Lagos Micro-Struggles Report Produced by Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung(FES) Edited By Dr Muyiwa Agunbiade

Lagos Just City Project © November 2023 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form by any means, electronic or mechanical including photocopying and recording or by any information storage or retrieval system without permission in writing from the publishers or authors. Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung Nigeria Office P.O. Box 5142 Wuse, Abuja Tel.:(+234) 803 899 8708 Email: info@fes-nigeria.org https://nigeria.fes.de/ Commercial use of media published by the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung(FES) is prohibited without written permission from FES. Cover Photo Credit: Nengi Nelson Lagos Just City Project iii

Contents: Section 1 Section 2 Table of Content iv List of Tables vi List of Figures vii Abbreviations viii Foreword x 01 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 12 1.0 Background 13 1.1 Urban Challenges 14 1.2 Urban Planning Processes 15 1.3 The need for participatory governance and 16 inclusivity 02 THE JUST CITY PROJECT 18 2.0 Conception and Narratives 19 2.1 Project Objectives 19 2.2 Micro-struggles 20 2.3 Public Participation and Inclusivity 22 03 WATER ISSUES AND INTERVENTIONS 24 3.0 Introduction 25 3.1 Developing the Water Charter Demand in Shogunle 25 3.2 Community Voices for Clean Water in Epe 35 04 EMPOWERING WOMEN IN INFORMAL 37 COMMUNITIES 4.1 Introduction 38 4.2 Challenges of Accessing Energy Sources 38 4.3 Confronting Gender-based Violence in Informal 40 Communities in Lagos iv Lagos Micro-Struggles Report Section 3

05 06 07 08 09 IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGIES 42 5.0. Overview 43 5.1. The Just City Lagos Action Group 43 5.2. Shogunle Water Trust Fund(SWTF) 43 IMPROVING ACCESS TO CLEAN WATER AND 46 SANITATION IN LAGOS STATE 6.0. Introduction 47 6.1. Facts and Figures 47 6.2. Methodology 48 6.3. Policy Recommendations 49 SECURING LAND RIGHTS AND AFFORDABLE 50 HOUSING FOR THE URBAN POOR 7.0. Introduction 51 7.1. Facts and Figures 51 7.2. Methodology 52 7.3. Key Findings 52 7.4. Policy Recommendations 53 IMPROVING DRIVER WELFARE FOR AN ENHANCED 54 INTEGRATED TRANSPORT SYSTEM 8.1. Introduction 55 8.2. Methodology 55 8.3. Key Findings 55 8.4. Policy Recommendations 55 FACILITATING SAFE LPG RETAIL PRACTICE IN 56 LAGOS COMMUNITIES 9.0. Introduction 57 9.1. Facts and Figures 57 9.2. Policy Recommendations 57 Appendix A- Contributors and Implementing Partners 59 Appendix B- Gallery 61 Bibliography 63 Lagos Just City Project v

List of Tables: Table 3.1: Table 3.2: Table 3.3: Surveyed Water Infrastructure in Shogunle Community Summary of the Community mapping of existing water infrastructure Choice of Borehole Facility, Issues, and Proposed Solutions vi Lagos Micro-Struggles Report

List of Figures: Figure 3.1: Figure 3.2: Figure 3.3: Management of existing water infrastructure Age Range of existing water infrastructure Physical conditions of existing water infrastructure Lagos Just City Project vii

Abbreviations: FGD WTF SWTF LCDA SDG OYF GDP FES OYF CAPPA CEEHOPE Focus Group Discussion Water Trust Fund Shogunle Water Trust Fund Local Council Development Authority Sustainable Development Goal Oworo Youths Forum Gross Domestic Product Friedrich Ebert Stiftung Oworo Youths Forum Corporate Accountability and Public Participation Africa The Centre for Children’s Health Education, Orientation and Protection viii Lagos Micro-Struggles Report

FOREWORD Lennart Oestergaard

The coastal city of Lagos is currently the 5th largest city in the world although the smallest state in Nigeria but the most populous city with the highest urban population. The city’s population is currently over 20 million and faces an escalating crisis in terms of the provision of basic services such as water, housing, and effective/ efficient mass transit systems. Lagos, like many of the cities in the continent has witnessed massive migration from all parts of the country and beyond. The city continues to struggle with managing the challenges that accompany population growth. The Just City Lagos Project is part of a continent-wide effort of FES to establish a social democratic perspective on urban policy making by empowering voices from the ground and linking progressive actors in urban environments who are leading various struggles for social justice. The Just City Lagos Project sort to identify micro-struggles that can be supported by FES Nigeria to ensure that the voices of the poor are heard by policy makers and the city is socially just to accommodate all categories of the citizens. That Lagos is experiencing water shortage is a paradox because this is a city surrounded by water. This has forced most of its residents to depend on unwholesome sources of water to meet their domestic and other needs. As a result, cholera, typhoid fever diarrhoea and dysentery, are common sicknesses suffered by residents. Government current efforts is geared towards policies that are pre-conceived to promote Privatization or Public Private Partnerships (PPP) of the water sector. The whole idea of full commodification of water through PPPs as being promoted by the federal and Lagos government is inimical to increasing access of water to the poor. Thus, the activities with our partner CAPPA led to mobilization of Lagos communities in Epe local government for participatory water governance. Stakeholders meetings with traditional leaders, civil society organisations and media helped to amplify the voices, stories ,challenges of local residents and the demand made for repair of miniworks in Epe community. Our activity with Oworo Youth Forum sort to build the capacity of youths in local community development through building their resilient and developing participatory approach to connect communities through new forms of civic engagement. In Shogunle community where residents had lived in darkness for over 5 months, after undergoing trainings, participants mobilized the community members to organize a peaceful protest to the Electricity company and invited the media to report the protest. The protest was widely reported in the media and an agreement between the electricity company and the community was reached. Electricity was restored to the community, and this has challenged the youth to identify and address other issues in their community. I want to specially thank all our partners on the Just City Lagos project-CAPPA. OYF and CEE-HOPE for their support, interest and hard work in ensuring the implementation of this project. Special thanks to Prof Muyiwa Agunbiade our consultant on this project for his assistance in leading the processes that enhanced the achievement of project objectives for identified micro-struggles through suggestion of initiatives and project activities. Thank you x Lagos Micro-Struggles Report

Introduction

Chapter One Executive Summary

1.0 BACKGROUND Lagos, Nigeria is home to the largest and most heterogeneous population in the country; it is located in the southwestern region of Nigeria with a land area of 3,577 km2 and an estimated population of 26 million people which comprises 77% Yorubas and 23% other cultural demographics(Lagos Resilient Strategy). As the economic nerve centre of the country, the state is responsible for the highest contributions to the national Gross Domestic Product(GDP)- 15.3% of the country’s GDP in 2021(Bakare, 2022). In 2022, the economy of Lagos state was reported to be the fifth largest economy in Africa(Daily Trust, 2022), larger than that of West African neighbours- Niger, Benin, Togo, Chad, Sierra Leone, Liberia and the Gambia put together (Bakare, 2022) and ranked as the fourth wealthiest city on the African continent with a total private wealth of $97 billion. The geographical location of the state has been identified as one major incentive for economic growth. It is bounded by the Atlantic Ocean in the South, Benin Republic in the West, and Ogun State in the North and East. The city experiences double-maxima rainfall every year, giving rise to the predominant vegetation in Lagos, including the freshwater swamp and tropical rainforest (Balogun et al., 2017). However, the state also occupies a low-lying area, with a flat terrain less than two metres above sea level and slopes typically between 1% and 4%(Lucas, 2021). The city is also one of the fastest-growing cities in the world, having firmly established itself as a hotspot for urban, economic, administrative, cultural and entertainment activities. It often overshadows the nation’s current capital city, Abuja. With its profile, Lagos has attracted a significant influx of population searching for employment opportunities, resulting in a density of 2,500 people per km2, the highest in the country. With this huge potential comes the corresponding challenges, the major one is migration - in 2016, the then-governor of Lagos state, Akinwumi Ambode, claimed that 86 immigrants enter Lagos every minute of the day with no plan to leave(The Cable, 2016). Gambia Niger Togo Chad Nigeria Sierra Leone Liberia Benin Lagos State Lagos State $97 billion 4 th Wealthiest city GDP All States in Nigeria 15.3% 84.7% Lagos State Other States Economic Scale Lagos 100 5 th Largest economy 50 1 st 2 nd 3 rd 4 th 5 th 0 African States 26 million population 77% 33% Yorubas Other Tribes Lagos State 2,500 People per km 2 3,577 km 2 Land area Lagos Just City Project 13

1.1 URBAN CHALLENGES Similar to any urban area of its kind, Lagos experiences a significant number of urban challenges. The city is characterised by a wide range of extreme disparities between the rich and the poor. A great dichotomy exists between the higher and lower spectrum of social, economic, and urban indices. Despite the vast urban fabric and the concentration of skyscrapers observable through the skyline and the most expensive real estate, more than half of Lagosians live in informal settlements, and a notable portion sleeps rough. These challenges can be traced to a lack of proactive measures in addressing the rapid population growth coupled with the inability of urban infrastructure to cater for the burgeoning population adequately. These observable challenges are overwhelming and becoming more frequent, with more significant consequences over time without being resolved. Poor regulation, inadequate infrastructure and limited capacity further exacerbates the provision of urban services in the state. Based on official records, 7 out of 10 Lagosians lack access to adequate housing. With an estimated housing supply deficit of 2 million units, this housing shortage in Lagos is only part of a broader housing crisis being experienced currently in Nigeria. The country’s present housing deficit as of December 2018 is estimated at a staggering 20 million units, requiring N49 trillion (US$326 billion) to meet this housing demand. However, this shortage is further exacerbated in Lagos state due to the constantly increasing population and the corresponding housing demand. The housing gap has also led to the continuous creation of informal settlements and slum development, characterised by poor housing quality and sanitary conditions. Residents of the slum communities are susceptible to forced evictions and demolitions arising as a result of the absence of formal land rights. While successive government’s response, most often, is demolition conducted without prior notice or resettlement plans. The impacts of the limited public amenities and infrastructure in Lagos have further exacerbated the poor living conditions in the informal communities. The systemic poverty in these locations reduces their capacity to provide privately funded alternatives to the limited amenities. For most of these communities, access to amenities such as clean energy, electricity, water and sanitation, and public security, which can improve living and economic conditions, is severely limited, thereby deepening the poverty cycle prevalent in these communities. For both urban and rural areas, water and sanitation are limited, with the state capacity for daily clean water supply being less than 25% of the daily demand. Hence, Lagosians have sunk shallow wells or boreholes to reach underground water supplies, while some rely on street vendors for daily water supply. The lack of access to clean water is intricately linked to poor sanitation practices, where 41% of the population do not have access to adequate sanitation, 2 out of 10 people practise open defecation and 73% of diarrhoeal and enteric-related diseases by poor sanitary practices (UNICEF). Another concerning feature of the Lagos urban landscape is the absence of regulation for major urban services. A case in point is the poor supervision of the retail of Liquefied Natural Gas for residential purposes. The transportation, storage and transfer of LPG without sufficient oversight responsibility increases the likelihood of damages associated with gas explosions and fire outbreaks. In the same context, regulations relating to the land transportation sector are primarily uncoordinated and presently ceded to private associations. These associations prioritise profit-making at the expense of drivers’ and passengers’ welfare. The movement of goods and services from one point to another is undertaken without regard for travel conditions. Limited transportation options, the poor quality of available transportation infrastructure, and lack of coordination within the sector are also some issues plaguing the delivery of efficient public transportation services, issues which the private regulatory bodies are unable to resolve without government input. Several other urban challenges include insufficient drainage infrastructure, limited social infrastructure, proliferation of neighbourhood character, urban vices and petty crimes. This further contributes to the constant assessment of Lagos as being among the top 10 least habitable cities of the world- In 2022, the city was ranked as the second worst city to live in(The Economist Intelligence Unit, 2022). Thus, a deliberate and conscious attempt is required to fix the challenges. 14 Lagos Micro-Struggles Report

1.2. URBAN PLANNING PROCESSES This involves the systematic and strategic application of intentional planning to promote inclusiveness and discourage disparity. Due to several factors, including limited funding, misappropriation, and poor policy formulation and implementation, among others, a disparity exists between the demand and supply of urban infrastructure. Infrastructural development is not at par with the growing population, thereby placing greater pressure on existing infrastructure and the subsequent creation of substandard alternatives which reduce the economic, social and physical wellbeing of the residents. Several policy interventions have been implemented to address pressing urban challenges in the past. However, these interventions tend to follow the top-down planning approach, where the public is excluded from conception regarding critical decision-making on ideas, solutions, and implementations. Often, the inclusion of the public occurs later during public consultation when, more often than not, the policy outline has been finalised. This planning approach has become a lifestyle among state actors unaware of the importance of participatory planning and public inclusion in urban planning processes. The lack of awareness of the public regarding their role in policy making and the urban planning process also contributes to this status quo. Hence, when calls are made for stakeholder engagements, they attract primarily CSOs, traditional or religious bodies. However, a major consequence of excluding the public is that policies tend to be out of touch with reality and do not address core problems of affordability, accessibility, capacity and sustainability. Urban interventions also follow political motivations which prioritise physical interventions, e.g., road construction, over social development. Additionally, there is a tendency to allocate resources disproportionately to communities comprised of elected officials and voting blocks while neglecting opposition strongholds. It is critically important that the people to be impacted by government interventions are directly involved in the decision-making processes, hence the need for participatory governance. STEP 02 Decision-making STEP 04 Implementations STEP 01 Conception STEP 01 Conception STEP 03 Policy making STEP 04 Implementations Public Participation STEP 02 Decision-making STEP 03 Policy making Top to Bottom Planning Approach Inclusive Planning Approach Lagos Just City Project 15

1.3. THE NEED FOR PARTICIPATORY GOVERNANCE AND INCLUSIVITY Urban planning has a significant influence on the inhabitants of Lagos state because it establishes critical standards for the placement and delivery of urban infrastructure and services, which are essential for daily life and the enhancement of living conditions. To ensure that these services and infrastructure are tailored to the needs of the people, participatory governance and inclusivity are necessary in the planning process. Participatory governance, using the instrument of urban planning, is a collaborative activity including the active participation of various stakeholders, specifically the residents who are affected by the proposed developments. Participatory governance is characterised by a bottom-top approach that prioritises inclusive and transparent decision-making through public consultations, awareness campaigns, advisory committees, local partnerships, etc. local context. Their insights are also beneficial in the design of practical, realistic and attainable solutions suited to local needs. The involvement of residents in urban planning also contributes to the sustainability of development projects. Community involvement fosters a sense of ownership and stimulates public support for planned developments, resulting in reduced opposition during implementation and the maximisation as well as the adoption of the project. Overall, it is assumed that the integration of the input of all the stakeholders in the urban planning process would lead to the creation of better urban spaces that are liveable and sustainable. This will significantly impact resident’s standard of living through the empowerment of local voices. Public participation in urban planning processes can significantly revamp the planning process and contribute to the sustainability of proposed developments in several ways. Residents are able to provide local expertise on prioritising urban challenges within the 16 Lagos Micro-Struggles Report

Project Overview

Chapter Two The Just City Project

2.0. CONCEPTION AND NARRATIVES The Just City Lagos Project seeks to“Transform Lagos into a Just City – a city that is fair, inclusive and that provides equal services for its inhabitants.” The project was conceived out of the desire to make urbanisation in Lagos a more participatory, democratic, bottomtop approach by identifying the daily micro struggles of residents and proposing solutions to ameliorating these struggles. Launched on the 18th of November, 2020, the project seeks to establish a social democratic perspective on urban policy-making by empowering voices from the ground and linking progressive actors in urban environments who are leading various struggles for social justice. Through stakeholder consultation, engagements and advocacy, the project provides a platform for facilitating interactions and collaborations between the government and the governed, thereby fostering inclusion, democracy and decentralisation in the urban planning process in Lagos. The project aims to enhance the recognition of the citizen as the main element of the city and major driver of urbanisation and growth, thereby strengthening the residents’ rights in urban policy making. In a nutshell, the project vision was to enhance the development of the city through the adoption of bottom-top, participatory and inclusive urban planning processes, thereby creating a Just City. PROJECT OBJECTIVE Improved Urban Planning Process The Just City Project aims to enhance the urban planning process, designing recommendations and pathways for inclusive, democratic and bottom-top-driven urban planning in the state. Connected Governance The project aims to create multi-sectoral platforms, connecting the governed with the government, with the overall goal of bridging the public participation gaps in the urban processes. Empowerment of Local Voices The project also seeks to empower local voices, highlighting the power of collective voices for demanding and driving social and institutional change. Lagos Just City Project 19

2.2. MICRO-STRUGGLES At inception, the Just City Project focused on four common challenges faced by residents of Lagos state in their daily activities. These challenges were identified as pressing issues affecting a larger percentage of the population and limiting their capacity for achieving quality living standards and efficiency in productivity outputs. These challenges are referred to in this project as micro-struggles. Those initially identified as the inception of the project include: 1 Clean Water and Sanitation 2 Land Rights and Affordable Housing 3 Integrated Transport System 4 Challenges of Poor and Unsafe LPG Retail in Lagos Communities 2.2.1. CLEAN WATER AND SANITATION According to the United Nations, clean water and sanitation is recognised as the most basic human need for health and well-being. Access to clean and safe drinking water is essential for maintaining public health and sanitation by enhancing hygienic practices. This singular act benefits both humans and the environment by limiting the contamination of the environment, thereby reducing the risk of diseases related to poor hygiene and sanitation practices. The objective of the micro-struggle was to encourage community voices for local action towards increased access to clean and safe water in host communities. Undertaken through a combination of strategies such as comprehensive infrastructural mapping, grassroots mobilisation, stakeholder engagement and media advocacy, projects under this micro-struggle focused on connecting local voices to government actors to address the deficit in water supply infrastructure within their communities. Led by the project’s implementing partners, Oworonshoki Youth Forum(OYF) and Corporate Accountability and Public Participation Africa(CAPPA), the project employed advocacy campaigns and stakeholder engagements to strengthen the capacity of host communities to demand the revitalisation of the water sector in Shogunle and Epe communities of Lagos. Insights from these activities revealed the unequal relationship between the demand and supply of water infrastructure as well as the disproportionate effect of the lack of access to water on women and girls. Specific project outcomes included the creation of the Water Charter Demand and Action Plan outlining the community demands for water supply, increased awareness of the infrastructural gaps within the water ecosystem, and the commitment of relevant stakeholders to the provision and repair of water infrastructure, where applicable. 2.2.2. LAND RIGHTS AND AFFORDABLE HOUSING The human right to adequate housing is recognised by several international laws, including the International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), to which Nigeria is a signatory. These laws recognise affordability, habitability and security of tenure as significant contributors to achieving an adequate standard of living. Several studies have traced the prevalence of informal settlements in Lagos state to tenure insecurity or lack of access to land for developing affordable housing. Due to the inherent limitations of the agencies and institutions to regulate this sector, housing finance and supply are dominated by the private sector, whose finance models are unaffordable and inaccessible for the majority of the urban poor(according to the 2022 Multidimensional Poverty Index, 63% of people living in Nigeria are poor). This has led to the creation of over a hundred slums and squatter settlements in Lagos(NBS, 2022), characterised by unsanitary living conditions, substandard building structures, general insecurity and forced evictions. Under this micro-struggle, CEEHOPE engaged in several informal communities of Ajegunle, Ayetoro, Monkey Village and Makoko, amplifying and addressing the gender-specific challenges faced by informal communities arising from tenure insecurity, systemic poverty and vulnerable living conditions. The project also followed community stories documenting their struggles in accessing land rights and improving their physical wellbeing and socioeconomic circumstances. Utilising stakeholder consultations and multimedia advocacy, the project also emphasised the need for fairness and inclusiveness in urban renewal strategies, women empowerment and community development. 20 Lagos Micro-Struggles Report

2.2.3. INTEGRATED TRANSPORT SYSTEM This micro-struggle focused on improving the welfare of public and private drivers, providing transportation services both offline and online. Drivers are a crucial part of the transportation system and are essential in ensuring the successful implementation of a transportation system which optimises mobility options, usage and accessibility seamlessly. Prioritising driver welfare, especially within the context of the local conditions- traffic congestion, overtaxing, poor training and the prevalence of informality in the sector, has the capacity to translate into reduced poor service delivery and human errors traceable to job dissatisfaction and poor working conditions. Discussions in these sessions underlined several challenges hindering the productivity and hampering the well-being of Lagos drivers, some of which include the indiscriminate taxation by local government officials leading to frequent clashes, absence of busparks, harsh penalties for traffic offences without clemency for firsttime offenders as well as hike in transport fare that are not commensurate with the cost of fuel increase The exclusion of driver association from policy meetings and conflict resolutions, a phenomenon that was prevalent during previous administrations, was also highlighted, a clear example of the exclusion of key citizen stakeholders from urban governance processes. The project engaged various transport stakeholders, including the Lagos State Ministry of Transportation, LSTDCOA, Yellow Taxi Drivers, Ifesowapo, LOTWWAN, Amalgamated Union of App-based Transport Workers of Nigeria and the Joint Drivers’ Welfare Association of Nigeria through interactive stakeholder sessions geared at connecting drivers with the policymakers. The project emphasised the need for educating commercial drivers on their civic rights and the provision of resources targeted at improving their overall welfare. The project has also been able to obtain assurance from the state government on the inclusion in future stakeholder meetings with government officials as well as approval to attract private funding for necessary road infrastructure. 2.2.4. CHALLENGES OF POOR AND UNSAFE LPG RETAILERS IN LAGOS COMMUNITIES The increased high demand for cooking gas(LPG) in Lagos due to the promotion of cleaner energy consumption and its convenience compared to traditional fuels like firewood and charcoal has led to the creation of middlemen, known as LPG retailers, who purchase directly from gas stations and resell in affordable quantities to consumers. The lack of regulation regarding the storage and sale of such a volatile commodity makes this practice unsafe. Several LPG retailers operate informally without proper licensing and adherence to safety standards, with a significant quantity of LPG retail shops situated in densely populated urban areas. Limited education also prevents both retailers and consumers from understanding the safety risks associated with LPG handling and storage. Following stakeholder consultations, the project realised the need for data on the locations of the retail outlets, public awareness and capacity building for LPG retailers on best and sustainable practices to prevent the loss of life, property and damage to the environment while also maximising profits—additionally, a review of the existing regulatory framework to identify and plug gaps in regulations. Lagos Just City Project 21

2.3. PUBLIC PARTICIPATION AND INCLUSIVITY At the core of the Just City Project is inclusivity and public participation. Where state actors have primarily dominated urban planning processes within the state, this project has sought to enhance the recognition and subsequent inclusion of public participation, not as a measure of tokenism, but as active stakeholders in problem identification, policy-making and infrastructural development of urban areas. Through our multifaceted projects, the Just City Project stands in the gap to facilitate this transition from a government-focused city to a people-centric city, as it should be. 22 Lagos Micro-Struggles Report

Activities: Successes and Challenges The Just City Lagos Project leveraged partnerships with existing local non-governmental organisations, civil society organisations, and local actors across the various micro-struggles to implement programs to revitalise citizen engagement for urban development.

Chapter Three The Just City Project

3.0. INTRODUCTION Alongside the implementing partners, Oworonshoki Youth Forum(OYF) and Corporate Accountability and Public Participation Africa(CAPPA), the Just City Project coordinated the implementation of water-based interventions in Shogunle, Poka and Odo-Iragushi communities of Lagos state. These communities share a common theme of obsolete water infrastructure, incapable of meeting the demand for water supply. Demonstrating the project’s commitment to public participation and bottom-top-driven urban governance, the project partners collaborated with community actors in the design and execution of sustainable advocacy for the protection of their rights to clean water. 3.1. DEVELOPING THE WATER CHARTER DEMAND IN SHOGUNLE Shogunle is a densely populated community in Oshodi-Isolo Local Government Area of Lagos State, Nigeria, with a major distribution of low to moderate-income earners and informal sector workers. Several urban challenges persist within the community, including poor urban infrastructure, environmental degradation, insecurity, and social exclusion. However, the lack of access to clean and affordable water sources remains the most prevalent issue in Shogunle(Oloniniran, 2023). The existing water infrastructure in Shogunle is strained and outdated, incapable of meeting the increasing demands of a growing population(Oloniniran, 2023). Borehole facilities, once installed to alleviate water scarcity, now stand non-operational or in disrepair, leaving residents without a consistent water supply(Oloniniran, 2023). Furthermore, the lack of transparency and accountability in water resource management has compounded these challenges, breeding frustration and discontent among the community(Oloniniran, 2023). These challenges are considered to negatively impact the health, livelihood, and well-being of the residents of Shogunle community. Many people have to walk long distances, queue for hours, or pay exorbitant prices to get water for their daily needs. Some people also face harassment, intimidation, or violence when accessing water from certain boreholes. 3.1.1. PROJECT ACTIVITIES With the support of the Oworo Youth Forum, the Just City Project implemented a community-led, knowledge-finding and solutions-oriented campaign on clean water and sanitation. Through community mapping and focus group discussions, the campaign sought to increase awareness of gaps in water infrastructure within the community using evidence-based data and localised solutions with the ultimate goal of improving access to clean water sources. Lagos Just City Project 25

3.1.1.1. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS This was undertaken by 40 residents of the Shogunle community, including youths and women, trained in mobile urban infrastructure mapping. The survey involved locating existing publicly available water sources in the community, such as boreholes, wells, taps, and tanks, alongside collecting information on the ownership and management, functionality and accessibility, and current physical condition of each water source. Methodology In accordance with the objectives of the Just City project, the data collection exercise prioritised community participation, engaging local actors in this process, thereby equipping them with the knowledge and skills required to significantly contribute to urban planning processes and mapping in future. Equipment and Training The Oworo Youth Forum trained 40 residents(research assistants) of Shogunle community on using smart mobile devices and the Epicollect5 application in mapping community water facilities and assets. The mobile devices were installed with the mobile application Epicollect5. This free and open-source tool enables users to collect and upload data to a central server and also view and analyse uploaded data(five.epicollect. net, 2021)—the training covered aspects involving the use of GPS and data upload and information-gathering techniques. Mapping The research assistants conducted a mapping of existing publicly available water sources in the community using their mobile devices and the Epicollect5 application for mobile. They also recorded information on the location, ownership, physical conditions, accessibility and photos of each water source. The collected data was uploaded to a central database accessible by the relevant stakeholders. Data Analysis The data collection exercise covered about thirty-five 35 streets in the Shogunle community and identified twenty-one water sources in different levels of physical conditions and several ownerships statuses. Figure 3.1 to 3.3 explain the management, the age and condition of the existing water infrastructure in Shogunle. 26 Lagos Micro-Struggles Report

Results of Community Water Survey 1 Number of Streets Surveyed 35 2 Number of Water Sources Identified 21 3 Privately Funded 15 4 Publicly Funded 6 Table 3.1: Surveyed Water Infrastructure in Shogunle Community Frequency 20 15 10 5 0 Community/CDA Managed By 20 15 10 5 0 < 5 years Age Range Private Vendors N/A Figure 3.1: Management of existing water infrastructure 5- 10 years> 10 years Figure 3.2: Age Range of existing water infrastructure 52.4% Fully-Functional Frequency 14.3% Semi-Functional 33.3% Non-Functional Figure 3.3: Physical conditions of existing water infrastructure Lagos Just City Project 27

Table 3.2: Summary of the Community mapping of existing water infrastructure Location: Age: Condition: Funded by: Owned by: Managed by: Yekini 6- 10 years Non-Functional State Government Shogunle Secondary School Community 6.572985/3.341807 Location: Age: Condition: Funded by: Owned by: Managed by: Eesuola street 11- 15 years Non-Functional State Government Lagos State Water Works CDA 6.575093/3.340984 Location: Age: Condition: Funded by: Owned by: Managed by: Subaru 16- 20 years Non-Functional Local Government Lagos State Water Works 6.571831/3.342651 Location: Age: Condition: Funded by: Owned by: Managed by: Sowunmi 6- 10 years Non-Functional Religious Organsation Shamsudeen Community 6.574059/3.343067 Location: Age: Condition: Funded by: Owned by: Managed by: Saka < 5 years Non-Functional CDA Hamburger CDA 6.573092/3.341095 28 Lagos Micro-Struggles Report

Location: Age: Condition: Funded by: Owned by: Managed by: Fagbola < 5 years Non-Functional Local Government Local Government CDA 6.573751/3.34219 Location: Age: Condition: Funded by: Owned by: Managed by: Ago owu 6- 10 years Non-Functional Local Government Water Corporation 6.575751/3.341432 Location: Age: Condition: Funded by: Owned by: Managed by: 6.577766/3.342296 Alhaja Abu-bakar < 5 years Functional but in need of repairs The community, CDA Alhaja abubakar Private vendors Location: Age: Condition: Funded by: Owned by: Managed by: 6.578016/3.341357 Inside Shogunle market < 5 years Functional but in need of repairs Corporate organisation Bapam House Service Community Location: Age: Condition: Funded by: Owned by: Managed by: 6.57343/3.343814 Shoyoye < 5 years Functional but in need of repairs Religious or-ganisations Trinity Revival Church CDA Lagos Just City Project 29

Location: Age: Condition: Funded by: Owned by: Managed by: Yekini 16- 20 years Fully functional The community, CDA Alhaji Yekini Private Vendor Location: Age: Condition: Funded by: Owned by: Managed by: Opo Osun < 5 years Fully functional The community, CDA CDA Location: Age: Condition: Funded by: Owned by: Managed by: Araromi < 5 years Fully functional CDA, The Community Alhaji kendu CDA Location: Age: Condition: Funded by: Owned by: Managed by: Yekini < 5 years Fully functional CDA Alhaji yekini Private Vendor Location: Age: Condition: Funded by: Owned by: Managed by: Simbi Street 6- 10 years Fully functional CDA Golden Water CDA 6.574074/3.34142 6.574403/3.340624 6.5764/3.341237 6.572954/3.341801 6.576009/3.342113 30 Lagos Micro-Struggles Report

Location: Age: Condition: Funded by: Owned by: Managed by: 6.573435/3.340327 Fabukade street < 5 years Fully functional Local Government Chairman of the Local Government Area CDA Location: Age: Condition: Funded by: Owned by: Managed by: Ayinke 2 6- 10 years Fully functional Local Government Local Councillor’s project Community 6.572985/3.341807 Location: Age: Condition: Funded by: Owned by: Managed by: Ayinke junction 16- 20 years Fully functional Local Government Free public water CDA 6.574391/3.340287 Location: Age: Condition: Funded by: Owned by: Managed by: Majekodunmi < 5 years Fully functional Religious organisations Mosque Community 6.579157/3.341445 Location: Age: Condition: Funded by: Owned by: Managed by: Arowosegbe < 5 years Fully functional Religious organisations Mosque CDA 6.576395/3.342786 Lagos Just City Project 31

Location: Age: Condition: Funded by: Owned by: Managed by: Egbapeju < 5 years Fully functional Corporate organisation Free Borehole CDA 3.1.1.2. CAPACITY BUILDING WORKSHOP The capacity building workshop was a multi-stakeholder event comprising interested community members, representatives from community associations, and the local community and government in a holistic review and discussion on the critical water infrastructural gaps within the community. The core of the workshop included the focus group discussions and the development of a water charter demand outlining community solutions for improved water supply. Focus Group Discussions The focus group discussions fostered holistic discussions among participants on the critical water infrastructure from an experiential perspective. Participants were grouped into three clusters based on their residential addresses and were tasked with proposing solutions to operational challenges hampering the existing water infrastructure(boreholes) within their residential clusters. Challenges affecting the water sources in Shogunle identified by the discussants include: Lack of regular maintenance and repair of borehole facilities by the owners or operators Vandalism and theft of borehole equipment and materials by miscreants Irregular power supply and high cost of fuel for generators to pump water High fees charged by some borehole operators or landlords for water access Poor quality or contamination of water. Restricted access or discrimination by some borehole operators. 32 Lagos Micro-Struggles Report

The table below provides an overview of outcomes from each cluster group on water infrastructure within their residential clusters: Table 3.3: Choice of Borehole Facility, Issues, and Proposed Solutions Group Selected Borehole Facility Issues Proposed Solution Action Plan Progress Group A Saka Street The borehole facility installed by the late politician Hamburger is no longer functional. Establish a committee called “The New Face of Shogunle” comprising workshop participants and local council representatives. Engage the family of late politician Hamburger to discuss fixing and ensuring the availability of the borehole facility to residents. Consider upgrading the facility to a solar-powered borehole for 24/7 water availability. The committee has been established but is yet to undertake a courtesy visit to the family of Late Hamburger. Group B Majekodunmi street There is no borehole facility on Majekodunmi Street, but the nearby Shogunle Community Health Centre has a facility within the premises. Engage the Council Chairman to explore the possibility of linking the borehole facility in the health centre to the general public. Conversations are ongoing with all stakeholders. Group A Fagbola Street The existing borehole facility installed by the current Oshodi-Isolo has never been functional. Engage the Local Government Supervisor for Environment, Hon. Femi Ajayi, to engage the project engineers for repairs and maintenance. The borehole facility has been restored and made available to the community. 3.1.1.3. THE SHOGUNLE WATER CHARTER DEMAND The project culminated with the development of the Shogunle Water Charter Demand, based on identified conclusions from the infrastructural mapping exercises and workshop discussions. Under the auspices of“New Face Shogunle”, the residents of Shogunle community outlined six major demands for an infrastructural and operational overhaul in securing reliable and affordable water sources, which would guide stakeholder(media, government) engagements at local and state levels. Lagos Just City Project 33

The charter demand is outlined below: Rehabilitation of Borehole Facilities: We demand the immediate rehabilitation of non-functioning public borehole facilities in Shogunle community, which deprive us of a reliable water source. We urge the local government and political representatives to allocate resources and engage competent professionals to repair and restore these boreholes promptly. Some of the identified facilities include: Borehole on Saka Street donated by Late Hamburger Borehole on Market Lane donated by Hon. Solomon Olamilekan, popularly called YAYI Borehole facility on Owoso Street Borehole facility on Alh. Yekini Street(A bigger storage tank is needed) Borehole facility on Aina Street(Additional taps and storage tank is needed) and Borehole facility on Alh. Yekini Street(A bigger storage tank is needed) Regular Maintenance of Borehole Facilities: To ensure the sustained functionality of existing borehole facilities, we demand a comprehensive maintenance plan for the identified facilities. Regular inspections, repairs, and upgrades should be conducted to address any issues that may arise and prevent further deterioration. We call on the local government to allocate dedicated funds and resources for the regular maintenance of these vital water sources. Expansion of Water Infrastructure: Given the growing population and increasing water demand in Shogunle community, we demand the expansion of water infrastructure. This includes the installation of additional borehole facilities and the establishment of water distribution networks to reach underserved areas such as Julius Showunmi Street. We call on the local government to prioritise these infrastructure developments and allocate the necessary resources for their implementation. Sustainable and Affordable Water Solutions: We advocate for sustainable and affordable water solutions in our community. This includes exploring renewable energy options such as solar-powered boreholes to ensure continuous water availability. Transparency and Accountability: We demand transparency and accountability in the management of water resources and infrastructure. The local government and relevant authorities should provide regular updates on the progress of rehabilitation, maintenance, and expansion efforts. We expect open communication channels and mechanisms for community feedback and participation in decision-making processes related to water provision. 34 Lagos Micro-Struggles Report

Community Engagement and Empowerment: We recognise the importance of community engagement and empowerment in addressing water challenges effectively. We demand the establishment of platforms and mechanisms for regular dialogue and collaboration between the local government, political representatives, community leaders, and residents. We seek opportunities for capacity building, training, and involvement in the management and maintenance of water infrastructure. We, the residents of Shogunle community, are united in our pursuit of clean and affordable water sources. We believe that by implementing our Charter of Demand, we can overcome the water crisis and ensure a better quality of life for all. We call on the local government, political representatives, and relevant stakeholders to heed our demands and work together towards the realisation of these goals. 3.2. COMMUNITY VOICES FOR CLEAN WATER IN EPE In 2022, the Just City Project, in collaboration with the Corporate Accountability and Public Participation Africa(CAPPA), commenced a mobilising campaign in Epe, Lagos state, for participatory water governance. With a population of over 500,000 people, Epe is home to communities of fisherfolks, farmers, and youths who lack access to clean water. The existing water infrastructure in the community, the Epe mini waterworks facility, has lain in a state of disrepair for almost a decade, causing community members to turn to unsanitary and unaffordable alternate sources of water supply. The burden of the search for clean and affordable water for domestic use is mainly placed on women and young girls who walk long distances in search of clean water. For many schoolgirls, this particular task, performed in the mornings, compromises their academic commitments and productivity. In phase 1 of this project, CAPPA partnered with Poka and Odo-Iragushi communities in Epe for a water advocacy campaign, strengthening their capacity to advocate for improved access to public water and, through that, uphold the human right to water as an obligation of the government representing the people. This phase recorded significant successes, building community voices as a united force in articulating their water demands, conducting a site visit to Epe Mini Waterworks, convening a Media-Community Dialogue aimed at bridging the communication gap, and systemic engagement with elected representatives and the state government for future media advocacy for the provision of clean, portable, and affordable water. 3.2.1. PROJECT ACTIVITIES The second phase of the project, jointly implemented in 2023 by CAPPA and the Oworonshoki Youth Forum(OYF), focused on bolstering the advocacy and communication skills of community members. This skill is recognised as crucial to maintaining effective advocacy, particularly at the level of policymakers, even after project completion. Through a capacity building workshop on effective communication, team building, and advocacy skills, this phase aimed at empowering the community capacity and entrenching the project impact for years to come. 35 Lagos Micro-Struggles Report Lagos Just City Project 35

3.2.1.1. CAPACITY BUILDING WORKSHOP The Capacity Building Workshop was a specialised advocacy training for residents of Poka and Odo-Iragushi communities held on Tuesday, August 22, 2023. The thrust of the workshop was to equip the community members with the requisite advocacy skills to champion the demand for water supply in the future without the presence of FES, CAPPA or OYF. Trainings Participants were trained on effective communication in water advocacy, which highlighted the importance of clear and appealing messaging which concisely summarises the community demands. Further coaching focused on the need for robust knowledge of the water campaign and the identification of fluent and credible spokespeople who will present community demands during parleys, campaigns and interviews—identifying local, media and state actors to engage, including their elected representatives. Participants were also trained on the methods and strategies to be utilised in organising effective advocacies for public water infrastructure and management. This training focused on four strategy areas, namely, prioritising common interest over personal interest, recognising individual strengths and diversities in the group, and assigning roles and responsibilities to community members based on their areas of strength. Team- Building Session Participants engaged in several team building activities aimed at fostering basic team-building skills and techniques. Through role playing and symbolism, participants were able to understand the importance of solidarity and collaboration in community advocacy. 3.2.2. COMMUNITY DEMANDS FOR WATER SUPPLY The community outlined these three demands for the supply of clean and affordable water: The rehabilitation of the Epe mini waterworks and Odo-iragushi waterworks The connection of water pipelines to homes by the Lagos state government. The need to ensure the waterworks are connected to the electricity mains supply. 3.2.3 KEY PROJECT OUTCOMES The Just City Project trained community members in water advocacy for improved access to public water and the protection of their human right to water as an obligation of the government representing the people. The community will continue to identify proactive and forward-thinking state actors to engage on the issue of water access in Epe, especially amongst their elected representatives. The community will organise protests and schedule constituency meetings with their elected representatives, as well as further their cause through a media campaign. Community members will also commemorate unique events such as World Water Day and Africa Week of Action, utilising these campaigns as vehicles to spotlight their demands. 36 Lagos Micro-Struggles Report

Chapter Four Empowering Women in Informal Communities

4.1. INTRODUCTION The challenges of informal communities in Lagos state in accessing land rights and the subsequent forced evictions and demolitions are well documented in the media. However, scant attention is paid to the socioeconomic challenges arising from the marginalisation and systemic poverty prevalent in these underserved communities. For women and girls in the informal communities, gender-specific challenges with women at the receiving end represent further burdens in addition to widespread poverty. Nigeria is ranked 139 out of 156 countries in the Global Gender Gap Report 2021, with its Human Development Index lower by 13.5% for women than men. These issues, which hamper female development and productivity, further widening the gender discrimination and inequality gaps, formed the basis of the Just City and CEE-HOPE intervention. In 2023, the Just City Project collaborated with the Centre for Children’s Health Education, Orientation and Protection(CEE-HOPE) under its women’s empowerment initiative, Empowered Mothers for Development Action(EM-MODAS), to implement a series of community consultations aimed at highlighting gender-specific issues experienced by women in selected informal communities in Lagos State. This project centred around two critical issues surrounding the physical, social and economic wellbeing of women and girls in these communities- Access to clean energy and Gender-Based Violence. Ranked 139 156 countries 13.5% less than Men Global Gender Gap Report 2021 Gender Issues CEE-HOPE EM-MODAS 4.2. IMPROVING ENERGY ACCESS FOR WOMEN IN INFORMAL COMMUNITIES A 2021 report by Energia.com revealed that only 5% of the Nigerian population has access to clean cooking fuels and technologies, and 43% of Nigerians still need access to electricity. When juxtaposed with our current population, this reveals that about 190 million people lack access to clean cooking fuels, and over 85 million Nigerians do not have a constant electricity supply. For informal communities, access to clean energy sources which power essential lighting and power appliances in the homes or facilitate cooking for household or commercial uses is a luxury. This problem is further compounded by the removal of fuel subsidies, which has led to the increase of common petroleum products despite the dwindling purchasing power of most Nigerians. Due to their traditional roles as homemakers and caregivers, women and girls have a greater need for energy in their homes. The absence of clean energy for domestic uses significantly increases the time allocated to domestic activities, reducing their productivity and the time required to engage in other income-generating or recreational activities. In the search for alternative energy sources for cooking, women and girls resort to using fuel wood, charcoal and other unhealthy energy sources. The constant use of these fuels exposes women and girls to health-related challenges such as respiratory tract disease, etc., and contributes to environmental pollution. There is also the risk of physical harassment while undertaking the journey of searching for fuel alternatives. Despite these sacrifices, the energy needs of women are usually not considered in household decisions on energy usage, with less priority given to lighting in kitchen areas where women undertake most domestic chores. For women and girls, access to energy sources will increase their output productivity and positively impact their physical, social and economic wellbeing. 38 Lagos Micro-Struggles Report

190 million 85 million no access to clean cooking fuels no access to electricity Energy sources unhealthy to the environment 2021 report by Energia.com revealed 4.2.1. PROJECT ACTIVITIES For the project, the Just City Project and CEE-HOPE focused on spotlighting these gendered challenges surrounding access to clean energy by women and girls in informal communities. The project employed community consultations, linking women participants with stakeholders who lead engagements and policies in this sector. 4.2.1.1. Community Consultations To highlight these challenges, CEE-HOPE hosted community consultations in Makoko(the largest informal settlement in Nigeria and West Africa) and Ikorodu, one of Lagos’ largest informal communities. These consultations attracted over 100 women and featured robust discussions between energy and women’s rights experts, activities and participants. The women were guided in collaborative open sessions focused on exposing these genderspecific challenges from an experiential perspective and identifying community-led mitigation solutions. The sessions resulted in the documentation of experiential observations from the participants for future advocacy and policy uses. Trainings Arising from these discussions, the women were able to articulate their challenges with accessing clean energy for both household and commercial use, the health risks they face, and the toll on their finances, amongst other difficulties. Major observations include: There was a consensus to commence engagement with the relevant government agencies and other private sector stakeholders in providing solutions to the energy needs of the women and girls in informal communities. After the project, there was increased awareness among the general populace, including policymakers, on the gendered impacts of energy access in the populous low-income communities in Lagos. Lagos Just City Project 39

4.3. CONFRONTING GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE IN INFORMAL COMMUNITIES IN LAGOS Sexual harassment and gender-based violence are rife in most of the informal communities across Lagos where CEE-HOPE is present. On November 8, 2023, the organisation reported a case of sexual violence in one of our informal communities, Monkey Village, Lagos, to the Lagos State’s Domestic and Sexual Violence Agency (DSVA). This case involved the serial sexual assault of three girls aged between 8 and 10 by a petty trader, Mallam Muhammad Umaru, who is also a resident of the impoverished community, in exchange for sweet biscuits and other small attractive gifts. The fear of repercussions and stigmatisation notwithstanding, one of the victims confided in CEE-HOPE, who reported the perpetrator to the DSVA and transported the young survivors for assessment at a sexual assault service centre, Mirabel Centre in Lagos. This is but a singular case out of many incidents of SGBV to which CEE-HOPE has been alerted in several communities in the state. The rise in lawlessness in these communities is attributable to the secluded and marginalised status of informal communities. The feeling of abandonment and detachment from the government by a large section of their population is prevalent. Emboldened by these feelings, perpetrators engage in these terrible acts, confident of not facing the consequences. This is true in most cases, as the accused in the case highlighted earlier was only evicted from the community. There is a need for collaborative efforts targeted at addressing the stigma surrounding sexual assault through strategies which prioritise victim wellbeing and the pursuit of justice. 4.3.1. PROJECT ACTIVITIES In responding to the above challenges, the Just City Project and CEE-HOPE resolved to create platforms for women and girls from the community centred around mutual experience sharing, knowledge transfer, and capacity building for the prevention, reporting and punishment of gender-based violence and sexual harassment. This project aimed to equip community women participants with the knowledge and resources required to identify, prevent and punish cases of assault and harassment in partnership with the relevant stakeholders. 4.3.1.1. Community Consultation on Sexual Harassment The community consultation on Sexual Harassment brought together 60 women and girls representing several informal communities in Makoko, Ifelodun, Ikorodu and Ogba on the 8th of July, 2023, for a capacity building session on prevention and reporting SGBV. This session also linked women participants with stakeholders who create, enforce and advocate for policies targeted at reducing incidences of SGBV. The meeting featured speakers from the Lagos State Sexual and Domestic Violence Agency(DSVA) and sexual assault response NGO, Women at Risk International(WARIF), who provided expert advice on detecting, reporting and ensuring prosecution for perpetrators of sexual violence in the communities. The training also provided information and resources on accessing medical care and establishing the necessary structures for protecting victims and prosecuting offenders. Key Observations and Outcomes Key outcomes arising from the consultations are outlined below: The project also trained participants on identifying signs of sexual assault, tactics commonly used by perpetrators, and techniques for creating safe spaces to encourage reporting such incidents. The project succeeded in raising awareness of sexual assault and provided essential tips on reporting cases and accessing aftercare services. The project also established a better working relationship among community leaders, law enforcement officers and relevant government agencies, ministries and officials in order for quick resolution of sexual assault cases. Through this project, there is greater awareness of sexual assault, which will contribute to reducing the stigma burden placed on survivors and victims. 40 Lagos Micro-Struggles Report

Chapter Five Implementation Strategies

5.0. OVERVIEW During the project activities, discussions were held around several pathways geared at ensuring the sustainability of the project outcomes and interventions post-implementation. These pathways, or implementation strategies, are aimed at providing a conduit for continuous actions characterized by contextual solutions and community ownership. 5.1. THE JUST CITY LAGOS ACTION GROUP The formation of the Just City Lagos Action Group followed a joint call to action for collaboration and knowledge sharing among project stakeholders. Inaugurated on the 16th of November, 2022, the 29-member action group comprises representatives of Civil Society Organizations, Non-Governmental Organisations, community leaders, private organisations, etc. The aim of the group is to create a community of like-minded individuals who, through information dissemination, cooperation and a united front, are able to enhance project organisation, mobilisation and documentation towards the actualisation of project goals. In August 2023, this group was a part of concerted efforts to raise awareness of the forceful arrests, evictions and demolitions in Oworonshoki community, Lagos. 5.2. SHOGUNLE WATER TRUST FUND(SWTF) Water is the essence of life, a fundamental human right, and a cornerstone of sustainable development.(Human Rights 35, 2021). Access to clean and safe water is not merely a matter of convenience; it is a fundamental human right enshrined in international agreements, including the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals(SDG) 6, which calls for universal access to safe and affordable drinking water by 2030(United Nations, 2023). hardships in their quest for this most basic necessity, travelling long distances to fetch water, often from unreliable sources and at great personal expense. The situation has prompted the formation of“New Face Shogunle,” a dedicated group of community leaders and concerned citizens, to craft a comprehensive set of demands known as the“Shogunle Water Charter Demand”. These demands are designed to tackle the persistent water challenges that have plagued the community for far too long. While the Charter represents a significant stride towards progress, its realisation hinges on developing practical, innovative and sustainable implementing actions. One such solution is the establishment of the Shogunle Water Trust Fund(SWTF). A WTF is a financial mechanism that allows contributions and donations or provides grants or loans to support water projects and programmes in underserved areas. A WTF can mobilise funds from various sources, such as government allocations, donor contributions, private sector investments, user fees, and philanthropic donations(African Development Bank, 2019). The Shogunle Water Trust Fund(SWTF) aims to implement the Shogunle Water Charter Demand, developed through a participatory process involving various stakeholders, such as community members, civil society organisations, local government officials, water service providers, and experts. The SWTF would operate as an independent and transparent entity, allocating funds based on the priorities and criteria set by the charter demand. The SWTF would also monitor and evaluate the performance and impact of the funded projects and programmes. The SWTF would seek to foster partnerships and collaboration among various stakeholders to ensure the sustainability and scalability of the water interventions for Shogunle, a community in Lagos State that has been facing water scarcity and poor sanitation for decades. However, in the heart of Shogunle, a vibrant community in Oshodi-Isolo LCDA, Lagos, the right to clean and accessible water remains a distant dream for many residents. Many residents are forced to endure daily Lagos Just City Project 43

6- A Safe Affordable Drinking Water 6- B End Open Defecation& Provide Access to Sanitation 6- C Improve Water Quality,& Safe Reuse 6- D Increase Water Use Efficiency& Fresh Water Spplies 6- E Implement Integrated Water Resources Management 6- F Protect& Restore Water Related Ecosystems 5.2.1. COMPOSITION, MANAGEMENT AND FUNDING Establishing the SWTF would be a significant step towards improving the water situation in Shogunle and achieving Sustainable Development Goal 6(SDG 6), which is to ensure the availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all by 2030 (United Nations, 2023). The SWTF would also contribute to other SDGs, such as poverty reduction, health improvement, gender equality, education enhancement, economic growth, climate action, and peacebuilding (United Nations, 2015). 5.2.2 THE VISION FOR THE SHOGUNLE WATER TRUST FUND The Shogunle Water Trust Fund represents an innovative, community-driven response to these pressing issues. This initiative seeks to create a dedicated financial reservoir to support the Charter’s demands for water infrastructure development, maintenance, and the pursuit of sustainable water solutions. The trust fund will operate transparently, with a clear mandate to channel resources toward the community’s water needs exclusively. 5.2.3. BUILDING ON SUCCESS STORIES A sustainable financial model for addressing water challenges is exemplified by the water trust fund established in the Oworonshoki community. The trust fund operates on a Water Usage Fee Structure, which requires households to pay monthly water infrastructure maintenance fees according to their water consumption. This ensures that residents are directly involved in sustaining the fund. The fees are set at affordable levels, from ₦500 to ₦1500 for 2000 to 4000 litres of water. Moreover, using non-cash payments enhances transparency and accountability in fund management. The evaluation of this case study shows that the Oworonshoki Water Trust Fund provides a practical and community-based solution to water infrastructure challenges. The trust fund collects funds from residents and uses them for maintenance, repairs, and upgrades, creating a self-reliant cycle that benefits the whole community. The trust fund also prioritises specific water infrastructure projects that address the most urgent needs effectively. 44 Lagos Micro-Struggles Report

Chapter Four Improving Access to Clean Water and Sanitation in Lagos State

6.0. INTRODUCTION The lack of access to clean water is a major urban challenge affecting both the higher and lower-income demographics in the city. It is estimated that between 70 to 90% of Lagosians lack access to pipe-borne water (Ref). Despite the best efforts of the government through infrastructural interventions, water and sanitation remains a critical issue in the state. Public water infrastructure is either plagued by instability or lies moribund in states of disrepair. The reach of this infrastructure is also limited, and expansion is being undertaken at a slow pace. Privatisation of water has arisen as a private sectorled solution to the water deficit, with the development of wells, boreholes, etc, to provide water supply for residential and commercial uses. However, the consequence of privatisation is evidenced in the increased costs, which automatically reduces accessibility for informal communities. These conditions are unbecoming for a mega city of Lagos status, resulting in a decline in productivity where man-hours(especially for women and girls) and financial resources are invested in the search for clean water. There is also the issue of the environmental effects of unregulated drilling of boreholes. 6.1. Facts and Figures Despite interventions in the water sector, 70 to 90% of Lagosians lack access to pipe-borne water. The daily demand for 794m litres/D water greatly outweighs the state’s capacity for supply of 210m litres/Day. The absence of clean water has negatively impacted the adoption of healthy sanitation practices. Privatisation of water supply, a private sectordriven approach to water supply deficit, has promoted the commercialisation of water high prices and environmental damage through uncoordinated borehole drilling. Low-income and informal communities are unable to pay high prices for water supply. An integration of public and private water infrastructure is essential towards bridging the water supply gap in Lagos state. Capacity in liters/day 90% 70% Lack access to pipe-borne water Have access to pipe-borne water 1000 800 794m litres 600 400 210m litres 200 0 Expected capacity for the public Deliverable capacity to the public Logosians Access to pipe-bourne water Lagos Just City Project 47

6.2. METHODOLOGY Through focus group discussions, the Just City Project collaborated with stakeholders in Shogunle and Epe, two low-income communities in Lagos state, and undertook action to resolve the critical water supply challenge in their communities. The discussions involved mapping available public and private infrastructure and recording critical information such as the availability, location and water supply conditions within their communities. The project also identified challenges and proposed solutions to improve water supply in their communities. Key Findings The project revealed the following observations: Sanitation practices are hugely dependent on the availability and accessibility of clean water. The extent to which Lagosians can practise sanitation depends on the availability of water supply. The ensuing absence, therefore, hinders the growth of healthy sanitation practices, further fostering sanitation-related diseases and illnesses. Infrastructural deficit is a major challenge in the provision of clean water. The reach of the public water infrastructure is extremely limited and is hampered by poor facilities, lack of technical know-how, poor maintenance and vandalism, which contribute to its irrational service. The current expansion of the public water infrastructure is ongoing, albeit slower than the rapidly increasing demand for clean water. Private water infrastructure has become a standard feature. Private water infrastructure has become a preferable alternative for most households, who choose to become their own ministers of water resources by drilling boreholes. Several private bodies provide water to neighbouring households and communities at a cost or subsidised rates. Commercialization of water through private profit-based water sources further disenfranchises low-income communities. Low-income communities are usually affected by the commercialisation of water due to their inability to afford the high prices. Limited access to water supply has a more significant impact on women and girls. Women and girls are primarily tasked with the search for clean water sources, thereby reducing time for educational, recreational, income-generating jobs and other activities which contribute to overall well-being and development. Limited access to water supply has a more significant impact on women and girls. Water supply projects are regular projects sponsored by elected lawmakers or non-governmental organisations. However, these projects are characterised by poor sustainability planning and vague administration systems that complicate maintenance, resulting in their decline and subsequent failure. The influence of politics on political motivated projects where projects are implemented in proximity to election periods or restricted from opposition strongholds is also a common feature contributing to short lived water solutions. 48 Lagos Micro-Struggles Report

6.3. POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS When proposing water supply provision, it is important to consider affordability The earning power of the population should be considered to ensure that the host communities are able to afford the financial requirements to access clean water. Hence, cheaper solutions that are easy to install and require lower maintenance costs are preferable alternatives. A hybrid approach to water supply involving public and private actors may be the best approach for obtaining access to clean water. Recognising the limitations of public water infrastructure as well as the proliferation of private water sources, a hybrid system which combines public and private water infrastructure would have a faster impact on the rate of water supply. Priority should be placed on the repair and upgrading of existing water infrastructure into working conditions. There should also be coordination between the water works corporation and political donations of water projects to ensure these are located in highly vulnerable areas. Future water infrastructure projects should include community participation and management in the planning process. Public and private water supply interventions should be undertaken on a community level with the prioritisation of community participation, especially concerning siting and overall management. This would help ensure the water is located in an equidistant location and provides a sense of ownership of the project, thereby adding to longevity. Also, when community members are seen in charge of visible management, it is able to foster accountability and transparency in activities. Private water infrastructure could also be integrated into existing water infrastructure. However, regulations governing water extraction, use, and sale should be reviewed, particularly those governing borehole drilling and water table monitoring. This will ensure that water extraction is done with best practices and prevent pressure or over exploitation, which would further cause harm in the future. Exploration of Community Water Supply as a Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) approach. Water supply projects are regular projects sponsored by elected lawmakers or non-governmental organisations. However, these projects are characterised by poor sustainability planning and vague administration systems that complicate maintenance, resulting in their decline and subsequent failure. The influence of politics on political motivated projects where projects are implemented in proximity to election periods or restricted from opposition strongholds is also a common feature contributing to short lived water solutions. Lagos Just City Project 49

Chapter Seven Securing Land Rights and Affordable Housing for the Urban Poor

7.0. INTRODUCTION Population growth and urbanisation have placed a greater burden on providing services and amenities in urban Lagos. Housing is not excluded, but government funding has proved insufficient to address housing needs and bridge the gap in housing finance. The absence of affordable housing and tenure insecurity are major contributing factors to the growth of informal settlements, which are temporary lowincome settlements constructed with substandard housing materials and characterised by the absence of basic amenities. However, the absence of formal land rights for these communities has made them susceptible to forced actions, demolitions, arrests and increased hardships. More so, tenure insecurity is a prevailing feature around the state as the process of formalising land rights is still an arduous process requiring different levels of administrative approvals, which are subject to bureaucratic delays and costs which disenfranchise low-income earners. In addition to tenure insecurity, informal communities face a myriad of challenges which affect their living conditions, output and productivity. These challenges are further exacerbated for women and girls, where gendered roles and expectations contribute to additional burdens which disrupt their health physical, social and economic wellbeing. 7.1. Facts and Figures With an estimated housing supply deficit of 2 million units, this housing shortage in Lagos is profound. A meagre 5,899 certificates of occupancy were signed from 2015 to 2019, highlighting the limited capacity of the formal land tenure system in protecting land rights. Over 65% of the population lacks adequate housing and live in informal settlements. There are over 150 slums and informal settlements in Lagos state. Informal communities are characterised by substandard building materials and the absence of basic amenities and are susceptible to shocks and stresses emanating from systemic poverty, tenure insecurity and inequality. Women and girls in informal communities experience challenges peculiar to their gender, which disrupt their health and physical, social and economic wellbeing. Supply deficit about 2,000,000 65% 35% Inadequate Housing Adequate Housing Lagos Just City Project 51

7.2. METHODOLOGY The project employed focus group discussions and key informant interviews in several informal communities of Ifelodun, Irede, Ajegunle, Ayetoro, Monkey Village and Makoko. Community consultations were organised in these communities on two major focus themes affecting the female gender in informal communities- Access to clean energy and Gender-Based Violence. In the Ajegunle community, all demographics(male, female and youth) were included in face-to-face interviews on the challenges of recognising their existing land rights. 7.3. Key Findings The following observations were made: Housing is still considered purely a commodity and not a human right, despite Nigeria being a signatory to the International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights(ICESCR), which recognises adequate housing as a component of the human right to an adequate standard of living. Tenure insecurity is a prevalent feature due to the discordance between the formal land rights system practised by the state and the customary rights practised at the grassroots level. The leading causes of the growth splurge of informal settlement housing, as identified by project participants, include tenure insecurity and systemic poverty. The dominance of private finance in the housing sector discriminates against low-income earners. Informal settlements in Lagos state are usually targeted for demolitions and forced evictions without plans for relocations. These demolitions negatively affect the lives, security, and income of the residents. Informal settlements are marginalised in the provision of social amenities, such as clean energy and security presence, the absence of which tends to fall disproportionately on women and girls. Women and girls are usually tasked with searching for alternative energy sources, impacting their overall health, productivity and wellbeing. Women and girls are also susceptible to sexual harassment and gender-based violence in these communities. With no police presence, these incidents usually go undetected and unreported. 52 Lagos Micro-Struggles Report

7.4. POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS Recognition of affordable housing as a human right, as opposed to a privilege or a luxury. The right to affordable housing is codified in various international laws to which Nigeria is a signatory and should be prioritised as scheduling resource allocation and development planning. Affordable housing should be prioritised through government funding, publicprivate partnerships and other financing to provide housing within the financial capacity of low-income communities. There is also a need for the review of the current requirements for accessing housing finance(mortgages) should be reviewed to recognise the realities of the urban poor. The land right continuum, which unifies customary and formal land rights, is worth considering due to the widespread acceptability of customary tenure among the populace. This would further decentralise the urban governance process, including community and traditional leadership in land administration. The current land titling process is arduous and discourages the formalisation of land rights. A revamp of the process of obtaining formal land rights targeted at reducing bureaucracy and administrative bottlenecks is necessary and would encourage land title applications. Urban regeneration and slum upgrading should be considered a considerable alternative to forced evictions and demolitions. Efforts should be made to improve the living conditions of these settlements before evictions occur. Vehicles for reporting and addressing SGBV should be created. Establishment of dedicated call centres and rapid response teams for reporting incidents of Sexual Abuse and Gender-Based Violence. The project also trained participants on identifying signs of sexual assault, tactics commonly used by perpetrators, and techniques for creating safe spaces to encourage reporting such incidents. Creation of flexible funding options for accessing clean energy. Establishing funds and payment models for accessing clean energy should be considered and extended to informal communities. Lagos Just City Project 53

Chapter Eight Improving Driver Welfare for an Enhanced Integrated Transport System

8.1. INTRODUCTION The welfare of transport workers(drivers) is hardly mentioned in conversations surrounding the advancement of the transport sector in Lagos state. However, drivers are a crucial part of the transport ecosystem, contributing to the provision of transport services and the daily running of the sector. Promoting the welfare and wellbeing of drivers during transportation services can transform their productivity and service delivery and reduce the propensity for human errors traceable to job dissatisfaction and poor working conditions. 8.2. METHODOLOGY Several transport stakeholders, including the Lagos State Ministry of Transportation, LSTDCOA, Yellow Taxi Drivers, Ifesowapo, LOTWWAN, Amalgamated Union of App-based Transport Workers of Nigeria and the Joint Drivers’ Welfare Association of Nigeria, were engaged in interactive stakeholder discussions geared at identifying challenges and solutions for improving the overall rights and welfare of road transport workers. 8.3. Key Findings Indiscriminate taxation by regulatory bodies places a financial burden on drivers and, subsequently, passengers via increased transportation costs. App-based transport workers are not immune to taxation and harassment by local regulatory bodies. Exclusion of driver associations from policy meetings and conflict resolutions limits their participation and contribution to transportationrelated policymaking. The absence of transportation infrastructure also negatively impacts the overall driver experience. 8.4. Policy Recommendations Government regulation should be expanded to include the welfare of public transport workers. This is necessary because driver welfare has a significant impact on productivity and service delivery. Review of the required taxation to reduce the financial obligations of transport workers. Double taxation, harassment, etc., are one of the major challenges to be addressed within the sector. Inclusion of representatives of transport workers in policy making. Bottom-top urban planning has the capacity to ensure the design and implementation of policies attuned to the current conditions and realities of these workers. Provision of transport infrastructure It optimises service delivery, including designated bus stops, bus parks, loading stations, etc., is necessary to ensure the smooth operations of the land transport sector. Lagos Just City Project 55

Chapter Nine Facilitating Safe LPG Retail Practice in Lagos Communities

9.0. INTRODUCTION A welcome alternative to the hazardous traditional cooking fuels of firewood and charcoal, Liquefied Petroleum Gas(LPG) has become a staple in most Lagos households. The influx of portable cylinders in different sizes further increased their attractiveness to low-income families. This rise in demand has increased the number of LPG retailers whose activities are relatively unchecked. Despite efforts of the Lagos State Environmental Protection Agency(LASEPA), the sale and transfer of LPG is still primarily conducted unsupervised in residential areas. The flammability of the LPG emphasises the need for heightened safety practices in handling the gas. The damage incurred in the tragic loss of both lives and properties resulting from a gas leak and explosion is very much avoidable through targeted efforts at regulating the sector and ensuring adherence to safety rules. 9.1. Facts and Figures LPG is a clean energy source notable for its cleanliness, accessibility and portability. In Nigeria, LPG is commonly used as a cooking gas. The inflammability of LPG(2% to 10% by volume in air) highlights the need to adopt safety practices in the sale, handling and utilisation. Since 2019, reported gas explosions have claimed an estimated 50 lives and destroyed 134 properties and 12 vehicles. Flamable 50 12 134 9.2. Policy Recommendations A supervisory body or agency should be instituted to regulate the sale, licensing and adoption of best practices in the LPG retail sector. LPG retailers should be mandated to undergo training on health and safety practices. Administrative delays, high costs or requirements that may discourage registration by existing LPG retailers and spur engagement in the illegal sale of the trade should be eliminated. Collaborations with existing local bodies and associations are paramount in fostering inclusion. Lagos Just City Project 57

58 Lagos Micro-Struggles Report

Appendix A- Contributors and Implementing Partners Friedrich Ebert Stiftung(FES) The Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung Nigeria, together with its partners(Organised Labour, Civil Society and Employers’ Associations), actively encourages and maintains a debate on socially just and sustainable alternatives to the current development model. The Nigerian economy heavily depends on the extractive crude oil industry and its revenues. FES primarily supports the knowledge creation and campaign for a diversification of the economy, especially on the environment-friendly and labourintensive reindustrialisation of the country. With its partners, FES encourages the national and international debate on appropriate trade regimes, industrial policies and labour market regulation. We consider organised labour a key player in the fight for democratisation, fair economic development, decent work and social justice. FES accompanies the Trade Unions in their transformation to become more effective and equitable organisations and to adjust to the changing realities of the labour market. We provide platforms for exchange, analysis, research and targeted training. FES helps the Labour movement and associations from the informal sector to oppose exploitation and to find improved answers to promote pro-poor development. By bringing essential stakeholders like Civil Society, Trade Unions, academics and Government representatives together, FES sensitises, builds capacity, conducts research and supports campaigns on issues like Social Protection, Climate Change and Socio-Ecological Transformation, Tax Justice and decent work. Oworo Youths Forum(OYF) Oworo Youths Forum(OYF) is a community platform that enables youth and young adults in the Oworonshoki community to engage and act on issues that matter to their lives and environment. OYF tackles a broad range of societal issues, such as security, education, poverty, child abuse, sexual abuse, inequality, demolition, forceful eviction, drug abuse, tribalism, unemployment, domestic violence, health care, corruption and police brutality. OYF also deals with environmental issues, such as demolition, fire outbreaks, air pollution, waste management, flooding, slum eviction, transportation, sanitation and wetland encroachment. OYF has grown its network and impact by creating youth forums in several communities across Lagos state, such as Bariga, Somolu, Ifako, Ketu, Mende, Ikota, Mende, Ojota, and Ikorodu. OYF is a vibrant and visionary group that aims to make a positive difference in the lives of the people in Oworonshoki and beyond. Centre for Children’s Health Education, Orientation and Protection (CEE-HOPE) The Centre for Children’s Health Education, Orientation and Protection(CEE-HOPE) work with children and families in informal housing and poor and excluded areas of Nigeria on rights and development. CEE-HOPE’s work in documenting injustices including those of forced evictions, its impact on children and young people and their families, and campaigns for the redressing of those rights, are well known. It also runs the Empowered Mothers for Development Action(EM-MODAS) program and a shelter for abused women and girls, Hearts of Hope. CEE-HOPE is the subject of several documentaries and special media reports including those of the BBC World and Wikipedia.

Corporate Accountability and Public Participation Africa(CAPPA) Corporate Accountability and Public Participation Africa(CAPPA) is a non-profit organisation based in Nigeria, working to advance human rights, challenge corporate abuse of our natural resources, and build community power for inclusive development and participatory governance. CAPPA is passionately devoted to working with African communities to develop partnerships with them towards taking collective social action towards the promotion and defence of the rights of people. It challenges the abuse of our natural resources, environment, and people through corporate and state policies and practices. Africa is about the most unequal continent on our planet, with the widest income[second only to Latin America] and wealth[second only to AsiaPacific region] inequalities in the world. Working through a team of dedicated staff, community volunteers, coalitions and leveraging networks, we are committed to policies and actions that would help redress the inequality crises and enable a socially just and equitable human civilisation on the continent of Africa. Dr. Muyiwa Agunbiade – Project Facilitator and Report Managing Editor Dr. Agunbiade is a Town Planner and a Geo Spatial Data Specialist focusing on Spatial Data Infrastructure and Land Administration. He is an Associate Professor in the Department of Urban and Regional Planning at the University of Lagos. He is a member of NITP and a registered Planner with the Town Planners Registration Council (TOPREC). He is one of the founding members of Global Spatial Data Infrastructure (GSDI), a member, Association of American Geographers(AAG), and a member of the American Planning Association(APA). Dr. Agunbiade has worked in various capacities for over two decades with private consulting firms: SNC-Lavalin(HQ in Canada); CPMS (Nigeria); government establishments in Nigeria, United Kingdom and Australia; as well as corporate organisations and development agencies like Partnership for African Social and Governance Research(PASGR), DFID, United Nations and the World Bank. He loves travelling and has visited all the continents of the world, attending seminars, conferences and workshops. He has also contributed to the body of knowledge in Urban Planning and Land Administration through research grants and several local and international publications in journals, newsletters and book chapters. His research focuses primarily on urban planning, urban governance, spatial data infrastructure, housing and land administration. Sonia Ugwunna Editorial Secretary Sonia is a student of Urban and Regional Planning at the University of Lagos who is passionate about a people-centred and democratised urban planning process incorporating Ecosystem-based Adaptations for climate change mitigation and flood risk management in urban areas. In the past 3 years, she has participated in projects, fellowships, speaking opportunities and programs which focus on the integration of natural ecosystems and bottom-top approaches in urban planning. She currently serves as a Research Assistant to the 2020 NRF-TETFund Integrated Addressing System project. At SustyVibes, she partners with young people to implement affordable, contextual climate solutions in our local communities.

Appendix B- Gallery PROJECT TEAM FES Nigeria Lennart Oestergaard Resident Representative Facilitating Team Daniel Mann Frm Resident Representative Remi Ihejirika Project Manager Ayodele Olaosebikan Project Assistant Dr. Muyiwa Agunbiade Associate Professor University of Lagos CAPPA Team Dr. Sesan Adeyemi Senior Lecturer University of Lagos Dr. Oluyemi Akindeju Lecturer University of Lagos Sonia Ugwunna Research Assistant University of Lagos Phillip Jakpor Fmr Director of Programmes CAPPA Aderonke Ige Project Manager CAPPA

OYF Team Opeyemi Ogunlami CEE-HOPE Team Betty Abah Willie Workman Gloria Mathew Chika Maduekwe Clement Ifida Temitope Bukola Odunayo Gbolahan Towolawi Jamiu Gbogboade Seun

Event Log Just City Project Launch Date: 20th of November, 2020 Venue: Ikeja, Lagos

Early Stakeholder Consultations and Training Date: 2021,2022 Venue: Lagos

Early Stakeholder Consultations and Training Date: 16th of November, 2022 Venue: Ikeja, Lagos

The Just City Lagos Action Group Date: 16th of November, 2022 Venue: Ikeja, Lagos

OYF Capacity Building Workshop on Water Provision and Development of Water Charter of Demand Date: 20th of June, 2023 Venue: Shogunle, Lagos

CEE-HOPE- Makoko outing on women and energy access Date: 25th of June, 2023 Venue: Makoko, Lagos

2nd meeting on women and energy access Date: 1st of July, 2023 Venue: Ikorodu, Lagos

3rd Meeting on Sexual Violence in Lagos’ Informal Communities Date: 8th of July, 2023 Venue: CEE-HOPE’s Head Office, Ogba, Lagos.

CAPPA Capacity Building Workshop for Poka and Odo-Iragushi communities Date: 22nd of August, 2023 Venue: Epe, Lagos

Water Parliament in Epe Date: 27nd of October, 2023 Venue: Epe, Lagos

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