuBaØat[eLIy. CamYynigkarukrkbc©úb,nñ elaksgÇwmfa enAqñaM 2008 b¤ 2009 km<úCaGacpliteRbgkatenAkñúgRbeTsCaelIkTI 1. 2-elak R)ak; esrIvDÆ CamYybTGnþraKmn_rbs;elak elak)anelIkykEpñkksikmµTUeTA enA elIBiPBelak tamry³bTBiesaFn_rbs;RbeTsmYycMnYnP¢ab;CamYy WTO mk 257

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km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt yl;fa ebIeKebIk[cUlksikrrbs;eKnwgCYbRbTHenAkarlM)ak. ehIymüa:g eTot xøacmanbBaðaeTAéf¶eRkaykñúgkrNI Gaemrik nigCb:un manTMnas;elIbBaða epSg² CaehtunaM[GaemrikbBaÄb;karnaMRsUvcUlRbeTsCb:un eBlenaHnwgrwtEt eFVI[b:HBal;kan;EtF¶n;F¶relIbBaðasnþisuxes,óg. CamYynwgkarcrcaminRtUvKñasBVéf¶enH KWfaRbeTsGPivDÆ enAEteRbIviFI kñúgkarTb;plitplBIxageRkAdEdl eK)anniyayfaeKbnßyBn§elIkarnaMcUl plitplksikmµBIeRkA EtEbrCaeTATMnukbRmugdl;ksikrrbs;eKvij. dUecñH mann½yEtmYydEdl eRBaHfardæsuxcitþecjxatCUnksikr. dUcdwgehIyfa enARbeTsGPivDÆmYycMnYnkarplitRsUvRtUvcMNayx<s; dUecñH eBlrdæecjxat CYsksikreFVI[TMnijnaMcUlBIxageRkABi)aknwgRbkYtRbECgdEdl. bc©úb,nñenH RbeTsGñkmankMBugEtsUmrkSakarTMnukbRmugenHenAdEdl EtRbeTsRkIRkmin yl;RBmedaytRmUv[lubecal. CamYyKñaenH elakk¾)anelIkeLIgpgEdrfa karminesµIPaBKñakñúgkarnaMTMnijecj k¾CabBaðasRmab;RbeTsRkIRkpgEdr dUcCa TMnijnaMcUlBIRbeTsGñkmanmkRbeTsGñkRk tamry³karRtYtBinitüKuNPaB eFVIminDitdl;b:unaµneLIy ehIykarnaMcUlenHminsUvmanbBaðaeT. EtsRmab; karnaMecjTMnijBIRbeTsGñkRkeTAkan;RbeTsGñkmanvij KWfakarRtYtBinitüEtg EtmanbBaðaedayeKykelsfaTMnijKµansþg;dar. CamYy nwgkarbBa¢ak;Cacug eRkay elak)anelIkeLIgfa eRkaybraC½ykñúgkarBiPakSa KñaenAkic©RbCMufañk; rdæmRnþIelIkTI 5 eXIjfaRbeTsCasmaCik WTO TaMgGs;mankarEbkEx£kKña CaRkum²rYmman G33 mYyRkumEdlRkumenHmanplRbeyaCn_RsedogKña. mYy RkumeTot G20 ehIymYyRkumeTot LDC nigRkummYyeTot eKehA EU-US 259

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt EdlRkumenHmanTsSn³RsedogKña. bc©úb,nñenH Gaemrik nigGWru:b k¾mankarExVg KMnitKñamYycMnYnpgEdr CaBiess CamYy)araMgTak;TageTAnwgdMNaMPUmisaRsþ. ]TahrN_ dUcCaRkUceBaFisat; b¤)at;dMbgmanrs;Catiq¶aj;BiessmYy eTaHbICa kEnøgepSgmandaMRkUceBaFisat;dUcKña b¤ykBUCRkUceBaFisat; BI)at;dMbgeTAdaMk¾ eday k¾RkUceBaFisat;)at;dMbgenAEtRtUv)anelIktémø eRBaHfaenAextþ)at;dMbg manGakasFatubriyakasxusBItMbn;epSgeTot. cMeBaHRbeTskm<úCa elak)anelIkeLIgfa km<úCamincUl WTO k¾dUc cUl WTO Edr eRBaHeyIgebIkcMheRcIn ehIyRbB½n§Bn§KyRbeTseyIg KWTab CamFüm 7°. RbB½n§Bn§KyRbeTseyIgenAcenøaH BI 5° eTA 60°. ehIy 60°enH KWsMedAeTAelIkarnaMcUl)arI Rsaebo Etb:ueNaÑH. ebIeFobeTARbeTs epSgeTot eXIjfa karykBn§srubeTAelIkarnaMcUl)arI KW 200°. 3- elak Ca hYt elak)anelIkeLIgfa eTaHenAkñúg WTO EtgEtmanTMnas;BaküsmþIKña rvagRbeTs LDC nig RbeTsGPivDÆCaeRcInelIkeRcInsar eRBaHEtkareFVI BaNiC¢kmµminesµIPaBKña. EtRbeTsmYycMnYnFMkan;Etyl;dwgeRCAeTA² BIkar eFVIBaNiC¢kmµesrIenH. elakbEnßmeTotfa RbeTsEdlmankarGPivDÆn_tictYc Etgts‘Uya:gsVitsVaj edIm,IkarBarplitplRbeTsrbs;xøÜn CaBiessEpñk ksikmµ. CarYmBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelakmankarekIneLIg ebIeFobeTAnwgplTun srubrbs;BiPBelakedaymanekIneLIgBI 33° dl; 41°. elak)anelIk eLIgfa RbeTsEdlpþÜcepþImKMnit[mankareFVIBaNiC¢kmµesrIdMbUg KWRbeTs 260

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km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt ehIytamkarRbmaNemIlmanRbEhl 500 lan)aEr:l 3 barells KitCaeRbg bUkCamYy]sµn½FmµCatiRbEhl 5 TCS Trillion Cubics ¦. ehIykñúg 100>000>000>000>000 ;ekadæ¦ én]sµn½GacykeTAeRbIsRmab; eragcRkGKÁisnIEdledIreday]sµn½)an 20 qñaM cMeBaHeragcRkEdlmankmøaMg 1>000 emkava:t;. ehIysRmab;sMNYrfa eyIgGaceRbI)anb:unµanqñaM RtUvKit teTAeTot. Ék]tþmbBa¢ak;bEnßmeTotfa sBVéf¶eyIgminTan;KitcMeBaHtMbn; RtYtsIuKñaCamYyéf Edlman 4 tMbn; ehIyebIKitCaRklaépÞRbEhl 30 Ban; KILÚEm:Rtkaer:enaHpgeT. ehIykarRbmaNKitCaluy cMeBaHbøúk A Gac)an BI 500 landuløarGaemrik eTA 1000 landuløarGaemrik. sMNYr-km<úCaFøab;crcaCamYyéf edIm,ITajykeRbgkatenAEdnsmuRT RtYtsuIKµa EtPaKIéfminGnuBaØat[ykeT eRBaHxagdIkm<úCaeRbgkatsßitenACeRmA eRCACagxagéf. dUecñH eBlkm<úCaTajykGaceFVI[eRbgkatxagRbeTseKhUr cUlmkkm<úCa. etIbBaðaenH km<úCaRtUvedaHRsayya:gNa? cMelIy-bBaðaenH Ék]tþm Et dYgtara)anelIkeLIgfa km<úCa minEmnmantMbn;RtYtsIuKñaEtCamYyéfenaHeT CamYyevotNamk¾manpgEdr. elIbBaðaenH km<úCamanynþkaredIm,IedaHRsayRKb;kRmit ehIykRmitx<s;CageK KWfañk;naykrdæmRnþI bnÞab;mkkRmitrdæmRnþI. ehIycMeBaHeKalkarN_kñúgkarcrca 3 )aEr:l sMedAFugeQIsRmab;dak;Rsa bJRsaebo nig eRbgkat EdlRtUv)aneKyk mkeFVICargVas;rgVal;cMNuH. 1)aEr:l mancMNuH 42 hÁaLúg US gallons ¦ bJ 35 hÁaLúg ;eKøs¦ bJRbEhl Ca 159 lIRt . 263

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt KWEp¥kelIc,ab;GnþrCati b¤c,ab;smuRT karGnuvtþn_sRmab;rdænImYy² RbvtþisaRsþ> >>.l. ehIycMeBaHlkçN³ GñkRtUveFVIkarcrca KWRtUvmansµartIrwgbuwgecHGt;Fµt; ehIymanlkçN³bt;Ebn nigRtUverobyuT§saRsþCamun. sMNYr-karTajyk]sµ½n nigeRbgkatenAqñaM 2008 b¤ 2009. etIeK RtUveRbIFnFanmnusSCaCnCatiExµrb:unµanPaKry ehIybreTsb:unµanPaKry? eRkayBIcRmaj;eRbgkat etIkaksMNl;Edlsl;rdæmanyuT§saRsþEkécñeFVIGVI eTot? ehIykarTajykenHkñúgry³eBlb:unµanqñaMFnFanTaMgenaHnwgGs;? cMelIy-bBaðaenH Ék]tþmbBa¢ak;fa FnFanmnusS eyIgcg;ykCnCati ExµrNas;EtbBaðasMxan; etIFnFaneyIgmanCMnajEdrb¤eT. Ék]tþmbEnßmeTot fa RbsinebIcg;eRbIFnFaneyIgTal;EteTAhVwkhVWnCMnaj enAeRkARbeTseTIb GaceTArYc. CamYyenH Ék]tþm)anGMBavnav[nisSit bBaØvnþExµr RtUvxitxMeron sURt[manCMnajBitR)akdedIm,ICYyGPivDÆRbeTsCati. cMeBaHeRbgkatEdl GacTajyk)anenH dMbUgeKykeRbgeqA ehIyeRbgeqAenHBMumanecalGVIenaH eT eKGacEkécñeTACaeRbgsRmab;ynþehaH eRbgma:sIun eRbgma:s‘Ut eRbgkat ehIycugeRkayGacEkécñeTAekAs‘UsRmab;cak;fñl;>>>.l. sMNYr- karcracrR)ak;duløaGaemrikenAkm<úCabc©úb,nñmanb:unµanPaKry? cMelIy-elak Ca hYt)anbgðajfa karcracrluyduløaenARsukExµr bc©úb,nñ ebIKitsrubmanRbEhl 96>4°. ehIyluyExµrmanRbEhl Et 4>6° Etb:ueNÑaH. tYrelxenHKW mankarTTYlsÁal; BI IMF WB ehIy FnaKarCatién km<úCak¾TTYlsÁal;pgEdr. elak)anbEnßmeTotfa manTsSn³eRcInyl;xusKña 264

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt elIbBaðaenH GñkxøHfal¥ehIyGñkxøHfaminl¥. EtcMeBaHRbeTsenAGaemrikLaTIn mYycMnYnk¾eKeRbIduløareRcInCagluyCatirbs;xøÜnpgEdr dUcCaG‘uyrUhÁay>>.l. sMNYr-enAkñúg WTO bBaðaekþAKKukKWksikmµ. ehIyenAkm<úCaksikmµ CaEpñkmYyénEpñkTaMg 4 kñúgkarGPivDÆesdækic©Cati. etIrdæaPi)almanyuT§saRsþ kñúgkareFVI Subsidy  dl;ksikrya:gNaEdr? cMelIy-cMeBaHbBaðaenH elak R)ak; esrIvDÆ elIkeLIgfa eday eyIgCaRbeTsRkIRk dUecñH rdæaPi)aleTaHbICamanqnÞ³kñúgkarpþl; Subsidy k¾edayk¾KµanlT§PaBEdr. EtCamYyenHelakelIkbgðajfa eBlxøHk¾GacfaCa Subsidy mYyrbs;rdæaPi)alpgEdr dUcCakarsßabnanUvRbB½n§eRsacRsBsRmab; dMNaMksikmµrbs;RbCaBlrdæedayminRbmUlkéRmmkvij karpSBVpSaynUvviFI saRsþkñúgkarEfTaMdMNaM b¤pSBVpSaybec©kviTüaepSg² RKan;Etbc©úb,nñrdæaPi)al minTan;manlT§PaBpþl;Casac;luysuT§dl;ksikr. bEnßmBIelIenH elak)an elIkeLIgpgEdr BIkareRCamERCgknøgmkrbs;rdæaPi)al EtBMuEmnCa Subsidy dUcCa knøgmkenAeBlmanPaBraMgs¶Üt EdlbNaþl[RbCaksikr Gs;RsUvBUC KWeXIjmanrdæaPi)al)anpþl;CaRsUvBUC[dl;ksikr. bEnßmelIsMNYrenH elak hm sMNag k¾)anelIkeLIgpgEdrfa cMeBaH Subsidy rbs;rdæaPi)aleTAelIksikr KWmanRKan;EtCalkçN³Rbeyal. EtbBaðasMxan;mYyEdlelakcg;elIkeLIgenaH KWkarminykBn§dI Bn§plitpl EdlksikreFVI)anebIeFobeTARbeTseK enHKWfardæaPi)al)anKitKUrdkBn§rYcCa eRsc. enHk¾CakarbMeBjbEnßm b¤]btßmÖFnmYyEdr. 265

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt sMNYr-eTaHbIbc©úb,nñkm<úCamanTIpSar WTO kIþ. etIrdæaPi)alTisedA kñúgkarEsVgrkTIpSarepSgeTot eRkABIkarcrcaEsVgrkTIpSarCamYy WTO Edrb£eT? cMelIy-elIbBaðaenH elak R)ak; esrIvDÆ)anelIkeLIgfa RbeTsmYycMnYnEdlCasmaCiik WTO )angakfyeRkaymkeFVIkic©RBmeRBog BaNiC¢kmµesrIeTVPaKI FTA eRBaHEtminyl;RsbKñaelIkic©RBmeRBogksikmµ. FTA manlkçN³xusKñaBI WTO eRBaHCaTUeTAkareFVIBaNiC¢kmµenAkñúg WTO KWRtUvEtGnuvtþTUeTA mann½yfa RbsinebIeyIgeFVIBaNiC¢kmµCa GaemrikdUcemþc eyIgRtUveFVIBaNiC¢kmµCa mYyRbeTsepSgeTotdUecñaHEdr. EtcMeBaH FTA vijKWCakic©RBmeRBogrvag RbeTsmYynigRbeTsmYy.]TahrN_ dUcCafµI² enHRbeTséf maneFVI FTA CamYyGaemrik GURsþalI nigCamYybNþaRbeTs epSg²eTotCaeRcIn enHeRBaHEtmankarExVgKMnitKñaenAkñúg WTO . cMeBaHkm<úCa eyIgvij kMBugEterobcMeFVI FTA CamYyshrdæGaemrikCamYycin>>>.l. elak)anbBa¢ak;fa tambTBiesaFn_knøgmk FTA manlkçN³GaRkk;Cag WTO eTAeTot eRBaHkareFVI FTA vanwgebIkcMhTaMgGs;. dUecñHRbeTs GñkmannwgRKbdNþb;elIRbeTsRkIRkCaédKUr. bEnßmelIsMNYrenH elak Ca hYt)anbgðajfa bc©úb,nñrdæaPi)al )ancrcaCaeTVrPaKICamYybNaþlRbeTsmYycMnYn manRbeTsCb:un)anGnuBaØat [km<úCanaMcUlTMnij 276 mux cMENkcin 296mux Gt;ykBn§ Gt;kMNt; brimaN ehIyGaemrikGnuBaØat[naMcUl 6000 mux. EteyIg)annaMcUlEt plitpl semøókbMBak; nigsac;RkNat;EtbnþicbnþÜcb:ueNÑaH nigCamYyRbeTs 266

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt kaNada KWfakaNadaGnuBaØat[eyIg naMcUlnUvTMnijRKb;muxTaMgGs; elIk ElgEtsBaVvuFEteyIgminTan;)annaMecjGVIKYr[kt;sMKal;eLIy. b:uEnþbc©úb,nñ eKhamnaMcUlsBaVvuF nigeck. sMNYr-ebIKitBIkarcUl WTO rbs;km<úCabc©úb,nñ etI)anKuNvibtiþ b¤KuNsm,tiþeRcInCag? cMelIy- sMNYrenH elak Ca hYt)aneqøIyfa eyIg)anrgsMBaFdUc RbeTsRkIRkdéTeTot EtkarcUlenHl¥ eRBaHGacry³eBl 10qñaMeTot karcrca CamYyRbeTsGñkmankan;EtFUres,IyeLIg nignaM[mankarsRmYl kñúgkarnaM ecjplitplksikmµminEmnEtkm<úCaEtÉgeT KWRbeTsRkIRk 52eTot Edl kMBugEtBYtédKñakñúgkarcrca. CarYmelak)anbBa¢ak;fa ebIman»kaseyIg cUlBI eBl\LÚvk¾l¥. RKan;EteyIminGacTTYl)anlT§plPøam²eLIy. elak)an bEnßmeTotfa karcUlenHva)anebIkcMhesdækic©[QaneLIgeTArkkarGPivDÆ. sMNYr-vis½yeTscrN_ KWCavis½ymYyCYydl;kMeNInesdækic©Catipg Edr. Cak;Esþg ebIKitBICIvPaBrbs;RbCaBlrdæenAtamextþ EdlmantMbn; eTscrN_KWenAEtRkIRk b¤faminTTYl)annUvGtßRbeyaCn_BIvis½yenH. etIrdæaPi)almaneKaledAy:agNaedIm,IeFVI[RbCaBlrdæeyIg TTYl)anplRbeyaCnBI vis½yenH? cMelIy-cMeBaHsMNYrenH elak Ca hYt)anbkRsayfa enAqñaM 2004 eyIg)ancMNUlBIvis½yeTscrN_ CarYm 560 landuløar KWesµI 12° én plTunCatisrubrbs;eyIg. b:uEnþtamkarRsavRCavrbs; CDRI bgðajfa kñúg cMNUlTaMgGs;enHmanEt 25° eT EdlenARsukExµr. dUecñHeyIgRtUvEtCMrujkar 267

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt plit nigpþl;esvakmµedIm,IbeRmIvis½yenH. karksagsmtßPaB nigFnFan mnusSenAtamextþTaMgenaHKWCakarcaM)ac;. sMNYr-bc©úb,nñmanRbeTsCaeRcIn EdlGnueRKaHcMeBaHkm<úCakñúgkarnaM TMnijecj. etIktþaGVIxøHEdleFVI[km<úCa minGaceqøIytbeTAnwgPaBGnueRKaHTaMg enaH)an? cMelIy-elak R)ak; esrIvDÆ)aneqøIyfa bBaðaTI 1 KWeyIgminTan; )anerobcM EtCarYmbBaðaEdlminGacTan;eTArYc KWeyIgminTan;GaceqøIytbeTAnwg sþg;dareK)an. kal³eTs³xøH minEmnplti pleyIgKµanKuNPaBenaHeT KWTak; Tgnwgmuxmat; nigeQµaHEtmþg.]TahrN_ ekAs‘UeyIgl¥ EteKfaminTan;RtUvtam sþg;dar Etdl;eBlevotNamTijBIeyIgykeTA ehIydak;eks nigdak;fa plit enARbeTsevotNam KWeKTTYlsÁal;KuNPaBenaH. ehtudUcenH eyIgRtUveFVIkar Eklm¥ taMgBIbec©keTs ehdæarcnasm<½n§ nigkarRKb;RKg. karRKb;RKgenH manlkçN³sMxan; eRBaHfaebIeyIgcg;naMecjnUvplitplGVImYy KWRtUvFanaTaMg brimaN nigKuNPaBplitpl[)an. sMNYr-etIeyIgmanyuT§saRsþGIV edIm,ITajykplRbeyaCn_BIsmaCik PaBrbs;xøÜnenAkñúg WTO nigTb;)anBIkarRbkYtRbECgCamYysmaCikdéTeTot? cMelIy- elak Ca hYt)anbkRsayfa yuT§saRsþkñúgkarTajyk plcMeNjBIsmaCikPaBenAkñúg WTO Cacm,gKWkarsRmbsRmYlBaNiCkmµ. FnaKarBiPBelak)anpþl;CMnYy 10 landuløarGaemrik dl;rdæaPi)alkm<úCa edIm,I erobcM[mankarsRmbsRmYlBaNiC¢kmµ. karsRmbsRmYlBaNiC¢kmµman lkçN³sMxan; eRBaHvaminnaM[manPaByWtya:vsµúKsµaj ebIeyIgeRbobeFobeTA 268

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt nwgRbeTskñúgtMbn; KWeyIgmankaryWtya:vxøaMg. ehIyeRkamCMnYyrbs;FnaKar BiPBelak rdæaPi)al)anEkTRmg;elItémøénkarcuHbBa¢IBaNiC¢kmµ EdlBImunman témøx<s;. elIsMNYrenH elak R)ak; esrIvDÆ)anbEnßmfa cMeBaHkarTajyk plRbeyaCn_BI WTO rdæaPi)al k¾dUcCasgÁmsIuvil)annwgkMBugCMruj[man Organic Agriculture Product . cMeBaHplitplksikmµeyIg EdleRbICIKImI epSg² KWeyIgminGaceFVIkarRbkYtRbECgCamYyRbeTseK)aneT eRBaHbec©keTs rbs;eK KWedIrelOnCageyIgq¶ayehIy ehIymüa:geTotCIenARbeTseKmantémø efakCagRbeTseyIgpgEdr. sMNYr-CamYykarykcitþTukdak;rbs;rdæaPi)al KWfardæaPi)al)anbgðat; beRgonbec©keTsdl;ksikr. dUecñH etIrdæaPi)almankMNt;Edlb¤eT faRbCaBlrdæ RtUvmandITMhMb:unµan eTIbrdæaPi)alcuHeTAbeRgonbec©keTsenH? cMelIy-elak R)ak; esrIvDÆ)anelIkeLIgfa karbeRgonbec©k eTsenH KWrdæaPi)almanGgÁkarCati nigGnþrCati tamry³kmµviFIbNþúHbNþal epSg² Etmin)anRKbdNþb;TUTaMgRbeTsenaHeT. ehIycMeBaHGnþraKmn_enH minkMNt;famanépÞdIb:ueNÑH b¤b:ueNaÑH)anCYyenaHeT. CaTUeTAkarGnþraKmn_enH KWepþateTAelIeKaledAEdleK)ansikSaehIykMNt;. PaKeRcInKeRmagknøgmk KWeRcInEtepþateTAelIRbCaksikrEdlRkIRkEmnETn ehIymanépÞdItUctac. enA eBlxøHKeRmagk¾maneFVICamYyRbCaksikr EdlépÞdIFMb¤manCIvPaBsmrmüedIm,I [Kat;ykbTBiesaFn_TaMgenaH eTAbgðat;dl;RbCaksikrRkIRkbnþeTot. 269

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt esckþIsnñidæan GñksRmbsRmYl)aneFVIkarbUksrublT§plkic©BiPakSafa edayEp¥keTA elIBt’manBIvaKµinkitþysfa bc©úb,nñenH eTaHbIkm<úCamanTIpSarenAkñúg WTO kIþk¾km<úCaenAEtmanRbB½n§GnueRKaH BITIpSarGnþrCatieRcInpgEdr. km<úCaman kic©RBmeRBogeTVrPaKI CamYyCb:un kaNada cin nigGaemrik ebIKiteTAeXIjfa Cb:unGnuBaØat[km<úCa naMcUlmuxTMnij RbmaN 276mux GaemrikRbmaN 6000mux cin 296 mux ehIykaNadaebIk[naMcUledayesrI elIkElgEt sBaVvuFb:ueNÑaH. dUecñH RbsinebIeyIgGacedaHRsaynUvbBaðamYycMnYn dUcCa BRgwgKuNPaB k¾dUcCabrimaNénplitplrbs;CatieyIg edIm,InaMecjeTAkan; TIpSarGnþrCatiTaMgenaH)an enaHesdækic©RbeTseyIgnwgmankareCOnelOnqab; rhs½kat;bnßyPaBRkIRksRmab;RbCaCn. cMeBaHbBaða]snµ½FmµCativij KWfatam r)aykarN_man6 tMbn;FM²EdleyIgGacTajykpl ebIKitCaluyRbmaNBI 500 eTA 1000 landuløarkñúgmYyqñaM enHminKittMbn;RtYtsIuKñaCamYyéf nig evotNampgeT. 270

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt ]bsm<½n§ TI 1- kmµviFI sþIBI {RbeTskm<úCakñúgkarcUlCasmaCikPaB GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak} enAqñaM 2005 enH viTüasßanExµrsRmab;shRbtibtþikar nigsnþiPaB (Cambodian Institute for Cooperation and Peace) )anerobcMdwknaM nigGnuvtþKeRmagkmµviFI qñaM TI 6 rbs;xøÜn sþIBI{ RbeTskm<úCa kñúgkarcUlCa smaCikPaBkñúgGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak} KeRmagkmµviFIenH)an RbmUlpþúMevTikacMnYn 10 elIk eTAelIkRbFanbTsMxan;² TaMgLayEdlBak;B½n§ dl;vis½yBaNiC¢kmµ edIm,IelIksÞÜysmahrNkmµesdækic©enARbeTskm<úCa. KeRmagenH)ancab;epþImBI Exmkra qñaM 2005 bBa©b;karbUksrubvaytémøeTAelI evTikaTaMg 10 elIk edaykarerobcM[manGgÁsnñisITCatimYy ExFñÚ qñaM 2005. bnÞab;BIGgÁsnñisITfñak;CatienHeTA viTüasßanExµrsRmab;shRbtibtþikar nig snþiPaB nigeFIVkarcgRkgnUvcMeNHdwg TsSn³ bTBiesaFn_ nigGnusasn_TaMgGs; EdlRbmUlpþúMBIevTika 10elIk nigsnñisITCatiedIm,Ikare)aHBum<pSay. TsSn³ cMeNHdwg bTBiesaFn_ nigGnusasn_TaMgenH nwg)anCamUldæanénkarGPivDÆn_ esdækic©enAkm<úCa. 271

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt k-GMBIRbFanbT kalbriecäT eBlevla nig TIkEnøgénevTika ³ evTikaTaMg 10 elIk qñaM 2005 sþIBI{ RbeTskm<úCakñúgkarcUlCa smaCiPaBkñúgGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak} Edl)anRbRBwtþeTACabnþ bnÞab;Kña BIema:g 08³30RBwk dl;ema:g 11³30éf¶Rtg; enAbnÞb;RbCuM viTüasßan ExµrsRmab;shRbtibtþikar nigsnþiPaB (Cambodian Institute for Cooperation and Peace) cab;taMgBI Exmkra rhUtdl;Extula qñaM 2005 edaymankar]btßmÖBImUlniFi RhVIRDIc eGEb‘t (Friedrich-Ebert-StiftungFES) . RbFanbTkñúgevTikanImYy²man dUcxageRkam ³ evTikaTI 1 sþIBI {RbeTskm<úCa nigGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TsSn³rYm Cambodia and the World Trade Organization ¦} kalbricäT ³ ExkumÖ³ qñaM 2005. evTikaTI 2 sþIBI { etImanplvi)akxagc,ab; nigeKalneya)ayGVIxøH dl; smaCikPaBrbs;km<úCa kñúgGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak? (What are the legal and policy implication of the WTO Membership for Cambodia) } kalbricäT ExmIna qñaM 2005. evTikaTI 3 sþIBI {RbeTskm<úCa nigGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ plb:HBal; dl;ksikmµkm<úCa Cambodia and WTO: Impact on Cambodian Agriculture ¦} kalbricäT Exemsa qñaM 2005. 272

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt evTikaTI4 sþIBI {RbeTskm<úCa nigGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ plb:HBal; dl;Blkmµkm<úCa Cambodia and WTO: Impact on Cambodia Labor ¦} kalbricäT Ex]sPa qñaM 2005. evTikaTI 5 sþIBI RbeTskm<úCa nigGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³{etImanpl b:HBal;ya:gNa cMeBaHsmaCikGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelakrbs;km<úCa eTA elI]sSahkmµkat;edr? Cambodia and WTO: Impact on Cambodia Garment Industry ¦} kalbric©T éf¶TI 30 Exmifuna qñaM 2005 evTikaTI 6 sþIBI {km<úCa nigGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak manplb:HBal;GVIxøH eTAelIkmµviFIkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk? Cambodia and WTO: Any Implication on Poverty Reduction Program? ¦} kalbricäT Exkkáda qñaM 2005. evTikaTI 7 sþIBI { RbeTskm<úCa nigGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ eRbIR)as; GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµ Ca]bkrN_CMrujkMENTRmg; (Cambodia and WTO: using WTO as Instrument for accelerating Reform?) } kalbricäT ExsIha qñaM 2005 evTikaTI 8 sþIBI {RbeTskm<úCa nigGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ plb:HBal; dl;BaNiC¢kmµ nigkarvinieyaKTun (Cambodia and WTO: Impact on Trade and Investment): kalbricäT ExkBaØa qñaM 2005 273

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt evTikaTI 9 sþIBI { RbeTskm<úCa nigGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ plb:HBal;elI kmµsiT§ibBaØa (Implication on the intellectual property right) } kalbricäT ExkBaØa qñaM 2005 evTikaTI 10 sþIBI { RbeTskm<úCa nigGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ emeron Edl)anTTYl nigTisedAeTAGnaKt (Lessons and Learnt Future Direction) } kalbricäT Exvicäka qñaM 2005 x-GMBIsnñisITCati kñúgbMNgbUksMrub nigTisedAGnuvtþcugeRkay sþIBI{RbeTskm<úCa nig GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak} viTüasßanExµrsRmab;shRbtibtþikar nigsnþiPaB )anerobcMsnñisITfñak;Cati EdlmanRbFanbTkñúgsm½yRbCuMnImYy² d¾mansar³ sMxan;enH sRmab;ry³eBlBIréf¶ enAéf¶TI 21-22 ExFñÚ qñaM2005 enH enARkumRbwkSaGPivDÆn_km<úCa. edaymanGñktMNagRKb;sßab½n TaMgEpñksßab½nrdæ TaMgEpñksgÁmsIuvil nigTaMgEpñkÉkCn RtUv)anGeBa¢IjcUlrYm edIm,IBinitüBicarNaeTAelIlT§plén evTikaTaMg 10elIk Edl)anRbRBwtþeTA Gs;ry³eBleBjmYyqñaMknøgeTAenH edIm,Ipþl;karvaytémøCacugeRkaymunnwgpSBVpSaynUvlT§plTaMgenaH. sgÇwmfa GgÁsnñisITCatinwgseRmc)aneCaKC½y edIm,IrYmcMENkpþl; mtieyabl; TsSn³ nigbTBiesaFn_l¥² k¾dUcCaGnusasn_CaeRcIneTot edIm,I CMrujcrnþesdækic©enAkm<úCanwgvivtþeTARbkbedayRbsiT§iPaB. 274

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt ]bsm<½n§ TI 2- kmµviFIevTikaTaMg 10 elIk sþIBI {km<úCa nig GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak} evTikaelIkTI 1 sþIGMBI km<úCa nig GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TsSn³rYm “Cambodia and the World Trade Organization(WTO): An Overview” ]btßmÖeday mUlniFi RhVIRDIc eGEb‘t (Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung)(FES) TIkEnøg³ bnÞb;RbCMu énviTüasßanExµrsRmab;shRbtibtþikar nigsnþiPaB éf¶TI 28 Ex kumÖ³ qñaM 2005 BIem:ag 08³30 RBwk dl;em:ag 11³30 éf¶Rtg; 8³30-9³00 9³00-9³20 kmµviFI karcuHeQµaHénePJóvkitþiys RbFanevTika Ék]tþm Gwug hYt TIRbwkSaraCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa nig CaGnuRbFanRkumRbwkSaPi)al viTüasßanExµrsRmab;sh Rbtibtþikar nigsnþiPaB >x>s>s>¦ GñksRmbsRmYleday 9³20-10³00 bNÐit cab sufariT§ naykRbtibtþi viTüasßanExµr sRmab;shRbtibtþikar nigsnþiPaB KN³vaKµinkitþiys 275

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt 10³00-10³15 10³15-11³15 11³15-11³30 Ék]tþm twker:t sMerc CMnYykarpÞal; Ék]tþm sux Gan]bnaykrdæm®nþI rdæm®nþI TTYlbnÞúkTIsþIkar KN³rdæm®nþI elak can; esrI RbFannaykdæanFnFanmnusSén FnaKar eGsIulIda sRmakBisarePsC¢³ ebIkkic©BiPakSa bUksrublT§plevTikaelIkTI1 eday bNÐit cab sufariT§ naykRbtibtþi viTüasßanExµrsRmab;sh Rbtibtþikar nigsnþiPaB --------------------------------------------------evTikaelIkTI 2 sþIGMBI etImanplvi)akxagc,ab; nigeKalneya)ayGVIxøH dl;smaCikPaBrbs;km<úCa kñúgGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak? “What Are the Legal and Policy Implication of The WTO Membership for Cambodia” ]btßmÖeday mUlniFi RhVIRDIc eGEb‘t (Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung)(FES) TIkEnøg³ bnÞb;RbCMu énviTüasßanExµrsRmab;shRbtibtþikar nigsnþiPaB éf¶TI 31 Ex mIna qñaM 2005 BIem:ag 08³30 RBwk dl;em:ag 11³30 éf¶Rtg; 276

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt kmµviFI 8³15-8³30 8³30-8³50 8³50-9³40 9³40-10³00 10³00-11³00 11³00-11³30 karcuHeQµaHénePJóvkitþiys RbFanevTika nigsRmbsRmYl eday bNÐit cab sufariT§ naykRbtibtþi viTüasßanExµr sRmab;shRbtibtþikar nigsnþiPaB KN³vaKµinkitþiys elak tan; yuvrdæ GnuRbFankariyal½y esvakmµ naykdæanGas‘an nigGgÁkarGnþrCati RksYgBaNiC¢kmµ elak suk sMeGOn naykRbtibtþi RkumGñkc,ab; karBarsiT§ikm<úCa sRmakBisarePsC¢³ ebIkkic©BiPakSa bUksrublT§plevTikaelIkTI2 eday bNÐit cab sufariT§ naykRbtibtþi viTüasßanExµrsRmab;shRbtibtþikar nigsnþiPaB --------------------------------------------------evTikaelIkTI 3 sþIGMBI km<úCanigGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ plb:HBal;dl;ksikmµkm<úCa “ Cambodia and WTO: Impact on Cambodia Agriculture” 277

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt ]btßmÖedaymUlniFi RhVIRDIc eGEb‘t (Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung)(FES) TIkEnøg³ bnÞb;RbCMu énviTüasßanExµrsRmab;shRbtibtþikar nigsnþiPaB éf¶TI 29 Ex emsa qñaM 2005 BIem:ag 08³30 RBwk dl;em:ag 11³30 éf¶Rtg; 8³15-8³30 8³30-8³50 8³50-9³40 9³40-10³00 10³00-11³00 11³00-11³30 kmµviFI karcuHeQµaHénePJóvkitþiys RbFanevTika nigsRmbsRmYl eday bNÐit cab sufariT§ naykRbtibtþi viTüasßanExµr sRmab;shRbtibtþikar nigsnþiPaB KN³vaKµinkitþiys elak TYt sar:avuF GnuRbFannaykdæanEpnkar sßiti nigshRbtibtþikarGnþrCati RksYgksikmµrukça Rbmaj; nigensaT elakRsI Rbuk v:an;nI GñkÉkeTs eynD½r nig sgÁménkmµviFIGPivDÆn_ Epñkksikmµ RbcaMRksYgksikmµ rukçaRbmaj; nigensaT sRmakBisarePsC¢³ ebIkkic©BiPakSa bUksrublT§plevTikaelIkTI3 eday bNÐit cab sufariT§ naykRbtibtþi viTüasßanExµrsRmab;sh Rbtibtþikar nigsnþiPaB 278

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt evTikaelIkTI 4 sþIGMBI km<úCanigGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ plb:HBal;dl;Blkmµkm<úCa “ Cambodia and WTO: Impact on Cambodia Labor” ]btßmÖeday mUlniFi RhVIRDIc eGEb‘t (Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung)(FES) TIkEnøg³ bnÞb;RbCMu énviTüasßanExµrsRmab;shRbtibtþikar nigsnþiPaB éf¶TI 31 Ex]sPa qñaM 2005 BIem:ag 08³30 RBwk dl;em:ag 11³30 éf¶Rtg; 8³15-8³30 8³30-8³50 8³50-9³40 9³40-10³00 10³00-11³00 kmµviFI karcuHeQµaHénePJóvkitþiys RbFanevTika nigsRmbsRmYl eday Ék]tþm Gwug hYt GnuRbFanRkumRbwkSaPi)al v>x>s>s> KN³vaKµinkitþiys Ék]tþm G‘u¿ man GnurdæelxaFikar RksYgkargar nigbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³ elak esg pløI naykRbtibtþi GgÁkarkargar km<úCa sRmakBisarePsC¢³ ebIkkic©BiPakSa 279

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt 11³00-11³30 bUksrublT§plevTikaelIkTI4 eday Ék]tþm Gwug hYt GnuRbFanRkumRbwkSaPi)al viTüasßanExµrsRmab; shRbtibtþikar nigsnþiPaB ----------------------------------------evTikaelIkTI5 sþIGMBI etImanplb:HBal;y:agNa cMeBaHsmaCik WTO rbs;km<úCa eTAelI]sSahkmµkat;edr? “ Cambodia and WTO: Impact on Cambodia Garment Industry” ]btßmÖeday mUlniFi RhVIRDIc eGEb‘t (Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung)(FES) TIkEnøg³ bnÞb;RbCMu énviTüasßanExµrsRmab;shRbtibtþikar nigsnþiPaB éf¶TI 30 Ex mifuna qñaM 2005 BIem:ag 08³30 RBwk dl;em:ag 11³30 éf¶Rtg; 8³15-8³30 8³30-8³50 8³50-9³40 kmµviFI karcuHeQµaHénePJóvkitþiys RbFanevTika nigsRmbsRmYl eday Ék]tþm G‘un nwg smaCikRkumRbwkSaPi)al v>x>s>s> nigCaGnuRbFanKN³kmµkarkic©kar breTs shRbtibtþikarGnþrCati nigBt’manénrdæsPa KN³vaKµinkitþiys 280

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt elak ya b‘unNa GnuRbFannaykdæankic©kar ]sSahkmµnigCaRbFanGgÁPaBplitPaBGasIu elak CYn mMuful RbFanshB½n§shCIBExµr 9³40-10³00 sRmakBisarePsC¢³ 10³00-11³00 ebIkkic©BiPakSa 11³00-11³30 bUksrublT§plevTikaelIkTI5 eday Ék]tþm G‘un nwg smaCikRkumRbwkSaPi)al v>x>s>s> nigCaGnu RbFanKN³kmµkarkic©karbreTs shRbtibtþikar GnþrCati nigBt’man énrdæsPa -------------------------------evTikaelIkTI 6 sþIGMBI km<úCa nig GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak etImanplb:HBal;GVIxøH eTAelIkmµviFIkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk? “ Cambodia and WTO: Any Implications on Poverty Reduction Program?” ]btßmÖeday mUlniFi RhVIRDIc eGEb‘t (Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung)(FES) TIkEnøg³ bnÞb;RbCMu énviTüasßanExµrsRmab;shRbtibtþikar nigsnþiPaB éf¶TI 28 Ex kkáda qñaM 2005 BIem:ag 08³30 RBwk dl;em:ag 11³30 éf¶Rtg; 281

8³15-8³30 8³30-8³50 8³50-9³40 9³40-10³00 10³00-11³00 km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt kmµviFI karcuHeQµaHénePJóvkitþiys RbFanevTika nigsRmbsRmYl eday bNÐit cab sufariT§ naykRbtibtþi viTüasßan ExµrsRmab;shRbtibtþikar nigsnþiPaB KN³vaKµinkitþiys Ék]tþm kwm r½tñBisidæ TIRbwkSa Ék]tþm sux Gan ]bnaykrdæm®nþI rdæm®nþITTYlbnÞúk TIsþIkarKN³rdæm®nþI Ék]tþm TUc s‘agtaNa smaCikRkumsegát karN_ esdækic© sgÁmkic© nigvb,Fm’ (OBSES) TIsþI karKN³rdæm®nþI Ék]tþm G‘ug c½nÞdariT§ smaCikRkumsegátkarN_ esdækic© sgÁmkic© nigvb,Fm’ (OBSES) TIsþIkarKN³ rdæm®nþI Ék]tþm m:an; eQOn GPi)alrg raCFanIPñMeBj nigCaRbFanmUlniFiGPivDÆn_ kat;bnßyPaBRkIRkTIRkug elakRsI hYt rtn³ nayika evTikaTUeTAénkm<úCa sRmakBisarePsC¢³ ebIkkic©BiPakSa 282

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt 11³00-11³30 bUksrublT§plevTikaelIkTI6 eday bNÐit cab sufariT§ naykRbtibtþi v/x/s/s ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------evTikaelIkTI7 sþIGMBI km<úCa nig GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak-kareRbIR)as; WTO Ca]bkrN_CMrujkMENTRmg “ Cambodia and WTO: Using WTO as an Instrument to Accelerate Reform?” ]btßmÖeday mUlniFi RhVIRDIc eGEb‘t (Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung)(FES) TIkEnøg³ bnÞb;RbCMu énviTüasßanExµrsRmab;shRbtibtþikar nigsnþiPaB éf¶TI 25 Ex sIha qñaM 2005 BIem:ag 08³30 RBwk dl;em:ag 11³30 éf¶Rtg; 8³15-8³30 8³30-8³50 8³50-9³40 kmµviFI karcuHeQµaHénePJóvkitþiys RbFanevTika nigsRmbsRmYl eday bNÐit cab sufariT§ naykRbtibtþi viTüasßanExµr sMrab;shRbtibtþikar nigsnþiPaB KN³vaKµinkitþiys Ék]tþm eg:a huglI GKÁelxaFikar RkumRbwkSa kMENTRmg;rdæ)al TIsþIkarKN³rdæm®nþI 283

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt 9³40-10³00 sRmakBisarePsC¢³ 10³00-11³00 ebIkkic©BiPakSa 11³00-11³30 bUksrublT§plevTikaelIkTI7 eday bNÐit cab sufariT§ naykRbtibtþi v>x>s>s> ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------evTikaelIkTI 8 sþIGMBI km<úCa nig GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ plb:HBal;dl;BaNiC¢kmµ nigkarvinieyaKTun “ Cambodia and WTO: Impact on Trade and Investment” ]btßmÖeday mUlniFi RhVIRDIc eGEb‘t (Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung)(FES) TIkEnøg³ bnÞb;RbCMu énviTüasßanExµrsRmab;shRbtibtþikar nigsnþiPaB éf¶TI 27 Ex kBaØa qñaM 2005 BIem:ag 08³30 RBwk dl;em:ag 11³30 éf¶Rtg; 8³15-8³30 8³30-8³50 8³50-9³40 kmµviFI karcuHeQµaHénePJóvkitþiys RbFanevTika nigsRmbsRmYl eday bNÐit cab sufariT§ naykRbtibtþi viTüasßanExµr sMrab;shRbtibtþikar nigsnþiPaB KN³vaKµinkitþiys 284

9³40-10³00 10³00-11³00 11³00-11³30 km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt Ék]tþmbNÐit huIg fUra:k;suI TIRbwkSapÞal; nigCanaykrgxuTÞkal½y Ék]tþm sux Gan]bnayk rdæm®nþI rdæm®nþI TTYlbnÞúkTIsþIkarKN³rdæm®nþI nigCaGñk RsavRCavCan;x<s; Gm v>x>s>s> bNÐit kg c½nÞdarar½tñU naykviTüasßansikSa RsavRCav nigkarGPivDÆn_ sRmakBisarePsC¢³ ebIkkic©BiPakSa bUksrublT§plevTikaelIkTI8 eday bNÐit cab sufariT§ naykRbtibtþi v>x>s>s> ----------------------------------------------------------evTikaelIkTI 9 sþIGMBI km<úCa nig GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ plb:HBal;elIkmµsiT§ibBaØaa “Cambodia and WTO: Implications on the Intellectual Property Rights” ]btßmÖeday mUlniFi RhVIRDIc eGEb‘t (Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung)(FES) TIkEnøg³ bnÞb;RbCMu énviTüasßanExµr sRmab;shRbtibtþikar nigsnþiPaB éf¶TI 28 Ex tula qñaM 2005 BIem:ag 08³30 RBwk dl;em:ag 11³30 éf¶Rtg; 285

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt kmµviFI 8³15-8³30 karcuHeQµaHénePJóvkitþiys 8³30-8³50 RbFanevTika nigsRmbsRmYl eday bNÐit cab sufariT§ naykRbtibtþi viTüasßanExµr sRmab;shRbtibtþikar nigsnþiPaB 8³50-9³40 KN³vaKµinkitþiys elak v:a rutsan RbFannaykdæankmµsiT§ibBaØa énRksYgBaNiC¢kmµ elak Ca sMNag GñkRsavRCav viTüasßanesdækic© km<úCa 9³40-10³00 sRmakBisarePsC¢³ 10³00-11³00 ebIkkic©BiPakSa 11³00-11³30 bUksrublT§plevTikaelIkTI9 eday bNÐit cab sufariT§ naykRbtibtþi v>x>s>s> ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------evTikaelIkTI 10 sþIGMBI km<úCa nigGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ emeronEdl)anTTYl nig TisedAeTAGnaKt “ Cambodia and WTO: Lessons Learnt and Future Direction” 286

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt ]btßmÖeday mUlniFi RhVIRDIc eGEb‘t (Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung)(FES) TIkEnøg³ bnÞb;RbCMu énviTüasßanExµrsRmab;shRbtibtþikar nigsnþiPaB éf¶TI 24 Ex vicäika qñaM 2005 BIem:ag 08³30 RBwk dl;em:ag 11³30 éf¶Rtg; 8³15-8³30 8³30-8³50 8³50-9³40 9³40-10³00 10³00-11³00 11³00-11³30 kmµviFI karcuHeQµaHénePJóvkitþiys RbFanevTika nigsRmbsRmYl eday elak hm sMNag GñkRsavRCavCan;x<s; viTüa sßanExµrsRmab;shRbtibtþikar nig snþiPaB KN³vaKµinkitþiys Ék]tþm Et dYgtara GKÁnayk GaCJaFreRbgkat Catikm<úCa elak R)ak; esrIvDÆ naykRKb;RKgmCÄmNÐlsikSa nigGPivDÆn_ksikmµenAkm<úCa elak Ca hYt Gñkesdækic© énFnaKarBiPBelak sRmakBisarePsC¢³ ebIkkic©BiPakSa bUksrublT§plevTikaelIkTI10 eday elak hm sMNag GñkRsavRCavCan;x<s; v>x>s>s> -----------------------------------------------------------------287

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt ]bsm<½n§ TI 3 kmµviFIsnñisITCati snñisITCati sþIGMBI RbeTskm<úCa nigGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ GtßRbeyaCn_ karRbQm nig TsSnvis½ysRmab;GnaKt shkarerobcMeday viTüasßanExµrsRmab;shRbtibtþikar nigsnþiPaB (CICP) nig ]btßmÖedaymUlniFiRhVIRDIceGEb‘t Friedrich-Ebert Stiftung(FES) éf¶ BuF- RBhs,t× TI 21-22 Ex FñÚ qñaM 2005 TIkEnøg³ RkumRbwkSaGPivDÆn_km<úCa (CDC) k-mUlRbvtþi ³ vaCakarqab;eBkkñúgkarTsSn_Tay BIGtßRbeyaCn_EdlRbeTskm<úCa nwgTTYl)anBIsmaCikPaBrbs;xøÜn kñúgGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak BIeRBaHva eTIbEtmanry³eBlCagmYyqñaMb:ueNÑaH cab;taMgBIRbeTskm<úCa RtUv)anTTYlCa smaCikTI 148 énGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak (WTO) enAéf¶TI13 Extula qñaM 2004 knøgeTAenH. RbeTskm<úCa CaRbeTsmanesdækic©tUcmYyenAkñúgtMbn; EdlmUldæan plitkmµenAmankRmitenAeLIy. RbeTskm<úCaCaRbeTsnaMcUleRcInCagxøÜn 288

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt naMecj. munnwgeRkayeBlRbeTskm<úCa)ancUlCasmaCikeBjsiT§iénGgÁkar BaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak (WTO) manGñkTietonCaeRcIn)ancg¥úlbgðajfa RbeTs km<úCa hak;dUcCa min)aneRtomxøÜnRbkYteBjelj enAkñúgRbB½n§BaNiC¢kmµ GnþrCati edayEp¥kelIkarBitEdlfa RbeTskm<úCaenACaRbeTsRkIRk ehIy plitkmµksikmµrbs;xøÜnminTMenIb EdlB)i akkñúgkarRbkYtRbECg ehIyfa RbeTsenHmanEtplitplsemøókbMBak;sRmab;naMecj. ktþaTaMgGs;enH nwg CakarlM)aksRmab;RbeTskm<úCa edIm,IykQñHenAkñúgkardeNþImTIpSarGnþrCati. elIsBIenH RbeTskm<úCanwgRtUvcMNaysRmab;kic©RbCuMCaeRcIn nigkarbegáIt sßab½nedIm,IsRmbsRmYlBaNiC¢kmµ nig)at;bg;fvikaedayehtuplfa nwgman karkat;bnßytaragBn§Ky. eTaHya:genHkþI raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCamansuTidæiniymfa kareFIVsmahrNkmµrbs;RbeTskm<úCa cUleTAkñúgesdækic©BiPBelak KWCa]bkrN_rYmcMENk dl;karkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk nigCakmøaMgd¾xøaMgkøasRmab;CMrujkarEkTRmg; nigkar GPivDÆn_esdækic©enAkñúgsgÁm. eTaHbICakarcUlrYmrbs;km<úCakñúgGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak manry³ eBlxøIk¾BitEmn k¾manTLIðkrN_rYcmkehIyfa RbeTskm<úCa)anxitxMRbwgERbg Gs;BIsmtßPaB edIm,IseRmc[)annUvGtßRbeyaCn_ d¾KYr[kt;sMKal;xøH. eTaHya:genHkþI vifIeTAkan;eCaKC½ysßitenAq¶ay ehIyTnÞwmnwgenaH karRbQmmuxnana)ansßitenAcMeBaHmux. vaRtUvkareBlevla nigfamBledIm,I eFIV[dMeNIrrbs;RbeTskm<úCa eTArkeCaKC½ykøayCakarBit. 289

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt kñúgn½yenH viTüasßanExµrsRmab;shRbtibtþikar nigsnþiPaB nigmUlniFi RhVIRDIc eGEb‘t (FES) nwgshkarKñaerobcMGgÁsnñisITCati ry³eBl 2 éf¶ sþIGMBI{RbeTskm<úCa nigGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµ BiPBelak (WTO) ³ GtßRbeyaCn_ karRbQm nigTsSnvis½ysRmab;GnaKt:. GgÁsnñisITCatienH KWCakarbUksrublT§plevTikatumUlTaMg 10 elIk Edl erobcMeLIgedayviTüasßanExµrsRmab;shRbtibtþikar nigsnþiPaB edaymankar KaMRThirBaØvtßúBImUlniF i (FES) Gs;ry³eBlmYyqñaM 2005 knøgmkenH. x-eKalbMNg ³ snñisITmaneKalbMNgdUcteTA ³ 1- edIm,IGPivDÆkaryl;dwg nigTak;TajkarykcitþTukdak;[)aneRcInEfm eTotrbs;RbCaCnkm<úCa CaBiessPaKIBak;B½n§nana GMBIsmaCikPaB rbs;km<úCakñúg (WTO) 2- edIm,IvaytémøGtßRbeyaCn_EdlRbeTskm<úCa TTYl)ankñúgqñaMknøgmk 3- edIm,Ivaytémøplb:HBal;GviC¢man nigkarRbQmnanakñúgeBlGnuvtþ dMeNIrkar nig 4- edIm,IEsVgrkviFankar nigyuT§sa®sþ edIm,IeFVI[km<úCaTTYl)anpl RbeyaCn_ kan;EtFMeFgkñúgkarcUlrYm WTO . 290

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt K-karcUlrYm ³ snñisITCatienHnwgmanGñkcUlrYmRbmaN 300 nak; mkBIsßab½nepSg² dUcCa GgÁTUt m®nþI raCrdæaPi)al rdæsPa RBwT§sPa GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al smaKm EpñkÉkCn RkumbBaØvnþ nisSit nig GñksarBt’man//.l. kmµviFI éf¶BuF TI21 ExFñÚ qñaM 2005 7³30-8³00 cuHeQµaHGñkcUlrYm 8 ³ 00-8 ³ 30 karyag nigkarGeBa¢Ijrbs;KN ³ GFibtI 8³30-10³00 karebIkGgÁsnñisITCati RBHsunÞrkfasVaKmn_eday semþc neratþm sirivuDÆ RBHRbFanRkumRbwkSaPi)al viTüasßan ExµrsRmab;shRbtibtþikar nigsnþiPaB sunÞrkfasVaKmn_ebIkGgÁsnñisITCatieday elak Gak;suIl sµit RbFankariyal½yssRmab;sh RbtibtþikarPUmiPaKGasIuGaeKñy_énmUlniFiRhVIRDIc eGEb’t swgðbUrI sunÞrkfasar³sMxan;ebIkGgÁsnñisITCatieday semþc h‘un Esn naykrdæm®nþI énraCrdæa Pi)alkm<úCasþIGMBI R: beTskm<úCa nigGgÁkar 291

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15³45-16³00 16³00-17³45 km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt Ék]tþmbNÐit ekA KwmhYn rdæelxaFikar RksYgkarbreTs nigshRbtibtþikarGnþrCati nig smaCikRkumRbwkSaPi)al v/x/s/s/ vaKµin ³ Ék]tþm sun KnÞr RbFanGKÁnaykFnaKar GPivDÆn_CnbT elak sux suPR½kþ GKÁnaykrg GKÁnaykdæan bec©keTs énRksYgBaNiC¢kmµ Ék]tþm TUc s‘agtaNa smaCikRkumsegát karN_esdækic© sgÁmkic© nigvb,Fm’ TIsþIkarKN³ rdæm®nþI kic©BiPakSa sRmakBisaePsC¢³ sm½yRbCuMTI3 ³ RbeTskm<úCa nigGgÁkar BaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ plb:HBal;elI ksikmµ nig]sSah_kmµkat;edrenAkm<úCa RbFan ³ Ék]tþm Guwg hYt GnuRbFanRkumRbwkSaPi)al viTüasßanExµrsRmab;shRbtibtþikar nigsnþiPaB vaKµin ³ 293

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt elak TYt sara:vuF RbFannaykdæanEpnkar sßiti nigshRbtibtþikarGnþrCatiénRksYgksikmµ nig rukçaRbm:aj nigensaT elak R)ak; esrIvDÆ naykRKb;RKg mCÄmNÐlsikSa nigGPivDÆn_ksikmµ elak esam GUn RbFansm<½n§shCIBkmµkr km<úCa sMNYr nig cemøIy éf¶TI 2 RBhs,t× TI 22 ExFñÚ qñaM 2005 8³00-10³00 sm½yRbCuMTI4³ km<úCa nigGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµ BiPBelak ³ plb:HBal;elIBlkmµkargar BaNiC¢kmµ nigvinieyaKenAkm<úCa RbFan ³ bNÐit hIug fUra:k;sIu TIRbwkSa nigCanaykrg xuTÞkal½yÉk]tþm sux Gan]bnaykrdæm®nþI rdæ m®nþITTYlbnÞúk TIsþIkarKN³rdæm®nþI vaKµin ³ Ék]tþm em:A fUra: GnurdæelxaFikarRksYg BaNiC¢kmµ 294

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12³00-14³00 14³00-16³00 km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt elak suk sMeGOn naykRbtibtþi RkumGñkc,ab; karBarsiT§ikm<úCa elak va: rutsan RbFannaykdæankmµsiT§ibBaØa énRksYgBaNiC¢kmµ elak Ca sMNag GñkRsavRCavviTüasßan esdækic©km<úCa bNÐit hgS BuT§a RbFan smaKmviciRtsil, ³ sMNYr nig cemøIy sRmakBisaGaharéf¶Rtg; sm½yRbCuMTI6³ RbeTskm<úCa nigGgÁkar BaNiC¢kmµPiPBelak³ kareRbIR)as; WTO Ca]bkrN_CMrujkMENTRmg; nigkat;bnßy PaBRkIRkenAkm<úCa RbFan ³ bNÐit cab sufariT§ naykRbtibtþi viTüasßan ExµrsRmab;shRbtibtþikar nigsnþiPaB vaKµin ³ Ék]tþm Kg; suPI GKÁelxaFikarrg RkumRbwkSa kMENTRmg;rdæ)al TIsþIkarKN³rdæm®nþI 296

16³00-16³15 16³15-17³30 km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt Ék]tþm ma:n; eQOn GPi)alrgraCFanIPñMeBj nigCaRbFanmUlniFikat;bnßy PaBRkIRkkñúgTIRkug elak twker:t sMerc CMnYykarpÞal;Ék]tþm sux Gan]bnaykrdæm®nþI rdæm®nþI TTYlbnÞúkTIsþIkar KN³rdæm®nþI elak Ca hYt Gñkesdækic© énFnaKarBiPBelak ebIkkic©BiPakSa sRmakBisaePsC¢³ BiFIbiTGgÁsnñisITCati RbFan³ Ék]tþm G‘un nwg GnuRbFanKN³kmµkarkic©kar breTs shRbtibtþikarGnþrCati nigBt’manén rdæsPa nigCasmaCikRkumRbwkSaPi)al v/x/s/s - srublT§plGgÁsnñisITCatieday bNÐit cab sufariT§ naykRbtibtþi viTüasßanExµrsRmab; shRbtibtþikar nigsnþiPaB - cMNab;GarmµN_ kñúgBiFIbiTGgÁ snñisITCatieday elak Gak;sIul sµIt RbFankariyal½y sMrab;shRbtibtþikarPUmiPaK GasIuGaeKñy_én mUlniFiRhVIRDIceGEb’tRbcaMswgðbUrI 297

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt - sunÞrkfaKnøwH nwgkarRbkasbiTGgÁsnñisITCati sþIBI{km<úCa nigGgÁkar BaNiC¢kmµBiPB elak ³ GtßRbeyaCn_ karRbQm nig TsSnvis½yenAGnaKt} eday Ék]tþm em:A fUr:a GnurdæelxaFikarRksYgBaNiC¢kmµ nig CatMNagd¾x<g;x<s;rbs;Ék]tþm cm RbsiT§ eTsrdæmRnþIRksYgBaNiC¢kmµ 298

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt ]bsm<½n§ TI 4 bBa¢IraynamGñkrYmcMENkkñúgevTika nigsnñisITCati semþc h‘un Esn semþc neratþm sirIvuDÆ Ék]tþm Gwug hYt Ék]tþm G‘un nwg Ék]tþm sun Kn§r Ék]tþmbNÐitekA KwmhYn Ék]tþm ega: huglI Ék]tþm Kg; suPI naykrdæmRnþI raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa RBHRbFanRkumRbwkSaPi)alviTüasßanExµrsRmab;sh Rbtibtþikar nigsnþiPaB smaCikRBwT§sPa nigCaGnuRbFanRkum RbwkSaPi)al viTüasßanExµr sRmab;shRbtibtþikar nigsnþiPaB >x>s>s>¦ GnuRbFanKN³kmµakarkic©karbreTsshRbtibtþikar GnþrCati nigBt’manénrdæsPa nigsmaCikRkum RbwkSaPi)al v/x/s/s/ RbFanGKÁnaykFnaKarGPivDÆn_CnbT rdæelxaFikarRksYgkarbreTs nigshRbtibtþikar GnþrCati nigsmaCikRkumRbwkSaPi)al v/x/s/s/ GKÁelxaFikarRkumRbwkSa kMENTRmg;rdæ)al TIsþI karKN³rdæm®nþI GKÁelxaFikarrg RkumRbwkSakMENTRmg;rdæ)al TIsþI 299

km<úCa ngi GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt Ék]tþm TUc esogtaNa Ék]tþm G‘ug c½nÞdariT§ Ék]tþm Et dYgtara Ék]tþm hIug fUra:k;sIu Ék]tþm G‘uM man Ék]tþmbNÐit cab sufariT§i Ék]tþmbNÐit Kwm r½tæBisidæ Ék]tþm em:A fUra: Ék]tþm ma:n; eQOn Ék]tþmbNÐit KuN jwm Ék]tþm swum sara:k; Ék]tþmbNÐit vg; snþab; karKN³rdæm®nþI smaCikRkumsegátkarN_ esdækic© sgÁmkic© nig vb,Fm’ OBSES ¦ TIsþIkarKN³rdæm®nþI smaCikRkumsegátkarN_esdækic© sgÁmkic© nig vb,Fm’ OBSES ¦ TIsþI karKN³rdæ m®nþI GKÁelxaFikar GaCJaFreRbgkatCatikm<úCa TIRbwkSapÞal; nigCanaykrg xuTÞkal½y Ék]tþm sux Gan]bnaykrdæm®nþI rdæm®nþI TTYlbnÞúkTIsþIkar KN³rdæm®nþInigCaGñkRsavRCavCan;x<s;Gmv/x/s/s/ GnurdæelxaFikarRksYgkargar nigbNþúHbNþal viC¢aCIv³ naykRbtibtþi viTüasßanExµrsRmab;shRbtibtþikar nigsnþiPaB TIRbwkSa Ék]tþm sux Gan]bnaykrdæm®nþI rdæm®nþI TTYlbnÞúkTIsþIkar KN³rdæm®nþI GnurdæelxaFikar RksYgBaNiC¢kmµ RbFan mUlniFiGPivDÆn_kat;bnßyPaBRkIRkTIRkug naykrgTIcat;karKy nigrdæakr GKÁnayk GKÁGKÁnaykdæanrdæ)al nighirBaØvtßú RksYgvb,Fm’ nigviciRtsil,³ GKÁnaykRkumh‘unFanara:b;rgCatikm<úCa 300

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