journalists without BOUNDS Don’t journalists still live under intensive self-control and with complexes of fear from treason, intimidation, categorization, and from the pressure of political alignment, which ties their hands and almost transforms them into hostages of the political and confessional, rather sectarian structure, even of religion taboos and others? journalists@journalism.com

«This document has been produced with the financial assistance of the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and can in no way be taken to reflect the official opinion of the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung». First Print 2011 Cover& layout Design Salah Almoussa

Most journalists know enough about the rights of the journalist, but on the other hand do not know how the files of those who wish to affili ate to the syndicate are studied

J ournalism in Lebanon has been thriving for long years; however, no party or institution has carried out any accurate, comprehensive statistical field study concerning various journalists’ matters and concerns on the familial, professional and legal levels. As I scrutinized the content of the valuable study pre pared by“Journalists without Borders” on the situation of journalism and journalists, I felt heartbreak for many reasons. The first reason for that would be the feeling that I was reading about myself at many stages of the study… but what also caught my attention was the cau tion of my colleagues journalists in some of their an swers or their fear, not to say negligence, in answering certain questions by saying: no answer or I don’t know, which registered a considerably high percentage. I saw myself single, my career having eaten up half of my lifetime without me noticing. I went years back, to when I was working as a teacher, lawyer and journalist at the same time before settling in one carrier I had initially come to from the door of law. I looked through my papers, contracts and notebooks and noted that this carrier has not and will not ensure any stability and that I am not affiliated to any of the two syndicates of“journalistic democracy”, that no au diovisual syndicate could guarantee the rights of those who are looked at as decision-makers or public opinionmakers. I am not among those who are enthusiastic to join festive syndicates. I went back in memory to the years of war, raids, threats, and assassinations and I remembered colleagues who were killed or threatened because of a stance, an article or a television episode, and I realized just how much some of the public opinion is often ungrateful. Before me are images of war, sounds of gunshots and shells, the daily scenario to get to the radio station and television, the sleepless nights covering tragedies of people… I could see myself going out at dawn whisper ing the names of the last injured persons or of some who were killed in vain … for nothing…knowing that only three hours of sleep await me before leaving for another job to ensure my living. While skimming the stages of the“Journalists without Borders” study, the pages came though like a mirror… We know a lot about the rights of journalists in other countries, but do journalists in our country have real immunity, protection, stability, freedom of opinion, and financial support? Do they have working conditions that preserve their human dignity and ensure them pro bity and tranquility so they can work with confidence, impartiality, integrity and competence?(I don’t think the answers rendered in this study were very optimis tic). Didn’t the study provide us with answers through which we conclude that journalists in Lebanon are not protected from the direct and indirect pressures ex erted sometimes by bodies, parties or politicians and some other times by a government or even the institu tion they work for? Did the laws protect some colleagues from the arbi trary expulsion they were subject to under many pre texts, lastly the global economic crisis? Don’t journalists still live under intensive self-control and with complexes of fear from treason, intimidation, categorization, and from the pressure of political align ment, which ties their hands and almost transforms them into hostages of the political and confessional, rather sectarian structure, even of religion taboos and others? The list is long, especially when we examine in-depth each section and each survey of the study. I, just like my colleagues, live this reality. This study came to shed the light on our situation and to awaken some questions or maybe open some fresh wounds. Nevertheless, we should all ask one primordial question: Amidst the conditions we live in: Do we still have the pulse of journalists? Are we still journalists? Marcel Ghanem Journalist

Introduction Many studies have tackled, in one way or another, the role of the media and media outlets in forming the public opinion, guiding it and determining its choices. Journalism has been named as the fourth power; how ever, with the evolution and development of societies and technologies, it has become the power ruling over different powers. Everyone has discussed, explained and evaluated the role of the media without looking into the situation of journalists. This study, which is the fruit of cooperation between “Journalists without Bounds” and the“Friedrich-EbertStiftung”, wanted to be in charge of this mission in or der to know the situation of the men and women who made this career on the familial, professional and legal levels, hoping to get closer to knowing many impor tant details that define the role and image of the me dia in Lebanon. What is remarkable in this study is that most of the journalists dealt with it with caution and suspicion. A high percentage did not want to participate and those who participated made reservations concerning several asked questions. This actually shows imbalance, instability, fear of the media institution where they work and fear that their participation might threaten their source of income. Just as participation is a source of information, non participation is a source of indications worth studying and caring for. Strengthening the pillars of an independent media is one of the most important goals that the“FriedrichEbert-Stiftung” seeks to support in cooperation with active media institutions and influential official and civil bodies. Our hopes are high; Lebanon will be again a beacon for freedoms and a model for democracy and plural ism that are based on values and concepts of true citizenship. Our hopes are high; media outlets and journalists will be working hand in hand to build the culture of peace and of recognition of the other not just toler ance. Lebanon is still way behind in achieving security for its citizens. Here we mean security in all its forms and effects: on professional, social and health lev els. This way, each right holder can get his right and each duty bearer do his duty. We, in the“Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung”, support the foundations and principles of democracy and the values and concepts of social justice. We work to strengthen Civil Society Organizations so they can be active and maintain the pillars and institutions of the country far from the policies of disharmony and strife that destroy and don’t build, that hamper the development and evolution we are all seeking. We thank“Journalists without Borders” for this im portant achievement, hoping to have a free inde pendent media that depends on transparency and credibility without any borders. Samir Farah “Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung” representative- Lebanon

PREFACE This study is the first experimental attempt to identify the family, legal and professional con ditions of journalists in Lebanon. But the desire to undertake a comprehensive survey of all journal ists working in the media in all Lebanese regions has not been realized for several reasons; the most important reason being that only 1601 jour nalists responded to the forms that have been dis tributed. This means that a considerable number of journalists remained outside the study sample. This may be due to the fact that the study pervades a new area that gives rise to suspicion or reserva tion, which drove the 1601 journalists to answer many the questions under the form(no answer) for fear of disclosure of a stance or of giving information about their personal or professional situa tions. Perhaps future studies on the same subject may allow overriding this reservation after jour nalists realize that the objectives of this study are directly related to their different interests. Nevertheless, 1601 is a relatively large sam ple in this field, although a significant part, as we mentioned above, hesitated to answer many questions asked. So the(no answer) was not only used to answer personal information the journal ist doesn’t want to reveal to an unknown side but also to give more general information related to 10 journalist with bounds journalists@journalism.com the Order of Journalists or even to their career… If it makes sense“to justify” not answering questions pertaining for instance to the house rent, the work of the wife, times of absence from home, the impact of absence on the family, and the political affiliation, what cannot be justified is refusing to answer“the benefit from vocational courses”,“observations about the Order”, and even“the most prominent media needs”… This means that non-response exceeded the personal or family side(which is likely to lead to reservation), to the professional, political and syndical aspects. In other words reservation was the pre vailing feature in the answers of surveyed journalists. This high proportion of reservation can be ex plained by the following matters: - Lack of knowledge of the body collecting the in formation(absence of trust in its objectives), or indifference to what it does. - Fear of using this information for purposes other than research and statistical purposes. - Lack of desire to disseminate information on the family and occupation, even if it was for research purposes. What confirms this observation is that the journalists refused even to answer, for ex ample, questions about the number of children, the name of the institution where they started to work, the year during which they started their pro fessional work, or their participation in the cover journalist with bounds 11

age of certain wars, or their opinion concerning the most prominent media needs... These are issues that do not, in principle, affect a journal ist’s private life but they are general information. However, the majority of journalists refused to answer, which also indicates the increase of journalists’ fears to give any information whatever its importance is...Despite all this, the answers to the questions in the form allowed identifying many important aspects of the reality of journalists in Lebanon, and this is the objective of the study. Perhaps other studies in the future will be able to overcome the obstacles we have mentioned in the context of a comprehensive survey of all jour nalists working in Lebanon... The form raised questions about the marital status of the journalist, such as the date of birth, social status(single or married), the number of children, the work of the wife, and the number of hours of absence from home. It aims at iden tifying the family environment in which the jour nalist operates. In fact, this is environment differs from other professional environments because the journalist works at different times of day and night and might be obliged in many cases to stay away from his family.The form also asked ques tions about the house rent, the level of expenses on the education of children at school or at uni versity, what other family members such as the father or mother the journalist is providing for. These questions aim at identifying the extent of the journalist’s financial stability in light of the se vere economic pressure the majority of people in 12 journalist with bounds journalists@journalism.com different professions are suffering from in Leba non. The other questions targeted the education al, professional and syndical situation of the jour nalist. For example the specialization he obtained, the period of time that elapsed between obtain ing the specialization degree and the beginning of his media work. The purpose of these questions is to know the suffering of the journalist before find ing work. It appeared that a significant number of graduated journalists relied on personal relation ships to find such work. As for the purpose of the questions about the reasons of leaving the institu tion where the journalist worked, the time spent in that institution, and the period in which he stayed without a job..., it is to determine the psychologi cal and professional stability of the journalist. This is also the justification for asking about the reason that drove the journalist to leave the institution, and the reasons for disagreement with the editor in chief... and the other profession he worked in alongside his career as a journalist. The questions that dealt with legal and pro fessional aspects were the luckiest in the form, because they are the most important goals of our study. So the questions tackled issues such as: the number of vocational trainings in which the jour nalist participated, how much he benefited from them, when and where they took place...to get an idea about the usefulness of these trainings on one hand and the level of progress of the journalist on the other hand. The other questions concerning journalist with bounds 13

professional work missions and where they took place and the coverage of the wars tried to shape a clear picture to the greatest extent possible of the capacities of journalists working in Lebanon, despite the disparity in those capacities in com parison to the disparity in age and experiences of journalists. It was natural to ask questions about the re lationship between the journalist and the Order to which he belongs in order to identify the na ture of that relationship. It was clear that most of the journalists have harsh remarks on the Order although they aren’t members officially or legally. This was what questions such as the following re vealed: are you member in the Order of journalists and editors? Why aren’t you affiliated to the Order of journalists? Have you obtained rights or privi leges from the Order? Have you been exposed to physical risks during your media missions? Has the institution in which you operate given you com pensation or treatment? Was it sufficient? Based on the hypothesis that the journalist is in need of support and he is not getting it enough in his own country from the Order or the concerned bodies, there were questions such as: have you faced the threat of expulsion for a political stance? Have you obtained the required protection? Have you been exposed to a lawsuit against you? Did your insti tution support you? Have you been affiliated to organizations or syndicates out of Lebanon? Did these bodies provide you with any specific sup port? What kind of support was it? 14 journalist with bounds journalists@journalism.com As for the last questions, they were about the position of the journalists towards their Or der, and about the most prominent needs of jour nalists. The answers have allowed us, despite all the reservations mentioned above, to know the important aspects of the lives of journalists and of their professional and syndical reality as you will see through data sorting and analysis. DATA ANALYSIS The Personal Level It looks like the percentage of singles who answered the form is twice the percentage of mar ried. It is clear that the young sters(215) constitute the largest percentage of the journalists who ranged in age according to their birth dates as follows:(173) whose age is between 20 and 30 years old,(78) between 30 and 40 years while those over 50 years old were(33) only. And(18) only were over 60 years old. So the biggest percentage of the journalists belongs to the youth category. Even concerning the wedding date, it is clear that the bulk of the journalists(41) are newlyweds who got married in the last 10 years between 2000 and 2010. This percentage decreases when going back in years so 10 journalists got married journalist with bounds 15

between 1970 and 1979, 23 journalists between 1980 and 1989 and 34 between 1990 and 1999. This shows that the majority of those who an swered the forms are youngsters. Married journalists live with their families in the following manner: the average of children is 2. The husband is away from his home 12 hours a day in average distributed between day and night. Journalists consider that their absence first and foremost affects them then their children and at last their wives, although most of the wives work especially in the education and the media fields. A percentage from the journalists(7, 35%) supports other family members(parents, rela tives) and spends between 100 and 900 USD monthly because of this support. The Educational Level Most of the journalists(167) have graduated in the last decade between 2000 and 2010, while this number is much lower for the past decades:(39) journalists between 1990 and 1999,(30) between 1980 and 1989 and(16) between 1970 and 1980. Most of the journalists have found their job one to two after their graduation … others waited for periods ranging from 3 to 10 years. Most of them got their job through a friend(in the same field) or through a direct initiative from them, while the percentage of journalists who got their 16 journalist with bounds journalists@journalism.com jobs through job announcements or other indirect means was low. This means that the personal and social relations remain dominant in the provi sion of employment opportunities for journalists in Lebanon despite all the tremendous develop ment in communication means and technologies. What is remarkable in this regard is that the high proportion of responses about the beginning of the professional work was after 2006(132 re sponses out of 211), while this percentage only reached 12 journalists of those who began their careers between 1956 and 1975. The percentage increases gradually when we get closer in time to 1996 up to 2006 and beyond. This also means that most of the surveyed journalists who answered the questions are young. This conclusion supports the idea that the age of the surveyed journalists at the beginning of their professional work, was ranging between 17 and 26 years. A significant percentage of the journalists were not enrolled in training sessions(127 out of 316). Those who joined(189) did so after 2004 (105 responses out of 189). It is noticeable in this field that those who have benefited“a little” from these sessions represented a high proportion(50) compared to those who benefited“a lot“(69). As for the answer“unavoidable”, it leaves the pos sibilities open about the usefulness of those train ings. The sessions attended by the journalists in Lebanon and abroad took place in countries such journalist with bounds 17

as Jordan, Qatar, Egypt, Algeria, Kuwait, Tunisia, California, France, and Italy... meaning that they got miscellaneous experience because of the va riety of the trainings’ sources and the countries where they took place. The largest proportion of those trainings was in Lebanon, followed by Arab countries. The percentage of participants in the cover age of field work outside the institution was sig nificant. So the respondents considered that the most important work they have done is the re ports at first, then the interviews followed by edit ing, investigations and coverage of events. Most of the journalists work in the written media(newspapers 167 out of 311), followed by radios(25), then televisions(24) and electronic sites(11). Instability seems to be a prominent feature in the work of journalists. So the period of time that the journalist spent in his work ranged be tween less than 5 years(134 responses out of 212) and 5 to 14 years(66 responses). In other words, the percentage of transition from a type of work to another is high. This percentage may also explain the transition from one media institution to another. Moreover, it seems that“the other better offer” is the primary motivation behind the depar ture of the journalist from the institution where he works, followed immediately by the dispute with the editor in chief. 60 journalists out of 171 18 journalist with bounds journalists@journalism.com answered the question:“why did you leave your previous institution?” by“a better offer”, whereas the percentage of the answer“dispute with the editor in chief” was lower(20 answers) and the other reasons were various like: political, financial reasons, closing of the media institution and oth ers… The journalists avoided to answer the ques tion related to the time they stayed without work, so only 51 of them answered this question. And most of those who answered replied that this pe riod didn’t exceed 1 to 2 years. Perhaps the high proportions of non-responses reflect two pos sibilities: The first is that most journalists have not ceased to work for long periods, and the sec ond is the fear of the journalist to declare that he stopped working for a long period since it can negatively affect his capacities. What supports the second possibility is that the percentage of those who preferred not to answer the question related to the period between their graduation and the beginning of their career was high(938 no an swer), like the percentage of“no answer” to the question related to the period they stayed with out work, comparing to other answers. Most of those who answered said that this period didn’t exceed 0 to 1 year. Most of the journalists got, as supposed, a degree in journalism, followed in order by a degree in political sciences, law, Arabic literature, philosophy, audio-visual, social sciences, econom ics, French literature, history, auditing, documen journalist with bounds 19

tation, IT, and even architecture and education, artistic design, sports, public relations, chemistry and theatre… For some journalists, it wasn’t enough, as it usually happens with many university students in Lebanon, to have only one degree or one major, so some of them tried to get a second degree like: political sciences, Arabic literature, audio-visual, social sciences, French literature, English literature, administration, law, philosophy, translation, dubbing… It is clear that most of these functions can support directly those who want to work in the profession of journalism like the Arabic, French and English literature, and other sciences like law, translation and other. This means that journalists wanted to enhance their job prospects by having more than one major, or they wanted to expand their expertise through the acquisition of new knowledge that allows them to be more competent in the profession of journalism, espe cially that the journalistic work has majorly devel oped in the present era to become more in need of social, linguistic, literary and legal backgrounds, that are inevitable in today’s modern means of communication or in the analysis methodolo gies. Answers to questions about the first major also allow us to conclude that a lot of the journalists came to the profession without a degree in journalism or media, but from another major like law, Arabic literature, philosophy, social sciences, economics, history, auditing, documentation, ar chitecture, IT and others… which drives many to think about the relationship between the major 20 journalist with bounds journalists@journalism.com in the universities(journalism and media) and the profession itself... Most of the journalists found work after their graduation from university. What supports this answer is that a large proportion(128 out of 327) began their journalistic carrier between the age of 17 and 21.This is an early beginning which is gen erally commensurate with the end of university specialization(Bachelor’s degree). The answer to the question: When did you start your career in journalism? also emphasizes the high proportion of young people among those who answered the questions of the form, so the largest percentage said they started work after 2006.This means that the ages of those are between 25 and 30 years if we link this answer with the beginning of the career between 17 and 26 years old as mentioned before in the relevant answers. But it is notice able that the largest percentage of surveyed jour nalists that gave answers concerning their most distinguished professional work was not from the youth. The majority of those journalists have pointed out that most of what they have done was between the years 1961 and 1970(40 to 50 years ago), while this percentage dropped to only 1 of those who said that most of what they have done was after the year 2001. Most of these profes sional achievements were in Lebanon and abroad like Qatar and France, Iraq, Syria, Palestine, Egypt, Iran, China and Bahrain. The biggest percentage of journalists did not participate in covering wars(179 did not par journalist with bounds 21

ticipate and 121 participated in the coverage). The journalists who participated often did in the “Lebanese wars”, which were, according to the se quence of the participation’s rate: July 2006 war, May 7, 2008, Nahr al-Bared, all the wars of Leb anon, April 1996, the Al-Aqsa Intifada, the Gulf War... The journalists were not fully and only dedi cated to their professional work. Most of them said they worked in another profession in addi tion to their work in journalism. It is certain that the reason was financial, either because of the low salary they get, or because they were not fully dedicated in the institution where they work. What are those professions that have ac companied the work of journalists? Some occupations are linked to journalistic work, such as education, translation, or work in a library, and some are totally unrelated to the world of journalism, or writing… such as account ing, restaurant, artistic design, sports, acting, wedding planning, sales, public relations and oth ers... The duration of this work ranged between 1 to 3 hours daily, which confirms the financial need for this second part-time job, while the main in terest and the biggest number of working hours stay dedicated to journalistic work. Most of the journalists have continued their parallel work for about 5 years, followed by those who have con tinued for 5 to 15 years. The percentage of those who lasted for 20 to 30 years with this work is the lowest. We can assume that a large segment of 22 journalist with bounds journalists@journalism.com those who didn’t answer didn’t want to reveal this detail, because it may violate the terms of the media institution where they work since it’s sup posed to be a full-time job. Some of may be just shy to disclose their need of an overtime job to satisfy their financial needs. Journalists worked as well in previous media institutions for a period ranging from 5 to 30 years, which is normal and is related to the age of the journalist and the various previously mentioned reasons, most importantly the other tempting offer or the disagreement with the editor in chief... The legal level The majority of the journalists do not belong to the Order of Journalists or to the Order of Editors(28 versus 320). Al most half of them did not give specific reasons. Others mentioned the reasons such as“unspeci fied reason”,“I’m not allowed to affiliate with the Order”,“I do not trust it”, and“my work is illegal, “I didn’t try”,“I do not care”,“complicated pro cess”, and“the Order does not provide us with opportunities or encouragement”,“membership list is closed”,“the Order is bad”,“too late”, and “I will try soon”… The above positions on the non-affiliation to the Order, despite the diversity of these reasons, push us to conclude that the relationship is irreg ular between the journalists and their syndicate, which is supposed to welcome them as members to protect their rights and defend their causes. journalist with bounds 23

What justifies this belief is that the majority of the non-affiliated journalists seems to have no hope in realizing this adherence and thus, did not make any effort or did not mediate any one to get the affiliation. Even the majority of those affiliated to the Order said that they didn’t get any privileges or rights from this affiliation. Affiliation to social security in its turn did not occur for some journalists(which are the largest percentage) before spending five years of work in the media institution.This means that they stayed for so long time without any health security, oth er even spent between ten and twenty years to achieve this. It is noted that the majority of the numbers of covered journalists increased after 2000. It is well known that many businesses in Lebanon registers their staff in the social security but do not reveal their actual salaries so as not to increase the percentage of the sums they pay to the social security. Therefore, these institutions provide a list of salaries for their employees that are less than what they actually receive. So the journalists were asked about this issue and the answers were divided; those who earn their salaries as recorded in the social security(99) are almost the double of those who do not(44), while many refused to answer(919). This abstention can be probably explained as a desire not to reveal the difference between the earned salary and the sal ary recorded in the social security. If the issue was other than what was mentioned, the journalist would have not declined to mention it because 24 journalist with bounds journalists@journalism.com this praises the institution where he works and the legality of the procedures it follows in deal ing with its employees. Given that the issue is probably not like that(the salaries do not match), and since the journalist doesn’t want to offend or harm the institution he works for fearing of nega tive repercussions, most of the surveyed journal ists preferred not to answer especially that a sig nificant percentage mentioned the name of the institution in which they work and their personal name in the questions of the form. In spite of that, most journalists refuse to accept gifts(financial in particular) from the VIPs or from the“sources” from which they draw their information, or they write about in their articles (212 refused to consider it normal, compared to 27 who approved it, and 55 saw it natural to some extent). It is well known that this is a highly sensi tive issue in Lebanon after the big role played by journalists in the defense of certain political fronts and what was said about financial links between some journalists and political figures or organiza tions, that led them to adopt the viewpoints of these figures and organizations which is consid ered a breach of the conditions of their profes sional work. Therefore, many people do not dare to accept the principle of gifts, knowing that this matter may be normal in other circumstances in Lebanon. If most journalists do not belong to their syndicate in Lebanon, they do not belong to associations, syndicates or other bodies outside Leba journalist with bounds 25

non either. The affiliations of few of the journal ists ranged between human rights associations, the Syrian Order of Journalists, the Arab Order of Journalists, the Francophone Order of Journalists, the Union Association of distributors, the media association and Artists’ Syndicate... so they gained political, syndical and media support from them… But the largest percentage said they got mor al support of these bodies. This means that the journalists lack such support knowing that they are supposed to get it first from their affiliation to their Order to face the political, psychological and physical pressure they are exposed to. The journalists didn’t get exposed to a lot of physical risks like direct injuries during the perfor mance of their duties. The majority denied the exposure to such risks(205), while(76) only said that they have been exposed to such risks, but did not mention their nature or the injuries they have suffered from. Most of those who have been exposed to these risks denied that the institution where they work has provided them compensa tion or treatment. Among those who received compensation, half of them who considered it enough and the other half did not. Most of the journalists have not been threatened with expulsion from the institution where they work because of a political position. Only a few have yes to this question(14) and few denied this(12). The rest(184) tied the threat of expul sion to reasons from another nature they did not mention. Because of the accuracy and the sensi 26 journalist with bounds journalists@journalism.com tivity of this issue in relation to the journalist and to the institution in which he works, only two out of 184 have answered, they said they had been threatened for reasons other than politics, which are the religious affiliation and the events of May 7th, 2008. The threat A large portion of the journal ists confessed that they had been threatened themselves or a member of their families because of a po sition they have taken or an article they have written. But the proportion of those who have not been threatened is the largest.The highest rate in the answers on questions about the type of threat was for“death threats” and“physical threat”. It is well known that this type of threat is supposed to be the most influential on journal ists to deter them from continuing what they’re writing or saying. Other mentioned threats are verbal, battery, rape, expulsion from work, burn ing the house or the car, imprisonment, orpoliti cal tightening...But what is the most surprising and serious are the bodies that threatened the journalists. The answers to this question were divided between official Lebanese bodies and non official bodies(twice the number of the of ficial bodies).It is natural that the designated bodies here are the organizations, the political parties or the similar bodies in Lebanon. Perhaps this explains why the percentage of journalists who got protection from the political bodies is journalist with bounds 27

much higher than the proportion of those who received the protection from a syndical body. But, what did the journalist write, and what topic did he expose to deserve this threat? The answers were diversified and distributed between report, article, elections, security work, Islam, pol itics, drugs, errors of doctors, Syria, Saida, etc… If it was justified and acceptable that jour nalists get threatened in the years of civil war, when the power of the state and its security and judicial institutions went down, it is strange that this threat continues after the end of the war. Most of the journalists who were threatened have answered that the pace of this threat and its rate were higher after 2000, comparing with the previous years between 1970 and 1999(A very limited number of threats).This issue can only be explained in the light of the political and security tension Lebanon has witnessed since 2004 and af ter the assassination of Hariri in early 2005, and the split between Lebanese political parties on internal and regional issues that followed this assassination. The press has played, on all levels, an important and direct role in dealing with this divi sion. Also every political movement in Lebanon tried to attract the largest number of journalists to its side... In an environment of assassinations, strong division and security instability, journalists became vulnerable to the threat of the Lebanese formal and informal parties for various reasons mentioned by journalists in their answers such as writing articles or reports on the election or on 28 journalist with bounds journalists@journalism.com drugs, or even about medical errors... There is a difference between the threat and the lawsuit against the journalist. A minor number of journalists have responded that they have been exposed to a lawsuit filed against them, whereas the proportion of those who were exposed to the threat themselves or a member of their families was much higher(three times). Perhaps it’s be cause the threat is designed to prevent the jour nalist from writing again(without any legal right) on any subject that can annoy the threatening party...while the lawsuit means the legal recourse to the concerned institutions to collect the rights or to lift the abuse that the opposite side consid ers as wasted or attacked... and this is legitimate in principle; unlike the threat that only means over riding the laws and intimidating the journalists. Thus, the journalists were exposed to law suits filed against them, ranging for every journal ist between 16 times, eight times, and one time... As for the reasons that led filing those cases were, according to the answers of the journalists: Writ ing a report or article, defamation and slander, a political position, a critical article, an accusation of fraud, a tour in a military zone, about an Israeli matter... The institution where the journalist works often stood by his side to face the lawsuit(More than twice the number of answers revealing that it did not stand by his side in addition to a few “the interest was not enough” answers). This is contrary to what it did in facing the threat the journalist with bounds 29

journalists were exposed to, when most of them answered that they had obtained protection from political bodies more than they got it from their syndicates when they were threatened. The syndicate & the protection It seems that there is a clear problem in the relationship between the journalists and their Order. The majority of respondents consid ered themselves not satisfied with the current Or der(132), adding to that those who said“it must be changed”(67), against few(14 only) who ex pressed their satisfaction with the Order. What pushes the journalists to give this negative assessment about their syndicate? Answers were“Because it is corrupted or il legal”, or because“it has become outdated and does not change”, or because“it does not care about the needs of journalists”, or“it needs to new members”, or“it does not protect our rights”,or“it has a lack of evolution efficiency and responsibility”, or“it is under political or religious influences”,“and its achievements and activities are few“, or“it’s not democratic”… Some con sidered that the Order“does not represent him”, “he is not comfortable with the President”,“and it is experiencing administrative problems”, and “does not check the communication between its members”, and“not a matter of concern”... These negative attitudes against the syndicate 30 journalist with bounds journalists@journalism.com may explain the answers of the journalists on what they need: most of them mentioned“protection” first, followed by“freedom of opinion”,“financial support”,“job security” and“respect”... to the support of the Order, the social security, the sense of confidence and the continuous training...This means that the problem of the journalists is ba sically the threat(physical and functional) which supposes his protection by the syndicate. Never theless, the problem is that the doors of affiliation of the majority of the journalists to their syndicate are still closed for various reasons... perhaps for this reason the majority of journalists does not know(or does not care) what is“the commission in charge of the lists”, which, as it is well known, studies the files of those who wish to affiliate to the syndicate, and includes representatives of the Orders of journalists and editors and is headed by the President of the Order of Journalists”... journalist with bounds 31

Most journalists do not feel stable in their work and some of them have been subject to threats and to leaving the institution where they work

SUMMARY F rom what preceded, and according to the se quence of the questions in the form, and the answers we obtained, we can make the most important following deductions: - The percentage of single journalists is much higher than the percentage of married ones. - Most journalists are young. - Half of the wives of journalists work in the jour nalism and education fields. - Journalists provide for a lot of relatives other than their immediate family members. - Journalists are the ones who are the most nega tively affected by their absence from their fami lies, followed by their children and wives. - Most journalists do not feel stable in their work and some of them have been subject to threats and to leaving the institution where they work. Some of them have resorted to other careers in addition to their journalistic work. - A large part of journalists participated in cover ing most of the wars that took place in Lebanon. But some of them did not get enough support or adequate protection from the institution they worked for when they were exposed to injuries or threat. - Most of the journalists are not affiliated to the Order of Journalists or to the Order of Edi tors, and do not trust any of them. Those who are affiliated to one of the two syndicates did not get any guarantees or important rights. - Most journalists know enough about the rights of the journalist, but on the other hand do not know how the files of those who wish to affiliate to the syndicate are studied. - Journalists consider what they mostly need is protection than freedom of opinion, followed by financial support and job security....

Number of journalists who participated in the survey: 1061 Gender: Gender Male Female No answer Percentage 56.83% 42.70% 0.47% Number of journalists 603 453 5 Date of Birth: Age(in years) Under 20 20- 29 30- 39 40- 49 50- 59 Above 60 No answer Number 3 173 78 49 33 18 707 Percentage 0.28% 16.31% 7.35% 4.62% 3.11% 1.70% 66.64% 1 34 journalist with bounds journalists@journalism.com House rents Journalists who mentioned their house rent House rents in USD Rent Under 100 100- 199 200- 299 300- 399 400- 499 500- 599 600- 699 700- 799 Above 800 Percentage 8.45% 15.49% 35.21% 18.31% 8.45% 9.86% 0.00% 1.41% 2.82% Number Percentage 71 6.69% Number 6 11 25 13 6 7 0 1 2 Social Status Social Status Single Married Divorced Widow No answer 3 Number 229 124 11 0 697 Percentage 21.58% 11.69% 1.04% 0.00% 65.69% journalist with bounds 35

Wife’s work Wife’s work Works Does not work No answer Number of journalists 66 60 935 Percentage 6.22% 5.66% 88.12% Times of absence 270 journalists answered the question about the approximate number of hours of daily absence from home imposed by their current job, which is 25.45% of the total number of journalists. 5 Number of hours of Number of absence journalists 1- 3 2 4- 5 15 6- 9 95 10-11 75 12- 17 76 Above 18 7 Percentage 0.74% 5.56% 35.19% 27.78% 28.15% 2.59% The percentage in the table above is from the 270 journalists who determined the number of absence hours. Approximate number of hours of absence from home 36 journalist with bounds 6 journalists@journalism.com Would you mind mentioning your political affiliation? Mentioning the political affiliation Yes No No answer Number of journalists 44 44 973 Percentage 4.15% 4.15% 91.71% Would you mind mentioning your political affiliation? 7 Why did you leave the previous institution? Reason for leaving Dispute with the editor in chief Reduction of the number of employees Disagreement about the salary Another better offer Not getting the required guarantees Other No answer Number of journalists 20 14 13 60 14 50 890 Percentage 1.89% 1.32% 1.23% 5.66% 1.32% 4.71% 83.88% journalist with bounds 37

Why did you leave the previous institution? Reasons of dispute with the editor in chief for those who quit their job journalists@journalism.com Other reasons for leaving the media institution not mentioned in the form Reasons of dispute with the editor in chief for those who quit their job The number of journalists who quit their job because of a dispute with the Other reasons for leaving the media institution not mentioned in the editor in chief i s 20. The reasons are the following: form Re T a h s e on number of journalist N s w um ho b q e u r it o th f eir job for a diff P e e re r n c t e r n e t a a so g n e ( ( n o o u t t of 20) mentioned in the form) is jo 5 u 0. r T n h a e li r s e t a s sons are the following: Criticism 1 5% P R o e li a t s ic o a n l reason Ideological reason Fi C n l a o n si c n i g al o r f e t a h s e o m n edia institution Work pressure Private reason In F c o o r n b v id e d n a i n e c n e c o e f of the tim pr e acticing another job L L o o s s s s o o f f r m e o sp ti e v c at t ion A N rb o i t tr m ar e y nt d io e n c e i d sion 4 Number of journalists 1 3 3 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 43 P 2 e 0 r % centage(out of 5 5 0 % ) 6 1 % 5% 5% 4% 2 5 % % 2 5 % % 8 1 6 0 % % Not mentioned 6 30% 10 9 38 journalist with bounds Are you a member of the Order of Journalists or Editors? Answer Yes No No answer Number of journalists 28 320 713 Percentage 2.64% 30.16% 67.20% 11 Reasons of non affiliation 320 journalists said they were not affiliated to their Order, 136 of which determined the specific reason for that, i.e. 42.50% of them. Reason Unspecified reason I’m not allowed to affiliate with the Order I don’t trust the Order My work is illegal I didn’t try Number of journalists 13 12 12 12 11 12 Percentage(out of 136) 9.56% 8.82% 8.82% 8.82% 8.09% journalist with bounds 39

I don’t care 11 The process is complicated or unknown 11 The Order does not provide us with opportunities or 10 encouragement I don’t have the required 9 documents Non Lebanese citizenship 7 I am still a student 6 membership list is closed 6 I don’t mind 4 The Order is bad 4 Too late 3 I d w o il n l ’ tr c y a s r o e on 13 1 TRheleigpirooucsesrseaisocnomplicated 2 11 or unknown The Order does not provide us with opportunities or 10 encouragement I don’t have the required 9 documents Non Lebanese citizenship 7 I am still a student 6 membership list is closed 6 I don’t mind 4 The Order is bad 4 Too late 3 I will try soon 3 Religious reason 2 Reasons of non affiliation 8.09% 8.09% 7.35% 6.62% 5.15% 4.41% 4.41% 2.94% 2.94% 2.21% 82.0291% 1.47% 8.09% 7.35% 6.62% 5.15% 4.41% 4.41% 2.94% 2.94% 2.21% 2.21% 1.47% 13 Reasons of non affiliation 13 40 journalist with bounds journalists@journalism.com The majority of the journalists do not belong to the Order of Journalists or to the Order of Editors

journalists@journalism.com ةحض�او ةلكش�م ةمث نا ودبي عم نييفاحص�لا ةقالع يف نيبوجتس�ملا بلغأ� ربتعا دقف.مهتباقن ةيلاحلا ةباقنلا نع نيض�ار ريغ مهس�فنأ� 136 9.56% 8.82% 86% 136 9.56% 8.82% 136 320 42.50% 13 12 12 43 136 320 42.50% 13 12 12 دوـيق الـب نويفاحص� 38

journalists@journalism.com 5% 1 5% 1 10% 2 30% 6 50 50 6% 4% 2% 2% 37 دوـيقالـبنويفاحص� 3 2 1 1 10 20 20 5% 20% 5% 15% 5% 1 4 1 3 1 9 دوـيقالـبنويفاحص� 36

journalists@journalism.com 1.89% 1.32% 1.23% 5.66% 1.32% 4.71% 83.88% 1.89% 1.32% 1.23% 5.66% 1.32% 4.71% 83.88% 20 14 13 270 60 14 50 890 270 20 8 14 13 60 14 50 890 8 4.15% 4.15% 91.71% 35 دوـيقالـبنويفاحص� 4.15% 4.15% 44 44 973 44 7 44 0.74% 5.56% 35.19% 27.78% 28.15% 2.59% 0.74% 5.56% 35.19% 27.78% 28.15% 2.59% 6.22% 5.66% 88.12% 270 25.45% 2 15 95 75 76 7 25.45% 3 1 5 4 9 6 11 10 12770 12 18 6 2 15 95 75 76 7 3 1 5 4 9 6 11 10 17 12 18 6 66 60 935 دوـيقالـبنويفاحص� 34

journalists@journalism.com 10 0 1st Qtr 2nd Qtr 3rd Qtr 4th Qtr 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1st Qtr 2nd Qtr 3rd Qtr 4th Qtr East West North 6.69% 71 8.45% 6 15.49% 11 35.21% 25 18.31% 13 8.45% 6 9.86% 7 0.00% 0 6.69% 71 1.41% 1 2.82% 2 3 .45% .49% .21% .31% .45% .86% .00% .41% .82% 3 6 100 11 199 100 25 299 200 13 399 300 6 499 400 7 599 500 0 699 600 1 700 700 2 800 21.58% 229 11.69% 124 1.04% 11 0.00% 0 65.69% 697 33 دوـيقالـبنويفاحص� 100 199 100 299 200 399 300 499 400 599 500 699 600 700 700 800 1,061 56.83% 42.70% 0.47% 603 ركذ 453 ىثنأ 5 باوج ال 0.28% 16.31% 7.35% 4.62% 3.11% 1.70% 66.64% 3 173 78 49 33 1 18 707 29 20 39 30 49 40 59 50 60 دوـيقالـبنويفاحص� 32

ةباقن ىلا ال نييفاحص�لا نم ربكألا مس�قلا بس�تني ال ملو.اهنم يأ�ب نوقثي الو ،نيررحملا ةباقن ىلا الو ةفاحص�لا يأ� ىلع نيتباقنلا نيتاه ىدحا ىلا مهنم بس�تنا نم لص�حي .ةمهم قوقحوا تانامض� يفاحص�لا قوقح نع يفكي ام نويفاحص�لا مظعم فرعي نيبغارلا تافلم س�ردت فيك ءالؤ�ه فرعي ال لباقملا يف نكلو .يباقنلا لودجلا ىلا باس�تنالاب ةيامحلا وه هيلا نوجاتحي ام زربا نا نويفاحص�لا ربتعي ...يفيظولا نامألاو يلاملا معدلا كلذ يلي،يأ�رلا ةيرح مث ةص�الخ ةلئس�ا لس�لس�ت بس�حبو ،هلك مدقت ام لالخ نم نكمي مها ىلا ص�لخن نأ� ،اهيلع انلص�ح يتلا تاباجإلاو ،ةرامتس�الا :ةيلاتلا تاجاتنتس�الا ةبس�ن نمريثكب ىلعا نييفاحص�لا نم نيبزاعلا ةبس�ن نيجوزتملا بابش�لا نم مه نييفاحص�لا مظعم ةفاحص�لا تالاجم يف نلمعي نييفاحص�لا تاجوز فص�ن ميلعتلاو مهترس�ا دارفأ� بناج ىلا نيرخآ� اً دارفا نويفاحص�لا ليعي نيرش�ابملا نع مهبايغب اً بلس� رثأ�تي نم رثكأ� نم مه نويفاحص�لا . ةجوزلاو دالوالا مهيلي مهترس�ا دقو مهلمع يف رارقتس�الاب نييفاحص�لا مظعم رعش�ي ال لمعي يتلا ةس�س�ؤ�ملا كرت ىلاو ديدهتلا ىلا مهض�عب ض�رعت بناج ىلا ىرخأ� نهم ةلوازم ىلا مهض�عب أ�جل امك.اهيف يفاحص�لا مهلمع بورحلا مظعم ةيطغت يف نييفاحص�لا نم ريبك مس�ق كراش� هض�رعت دنع لص�حي مل مهض�عب نكل.نانبل يف تلص�ح يتلا نم ةبس�انم ةيامح وأ� فاك معد ىلع ديدهتلل وا ةباص�الل اهيف لمعي يتلا ةس�س�ؤ�ملا

jo jo u ur r n n al a is l t i w s i t th w b i o t u h nd b s ounds journalists@journalism.com

journalists@journalism.com نع مهبايغب ًابلس� رثأ�تي نم رثكأ� نم مه نويفاحص�لا . ةجوزلاو دالوالا مهيلي مهترس�ا دقو مهلمع يف رارقتس�الاب نييفاحص�لا مظعم رعش�ي ال يتلا ةس�س�ؤ�ملا كرت ىلاو ديدهتلا ىلا مهض�عب ض�رعت ىلا ىرخأ� نهم ةلوازم ىلا مهض�عب أ�جل امك.اهيف لمعي يفاحص�لا مهلمع بناج مظعم ةيطغت يف نييفاحص�لا نم ريبك مس�ق كراش� لص�حي مل مهض�عب نكل.نانبل يف تلص�ح يتلا بورحلا ةيامح وأ� فاك معد ىلع ديدهتلل وا ةباص�الل هض�رعت دنع اهيف لمعي يتلا ةس�س�ؤ�ملا نم ةبس�انم ةباقن ىلا ال نييفاحص�لا نم ربكألا مس�قلا بس�تني ال .اهنم يأ�ب نوقثي الو ،نيررحملا ةباقن ىلا الو ةفاحص�لا نيتباقنلا نيتاه ىدحا ىلا مهنم بس�تنا نم لص�حي ملو .ةمهم قوقحوا تانامض� يأ� ىلع يفاحص�لا قوقح نع يفكي ام نويفاحص�لا مظعم فرعي تافلم س�ردت فيك ءالؤ�ه فرعي ال لباقملا يف نكلو .يباقنلا لودجلا ىلا باس�تنالاب نيبغارلا وه هيلا نوجاتحي ام زربا نا نويفاحص�لا ربتعي نامألاو يلاملا معدلا كلذ يلي،يأ�رلا ةيرح مث ةيامحلا ...يفيظولا 29 دوـيقالـبنويفاحص� اهتازاجناو ،»ينيد وا يس�ايس� ريثأ�ت تحت ةعقاو يه»وأ� نم ىلا...»ةيطارقميد ريغ« يهو ،»ةليلق اهتطش�نأ�و ،»اهبيقنل حاتري ال« هناو ،»هلثمت ال« ةباقنلا ربتعا نيب لص�اوتلا ققحت ال»و،»ةيرادا لكاش�م يناعت« اهناو ...»مامتهالا ىلع ثعبت الو« ،»اهئاض�عا تاباجا ةباقنلا نم ةيبلس�لا فقاوملا هذه رس�فت امبر ربتعا ثيح:هنوجاتحي ام زربا نع نييفاحص�لا معدلا»و»يأ�رلا ةيرح« اهيلت،»الوأ�»ةيامحلا« مهمظعم معد ىلا...»مارتحالا»و»يفيظولا ناملأ ا»و»يلاملا بيردتلاو ةقثلاب روعش�لاو يعامتجالا نامض�لاو ةباقنلا يه س�اس�الا يفاحص�لا ةلكش�م نا ينعي ام...رمتس�ملا اً لوأ� هتيامح ض�رتفي يذلا)يفيظولاو يداملا( ديدهتلا مس�قلا باس�تنا باوبأ� نا ةلكش�ملا نكلو.ةباقنلا بناج نم ةدص�وم لازت ال مهتباقن ىلا نييفاحص�لا نم ربكألا )متهي ال وأ�( فرعي ال ببس�لا اذهل امبرو...ىتش� بابس�أل ىلوتت يتلا.»لوادجلا ةنجل« يه ام نويفاحص�لا بلغ�أ ىلا باس�تنالاب نيبغارلا تافلم ةس�ارد« مولعم وه امك ةفاحص�لا يتباقن نع نيلثمم مض�تو ،يباقنلا لودجلا ...»ةفاحص�لا بيقن اهس�أ�ريو نيررحملاو ةلئس�ا لس�لس�ت بس�حبو ،هلك مدقت ام لالخ نم نكمي ىلا ص�لخن نأ� ،اهيلع انلص�ح يتلا تاباجإلاو ،ةرامتس�الا :ةيلاتلا تاجاتنتس�الا مها ةبس�ن نمريثكب ىلعا نييفاحص�لا نم نيبزاعلا ةبس�ن نيجوزتملا بابش�لا نم مه نييفاحص�لا مظعم ةفاحص�لا تالاجم يف نلمعي نييفاحص�لا تاجوز فص�ن ميلعتلاو دارفأ� بناج ىلا نيرخآ�ً ادارفا نويفاحص�لا ليعي نيرش�ابملا مهترس�ا دوـيقالـبنويفاحص� 28

journalists@journalism.com ،تارم نامثو ،ةرم 16 نيب دحاولا يفاحص�لل تحوارت كلت عفر ىلا ىدأ� يذلا ببس�لا اما...ةدحاو ةرمو ريرقت ةباتك:نييفاحص�لا تاباجا بس�حب وهف ىواعدلا ،»يداقتنا لاقم« ،»يس�ايس� فقوم ،حدقو مذ ،لاقم وا لوح« ،»ةيركس�ع ةقطنم يف ةلوج« ،»ريوزتلاب ماهتا« ...»يليئارس�ا نأ�ش� ىلا ًابلاغ يفاحص�لا اهيف لمعي يتلا ةس�س�ؤ�ملا تفقو دقل فعض� نم رثكأ�( ةيئاض�قلا ىوعدلا ةهجاوم يف هبناج ىلا ةفاض�الاب هبناج ىلا اهيف فقت مل يتلا تارملا ددع امل ًافالخ كلذو.)» ايفاك اهمامتها نكي مل« ةليلق تارم ،نويفاحص�لا هل ض�رعت يذلا ديدهتلا ةهجاوم يف هتلعف نم ةيامحلا ىلع اولص�ح مهنأ� ءالؤ�ه مظعم باجا امدنع ةيباقن تاهج نم اهيلع اولص�ح امم رثكا ةيس�ايس� تاهج .ديدهتلل اوض�رعت امدنع ةقالع يف ةحض�او ةلكش�م ةمث نا ودبي ةباقنلا ربتعا دقف.مهتباقن عم نييفاحص�لا ةيامحلاو نيض�ار ريغ مهس�فنأ� نيبوجتس�ملا بلغأ� دب ال« لاق نم كلذ ىلا فض�أ� ،)132( ةيلاحلا ةباقنلا نع ترّ بع)طقف 14( ةليلق ةلق لباقم يف) 67(»اهرييغت نم .ةباقنلا هذه نع اهاض�ر نع يبلس�لا ريدقتلا اذه ىلا نييفاحص�لا عفدي يذلا ام ؟مهتباقنل تحبص�أ�« اهنأل وا ،»ةيعرش� ريغ وأ� ةدس�اف اهنأل« تاجايتحاب يلابت ال« يهو ،»ريغتت الو ةميدق يمحت ال»و ،»ددج ءاض�عا ىلا جاتحت»و ،»نييفاحص�لا ،»ةيلوؤ�س�ملاو ةءافكللو روطتلل دقتفت»و ،»انقوقح 27 دوـيقالـبنويفاحص� الو.) ديدهتلا نم ًادج دودحم ددع(1999 ىلا 1970 نيب يس�ايس�لا رتوتلا ءوض� ىلع الا رمألا اذه ريس�فت نكمي لايتغا دعبو 2004 ماع ذنم نانبل هدهش� يذلا ينمألاو كلذ بقعأ� امو 2005 ماع علطم يف يريرحلا س�يئرلا ةينانبللا ةيس�ايس�لا فارطالا نيب ماس�قنا نم لايتغالا ةفاحص�لا تبعل دقو ،ةيميلقالاو ةيلخادلا اياض�قلا لوح اذه عم لماعتلا يف ًارش�ابمو ًامهم ًارود ةفاك اهتايوتس�مب بذج نانبل يف يس�ايس� هاجتا لك لواح امك.ماس�قنالا نم ةئيب يفو...هبناج ىلا نييفاحص�لا نم ددع ربكأ� رارقتس�الا مدع نمو يوقلا ماس�قنالا نمو تالايتغالا نم ديدهتلل ةض�رع مهرودب نويفاحص�لا تاب ينمألا اهركذ ىتش� بابس�أل ةيمس�ر ريغو ةيمس�ر ةينانبل تاهج لوح ريرقت وا لاقم ةباتك لثم مهتاباجا يف نويفاحص�لا ... يبط أ�طخ لوح ىتح وأ� ،تاردخملا لوح وا تاباختنالا دض� ةيئاض�قلا ىوعدلا نيبو ديدهتلا نيب قراف ةمث نع نييفاحص�لا نم ليلق ددع باجأ� دقف.يفاحص�لا تناك نيح يف.مهقحب ةيئاض�ق ىوعد عفرل مهض�رعت رثكأ� هتلئاع دارفا دحأ� وأ� وه ديدهتلل ض�رعت نم ةبس�ن فدهي ديدهتلا نأل امبر.) فاعض�أ� ةثالث( ريثكب ًاعافترا يا نود نم(ً اددجم ةباتكلا نم يفاحص�لا عنم ىلا فرطلا جعزي نأ� نكمي عوض�وم يأ� لوح)ينوناق قح ماكتحالا ينعت ةيئاض�قلا ىوعدلا نا نيح يف...ددهملا عفرل وأ� قوقحلا ليص�حتل ةينعملا تاس�س�ؤ�ملا ىلا ينوناقلا تض�رعت اهنا يفاحص�لل لباقملا فرطلا ربتعي يتلا ةءاس�الا أ�دبملا ثيح نم عورش�م رمأ� اذهو...ءادتعالل وا ردهلل نيناوقلا زواجت ىوس� ينعي ال يذلا ديدهتلل ًافالخ .نييفاحص�لا بيهرتو ،مهدض� ةيئاض�ق ىواعد عفرل نويفاحص�لا ض�رعت اذكه دوـيقالـبنويفاحص� 26

journalists@journalism.com »لتقلاب ديدهتلا« يه ديدهتلا عون نع ةباجالا يف ةبس�ن نم عونلا اذه نا مولعملا نمو.»يدس�جلا ديدهتلا»و يفاحص�لا ىلع ًاريثأ�ت رثكألا نوكي نا ض�رتفي ديدهتلا تاديدهتلا امأ�.هلوقي وا هبتكي ام يف رارمتس�الا نع هعدرل وأ� برض�لاب ءادتعالاو ،يهفش�لا نيب تعزوتف ىرخألا ،ةرايس�لا وا تيبلا قرحبو ،لمعلا نم درطلاو ،باص�تغالا دش�ا وه ام اما...يس�ايس�لا قييض�تلاب وا ،نجس�لاب وأ� ديدهتلا اذه تهجو يتلا تاهجلا يهف ةروطخو ًابارغتس�ا لاؤ�س�لا اذه نع تاباجالا تعزوت دقف.نييفاحص�لا ىلا فعض�( ةيمس�ر ريغ تاهجو ةينانبل ةيمس�ر تاهج نيب تاهجلا نوكت نا يعيبطلا نمو.) ةيمس�رلا تاهجلا ددع تائيه وأ� ةيس�ايس� بازحا وا تامظنم يه انه ةدوص�قملا نم ةبس�ن تناك اذامل رس�في اذه لعلو.نانبل يف ةلثامم ةيس�ايس� ةهج نم ةيامح ىلع نييفاحص�لا نم لص�ح نم ةيامحلا كلت ىلع لص�ح نم ةبس�ن نم ريثكب ىلعا . ةيباقن ةهج قحتس�يل عوض�وم يأ� نعو ،يفاحص�لا بتك اذام نكلو وا ريرقتلا« نيب عزوتتو تاباجالا عونتت ؟ديدهتلا اذه وا»ينمألا لمعلا لوح« وا»تاباختنالا لوح»وأ� ،لاقملا ،»بيبط أ�طخ« وأ� ،»تاردخملا« وا ،»ةس�ايس�لا« وا ،»مالس�الا« ...»اديص� نع« وأ� ،»ايروس� نع« وأ� ض�رعتي نا رربملا نم ىتح وا موهفملا نم ناك اذاو امدنع ةيلهالا برحلا تاونس� يف ديدهتل نويفاحص�لا نإ�ف،ةيئاض�قلاو ةينمالا اهتاس�س�ؤ�مو ةلودلا ةطلس� تعجارت يط دعب ديدهتلا اذه رمتس�ي نا ريثملاو بيرغلا نم نيذلا نييفاحص�لا مظعم باجا دقف.برحلا كلت ةحفص� تناك هتبس�نو ديدهتلا اذه ةريتو نا ديدهتل اوض�رعت ةقباس�لا ماوعالا عم ةنراقم ،2000 ماع دعب ًاعافترا رثكالا 25 دوـيقالـبنويفاحص� ض�رتفي يذلا معدلا اذه لثم ىلا نودقتفي نييفاحص�لا يف مهتباقن ىلا مهباس�تنا نم اً لوا هيلع اولص�حي نا ةيس�فنو ةيس�ايس� طوغض� نم هل نوض�رعتي ام ةهجاوم .ةيدامو ةيدس�ج رطاخم ىلا ًاريثك نويفاحص�لا ض�رعتي مل .ةيمالعإلا مهتامهم ةيدأ�ت ءانثا ةرش�ابملا تاباص�الا لثم نيح يف) 205(رطاخملا هذه لثمل اهض�رعت تفن ةيبلغألا مهنكل رطاخملا هذه لثمل اوض�رعت مهنا طقف) 76(ربتعا ىفنو.اهل اوض�رعت يتلا تاباص�الا وا اهتعيبط اوركذي مل ةس�س�ؤ�ملا نوكت نا رطاخملا كلتل اوض�رعت نيذلا مظعم نم امأ�.جالعلا وا ض�يوعتلاب تماق اهيف نولمعي يتلا نم نيب ًابيرقت مهتبس�ن تواس�تف ض�يوعتلا ىلع اولص�ح .كلذك هربتعي مل نمو ًايفاك هربتعا نم درطلاب ديدهتلل نييفاحص�لا نم ريثك ض�رعتي مل طقف ةلق.يس�ايس� فقوم ببس�ب اهيف نولمعي يتلا ةس�س�ؤ�ملا تفن ةلباقم ةلقو) 14(لاؤ�س�لا اذه نع باجيالاب تباجا درطلاب ديدهتلا اوطبرف) 184( نوقابلا امأ�.)12(كلذ هذه ةقدل ًارظنو ؟اهتعيبط اوركذي مل ىرخأ� بابس�أ�ب ةس�س�ؤ�ملا ىلاو يفاحص�لا ىلا ةبس�نلاب اهتيس�اس�حو ةلأ�س�ملا اولاق 184 لص�ا نم طقف نانثا باجا دقف اهيف لمعي يتلا يه ،ةيس�ايس� ريغ ىرخا بابس�أل ديدهتلل اوض�رعت مهناب .2008 رايا نم عباس�لا ثادحاو ينيدلا ءامتنالا هنأ� نييفاحص�لا نم ريبك مس�ق فرتعي ديدهتلا هتلئاع دارفا دحا وأ� وه ديدهتلل ض�رعت نكل.هبتك لاقم وأ� هذختا فقوم ببس�ب ىلعأ� غلبتو.ربكألا يه ديدهتلل ض�رعتي مل نم ةبس�ن دوـيقالـبنويفاحص� 24

journalists@journalism.com امبو)قباطتم ريغ بتارلا نا يأ�( حجرالا ىلع كلذك لمعي يتلا ةس�س�ؤ�ملل ض�رعتلا ديري ال يفاحص�لا نا مظعم لض�ف دقف ،هيلع ةيبلس�لا تاس�اكعنالا ةيش�خ اهيف نم ًاريبك ًامس�ق ناو ًاص�وص�خ ةباجالا مدع نيبوجتس�ملا همس�ا ركذو اهيف لمعي يتلا ةس�س�ؤ�ملا مس�ا ركذ نييفاحص�لا .ةرامتس�الا ةلئس�ا يف يص�خش�لا نييفاحص�لا مظعم ض�فري كلذ نم مغرلا ىلعو نم وا تايص�خش�لا نم)ًاص�وص�خ ةيلاملا(ايادهلا لوبق نوبتكي وا،مهتامولعم اهنم نوقتس�ي يتلا»رداص�ملا« »ايعيبط رمألا رابتعا اوض�فر 212(.مهتالاقم يف اهنع »ام دح ىلا»ايعيبط هوأ�ر« 55 و ،هيلع اوقفاو 27 لباقم نانبل يف ةيس�اس�حلا ةديدش� ةلأ�س�ملا هذه نا مولعملا نمو.) نع عافدلا يف نويفاحص�لا هبعل يذلا ريبكلا رودلا دعب تاطابترا نع عيش�أ� امو كلت وا ةيس�ايس�لا ةهبجلا هذه تاميظنتب وا تايص�خش�ب نييفاحص�لا ض�عبل ةيلام تايص�خش�لا هذه رظن ةهجو ينبت ىلا مهتعفد ،ةيس�ايس� .ينهملا لمعلا طورش�ب اً لالخإ� ربتعا ام يف تاميظنتلاو نأ�ب ًاملع، ايادهلا أ�دبم لوبق ىلع نوريثكلا ؤ�رجي ال اذل . نانبل يف ىرخأ� فورظ يف ةيعيبط نوكت دق ةلأ�س�ملا يف مهتباقن ىلا نوبس�تني ال نييفاحص�لا مظعم ناك اذا وا تاباقن وأ� تايعمج ىلا ًاض�يا نومتني ال مهنإ�ف نانبل مهض�عب تاءامتنا تحوارت دقو.نانبل جراخ ىرخأ� تائيه ةفاحص�لا ةباقنو ناس�نالا قوقح تايعمج نيب ةليلقلا نييفاحص�لا ةباقنو ،برعلا نييفاحص�لا ةباقنو ،ةيروس�لا نييمالعالا ةيعمجو نيعزوملا داحتا ىلا،نيينوفوكنرفلا يس�ايس� معد ىلع اهنم اولص�حف...نينانفلا ةباقنو اهنأ�ب تلاق ربكألا ةبس�نلا نكل...يمالعا وأ� يباقن وأ� نا ينعي ام.تائيهلا هذه نم يونعم معد ىلع تلص�ح 23 دوـيقالـبنويفاحص� اهيف ءاض�عا اونوكيل مهل اهباوبا حتفت نا ض�رتفي يتلا اذه رربي امو.مهاياض�ق نع عافدلاو مهقوقح ةيامحل ققحت نم ةس�ئاي ودبت نيبس�تنملا ريغ ةيبلاغ نا داقتعالا »ادحا طس�وت ملو دهج يأ� لذبت ملف باس�تنالا كلذ ىلا اوبس�تنا نم نا امك.باس�تنالا كلذ ىلع لص�حتل ىلع اولص�حي مل مهنأ� ىمظعلا مهتيبلاغب اولاق ةباقنلا .باس�تنالا اذه نم قوقح وا تازايتما يأ� لص�حي مل هرودب يعامتجالا نامض�لا ىلا باس�تنالا ءاض�قنا لبق)ربكألا ةبس�نلا يهو( ض�عبلا ىلا ةبس�نلاب ةس�س�ؤ�ملا يف يفاحص�لا لمع ىلع تاونس� س�مخ وحن نود نم ةدملا هذه ةليط يقب هنا ينعي ام.ةيمالعالا نيب ام ىلا نورخآ� جاتحا نيح يف.ةيحص� تانامض� ةيا نا ظحالملا نمو.كلذ قيقحتل ةنس� نيرش�عو رش�ع نمو.2000 ماع دعب تعفترا دق نيبس�تنملا دادعا مظعم نانبل يف ةفلتخملا ةيراجتلا تاس�س�ؤ�ملا نم ًاريثك نا مولعملا مهبتار نع حرص�ت ال اهنكلو نامض�لا يف اهيفظوم لجس�ت اهعفدت يتلا ةيلاملا غلابملا ةبس�ن عفترت ال ىتح يلعفلا بتاور ةمئاق تاس�س�ؤ�ملا هذه مدقت كلذلو.نامض�لل مهنع ملعب رمألا متيو.ًايلعف ءالؤ�ه هاض�اقتي امم لقا اهيفظومل هذه نع نويفاحص�لا لئس� اذل.نيفظوملا ءالؤ�ه ةقفاومو نم نيب ًابيرقت فعض�لا دح ىلا ةباجالا تمس�قناف ةيض�قلا ال نم نيبو) 99(نامض�لا يف لجس�م وه امك هبتار ض�بقي نع نوريثك عنتما نيح يف.)44( لجس�م وه امك هض�بقي عانتمالا اذه ريس�فت نكمي حجرالا ىلعو.)919( ةباجالا بتارلا نيب فالتخالا اذه نع حاص�فالا مدع يف ةبغر هنأ�ب رمألا ناك ولو ،نامض�لا يف لجس�ملا بتارلاو ض�وبقملا ةداش�ا ينعي هنأل هركذ نع يفاحص�لا عنتما امل كلذ فالخ يتلا تاءارجالا ةينوناقبو اهيف لمعي يتلا ةس�س�ؤ�ملاب س�يل رمألا نا امبو.اهيفظوم عم لماعتلا يف اهعبتت دوـيقالـبنويفاحص� 22

journalists@journalism.com دقو.ةفاحص�لا لاجم يف رثكألا تاعاس�لاو س�يئرلا يزاوملا مهلمع يف نييفاحص�لا نم ربكألا مس�قلا رمتس�ا نيب لمعلا كلذ يف رمتس�ا نم مهيلي ،تاونس� س�مخ وحن رمتس�ا نم عم ًاريثك ةبس�نلا كلت عجارتتل.ةنس� 15 ىلا 5 نا ض�ارتفالا نكميو.ةنس� نيثالث ىلا نيرش�ع نم رثكأ� ديري ال هنا لاؤ�س�لا كلذ نع بجي مل نمم ًاريبك ًامس�ق ةس�س�ؤ�ملا طورش� فلاخي دق رمألا نأل كلذ نع حاص�فالا يلكلا غرفتلا ض�رتفت يتلاو اهيف لمعي يتلا ةيمالعالا لمعلا ىلا هتجاح نع حاص�فإلا نم لجخي هنا وأ�.اهل يف نويفاحص�لا لمع امك.ةيداملا هتاجايتحا دس�ل يفاض�إلا ىلا س�مخ نيب اهتدم تحوارت ةقباس� ةيمالعا تاس�س�ؤ�م يفاحص�لا نس�ب ةقالع هل يعيبط رمأ� اذهو.ةنس� نيثالث ض�رعلا« اهمهأ�و اهيلا انرش�ا يتلا ةفلتخملا بابس�الابو ...ريرحتلا س�يئر عم فالخلا وا»ةيمهأ� رثكألا رخألا ىلا ال نييفاحص�لا ةيبلاغ يمتنت ال ىوتس�ملا نيررحملا ةباقن ىلا الو ةفاحص�لا ةباقن ينوناقلا مهفص�ن رس�في ملو.)320 لباقم 28( لاق يتلا بابس�الا تحوارت نيح يف.كلذ بابس�ا ًابيرقت ريغ ببس�»نيب ةباقنلا ىلا مهباس�تنا مدعل نورخآلا اهب ال»و ،»ةباقنلا ىلا باس�تنالاب يل حمس�ي ال»و ،»ددحم ال»و ،»لواحأ� مل»و ،»ينوناق ريغ يلمع»و ،»اهب قثأ� ص�رفلاب ةباقنلا اندوزت ال»و ،»ةدقعم ةيلمعلا»و ،»يلابأ� ةباقنلا»و،»قلغم باس�تنالا لودج« ىلا ،»عيجش�تلاب وا ...»»ابيرق لواحأ�س�»و ،»ناوألا تاف»و ،»ةئيس� ىلا باس�تنالا مدع لوح فقاوم نم مدقت ام عفدي جاتنتس�الا ىلا ،بابس�الا هذه عونت نم مغرلا ىلع ،ةباقنلا مهتباقن نيبو نييفاحص�لا نيب ةيعيبط ريغ ةقالعلا نا 21 دوـيقالـبنويفاحص� نيب ناك هب اوماق ام زربا نا ىلا ءالؤ�ه مظعم راش�ا دقف .)ً اماع نيس�مخ ىلا 40 وحن لبق يأ�( 1970 و 1961 ماوعا نم) 1( طقف دحاو ىلا ةبس�نلا هذه تض�فخنا نيح يف اما.2001 ماع دعب ناك هب اوماق ام زربا ن�أ ب اولاق نيذلا تحوارتو.نانبل يف تناكف ةينهملا تازاجنالا هذه مظعم ايروس�و اس�نرفو قارعلاو رطق نيب اهتلق مغر جراخلا يف .نيرحبلاو نيص�لاو نارياو رص�مو نيطس�لفو ةيطغت يف نييفاحص�لا نم ربكألا ةبس�نلا كراش�ت مل )ةيطغتلا يف اوكراش� 121 لباقم اوكراش�ي مل 179(.بورحلا بورحلا« يف ًابلاغ كلذ لعف دقف ،مهنم كراش� نم اما اهيف ةكراش�ملا ةبس�ن لس�لس�ت بس�حب تناك يتلا»ةينانبللا رهن ،2008 رايا 7 ،2006 زومت برح:يلاتلا لكش�لا ىلع ةض�افتنا ،1996 ناس�ين ،ةينانبللا بورحلا لك،درابلا ...جيلخلا برح ،ىص�قألا باجأ�.ينهملا مهلمعل ًامامت نويفاحص�لا فرص�ني مل مهلمع بناج ىلا ىرخأ� ةنهم يف اولمع مهنأ�ب مهمظعم ،ةيداملا ةجاحلا ىلا دوعي ببس�لا نا دكؤ�ملا نمو.يفاحص�لا مهنأل وا هيلع نولص�حي يذلا بتارلا ىوتس�م يندتل امإ� .اهيف نولمعي يتلا ةس�س�ؤ�ملا يف ًامامت نيغرفتم اونوكي مل ؟نييفاحص�لا لمع تقفار يتلا نهملا كلت يه ام يفاحص�لا لمعلاب»ةبارق« ةلص� هل اهض�عب نهم يه اهض�عبو ،ةبتكم يف لمعلا وأ� ،ةمجرتلا وا ميلعتلا لثم ...ةباتكلا وا ةفاحص�لا ملاع لكب هتبلا هل ةلص� ال رخآلا ،ةض�ايرلاو ،ينفلا ميمص�تلاو ،معطملاو ةبس�احملا لثم تاقالعلاو ،تاعيبملاو ،س�ارعألل طيطختلاو ،ليثمتلاو ةعاس� نيب لمعلا كلذ ةدم تحوارت دقو...اهاوس�و ةماعلا كلذ ىلا ةيداملا ةجاحلا دكؤ�ي ام.ًايموي تاعاس� ثالث ىلا مامتهالا ىقبي نيح يف ًايئزج ًاماود ض�رتفي يذلا لمعلا دوـيقالـبنويفاحص� 20

journalists@journalism.com نا مهل حيتت ةديدج ةفرعم باس�تكا لالخ نم مهتربخ ناو ًاص�وص�خ .ةيفاحص�لا مهتنهم يف ةرادج رثكا اونوكي حبص�يل يلاحلا انرص�ع يف.ًاريثك روطت يفاحص�لا لمعلا ةيبداو ةيوغلو ةينوناقو ةيعامتجا تايفلخل ةجاح رثكا ةرص�اعملا لاص�تالا لئاس�و يف ال مويلا اهلهاجت نكمي ال تاب .ليلحتلا تايجهنم يف الو نا جاتنتس�الاب لوألا ص�اص�تخالا نع تاباجالا حمس�ت امك ص�اص�تخا ريغ نم ةنهملا ىلا اوتأ� نييفاحص�لا نم ًاريثك لثم.رخآ� ص�اص�تخا نم لب.مالعالا وأ� ةفاحص�لا ةيعامتجالا مولعلا وأ� ةفس�لفلا وا يبرعلا بدالا وا نوناقلا ،ةرامعلا نفو قيثوتلاو ةبس�احملاو ،خيراتلاو ،داص�تقالاو ،ثحبلا طاس�ب ىلع حرطي ام...اهاوس�و ،ةيتامولعملاو تاعماجلا يف ص�اص�تخالا ةلص� ،نيريثكلا ىلا ةبس�نلاب ...اهس�فن ةنهملاب)مالعالاو ةفاحص�لا( نم جرختلا دعب اً لمع نييفاحص�لا مظعم دجو 128( ةريبك ةبس�ن نا ةباجالا هذه ديؤ�ي امو.ةعماجلا 21 و 17 نيب يفاحص�لا مهلمع اوأ�دب) 327 لص�ا نم بس�انتتو ،ًادج ةركبم ةيادب نس�لا هذه ربتعتو.ً اماع امك.) س�ناس�يللا( يعماجلا ص�ص�ختلا ةياهن عم ًامومع دكؤ�ت يفاحص�لا كلمع تأ�دب ىتم لاؤ�س� نع ةباجالا نا نع اوباجا نم طاس�وا يف ةعفترملا بابش�لا ةبس�ن ًاض�يا لمعلا تأ�دب اهنأ� ربكألا ةبس�نلا تلاقف ةرامتس�الا ةلئس�ا نيب حوارتت ءال�ؤ ه رامعا نا ينعي ام. 2006 ماع دعب لمعلا ةيادب عم ةباجالا هذه انطبر اذا ًاماع 30 و 25 ةقباس�لا تاباجالا يف درو امك ًاماع 26 و 12 نيب يفاحص�لا نكل.ينهملا مهلمع نويفاحص�لا هيف أ�دب يذلا رمعلا نع زربأ� نع اوباجا نيذلا نم ربكلأ ا ةبس�نلا نا ظحالملا نم .بابش�لا ريغ نم تناك اهب اوماق يتلا ةينهملا لامعالا 19 دوـيقالـبنويفاحص� تارتف لمعلا نع اوعطقني مل نييفاحص�لا مظعم نا نع نالعالا نم يفاحص�لا ةيش�خ وه يناثلاو،ةليوط ًابلس� رس�في دق رمألا نأل ةليوط ةرتف لمعلا نع هعاطقنا هيلا انرش�ا يذلا يناثلا لامتحالا ديؤ�ي امو.هتاردق هاجت ةرتفلا نع لاؤ�س� نع ةباجالا مدع اولض�ف نيذلا ةبس�ن نا مهلمع ةيادب نيبو مهجرخت نيب تلص�ف يتلا ةينمزلا مدع ةبس�ن عافترا لثم)باوج ال 938(ً اض�يا ةعفترم تناك ىلا ًاس�ايق ،لمع نود نم اهوض�ق يتلا ةدملا نع ةباجالا اذه نع اوباجا نيذلا مظعم لاقف.ىرخألا تاباجالا . ةنس�لا ىلا رفص�لا زواجتت مل ةرتفلا هذه نا لاؤ�س�لا ةزاجإ� ىلع ض�رتفم امك نييفاحص�لا مظعم لص�ح ةيس�ايس�لا مولعلا يف ةزاجا بيترتلا بس�حب اهالت ،ةفاحص� -يئرملاو ةفس�لفلاو يبرعلا بدالا يفو نوناقلا يف مث بدالاو داص�تقالا يف مث ،ةيعامتجالا مولعلا يفو ،عومس�ملا ةيتامولعملاو قيثوتلاو ةبس�احملاو خيراتلاو يس�نرفلا ،ةض�ايرلاو ،ينفلا ميمص�تلاو ،ةيبرتلاو ةرامعلا ىلا ...حرس�ملاو ،ءايميكلاو ،ةماعلا تاقالعلاو عم ةداع لص�حي امك ،نييفاحص�لا ض�عب فتكي ملو وأ� ةدحاو ةزاجإ�ب ،نانبل يف نييعماجلا بالطلا نم ريثك ص�اص�تخا ليص�حت ىلا مهض�عب دمع ذل.دحاو ص�اص�تخاب -يئرملاو ،يبرعلا بدألاو ،ةيس�ايس�لا مولعلا لثم:ناث بدألاو ،يس�نرفلا بدألا ىلا ،ةيعامتجالا مولعلاو ،عومس�ملا ،ةمجرتلاو ،ةفس�لفلاو ،نوناقلاو ،ةرادإلاو ،يزيلكنالا تاص�اص�تخالا هذه مظعم نا حض�اولا نمو...ةجلبدلاو ةنهم يف لمعلا ديري نمل ًارش�ابم ًامعد لكش�ت نا نكمي يزيلكنالا وا يس�نرفلا بدألا وا يبرعلا بدالا لثم يفاحص�لا نأ� يأ�.اهاوس�و ةمجرتلاو نوناقلا لثم ىرخألا مولعلا وا لمعلا ىلع مهلوص�ح ص�رف زيزعت امإ� اودارا نويفاحص�لا ةرئاد عيس�وت اودارا امإ�و ،ص�اص�تخا نم رثكا كالتما دعب دوـيقالـبنويفاحص� 18

journalists@journalism.com جراخ ةيناديم لامعا ةيطغت يف نيكراش�ملا ةبس�ن تعفترا وه هب اوماق لمع مها نا نوبوجتس�ملا ربتعي اذل.ةس�س�ؤ�ملا تاقيقحتلاو ريرحتلا اهيلي تالباقملا مث»الوأ� ريراقتلا . ثادحالا ةيطغتو دئارجلا( ةبوتكملا لئاس�ولا يف نولمعي نييفاحص�لا مظعم تاونقلا مث ،)25( تاعاذالا اهيلي) 311 لص�ا نم ةباجا 167 .)11( ةينورتكلالا عقاوملا اهدعب نمو ،)24( ةينويزفلتلا نييفاحص�لا لمع يف ةزراب ةمس� رارقتس�الا مدع ودبي يذلا لمعلا عون يف يفاحص�لا اهاض�ق يتلا ةدملا تحوارتف. لص�ا نم ةباجإ� 134( تاونس� س�مخ نم لقأ� نيب هب ماق رش�ع ةعبرا وحن ىلا تاونس� س�مخ نم رثكأ� نيبو) 212 ىلا لمع عون نم لاقتنالا ةبس�ن نا يأ�.) ةباجا 66( ةنس� »اض�يا ةبس�نلا هذه رس�فت امبرو.ةعفترم ةبس�ن يه رخآ� .ىرخأ� ةس�س�ؤ�م ىلا ةيمالعا ةس�س�ؤ�م نم لاقتنالا لوألا عفادلا وه»ةيمهأ� رثكألا رخآلا ض�رعلا« ودبيو اهيلي.يفاحص�لا اهيف لمعي يتلا ةس�س�ؤ�ملا ةرداغم فلخ ًاص�خش� نوتس� باجأ�.ريرحتلا س�يئر عم فالخلا ةرش�ابم ،ةقباس�لا ةس�س�ؤ�ملا تكرت اذامل لاؤ�س� نع 171 لص�ا نم نيح يف.»ةيمهأ� رثكأ� رخآ� ض�رع« ناك ببس�لا نأ�ب اولاقف كلذ نم لقا ريرحتلا س�يئر عم فالخلا ةبس�ن تناك ىرخألا بابس�الا تعزوتو ،) طقف ةباجإ� نورش�ع( ريثكب ،ةيمالعالا ةس�س�ؤ�ملا قالغإ�وأ� ةيلامو ةيس�ايس�:نيب ...ةعونتم ىرخأ�و نود نم اهوض�ق يتلا ةدملا نع ةباجالا نويفاحص�لا بنجت مظعم لاقو.لاؤ�س�لا اذه نع مهنم طقف 51 بأ�جف لمع .نيتنس�لا ىلا ةنس�لا زواجتت مل ةدملا هذه نأ�ب باجا نم لوالا:نيلامتحا س�كعت ةباجالا مدع ةبس�ن عافترا لعلو 17 دوـيقالـبنويفاحص� مغرلا ىلع نانبل يف نييفاحص�لل لمعلا ص�رف ريفوت يف .هتاينقتو لاص�تالا لئاس�و يف لئاهلا روطتلا لك نم تاباجالا ةبس�ن نا لاجملا اذه يف هتفاللا ةظحالملا 2006 ماع دعب تناك ينهملا لمعلا ةيادب نع ةعفترملا ةبس�نلا هذه تض�فخنا نيح يف.)211 لص�ا نم ةباجإ� 132( نيب ينهملا مهلمعاوأ�دب نيذلا نم طقف ًايفاحص� 12 ىلا انبرتقا املك ًاجيردت ةبس�نلا هذه عفترتل.1975 و 1956 ام.اهدعب امو 2006 ىلا اً لوص�و ،1996 ماوعا نم ًاينمز ةلئس�ا نع اوباجا ميذلا نيبوجتس�ملا مظعم نا ًاض�يا ينعي رامعأ� نأ� جاتنتس�الا اذه ديؤ�ي.بابش�لا نم مه ةرامتس�الا 17 نيب تحوارت ،ينهملا مهلمع اوأ�دب امدنع نيبوجتس�ملا .ًاماع 26 و ةيبيردت تارودب نييفاحص�لا نم ةمهم ةبس�ن قحتلتي مل ناكف) 189( مهنم قحتلا نم امأ�.)316 لص�ا نم 127( .)189 لص�ا نم تاباجا 105(2004 ماع دعب ًابلاغ كلذ نم»اليلق« اودافتس�ا نم نا لاجملا اذه يف ظحالملا نمو نيذلا عم ةنراقم) 50( ةعفترم ةبس�ن غلب تارودلا هذه « اهنم دب ال« ةباجالا امأ�.)69(»اريثك اهنم اودافتس�ا نم ىودجلا لوح ةحوتفم تالامتحالا كرتتف) 26( .تارودلا كلت نانبل يف نويفاحص�لا اهيف كراش� يتلا تارودلا تلص�ح ،رص�مو ،رطقو ،ندرالا لثم نادلب يف ،جراخلا يفو ،اس�نرفو ،اينروفيلاكو ،س�نوتو ،تيوكلاو ،رئازجلاو ةربخ يه ةبس�تكملا ةربخلا نا ينعي اذهو...ايلاطياو ترج يتلا نادلبلاو تارودلا رداص�م فالتخال ةعونتم ،نانبل يف تناك تارودلا كلتل ربكألا ةبس�نلا نكل.اهيف .ةيبرعلا لودلا اهيلت دوـيقالـبنويفاحص� 16

journalists@journalism.com ةبلغ دكؤ�ي ام.1999 و 1990 نيب 34 و ،1989 و 1980 نيب ةلئس�ا نع اوباجا نيذلا نييفاحص�لا ىلع بابش�لا عباط .ةرامتس�الا : يلاتلا لكش�لا ىلع مهتالئاع عم نوجوزتملا ش�يعي تيبلا نع جوزلا بيغي.نادلو وه دالوالا ددع طس�وتم و ليللا نيب حوارتت ًايموي ةعاس� 12 وه يطس�و لدعمب اذهل يبلس�لا ريثأ�تلا نا نويفاحص�لا ربتعيو.راهنلا كلذ دعب مث دالوالا ىلع مث ًايص�خش� مهيلع عقي بايغلا نهمظعمو ،نلمعي تاجوزلا فص�ن نأ�ب ًاملع. ةجوزلا ىلع .مالعالاو ميلعتلا يعاطق يف نم نيرخآ�ً ادارفأ�)%7,35( نييفاحص�لا نم ةبس�ن ليعت ةيرهش� ةيدام تاقفن لمحتتو)براقا وأ� نيدلاو( ةلئاعلا .رالود 900 و 100 نيب حوارتت ةلاعالا هذه ببس�ب يض�املا دقعلا يف نويفاحص�لا مظعم جرخت ىوتس�ملا ض�فخنا نيح يف) 167(،2010 و 2000 نيب ينهملا نيب هقبس� يذلا دقعلا يف ًاريثك ددعلا اذه نيب(ً ايفاحص� 30 ىلا عجارتيل)طقف 39(1999 و 1990 .1980 و 1970 نيب طقف 16 ىلا مث) 1989 و 1980 لالخ مهجرخت دعب اً لمع نييفاحص�لا مظعم دجو تارتفلا تحوارتو...نيتنس� ىلا ةنس� نيب تحوارت ةدم .تاونس� رش�ع ىلا ثالث نيب ىرخألا يف( قيدص� ةطس�اوب ًابلاغ مهلمع ىلع نويفاحص�لا لص�ح تعجارت امنيب.مهنم ةرش�ابم ةردابمب وأ� ،) ةنهملا لاجم وأ� نالعالا ةطس�اوب هلمع ىلع لص�ح نم ةبس�ن ًاريثك تاقالعلا نا ينعي ام.ةرش�ابم ريغ ىرخأ� طئاس�وب ةنميهم لازت ال اهب طبتري امو ةيعامتجالاو ةيص�خش�لا 15 دوـيقالـبنويفاحص� تلص�ح يذلا معدلا عون وه امو ؟ًانيعم ًامعد تائيهلا ؟هيلع نم نييفاحص�لا فقاوم لوح تناك ةريخألا ةلئس�الا تحاتأ� دقو...يمالعالا هجاتحي ام زربا لوحو، مهتباقن هيلا انرش�أ� يذلا ظفحتلا لك نم مغرلا ىلع تاباجالا نمو نييفاحص�لا ةايح نم ةمهم بناوج ةفرعم نم زرف لالخ نم كلذ نيبنس� امك يباقنلاو ينهملا مهعقاو . اهليلحتو تايطعملا تايطعملا ليلحت نع اوباجا نيذلا نيبزاعلا ةبس�ن ودبت ىوتس�ملا .نيجوزتملا ةبس�ن فعض� يواس�ت ةرامتس�الا يص�خش�لا ةبس�نلا يه) 215( بابش�لا ةئف نا حض�تيو بس�حب مهرامعا تحوارت نيذلا نييفاحص�لا نم ربكألا مهرامعأ� تناك) 173(:يلاتلا لكش�لا ىلع مهتدالو خيراوت نيعبرأ�و نيثالث نيب) 78(و ،ةنس� نيالثو نيرش�ع نيب .طقف) 33( نيس�مخلا زواجت نم ددع غلب نيح يف.ةنس� مه بابش�لا ًاذا .نيتس�لا زواجت نم طقف رش�ع ةينامثو .نييفاحص�لا نم ربكألا ةبس�نلا نا تاباجالا نم نيبتي جاوزلا خيرات ىوتس�م ىلع ىتح ماوعالا يف ًاثيدح نيجوزتملا نم مه) 41(ربكألا مس�قلا هذه عجارتتو.2010 و 2000 نيب ةريخألا ةرش�علا دعبألا يض�املا ىلا جاوزلا تاونس� ددع عجارت املك ةبس�نلا ًاص�خش� 23 و 1979 و 1970 نيب ص�اخش�ا ةرش�ع حبص�يل دوـيقالـبنويفاحص� 14

journalists@journalism.com ةس�اردلا فادها مهأ� دحأ� اهنأل ،ةرامتس�الا يف ًاظح رفوألا تارودلا ددع عون نم ةلئس�الا تناك اذل.اهب انمق يتلا اهنم هتدافتس�ا ىدمو ،يفاحص�لا اهب قحتلا يتلا ةينهملا هذه ةدئاف نع ةركف نيوكتل...اهلوص�ح ناكمو خيراتو هس�فن يفاحص�لا مدقت ىوتس�م نعو ةهج نم تارودلا زربا نع ىرخألا ةلئس�الا تلواح دقو.ةيناث ةهج نم ،بورحلا ةيطغت نعو ،اهلوص�ح ناكمو ةينهملا لامعالا تاردق نع نكمم دح ربكا ىلا ةحض�او ةروص� نيوكت توافتلا نم مغرلا ىلع نانبل يف نيلماعلا نييفاحص�لا براجتو رامعأ� يف توافتلا ىلا ًاس�ايق تاردقلا كلت يف .مهس�فنا نييفاحص�لا ةقالع لوح ةلئس�الا حرطت نا يعيبطلا نم ناكو ىلع فرعتلل كلذو.اهيلا يمتني يتلا ةباقنلاب يفاحص�لا نم ربكألا مس�قلا نا نيبت دقو.ةقالعلا كلت ةعيبط ةباقنلا كلت ىلع ةيس�اق تاظحالم هيدل نييفاحص�لا ىلع الو يمس�رلا ىوتس�ملا ىلع ال اهيف ًاوض�ع س�يل وهو :عون نم ةلئس�الا هتفش�ك ام اذهو.ينوناقلا ىوتس�ملا بابس�او ؟نيررحملا وأ� ةفاحص�لا ةباقن يف وض�ع تنا له وأ� تازايتما ىلع تلص�ح لهو ؟ةباقنلا ىلا باس�تنالا مدع ةيدس�ج رطاخمل تض�رعت لهو...؟باس�تنالا اذه نم قوقح لمعت يتلا ةس�س�ؤ�ملا تماق لهو ؟ةيمالعالا كتمهم ءانثأ� ؟...ًايفاك ض�يوعتلا ناك لهو ؟جالعلا وأ� ض�يوعتلاب اهيف يذلا معدلا ىلا يفاحص�لا ةجاح ةيض�رف نم ًاقالطناو نم وا ةباقنلا نم هدلب يف يفاكلا لكش�لاب هيلع لص�حي ال تض�رعت له:عون نم ةلئس�الا تناك هلمعب ةينعملا تائيهلا ىلع تلص�ح لهو ؟يس�ايس� فقوم ببس�ب درطلاب ديدهتلل ةيئاض�ق ىوعد عفرل تض�رعت لهو ؟ةبولطملا ةيامحلا تبس�تنا لهو ؟ كبناج ىلا كتس�س�ؤ�م تفقو لهو ؟كدض� هذه كل تققح لهو ؟نانبل جراخ تاباقن وأ� تايعمج ىلا 13 دوـيقالـبنويفاحص� بزعأ�( يعامتجالا عض�ولاوةدالولا خيرات لثم يفاحص�لل تاعاس� ددعو ،ةجوزلا لمعو ،دالوالا ددع ىلا ،) جوزتم وا ةيلئاعلا ةئيبلا ىلع فرعتلل كلذو ،لزنملا نع بايغلا تائيبلا نع فلتخت ةئيب يهو.يفاحص�لا اهيف لمعي يتلا ةفلتخم تاقوأ� يف لمعي يفاحص�لا نأل ىرخألا ةينهملا ىلا نايحالا نم ريثك يف رطض�ي دقو راهنلاو ليللا نم ةلئس�ا ةرامتس�الا تهجو امك.هتلئاع نع ًاديعب ءاقبلا هدالوا ميلعت ىلع قافنالا ىوتس�م نعو لزنملا راجيا نع نم يفاحص�لا ليعي نم نعو ،ةعماجلا يف وا ةس�ردملا يف فرعتلل كلذو ،مألا وأ� بألا لثم نيرخآلا هترس�ا دارفا يف دهش�ن ام لظ يف يداملا يفاحص�لا رارقتس�ا ىدم ىلع ربكألا مس�قلا ىلع ةديدش� ةيداص�تقا طوغض� نم نانبل .ةفلتخملا نهملا يف نينطاوملا نم ينهملاو يملعلا عض�ولا تفدهتس�ا ىرخألا ةلئس�ألا ،هيلع لص�ح يذلا ص�اص�تخالا لثم.يفاحص�لل يباقنلاو ص�اص�تخالا اذه ىلع هلوص�ح نيب تلص�ف يتلا ةدملاو ةاناعم ىدم ةفرعمل كلذو ،يمالعالا هلمع ةيادبو نمًاريبك ًامس�ق نا نيبت دقو.اً لمع دجي نا لبق يفاحص�لا ةيص�خش�لا تاقالعلا ىلع دمتعا نيجرختملا نييفاحص�لا بابس�ا لوح ةلئس�الا نم اندرا امك.لمعلا اذه لثم داجيال اهاض�ق يتلا ةدملاو يفاحص�لا اهيف لمع يتلا ةس�س�ؤ�ملا كرت ...لمع نود نم اهيف يقب يتلا ةرتفلاو،ةس�س�ؤ�ملا كلت يف .ينهملاو يس�فنلا يفاحص�لا رارقتس�ا ىدم ىلع فرعتلا ناك يتلا ةس�س�ؤ�ملا كرت ببس� نع لاؤ�س�لا رربم وه اذهو ...ريرحتلا س�يئر عم فالخلا بابس�ا نعو.اهيف لمعي هتنهم بناج ىلا اهيف لمع يتلا ىرخألا ةنهملا نعو .يفاحص�ك تناك ةينهملاو ةينوناقلا بناوجلا تلوانت يتلا ةلئس�الا دوـيقالـبنويفاحص� 12

journalists@journalism.com زواجت ةباجالا مدع نأ� ينعي ام...»يمالعالا هجاتحي ريثي نا لمتحي يذلا(يلئاعلا وأ� يص�خش�لا بناجلا يأ�.ةيباقنلاو ةيس�ايس�لاو ةينهملا بناوجلا ىلا)ظفحتلا نييفاحص�لا تاباجا ىلع تغط يتلا ةمس�لا وه ظفحتلا نا .نيبوجتس�ملا رومألاب ظفحتلا نم ةيلاعلا ةبس�نلا هذه ريس�فت نكميو :ةيلاتلا تامولعملا هذه عمجب موقت يتلا ةهجلا ةفرعم مدع .هب موقت امب ثارتكالا مدع وأ�)اهفادهأ�ب ةقثلا مدع( تامولعملا هذه مادختس�ا نم نانبل يف نييفاحص�لا ةيش�خ .ةيئاص�حالاو ةيثحبلا ض�ارغألا ريغ ىرخأ� ض�ارغإل ىتح ةنهملاو ةلئاعلا نع تامولعملا رش�ن يف ةبغرلا مدع نا ةظحالملا هذه دكؤ�ي امو.ةيثحبلا ض�ارغألل تناك ول ،دالوالا ددع نع ىتح»الثم ةباجالا اوض�فر نييفاحص�لا ةنس� يأ� نعو ،اهيف لمعلا اوأ�دب يتلا ةس�س�ؤ�ملا مس�ا نعو بورح ةيطغت يف مهتكراش�م وأ� ،ينهملا مهلمع اوأ�دب هذهو...يمالعالا هجاتحي ام زربأ� يف مهيأ�ر وأ� ،ةنيعم لب ةص�اخلا يفاحص�لا ةايح أ�دبملا ثيح نم س�مت ال رومأ� نم ربكألا مس�قلا ض�فر كلذ عمو.ةماع تامولعم يه ةبس�ن عافترا ًاض�يا ينعي ام.اهنع ةباجالا نييفاحص�لا امهم تامولعم يأ�ب ءالدالا نم نييفاحص�لا فواخم تاباجالا نإ�ف،هلك كلذ نم مغرلا ىلعو...اهتيمها تناك بناوج ىلع فرعتلل لاجملا تحاتا ةرامتس�الا ةلئس�ا نع ،نانبل يف نيلماعلا نييفاحص�لا عقاو نم ةمهمو ةريثك لبقتس�ملا يف ىرخأ� تاس�ارد لعلو.ةس�اردلا فده وه اذهو راطا يف اهيلا انرش�ا يتلا تابقعلا زواجت نم نكمتتس� ...نانبل يف نيلماعلا نييفاحص�لا لكل لماش� حس�م يلئاعلا عض�ولا تلوانت ةلئس�ا ةرامتس�الا تحرط دقل 11 دوـيقالـبنويفاحص� ديهمت فرعتلل ىلوألا ةيبيرجتلا ةلواحملا يه ةس�اردلا هذه يف ةينهملاو ةينوناقلاو ةيلئاعلا نييفاحص�لا عاض�وا ىلع نييفاحص�لا لكل لماش� حس�م ءارجا يف ةبغرلا نكل.نانبل ةفاك ةينانبللا قطانملا يف ةيمالعالا لئاس�ولا يف نيلماعلا طقف ًايفاحص� 1061 نا اهمهأ�،ةدع بابس�أل ققحتت مل نا ينعي ام.مهيلع تعزو يتلا تارامتس�إلل اوباجتس�ا .ةس�اردلا ةنيع جراخ يقب نييفاحص�لا نم ًاريبك ًامس�ق ًاديدج اً لاجم محتقت ةس�اردلا نأ� ىلا ببس�لا دوعي امبرو أ�جل نأ�ً اض�يأ� هتجيتن نم ناك ظفحتلا وا ةبيرلا ريثي ةرامتس�الا ةلئس�ا نع مهتاباجا يف 1061 ـلا نويفاحص�لا وا فقوم نع حاص�فالا ةيش�خ)باوج ال( نم ريثكلا ىلا .ةينهملا وا ةيص�خش�لا مهعاض�وا لوح تامولعمب ءالدالا حيتت دق هس�فن عوض�وملا لوح ةيلبقتس�ملا تاس�اردلا لعلو فادهأ� نم نويفاحص�لا دكأ�تي امدعب ظفحتلا اذه زواجت .ةفلتخملا مهحلاص�مب ةرش�ابملا ةلص�لا تاذ تاس�اردلا هذه لاجملا اذه يف ًايبس�ن ةريبك ةنيع يه ةرامتس�ا 1061 نكل ،انرش�أ�و قبس� امك ،اهنم ًاريبك ًامس�ق نأ� نم مغرلا ىلع .،هيلع تحرط يتلا ةلئس�الا نم ريثك نع ةباجالا يف ددرت ال يتلا ةيص�خش�لا تامولعملا)باوج ال( زواجت ثيحب تامولعم ىلا ،اهفرعي ال ةهج مامأ� اهفش�ك يفاحص�لا ديري نم ناك اذاو...ةينهم ىتح وأ� ةيباقن ةيمومع رثكأ� ىرخأ� راجيا عون نم ةلئس�ا نع ةباجالا مدع»ريربت« يقطنملا ريثأ�تو ،لزنملا نع بايغلا تاقوأ�و ،ةجوزلا لمعو ،لزنملا نكميال ام نإ�ف ،يس�ايس�لا ءامتنالاو ،ةلئاعلا ىلع بايغلا تارودلا نم ةدافتس�الا« نع ةباجالا ض�فر وه هريربت ام زربأ�« ىلع ىتحو ،»ةباقنلا ىلع تاظحالملا»و ،»ةينهملا دوـيقالـبنويفاحص� 10

نيب قراف ةمث نيبو ديدهتلا ةيئاض�قلا ىوعدلا دقف.يفاحص�لا دض� ليلق ددع باجأ� نع نييفاحص�لا نم ىوعد عفرل مهض�رعت يف.مهقحب ةيئاض�ق نم ةبس�ن تناك نيح وه ديدهتلل ض�رعت هتلئاع دارفا دحأ� وأ� ريثكب اً عافترا رثكأ� )فاعض�أ� ةثالث(

” دويق الب نويّ فاحص� “ ةس�ارد تاطحم بلّ قُأ� انأ�و ،دعبو قوقحلا نع ريثكلا فرعن...ةآ�رملاك تاحفص�لا تءاج ،اندالب يف نكلو س�انلا دالب يف نويّ فاحص�لا اهب عتمتي يتلا ةيامحلاو ةيّ قيقحلا ةناص�حلاب نويّ فاحص�لا عتّ متي له لٍ مع طورش�و يلاملا معدلاو يأ�رلا ةيّ رحو رارقتس�الاو فّ كلا ةفاظن مهل نمّ ؤ�تو ةيّ ناس�نالا مهتمارك ظفحت ةنامأ�بو درّ جتبو ةقثب اولمعي يكل ةنينأ�مطلاو لبقتس�ملاو ةلئافتم تناك ةس�اردلا يف تاباجإلا نأ� دقتعأ� ال( ةءافكبو نأ� ىلإ� اهيف ص�لخن تاباجإ�ب ةس�اردلا انيتأ�ت ملأ�.) اً ريثك ةرش�ابملا تاطوغض�لا نم نييمحم ريغ نانبل يف نييفاحص�لا وأ� بازحأ� وأ� ةزهجأ� نم اً نيح يتأ�ت يتلا ةرش�ابملا ريغو لمعي يتلا ةس�س�ؤ�ملا نم ىتح وأ� ةموكح نم اً نيحو نييس�ايس� ؟اهيف يذلا يفسّ�عتلا فرص�لا نم ءالمزلا ض�عب نيناوقلا تمح له ةيّ داص�تقإلا ةمزألا اهرخآ� ةددّ عتم نيوانع تحت مهلاط .ةيّ ملاعلا ةددّ ش�تملا ةيّ تاذلا ةباقرلا نوش�يعي نويّ فاحص�لا لازي الأ� فينص�تلاو بيهرتلاو ليوهتلاو نيوختلا نم فوخلا دقعو نيديّ قم مهلعجي يذلا يس�ايس�لا فافطص�الا طغض� نمو ةيّ بهذملا لب ال ةيّ فئاطلاو ةيّ س�ايس�لا ةبيكرتلل نئاهر هبش�و ؟اهريغو نيدلا تاهوبات ىلإ� اً لوص�و دنع ةس�اردلا يف نعّ متن نيح ص�اخ لٍ كش�بو ةليوط ةحئاللا امك هش�يعأ� عقاولا اذه ،عالطتس�ا لّ ك دنعو ةميس�ق لّ ك .ءالمزلا هش�يعي ةلئس�أ� انيف ظقوتلو انعقاو ىلع ءيض�تل ةس�اردلا هذه تتأ� .اً حارج امبرو :اً عيمج هحرطن نأ� انيلع يس�اس�أ� لاؤ�س� ةمّ ث س�يلأ� نكلو ض�بن انيدل لازي ال له:اهش�يعن يتلا فورظلا ةرمغ يف ؟يفاحص�لا ؟نييفاحص� انلز ال له مناغ لاس�رم يمالعإ� ىلعو نانبل يف يمالعإلا لمعلا ىلع ةليوط تاونس� تض�م ءارجإ� ىلإ� ةس�س�ؤ�م وأ� قيرف وأ� ةهج دمعت نأ� نود نم هتداير فلتخم لوح ةلماش�و ةقيقد ةيّ ئاص�حإ�و ةيّ ناديم تاس�ارد اً ينهمو اً يلئاع يفاحص�لا اهعم ش�ياعتي يتلا نوجش�لاو نوؤ�ش�لا الب نويفاحص�« اهدّ عأ� يتلا ةميّ قلا ةس�اردلا نأ� ريغ ،اً ينوناقو ص�حّ فتأ� انأ�و ينتلعج اهيف نيلماعلاو ةنهملا عقاو لوح»دويق لّ علو.ببس� نم رثكأل ةريبك ةصّ�غب رعش�أ� هتنمّ ض�ت ام نعّ متب تاطّ حم نم ريثك يف يس�فن نع أ�رقأ� يننأ� يروعش� وه لوّ ألا رذح وه ،ةيناث ةجردب ،ةياغلل ينتفل ام نّ كل...ةس�اردلا ىتح مهفوخ وأ� مهتاباجإ� ض�عب يف نييفاحص�لا ءالمزلا ال:لوقلاب ةنيّ عم ةلئس�أ� نع ةباجإلا يف مهلامهإ� لوقأ� ال .اً دج ةعفترم ةبس�ن يهو فرعأ� ال وأ� باوج نود نم رمعلا فص�ن ةنهملا ينم تلكأ� دقو اً بزاع يس�فن تيأ�ر .هبتنأ� نأ� ةاماحملاو ميلعتلا يف لمعأ� تنك نيح ءارولل تاونس�لاب تدع اهيلإ� تئج ،ةٍ نهم يف رقتس�أ� نأ� لبق تقولا س�فن يف ةفاحص�لاو .نوناقلا باب نم ةنهملا نأ� تظحالف يرتافدو يدوقعو يقاروأ� يف ترظن يتباقن ىلإ� بس�تنم ريغ يننأ�و رارقتس�الا نمّ ؤ�ت نلو مل ةعومس�مو ةيّ ئرم تاباقن ال نأ�و ” ةيّ فاحص�لا ةيّ طارقميدلا “ يلكّ ش�مو رارقلا يعناص� مهنأ� ىلع مهيلإ� رظنيُ نم قوقح نمض�ت نوس�مّ حتي ال نيذلا نم اً س�اس�أ� يننأ� نع اً لض�ف ،ماعلا يأ�رلا .ةيّ لافتحا تاباقن ىلإ� باس�تنالل ديدهتلاو فص�قلاو برحلا تاونس� ىلإ� ةركاذلاب تدع لجأ� نم اوددّ هُ وأ� اوطقس� ءالمز تركذتس�او تالايتغالاو ض�عب نأ� مك تكردأ�و ةيّ نويزفلت ةقلح وأ� لاقم وأ� فقوم .ةريص�ق هتركاذو ليمجلل ركان نايحألا بلاغ يف ماعلا يأ�رلا تاوص�أ�و ص�اص�رلا زيزأ�و برحلا روص� يمامأ� دهش�ملا يف ةعاذإلا ىلإ� لوص�ولل يمويلا ويرانيس�لاو فئاذقلا جورخلاو س�انلا يس�آ�مل ةً يطغت اً ليل رهس�لاو نويزفلتلاو ءامس�أ� وأ� برحلا ىحرج رخآ� ءامس�أ� متمتأ� انأ�و اً رجف يذلا مونلاو...ءيش� ال لجأ� نمو...اً ثبع اوطقس� ىلتق لٍ معب قحتلت نأ� لبق تاعاس� ثالث نم رثكأ� س�يل كرظتني .ش�يعلا ةمقلل اً نيمأ�ت رخآ�

ةلعافلا ةيمالعإلا تاس�س�ؤ�ملا عم نواعتلاب كلذو .هرثؤ�ملا ةيندملا و ةيمس�رلا تائيهلاو تايرحلل ةً رانم نوكيل نانبل دوعي نأ�ب ةريبك انلامآ� ىلع موقت يتلا ةيددعتلاو ةيطارقميدلل اجذومنو .هقحلا ةنطاوملا ميهافمو ميق نييمالعإلاو مالعإلا لئاس�و نوكت ناب ةريبك انلامآ� فارتعالاو مالس�لا ةفاقث ءانب ىلع لمعلاب نيدحوم .طقف هب لوبقلا س�يلو فلتخملا رخألاب .هئانبأل نمألا قيقحت يف اريثك ارص�قم لاز ام نانبل ـ اً ينهم ـ هليعافمو هلاكش�أ� ةفاكب نمألا ينعن انه هقح قح بحاص� لك ذخأ�ي ثيحب ،اً يحص� ـ اً يعامتجا .هبجاوب بجاو بحاص� لك موقيو ئدابمو س�س�أ� معدن ،تربيا ش�يرديرف ةس�س�ؤ�م يف نحن ةيعامتجالا ةلادعلا ميهافمو ميقو ةيطارقميدلا نوكت يكل يندملا عمتجملا تاس�س�ؤ�م زيزعت ىلع لمعنو نطولا تازكترم ىلع ظافحلا يف ةفداهو هلعاف يتلا رحانتلاو رفانتلا تاس�ايس� نع اً ديعب هتاس�س�ؤ�مو يتلا مدقتلاو روطتلا ةريس�م قيعتو ىنبت الو مدهت .اً عيمج اهيلا فدهن ،ماهلا زاجنالا اذه ىلع»دويق الب نويفاحص�»ـل ركش�لا ةيفافش�لا دمتعي لقتس�م رح مالعإ� ىلا لص�ن نا نيلمآ� .دويق هيأ� نود ةيقادص�ملاو حرف ريمس� نانبل ـ ش�يرديرف ةس�س�ؤ�م لثمم ةـمدـقم وا لكش�ب تجلاع يتلا تاس�رادلا نم ديدعلا كانه ماعلا ىأ�رلا ليكش�ت يف هلئاس�وو مالعإلا رود رخأ�ب .هتارايخ ديدحتو ههيجوتو عم اهنكلو ةعبارلا ةطلس�لاب ةفاحص�لا تيمس� دقل ةطلس�لا تتاب ايجولونكتلاو تاعمتجملا روطتو مدقت .تاطلس�لا فلتخم ىلع ةطلس�ملا كرتي نا نود مالعإلا رود ميّ قو رس�فو للعو ثحب لكلا .مهس�فنأ� نييمالعإلا لاوحأ� يف رظنلل اً عس�تم وا ةً حس�ف نيب نواعتلاب مكيديأ� نيب عض�وت يتلا ةس�اردلا هذه »تربيا ش�يرديرف ةس�س�ؤ�مو«»دويق الب نويفاحص�« عاض�وأ� ىلع فرعتلا فدهب ةمهملا هذهب موقت نا تءاش� ةينهملاو ةيلئاعلا يحاونلا نم ةنهملا هذه يعناص� ىلع فرعتلا لالخ نمو برتقن انلع ،ةينوناقلاو ةماهلا ليص�افتلا نم ريثك ةفرعم يف ةنهملا باحص�أ� .نانبل يف مالعإلا هجوو رود مس�رت يتلا مهتيبلاغ ىلع نويفاحص�لا نا ةس�اردلا هذه يف تفاللا .ةبيرو رذحب اهعم اولماعت نيكراش�ملاو ةكراش�ملا يف بغرت مل ةريبك ةبس�ن ةلئس�ألا نم ددع نع ةباجإلاب اوظفحت تاكراش�ملاو .مهيلع ةحورطملا نزولا يف مادعنا ةلاح نع مني امنإ� ءيش� ىلع من نا اذه يتلا ةيمالعإلا ةليس�ولا نم فوخلاو رارقتس�الا مدعو ردص�مل اديدهت مهتكراش�م لكش�ت نا نمو اهيدل نولمعي .مهقزر ةكراش�ملا مدع نإ�ف تامولعم ردص�م يه ةكراش�ملا نا امك .ثحبلاو مامتهإلاب ةريدج تاراش�إ� ردص�م وه فادهألا مهاو زربا نم وه لقتس�ملا مالعإلا ىنب زيزعت اهمعد ىلع تربيا ش�يرديرف ةس�س�ؤ�م ىعس�ت يتلا

فرط ءالخإ� تاهجو نّ إ�.تريبا ش�تيرديرف ةس�س�ؤ�م نم ةيلام ةدعاس�مب دنتس�ملا اذه جاتنإ� مت يأ�رلا س�كعت اهنّ أ� ةقيرط يأ�ب ربتعي نأ� نكمي الو نيفلؤ�ملل دوعت اهنع ربعملا رظنلا .تربيا ش�تيرديرف ةس�س�ؤ�مل يمس�رلا 2011 ىلوألا ةعبطلا ىس�وملا حالص� ميمص�ت

نويفاحص� دويـــق الـب ةددّ ش�تملا ةيّ تاذلا ةباقرلا نوش�يعي نويّ فاحص�لا لازي الأ� نمو فينص�تلاو بيهرتلاو ليوهتلاو نيوختلا نم فوخلا دقعو نئاهر هبش�و نيديّ قم مهلعجي يذلا يس�ايس�لا فافطص�الا طغض� ىلإ� اً لوص�و ةيّ بهذملا لب ال ةيّ فئاطلاو ةيّ س�ايس�لا ةبيكرتلل ؟اهريغو نيدلا تاهوبات journalists@journalism.com