Bridging the Gaps Feminist Perspectives on Policymaking and Women’s Political Participation in Lebanon Maya El Ammar and Francesca El Asmar May 2023

El Asmar, F.& El Ammar, M.(2023). Bridging the gaps: Feminist perspectives on policymaking and women’s political participation in Lebanon. Friedrich Ebert Stiftung. The views expressed in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of Friedrich Ebert Stiftung.

Table of Contents Executive Summary 4 I. Introduction 6 II. Methodology 7 III. Findings and Discussion 10 A. Intersectional feminist priorities and policymaking in Lebanon 10 Intersectional feminist theories and approaches to policymaking 10 A contextualized paradigm of intersectional feminist policymaking 11 Intersectional feminist policymaking in practice: gaps and challenges 14 B. Politics as an exclusionary and hostile space towards women 18 Barriers faced by women candidates in the 2022 parliamentary elections 19 Violence against women in politics 24 Violence during candidacy: diverging experiences 25 Inside Parliament: where systemic violence and exclusion soar 26 Feminists’ views on the ability of women MPs to challenge power structures and create change 29 C. Addressing discursive tensions between women’s participation and the feminist policymaking agenda 31 A clear alignment on the importance of quotas and the intimate link between intersectionality and participation 32 IV. Conclusion 35 Advancing a contextualized paradigm for intersectional feminist policymaking in Lebanon 35 Reducing isolation and fostering a culture of support between women in politics and the feminist movement 35 Acknowledging the invisible barriers that women face in politics 36 Recognizing the right to representation as essential to advancing an intersectional feminist agenda 36

Executive Summary While women and their issues were highly visible during the October 2019 protests, and the feminist movement can be credited with decades-long efforts to push for feminist priorities across all levels of political debate and decision-making, gender equality and women’s rights have long been deprioritized in political spaces in Lebanon, particularly formal spaces such as Parliament. As crises continue to aggravate in the country, these issues have been pushed down to the very bottom of the agenda. In the months leading up to the 2022 parliamentary elections, many were hopeful to see new faces and dynamics in Lebanese politics, accompanied by concrete actions to resolve the crises, address long-standing corruption and inequalities, and make an overall change in the patriarchal sectarian system ruling the country. Despite the wins of some candidates associated with“change”, many are disappointed with the results, or skeptical about their ability to bring about much needed change. When it comes to women’s representation, only 8 were newly elected as MPs, out of 128, with half of those being associated with“change”, and the other half representing traditional political parties. Accordingly, political debate flowed around women’s representation in politics, as well as around the issues and agendas they are able to bring forth. This research piece contributes to this debate by first examining characterizations and understanding of intersectional feminist policymaking and offering a contextualized paradigm for Lebanon. The paper then explores women’s systemic exclusion from public and political spaces, presenting politics in Lebanon as a particularly hostile space for women. It finally provides a reflection on women’s representation and participation in formal political spaces- namely, Parliament- and around reconciling women’s representation as a distinct feminist goal, with the fact that women in positions of power may not always hold intersectional feminist agendas. The research relies on a survey with a purposive sample of feminist activists, as well as a series of indepth interviews with women who ran and/or won parliamentary elections in 2018 and/or 2022. It also builds on the authors’ own positionalities as feminists themselves, a journalist and a researcher, with a firsthand understanding of the Lebanese context and the feminist movement within it, as well as of feminist theories and debates more broadly. Mirroring the literature, a contextualized paradigm for intersectional feminist policymaking in Lebanon focuses on both processes and the nature of policy problems and solutions prioritized. On the former, an intersectional feminist policymaking process is one that is participatory and inclusive of women in all their diversity, and that draws on women’s lived experiences and concerns. On the latter, intersectional feminist policy problems and solutions are those that are founded in the elimination of discrimination and violence against diverse women and girls in the country, while also considering the implications of all policies and legislations on different communities and social groups, and particularly on women from these various groups. In brief, intersectional feminist policymaking centers women’s realities and experiences, and shifts power and resources towards those who are positioned at a disadvantage. A significant gap was identified between the feminist movement’s demands and priorities and many of the women running for parliamentary elections, with candidates across diverse political views and currents failing to subscribe to and/or understand intersectional feminism. In certain cases, this stems from a clear lack of understanding of what intersectional feminist priorities represent, and/or a de-prioritization of such priorities in favor of other issues. This reflects a failure to identify the patriarchal and sectarian power structures that oppress women, as well as to understand intersectional feminism as a systemic solution to addressing overlapping systems of oppression with implications across social groups. In other cases, the attacks and backlash that women who do prioritize such issues face may discourage those who choose to distance themselves from this agenda. A third and fundamental reasoning lies in both a lack of engagement between women candidates and MPs with women in their constituencies and with the feminist movement, as well as in the fragmentation of the feminist movement itself, and shortage of alternative political spaces for women to organize and shape an intersectional feminist agenda. Women’s systemic exclusion from political spaces has been identified as a key challenge to advancing an intersectional feminist agenda. Many of the barriers that women face in politics that have been theorized and documented remain pervasive to this day. The 4

analysis specifically highlights those that have defined the experiences of the women interviewed for the research. Systemic discrimination and violence practiced against women in politics, whether in the form of physical, emotional or verbal violence, continues to be a primary concern for any woman who ventures into this arena. parliamentary committees are widely reported among women MPs. Such experiences are only multiplied when women MPs adopt feminist language or challenge the discriminatory, patriarchal and sectarian discourse and practices that have long permeated the Lebanese Parliament. The media has also been a hostile space for women in politics, where men are severely overrepresented. Many of the candidates interviewed for this research have been actively challenging traditional and costly models of media engagement. Nevertheless, restrictions and poor representation in the media compromises needed visibility and engagement with constituencies, but also infringes on women candidates’ right to respond to accusations and misinformation and clarify political agendas. When it comes to resources, it is clear that women candidates heavily rely on young volunteers and campaign managers to support their campaigning efforts, and face considerable challenges in securing financial resources, especially basic costs needed to organize door to door visits, meetings and discussions with constituencies. As was widely reported by interviewees, independent women candidates and those associated with opposition or“change” groups do not have the same financial capital to rely on, as opposed to male candidates, and in some cases, women affiliated with traditional political parties. Additionally, the preferential vote imposed by the electoral law specifically impacts women’s ability to win seats in parliament, and has further financial implications, as winning such a vote requires investments in personal campaigns and scaling up activities with constituencies, which most women candidates cannot afford to do. Moreover, many political parties, especially traditional parties who often make claims in support of women’s participation in politics, actively deprioritize and restrict women’s access to political spaces, even when they are from their own groups. Beyond political parties’, having a social and family support network was identified as a key resource for women to run for elections and engage in politics, without which they may be discouraged or blocked from this kind of work and shamed for failing to perform their expected gender role. Finally, while some differences in opinions exist amongst the feminist movement around prioritizing women’s descriptive(or numerical) representation versus their substantive representation- that is, focusing on the type of agenda they carry instead they converge around the importance of women’s representation as a right and a feminist objective in itself, which cannot be separated from the larger intersectional feminist agenda, with overall favorable attitudes towards an electoral women’s quota. The latter is, however, considered insufficient to advance intersectional feminist policymaking on its own, and in turn to challenge the foundations of the pervasive and oppressive patriarchal and sectarian system in the country. Nevertheless, drawing from their own lived experiences, women are the best positioned to understand, prioritize and address policy problems in a way that highlights their distinct experiences and addresses their specific concerns. In fact, challenging and breaking the patriarchal and sectarian system in Lebanon, and bringing about social justice and change, can only be achieved if women are represented and able to meaningfully contribute to agenda-setting and decision-making spaces, breaking systemic barriers, challenging existing forms of leadership and bringing in new discourse and priorities. When women are able to overcome these barriers and reach positions of power, the discrimination they face continues to manifest itself within the formal space, in similar and diverging forms. In fact, reports of harassment, silencing and exclusion from agenda-setting and decision-making spaces such as 5

I. Introduction Out of 118 women registered on electoral lists in Lebanon’s 2022 parliamentary elections, only 8 were elected as people’s representatives. In other words, the percentage of women’s representation in the current 128 seat Parliament stands at a mere 6.25%, a minor increase from 4.68%(6 Members of Parliament) in 2018. Although the percentage of women candidates increased from 11% in the 2018 polls to 15% in 2022(Tabbara& Salame, 2022), the electoral results were especially disappointing following women’s involvement and leadership within the October 2019 protests, leading marches, mobilizing groups and setting the tone and agenda in various political spaces. Women candidates made up a rough 22% of opposition or independent lists, who had been presenting themselves as serious and progressive alternatives to the current ruling elite of former warlords, feudalist chiefs and patriarchy’s adherents(Megaphone, 2022). Lebanon’s parliamentary political system has been widely critiqued for its sectarian-based power structures, favoring clientelism, corruption and a division of power amongst the traditional political elite that has established itself following the civil war. This system has restricted opportunities for the emergence and participation of alternative and independent political groups. Existing models of political leadership remain heavily built on sectarian and geographical affiliations, the provision of essential services – such as employment, healthcare, education or even cash – in exchange for votes and political support, as well as the concentration of power within the hands of a small group of“father-figure” individuals, embodying patriarchal models of leadership, social norms and behaviors. Restrictions and challenges to women’s political participation at municipal and national legislative and executive levels in the country has been attributed to the clientelist and sectarian power-sharing structure. These are also due to the deeply embedded patriarchal system, which dictates women’s roles and responsibilities, restricts their access to public and political spaces, defines social perceptions of their leadership abilities, and fortifies harmful social norms and systemic violence against women through discriminatory laws and social policies. Recent electoral results, but also political practices and discourse in the newly-formed parliament, indicate little to no changes to already identified barriers that have been restricting women’s involvement in political life and access to decision-making and agenda-setting roles over the past decades. Despite continuous efforts and some gains on the level of women’s rights and gender equality in the country, intersectional feminist priorities and policymaking processes are far from being adopted in Lebanon’s current political institutions, legislation and discourse. In light of increased poverty, growing inflation and rapidly deteriorating access to basic needs and essential services, women’s rights and intersectional feminist priorities have been relegated even further down the bottom of the political agenda. Against this backdrop, unpacking the gendered dynamics of the recent parliamentary elections and current political landscape and practices, as well as providing insights from new experiences by women who ran for elections in 2018 and 2022, remains critical to inform future efforts to overcome existing, and new potential barriers to women’s meaningful participation in politics, as well as to the feminist political agenda more broadly. This research paper seeks to provide a feminist analysis of women’s systemic exclusion from political spaces, with a particular focus on formal spaces, and Parliament specifically; in light of this analysis, this piece also explores impediments to the advancement of an intersectional feminist agenda in the Lebanese parliament. The analysis builds on insights from feminist activists, and the experiences and reflections of some women who ran for and/ or won the 2018 and/or 2022 elections. The paper starts by examining understandings and definitions of intersectional feminist priorities amongst feminist activists as well as women candidates and MPs and presents a contextualized paradigm for intersectional feminist policymaking in Lebanon. It then presents the Lebanese political system as a hostile space for women, drawing from the experiences of women before, during and after electoral processes and highlighting the most prominent challenges. In the last section, the analysis provides insights on reconciling women’s representation and participation as a feminist goal in itself, with the needed efforts to advance a feminist agenda and gender justice goals in parliament. 6

II. Methodology This research relies on a mixed-method approach, with a particular emphasis on qualitative tools to capture the nuanced experiences, reflections and insights of the women who participated in the research process. These include 7 semi-structured indepth interviews with women who ran for the 2022 parliamentary elections, including one who is now a Member of Parliament(MP), and another who ran in 2018 and chose not to run again. Interviews were conducted between October 2022 and January 2023. Interviewees were mainly independent candidates, purposefully identified from across different areas in Lebanon, as well as from different backgrounds. This has brought to light a diverse set of experiences, political agendas and priorities but also common struggles and barriers. Interviewee Halimé El Kaakour (MP) Iman Tabbara Nariman Chamaa Nohad Yazbeck Doumit Petra Samaha Sara Sweidan Chaden Al Da’if Electoral District Mount Lebanon IV (Aley& Chouf) Professional Background Activist; university professor and researcher on local development, governance and gender equality Beirut II Attorney at Law and Legal Consultant, civil and corporate law North Lebanon II (Tripoli, Miniyeh, Danniyeh) Journalist, trainer, activist, founder/director of a CSO Beirut II Bekaa I (Zahle) South II (Tyr, Zahrani) Expert in nursing management, university professor, former head of the Order of Nurses Phd candidate, Urban studies Public school Arabic teacher, and environmental activist North Lebanon III (Zgharta, Batroun, Becharreh, Koura) Lawyer, researcher, director of a political dialogue initiative Elections Year 2018, 2022 2022 2018 2018, 2022 2018, 2022 2022 2022 1 semi-structured key informant interview was also conducted with Ms. Joelle Abou Farhat, Co-founder of FiftyFifty. As a key organization promoting and working for women’s equal representation in political institutions in Lebanon, the interview with Fiftyfifty provided a deeper understanding of the history and struggles of women’s representation in the country, as well as a comprehensive overview of the existing programs supporting women’s political participation. Additionally, FiftyFifty, and Abou Farhat herself, have closely worked and engaged with most of the women who have run for parliamentary elections, and therefore provided a unique and comprehensive overview around the experiences and backgrounds of these women. Finally, a survey with a purposive sample of 25 feminist activists from across the country captured respondents’ insights and priorities around women’s political participation and intersectional feminist priorities in Lebanon. As per the charts below, respondents’ areas of work varied between different feminist and gender justice issues, with a great majority working on women’s political participation, whether as feminist organizers, gender practitioners, journalists or researchers. 7

ZGHARTA 4% JBEIL 4% KESERWEN 4% BEIRUT 56% BAABDA 4% Feminist Activist Respondents: Area of Residence ZAHLE 8% ALEY 12% FEMINIST ACTIVIST RESPONDENTS AREA OF RESIDENCE Feminist Organizer Gender Practitioner Feminist Journalist or Content Producer Feminist Researcher/Academic Survey Respondents: Type of Work Employee in a Feminist Organization Employee in a UN Women Employee Feminist Org. Arts& Culture Practitioner 8

GBV/VAW SRHR Women’s Political Participation Women’s Economic Justice Women’s Leadership Feminist Organizing Gender Policy-Making/Advocacy Research& Knowledge Production Histories& Archiving Queer Liberation Freedom of Press/Journalists 2 2 1 1 Feminist Activist Respondents: Priority Issues 21 11 17 12 13 16 14 The paper also draws on a thorough review of existing literature, including key reports, academic papers and research pieces by organizations, academics and activists published in recent years, focused around three literature bodies: • Experiences of women involved in politics in Lebanon, as well as structural barriers to their political participation; • Gendered dynamics in political institutions and spaces in the country, as well as distinct expectations and perceptions of women representatives; • Feminist theories and analyses of women’s political participation, electoral quotas and policymaking. Authors Positionalities As two feminists, a researcher and a journalist from Lebanon ourselves, we draw on our in-depth knowledge, experiences within the feminist movement in Lebanon and understanding of feminist theories, but also of the Lebanese political context, to develop and offer our analysis. We have built our analysis on our own feminist values and hopes for a fairer, more equal and just future. We do not claim to speak on behalf of the interviewees and survey respondents who participated in the research process, but heavily build on their insights and reflections to write this paper. 9

III. Findings& Discussion A. Intersectional Feminist Priorities and Policymaking In Lebanon In the aftermath of the 2022 parliamentary elections, and with 8 women elected to Parliament for the first time in Lebanon’s modern history, opinions flowed and diverged around the newly elected parliament’s ability to respond to the crises and develop much-needed just and equitable social policies and legislation; around anticipated stalemates and difficulties in reaching consensus and making decisions in what seemed to be an election which failed to produce a majority block; around the potential for change, or lack thereof, of having a dozen new, independent, so-called“change” Members of Parliament amongst the 128; and around what it means to have so few women, yet more than ever, in the legislative body of the country. On the latter, some groups were happy to celebrate the progress, albeit extremely limited, in women’s representation in the country. Others were skeptical about their ability to create meaningful change, given their small number, while others yet were critical about the ability of these MPs to push forth their feminist demands and priorities. The key questions around this issue remain important discussion points to this day: Why is it so difficult for Lebanese women to get to positions of power; what are the structural and systemic barriers they continue to face; and how can we make progress in this arena? How can an intersectional feminist and social justice agenda be introduced, and pushed, inside Parliament; the inner workings of which remain opaque and founded in personal interests and corrupt power structures? art reviews, Lombardo, Meier and Verloo(2012) find that two main strands of feminist literature emerge in this regard, with the first explicitly concerned with policymaking and agenda-setting processes and dynamics, looking at which issues get put on the agenda and by whom, as well as visibilizing and challenging gendered assumptions and androcentric biases in policymaking. This strand, as presented in the work of Hawkesworth(1994), explores women’s representation and participation in policy-making spaces as an important factor allowing for women’s and feminist issues to be put on the agenda. Crucially, this strand also emphasizes the importance and necessity of a cohesive and solid feminist movement to push and influence feminist policies, in addition to having elements of a favorable and conducive environment in place. The second, more constructivist analysis, brings attention to discursive constructions of policy problems and policies themselves, particularly when it comes to feminist issues. Bacchi’s(2009) “What’s the problem represented to be?” approach for policy analysis focuses on areas and experiences left unproblematized and unexplored, and how policy issues can be constructed in a way that challenges patriarchal power structures. Such an approach unveils hidden assumptions and allows policy problems and solutions to be defined with a more intersectional feminist lens. Other feminist policy analysis frameworks have emerged in recent years, offering approaches and tools to identify potential shortcomings and entry points around improving the quality of policymaking – and policies themselves – and making them more equitable and gender just(McPhail, 2003; Kanenberg, Leal,& Erch, 2019). Exploring these points of contention first requires us to unpack different characterizations of intersectional feminist priorities and policymaking processes, and what they specifically would look like for the Lebanese context. Intersectional Feminist Theories and Approaches to Policymaking Feminist theorizations and critiques of policymaking and policy studies have long problematized gendered biases and androcentric underlying assumptions in both the nature of policies and the processes of developing them. Expanding on existing state of the A review of the literature therefore suggests a number of critical components which contribute to intersectional feminist policymaking. First, feminist literature gives equal value to the policies as it gives to the policymaking processes; with a focus on women’s representation in decision-making and agendasetting spaces, engagement with feminist movements and drawing from diverse women’s lived experiences, and building policies on evidence, praxis and lessons learned. Second, intersectional feminist policy focuses on both gender/women’s issues, but also on adopting this lens while addressing issues that are less explicitly considered“feminist”. Third, and one 10

might argue most importantly, intersectional feminist policymaking is directly considered to be challenging underlying gendered assumptions and biases, and disrupting patriarchal power structures, in the way it prioritizes and constructs policy problems and social issues, and in the policy solutions themselves. This theoretical foundation provides a solid basis on which a contextualized understanding of intersectional feminist policymaking can be defined, one that is most useful and relevant for the Lebanese context. A Contextualized Paradigm of Intersectional Feminist Policymaking Examining perspectives and definitions from the feminist movement as well as from women involved in policymaking spaces – mainly candidates and MPs – is essential to better understand what a contextualized and clear paradigm of intersectional feminist policymaking and political agendas would look like; reflecting the pressing needs, priorities and demands of diverse women in the country. Indeed, this contextualized paradigm is yet to be comprehensively and clearly defined, partially due to the nonexistence of feminist policymakers until recently, but also to the nature of policymaking in the country and limited discussion and debate around that issue within the feminist movement. Reflecting on this notion, and similarly to existing literature, feminist activist survey respondents highlighted different elements, touching on the policymaking and decision-making process itself, as well as on policy priorities and the centrality of shifting power structures. According to some respondents, an intersectional feminist policymaking process would be one that ensures that women in Lebanon, in all their diversity, can participate in and influence decision-making . This would involve active efforts to adopt inclusive and participatory processes, whereby women from diverse communities, socio-economic backgrounds, age groups, abilities and geographical areas, with distinct needs, are able to voice their priorities and concerns on what issues are put on the agenda and on how they are addressed; making sure they are able to shape decisions and policies in ways that serve them and their communities best. Agenda-setting in itself is a critical element of an intersectional feminist policymaking process, through which women, their groups and movements should be able to influence which issues are prioritized and whose needs and realities are taken into consideration. This also entails inclusive, intersectional and genderfocused approaches are adopted to address sociopolitical and economic issues around which policy is being developed. While respondents did not explicitly reflect on how this participation and inclusion would be guaranteed, practice and literature would suggest that the best approaches lie primarily in women’s mobilization and organizing as well as in direct and indirect linkages with MPs and their parties. This could be done through party membership and engagement with women party members, activism, advocacy or direct action, consultations with women’s organizations and movements or through other types of direct or indirect linkages with MPs – including women MPs. Women’s active and meaningful participation across all levels of decision-making and political spaces was also highlighted as a key aspect of intersectional feminist policymaking. This is critical as political participation at different levels would allow women to build political constituencies and profiles and to access political apprenticeship 1 opportunities. Joelle Abou Farhat, co-founder of Fiftyfifty – an organization whose mission is to support women’s representation across all levels – highlights the importance of having 1) an enabling environment, 2) political knowledge and skills and 3) support from one’s political party or group. While she considers pushing a feminist agenda in parliament primordial, she states that “today, we need every single woman who is willing to run for parliament”, explaining that working on women’s issues would follow suit, as“she cannot be a woman and not care about these issues.” Moreover, some survey respondents focused primarily on policy priorities and problems , identifying key feminist issues as essential for policymakers to address, to eliminate discrimination and violence against diverse women and girls in the country and therefore to push an intersectional feminist agenda. These issues include the adoption of a civil personal status law, guaranteeing Lebanese women’s right to pass on their citizenship to their children and husband, amending the current domestic violence law to offer more solid and comprehensive protections, establishing a minimum age for marriage, and reforming legislation around sexuality, amongst others. One respondent highlighted the need to focus on the distinct experiences of particularly marginalized women, including migrant workers, refugees and women with disabilities. 1 Cornwall and Goetz(2013) define political apprenticeship as“the routes via which representatives enter an engage in political activity, and which influence how they define and acquire the arts and activities of politics, and negotiate the boundaries of the political”. They posit political apprenticeship as a key – yet poorly examined – determinant of women’s political effectiveness, and in turn, their ability to access and influence political spaces. 11

Some of the women who ran for the recent elections interviewed for this research also listed a number of issues they consider to be feminist, such as inheritance rights, education, labor rights and social security. Unsurprisingly given Lebanon’s discriminatory and sectarian legal system, personal status laws and nationality laws were highlighted as some of the most important priorities to address. Some interviewees also highlighted issues they considered to be crucial feminist policy priorities by drawing on their own lived experiences, even though the terminology itself was unfamiliar to a few of them. Sara Sweidan, who ran in the second Southern district(Tyr-Zahrani), explains: “My understanding of women’s issues comes from the perspective of a Lebanese woman who cannot pass on her nationality to her children herself… This is the first thing I said when we announced our candidacy; that I am running because I am a woman, and discussed my nationality rights, labor laws and custody rights; it’s as if they want to take Lebanese women back to the Harem era. This was part of my discourse amongst the electoral list, and I have also always demonstrated against Shari’a courts.” Sara Sweidan Candidate in the South II District Nariman Chamaa, an activist and journalist who ran in the second Northern district(Tripoli, Miniyeh, Danniyeh), highlighted issues related to alimony for divorced women, quoting her own experience “As a divorced woman, I know what issues women may face during and after divorce. I wanted to work on developing an alimony fund for divorced women to have access to this type of support, rather than having to wait for a court decision on alimony and for that decision to be enforced… If women are not able to secure their income and livelihoods, they might end up returning to sources of violence.” Nohad Yazbeck Doumit, who ran in both 2018 and 2022 in Beirut and was the former Head of the Order of Nurses, defined intersectional feminist issues as focusing on the diverse needs of different vulnerable groups, while giving particular attention to women. She draws from her experience as a nurse, saying “My understanding of[feminism] is based on my experience as a nurse in a profession dominated by women. When it comes to policymaking, I ask“is this just and fair for all?” but then I also examine whether there is any discrimination between women and men.” More broadly, the adoption of an intersectional feminist and gender lens to all pressing issues, including the response and management of the crises, was highlighted as crucial to push such an agenda forward in parliament. This would entail considering not only issues explicitly associated with women, but also the implications of all policies and legislation on women in all their diversity, and on different communities or social groups. This would also involve addressing all pressing issues from that intersectional feminist perspective, challenging the very foundations of the sectarian patriarchal system which governs the country. One survey respondent put it this way: “I believe that the interconnected gaps and crises are the structures on the basis of which women are discriminated against legally, socially and on the basis of class.” Candidate Nariman Chamaa expressed commitment to this consideration, saying “Everything I work on, I do it from a feminist perspective, I can’t ever remove this lens.” Another survey respondent further echoed this sentiment, highlighting the importance of adopting such a lens across all aspects of policymaking: “Lebanon is a country that suffers from ongoing crises. It’s important that policies stress on the fact that different crises do not have the same impact on everyone. In my opinion, in a country that is falling apart, intersectional feminist policies should involve pretty much everything: racism, corruption, climate change and pollution, domestic violence, cyberbullying, food safety, mental and physical health, fair access to resources, right to information. I don’t think today, in Lebanon, there is any aspect of change that shouldn’t be included in these policies.” MP Halimé El Kaakour, an academic, lawyer, activist and trainer who ran for elections in the Mount Lebanon 4 District and won a seat in Parliament, identified as a feminist herself, and emphasized her commitment to intersectional feminism across all aspects of her work, and especially currently in Parliament. She explained that while she believes addressing all social justice and feminist issues should be prioritized, it is extremely difficult to advance such issues in Parliament, as they are often blocked or dismissed. She states: “I cannot hold one issue only. It doesn’t work that way. I want to lead all the battles, but whatever I can realistically start working on I will, even if I want to work on everything.[…] They block a lot of the issues and 12

link them to their own interests in a way that makes it so difficult to make progress.” El Kaakour further reflected on her efforts to ensure policymaking is gender mainstreamed, which can be considered an element of intersectional feminist policymaking, by providing examples of her discussions inside parliamentary committees: “In the Education Committee, the minister was showing us numbers[of school and university enrollment]. I asked about numbers of women vs. men[enrolled in university], and the same for boys vs. girls[in schools]. If there is no gender aspect in the numbers, they are useless.[…] A similar incident happened in the Human Rights Committee, while discussing the conditions and needs of prisoners. I raised the issue of women prisoners having distinct needs that need to be discussed. They told me that this issue should be addressed in the Women’s Committee. I said no, it’s here. Aren’t you discussing male prisoners? If we are talking about prisoners, we need to be also talking about women prisoners.[…] Women’s issues should be part of every committee! […] About intersectionality – it can only be intersectional; those who separate women’s issues from other issues are doing it on purpose, to diminish and dismiss them. But when you adopt this intersectional lens on all files, you see that it’s all interlinked and you know we cannot address it separately. […] I try to mainstream gender across all Parliamentary Committees I attend. I want to change the discourse and ensure gender mainstreaming…” MP Halimé El Kaakour When it comes to intersectionality in itself, one survey respondent was notably critical of the way the notion has been used as an argument to address various forms of oppression and discrimination, duly arguing that intersectional feminism is about centering women’s realities and experiences, with a focus on how different systems of oppression affect different groups of women: “Intersectionality is essential for our feminist work. However, this shouldn’t mean sidelining women, but rather, to consider the ways in which different systems of oppression impact different women; Lebanese women versus refugee women versus migrant women workers; women from[areas outside the capital city] versus women from the capital… This means looking at different levels and types of oppression. But focusing on women’s oppression.” Survey respondent Another respondent also highlighted the need for further discussion around what intersectional feminism means in Lebanon , stating that some of the issues that are closer to Western contexts or discourse were easier to address and contextualize than others. The lived experiences and struggles of women with disabilities were specifically cited as an example here, “I believe that intersectionality has not yet been properly understood or contextualized in Lebanon.[…] We can also note that intersectional feminism[in Lebanon] is concerned with the issue of migrant workers, almost copying intersectional understandings in Europe and the West, whereas it fails to consider women with disabilities, for example. I tend to believe this shortcoming is directly linked with the fact that[women with disabilities in Lebanon] are waging a different battle than that of people with disabilities in the West. As a result, intersectional feminism[in Lebanon] fails to address this in the radical and structural way that it has considered migrant women’s issues[…].” Finally, as iterated in the literature, a key tenet of intersectional feminist policymaking is around challenging and disrupting patriarchal power structures. As one survey respondent summarized it, intersectional feminist policymaking refers to“any policies or processes that shift power and resources towards those who have less of both,” ones that are able to disrupt patriarchal and sectarian power structures which continue to systemically put women in Lebanon, across various social groups, at a disadvantage. In the words of MP Halimé El Kaakour: 13

“Some see feminism as something basic or banal. But if you truly apply feminism, it would break this entire political system. If we are able to have 50% women in Parliament, and they are made to have 50% women in Parliament, coupled with a feminist agenda, you will break the system.[…] It breaks all these figures, all these leaders in their villages. Imagine having a new woman in their place. You break a lot. You can break their discourse. You show them that women can run against them. I want free independent feminist women inside Parliament, this is how we make a difference.” prioritizing women’s issues in her political campaign, while disclosing a preference to keeping her distance from associating with feminism due to a limited understanding of it: “I don’t consider myself a feminist; not because I am against it, but rather because I don’t understand it well, and I also haven’t faced these challenges[...] I didn’t suffer from this discrimination myself.” A tendency to engage in a simplified exercise of listing the main issues afflicting women in the country was also noticed amongst some of the interviewees, which in one way may denote an awareness of key women’s issues, but in another, might indicate a limited analysis or understanding of intersectional feminist priorities. MP Halimé El Kaakour In brief, based on a review of the literature, as well as an analysis of survey responses and interviews, a contextualized paradigm for intersectional feminist policy making can be summarized around a number of key elements, divided between the process of policymaking, and the nature of policy priorities and solutions presented. Under the former, intersectional feminist policymaking would require a participatory and inclusive process of agenda-setting, drawing on women’s diverse lived experiences, as well as mobilization and engagement with the feminist movement. Women’s representation and meaningful participation in the policymaking process itself is also key to advancing this agenda. When it comes to the policy priorities and solutions, it is critical to address key issues affecting women’s lives, but also to integrate an intersectional feminist lens to all other policy issues, including crisis management and response. Finally, a central element of intersectional feminist policy lies in the disruption of sectarian patriarchal power structures and in shifting resources and power to women across social groups, particularly the most marginalized. Intersectional Feminist Policymaking in Practice: Gaps and Challenges While some interviewees provided insights around intersectional feminist policymaking or priorities, the notion did not resonate at all with many others, indicating a significant gap between the feminist movement’s views and demands and many of the women running for parliamentary elections. In fact, candidates who failed to subscribe to and/or understand intersectional feminism ranged from those holding liberal views to those considered most progressive. As noted above, some candidates were completely unfamiliar with the terminology itself. One candidate in particular explained On the other hand, a few of the candidates dismissed intersectional feminist policymaking altogether, favoring other approaches and prioritizing other issues and/or building on their own experiences, which they assert did not involve discrimination. The latter is often founded in liberal post-feminist thinking, focusing on individual experiences which are reportedly void of patriarchal discrimination: “I am against playing the role of the victim, saying I lost because I am a woman. I lost because I didn’t prepare enough. I don’t have this emotional issue of‘they’re out to get me because I am a woman.’[…] I am not that sensitive to sexist comments. Of course, I faced them, there is no escaping them, but I brush them off.” Some nuanced recognition that such experiences are founded in privileges and cannot be generalized was nonetheless affirmed, despite continuous focus on individual characteristics in lieu of a more systemic analysis: “I consider myself to have been lucky in how was raised.[…] I cannot generalize my experience because I was lucky and had privilege. Not all women have this. Some are shy and face some culture barriers that should be removed.” When it comes to prioritizing other struggles over women’s issues, the main case offered by two of the candidates interviewed was around the current dire economic situation coming first. This dangerous discourse tends to be common in the country, especially in light of the ever-worsening economic and political crises. It also denotes a gap in feminist consciousness and understanding of patriarchal power structures distinctly impacting women’s experiences. One interviewee reflected on the ongoing crisis, problematically putting the blame for discrimination on women themselves, while deprioritizing women’s issues in favor of economic issues, stating: 14

“There are so many issues in this country that whichever way you look, you will find a problem manifesting the absence of the state. The main issue in the country is the economy. I cannot discuss equal partnership while there’s hunger. Once I have a stable economy, then I can discuss other issues, such as women’s empowerment. It is women who seize their rights, first and foremost. We need to work on two levels; supporting women who want to advance, but I can only help them if the socio-economic situation improves. If we were in a normal country and in normal times, legislators would have a role to play in imposing quotas in the private sector for example. Even companies currently tokenize women’s role, voiding this issue of its real value.” The second candidate framed her position differently, arguing that a class and workers’ struggle would automatically benefit women too, without needing to consider them as a particular social group in need of attention. Similarly to the first interviewee, she sometimes tends to put the blame on women themselves, and posits that women’s issues – which are directly linked to their lived experiences – are not relatable to her constituencies, while wrongfully negating intersectional feminist politics as a form of identity politics: “The system is sexist but it is built on economic and social relationships and dynamics that marginalize not only women, but a lot of groups of people… women are part of them and experience it in their way but are not alone in experiencing it. Which is why when I talk about a cause, I prefer not to divide it based on categories but rather to link to something that is less identity-based and more material, representing our everyday issues.[…] This is how we can build a stronger cause; it would no longer be identity-based. Ultimately, when we say there’s no justice for women in the country, when it comes to motherhood and the labor law for example[…], these aren’t only women’s issues, they are related to the economic system. Employers already don’t register their employees in the National Social Security Fund(NSSF) to save money, so how can we expect to work on this goal, when we are still very far behind on these other issues. When we focus on the situation of workers, including women workers, we would be inadvertently contributing to improving women’s situation at work.[…] That’s why I focus on the system, that some women reproduce themselves. […] I am not in favor of bringing in“identity” issues to the conversation[in my political agenda or discourse]. Especially when you see the people in front of you who are from different genders and age groups. The situation is really bad for them, for the whole community.[…] For these people, these are not their issues, and especially not now.[…] There are different issues that are relevant or relatable to them.” While the class struggle surely intersects with the feminist one – even more so when an intersectional lens is added – patriarchal social norms, practices and power structures impact women in a drastically distinct manner, and must be unveiled, challenged and disrupted to rebalance power dynamics and build an equal and just system. Failing to identify the distinct structures that oppress women on the basis of their gender can be considered a significant flaw in the socio-political and economic analysis of the situation in the country, and re-asserts supposedly genderneutral or gender-blind policymaking practices. This would inadvertently lead to a reproduction of the very systems of oppression that need to be dismantled, 15

and a policymaking founded in seemingly ungendered but heavily androcentric assumptions and biases. An intersectional feminist approach would instead provide a systemic solution to uncovering and addressing overlapping systems of oppression with implications across social groups, with a particular focus on women in all their diversity, and with patriarchy being the most pervasive and widespread oppression towards more than half of the population in Lebanon and globally. Accordingly, a limited understanding of intersectional feminism as a concept or an analytical framework in itself, coupled with the worsening economic crisis, appears to be a first reason behind the gap in both prioritized issues and approaches to policymaking, as well as in efforts to push a more intersectional feminist agenda in Parliament or political campaigns more broadly. On another level, MP Halimé El Kaakour’s analysis around the gap in intersectional feminist policymaking and political discourse highlights a second important rationale behind such limitations. In fact, El Kaakour directly links the lack of engagement around intersectional feminism to the systemic barriers and attacks women in politics might face more broadly, and even more so when challenging patriarchal discriminations. She posits that raising feminist issues and adopting such a discourse comes with a heavy price, both inside and outside parliament. Hypermasculine performative expectations, aggressive, dismissive and disrespectful political practices, corrupt and interest-based approaches and overall hostility towards women’s participation, characterize most political spaces in the country, and even more so Parliament itself, as is further detailed in section B below. Illustrating this reality, El Kaakour explains: “You are directly silenced or dismissed, and face violence,[when you discuss or raise these issues].[…] When I raised the issue of the patriarchal system inside parliament, the reactions were mocking,“what do you want, to focus on women?”. Even outside of Parliament, I was saying this political system cannot be separated from its patriarchal aspects. How can you say this is something irrelevant? Raising feminist issues doesn’t bring popularity, on the contrary, you are dismissed. Why would I raise issues that marginalize me in the media and in popular opinion, and inside Parliament? I think this is a rationale of the MPs inside. It has a big price. I tried it myself! Whenever I would do this, I would be told“people are hungry and you are talking about women.” But intersectionality is key – poverty is a woman. 70% of the poor are women.” MP Halimé El Kaakour A third and fundamental two-fold reasoning that can be attributed to limitations around advancing intersectional feminist policymaking priorities and practices in Parliament relates to a significant gap in consistent and sustainable engagement between women candidates and MPs and the feminist movement itself; but also stems from an overall fragmentation within the feminist movement in the country and a shortage in alternative political spaces where women can organize around such issues and shape the agenda. Indeed, as detailed in the literature as well as in characterizations by survey respondents, it is only when women are able to organize, debate and shape the feminist agenda, that such priorities can be identified and pushed within political agendasetting and decision-making spaces, whether formal or informal. Also, it is only with consistent, genuine and long-term engagement with such a movement and its debates that this agenda can be properly understood and introduced in legislative bodies. Such spaces of political organizing would themselves “facilitate opportunities for political apprenticeship alongside that of creating the conditions for the effective articulation of positions that challenge the status quo”(Cornwall& Goetz, 2005), while potentially producing strong women politicians with solid intersectional feminist agendas. 16

Finally, while Lebanon continues to lag behind in terms of gender equality and women’s rights, a situation that is further exacerbated by economic and political crises, adopting intersectional feminist demands and agendas at all levels of policymaking is key to dismantling deeply entrenched systems of oppression and flawed, corrupt power structures that have governed politics in the country for decades. Adopting an intersectional feminist agenda would mean addressing the root causes of systems of oppression and inequalities that cut across gender, class, citizenship, ability and age, as well as myriad factors which impact different social groups’ access to resources, services and opportunities, and their ability to fully enjoy their rights. This would mean developing policies and legislations that not only protect from, but also challenge the very basis of all forms of discrimination, with a focus on the distinct lived experiences and oppression faced by women across the social fabric. It would require adopting an intersectional and gendered lens to any social, political or economic issue being discussed, and particularly responses to crises, and building policy and legislation with potential to achieve social transformation. Adopting an intersectional feminist agenda also requires putting focus on the policymaking process itself, ensuring women are represented and able to meaningfully participate in agenda-setting and decision-making processes. It means being consultative and participatory with all relevant constituencies, and especially with an organized and cohesive feminist movement; which can only be achieved if Members of Parliament and their parties are well connected and in continuous discussion with communities at the grassroots and active civil society groups and social movements, particularly women’s organizations and movements. 17

B. Politics As an Exclusionary and Hostile Space Towards Women By now, it is widely known that Lebanese women are deliberately excluded from official decision-making and legislative positions as a result of decades-long discriminatory laws and state-sponsored exclusionary practices, hampering progress towards their meaningful participation in governing the country. The archaic personal status laws currently administered by 15 religious courts are but one example. These laws unanimously perceive and treat women as minors in many areas of life, and as dependents of either the father, the husband or even the husband’s family, depriving them of autonomy over themselves and their right to self-determination. In other words, the sectarian family laws make it extremely difficult for women to make their own decisions and push them, in many cases, to submit to unfavorable conditions for fear of losing the little rights that they have. Unfortunately, this does not come without direct consequences on women’s ability to participate fully and effectively in the public sphere and negotiate with others, including the authorities, from a position of power. Moreover, the Lebanese electoral law, approved in 2017 based on a new proportional system, further entrenches the exclusion of women by failing to integrate a gender quota system securing both women’s participation as candidates and their access to high-level decision-making seats. Not very long ago, attempts to discuss this issue were even actively rejected, when in October 2021, MP Inaya Ezzeddine tried to introduce amendments to the parliamentary agenda that would guarantee the integration of a women’s quota into the law. Additionally, by creating major electoral constituencies, Law No 44/2017 reinforces the inequality between citizens’ votes in terms of their actual value. It also establishes the principle of preferential voting which women candidates interviewed for this research found to have encouraged competition within their own electoral lists. In practice, preferential voting can lead voters to automatically choose male candidates who are traditionally perceived as trustworthy due to familiarity, norms and habit, but also because of the ability of experienced and privileged male politicians to spend big amounts of money and provide services to members of their constituencies. This in turn deepens voters’ reliance on those and reproduces a whole clientelism cycle, especially in times of compounded crises. It is therefore accurate to state that“the preferential vote consolidates the control 18 of politically and financially influential figures over political life, and it gives them political advantage over competitors”(Chebaro, El Baba& Fatfat, 2022). “They[the Forces of Change] attracted a lower percentage of voters, and this in turn affected the percentage of women voted for. Of course, there is also the story of preferential voting which created an ugly atmosphere even within the same list.” Chaden Al Da’if Candidate in the North III District Recent reports, including those addressing the experiences of women candidates and others who had previously held leadership positions, all confirm that the political space in Lebanon remains hostile towards women, be it within political parties, Parliament, or the Cabinet of Ministers. For example, following the 2018 parliamentary elections, 78% of 75 women candidates interviewed for a UN women study, reported experiencing some form of violence (El Kaakour, 2020). In 2022, in-depth interviews with 7 women politicians show that even women leaders who belong to traditional parties or who enjoy political experience and family support networks are subject to bullying, discrimination and exclusion from chairing important party meetings. In addition, many of them confirm having received sexist comments and feeling used or tokenized. “I never felt I was discriminated against for being a woman until I got into politics,” says Salam Yammout, former President of the National Bloc. Member of Parliament Nada Boustany Khoury of the Free Patriotic Movement reveals that: “Half the time I needed to raise my voice to be heard. And when I raised my voice, they would say I was hormonal.” (O’Keeffe& Ekmekji, 2022). Experiences documented in this report certainly add to the findings of previous quantitative and qualitative studies and will be described in more detail in this section. However, it is important to first note that a good number of testimonies were not entirely negative, with several of the women candidates interviewed for this report saying they have witnessed positive change in societal attitudes towards women’s political participation, particularly following the October 17 uprising in 2019, which was followed by the emergence of new political groups with significant representation of women and youth among their ranks, a stronger visibility of women’s presence in the public sphere and an emphasis on the importance of the roles they play.

“[In 2022], 64 women were on electoral lists that secured the electoral quotient needed to win seats, which means that these women could have won if the electoral law were different[...]. This also means that people want to elect women, especially those who are not bound by their party’s choices and are ready to elect women[...]. After the 2019 uprising, we noticed a greater confidence in women and the female activists who were behind the creation of many new political groups and parties[...]. Between 2018 and 2022, there were significant changes. The mentality changed, and women made a big political leap thanks to October 17.[...] The number of female candidates increased by about 40% between 2018(113 candidates) and 2022(157 candidates). In 2009, there were only 12 female candidates.” Joelle Abou Farhat Co-founder of FiftyFifty Barriers Faced By Women Candidates in the 2022 Parliamentary Elections Despite years of meticulous documentation and campaigning, most barriers facing women candidates and politicians have not yet been eliminated, as confirmed by the MP and six candidates interviewed for this report, all hailing from different Lebanese governorates and either independent or belonging to political groups established a little before or after the October 17 uprising, to challenge the dominant parties who have controlled political life since the Lebanese civil war. What follows is a summary of the most important political and economic obstacles still blocking women’s access to formal decision-making positions, mentioned here not merely to echo what has been analyzed and published time and again, but in the service of documenting what some women candidates experienced in 2022, proving that many fundamental barriers remain the same, despite collective and individual efforts to expose and challenge them. The experiences documented in this report show that, in addition to the discrimination and violence generally faced by women in Lebanon and the unfair 2017 Electoral Law, accessing the media and having sufficient financial and human resources still constitute major barriers for women candidates, especially the independents among them. A third barrier, no less dangerous, should also be noted, and lies in the lack of initiative and honest intent by traditional parties to translate their frequent rhetoric about the importance of women’s political participation into tangible actions, such as approving quotas at a national level, as well as within their own ranks. According to FiftyFifty, only the Progressive Socialist Party approved the gender quota system in its internal processes and branches. When it comes to accessing the media, it is about time the discourse tackled the excess of male representation as opposed to the weak representation of women. Joelle Abou Farhat, Co-founder of FiftyFifty, believes that the habit of paying large amounts of money to book airtime is now over and has become outdated for most new women candidates who have worked with her. Abou Farhat’s opinion concurs with the interviewed candidates who have all expressed their refusal to contribute to the reinforcement of such a practice, despite the risk of exclusion posed by this stance. “The cost of media appearances is very high, and this practice of paying is just against my principles[...]. They send you a price for appearing on the news bulletin before noon, different from the price for appearing in the afternoon… and I am actually running against them[…]. Moreover, some people working in newspapers, although they were the ones who called me, asked me to pay them money so that they talked about me.” Iman Tabbara Candidate in the Beirut II District on the“Beirut El Teghyir” list which has succeeded in winning two parliamentary seats. Similarly, Nohad Yazbeck Doumit, candidate in the Beirut II district, also on the“Beirut El Teghyir” list, stresses her refusal to pay money to the press or to advertising companies for self-promotion purposes, such as booking billboards on Lebanese highways. Sara Sweidan, candidate in the South II district(Tyr-Al Zahrani), expresses the same opinion while recalling how she and her independent colleagues in the South, an area largely controlled by Hezbollah and Amal Movement, were “very marginalized, as media appearances required a lot of money.” Sweidan explains:“We knew the parties were paying money to more‘extremist’ candidates, but we come from‘all 19

means all’(killoun yaani killoun). This also means that we are not solely and exclusively against Hezbollah’s policies.” According to Sweidan, the focus on candidates in the South was often reduced to their positions on Hezbollah, and therefore, their political visions to address other crucial issues affecting the country were seldom relayed. These experiences and stances, supported by Maharat Foundation’s figures below(2022), prove that women candidates tend to not subscribe to political behavior and media habits that have historically been associated with male leaders who embody the typical performance of traditional politicians, one that is reliant on the power of money and the backing of religious sects. Overall, traditional male candidates seem less hesitant to follow self-indulgent, self-promoting costly methods to reach their visibility goals by way of securing airtime in order to remain in voters’ eyesight. In fact, the final report by the European Union Elections Observation Mission in Lebanon indicates that“the wealthiest candidates were buying up paidfor‘election packages’ proposed at a high cost by the three major commercial television channels, Al Jadeed, LBCI and MTV.”(L’Orient Today, July 2022). Instead, women candidates are challenging this mentality by attempting to establish new media engagement methods and dynamics. “Through our relationships with the media, we were able to indirectly pressure TV stations to give equal space to candidates - as the law stipulates- and managed to facilitate the access of 50 women to the media. All of this only through our personal and direct communication and connections with media personnel,” explains Joelle Abou Farhat from FiftyFifty. Despite these remarkable efforts, the actual percentages of women who were featured or interviewed in electionrelated TV political shows and news segments, according to a survey conducted by Maharat Foundation, constituted only: 7% February /March 22% April 12% May Percentages of women guests’ representation on TV(Chebaro& Mikhael, 2022) These unacceptable results also mean that when women were being sidelined, airtime was not just empty, but it was traditional male politicians who were filling it, while enjoying the high levels of visibility they have often monopolized, especially on television, the most popular medium during election campaigns. 93% February /March 78% April 88% May Percentages of male guests’ representation on TV (Chebaro& Mikhael, 2022) These percentages imply a real excess of male representation in Lebanese media; an excess which sadly persisted in 2022 despite the emergence of new political groups, visions and critical views of major media outlets and broadcast stations postOctober 17. What is dangerous in all of this, is that the difficulty women face in accessing more media space and the choice of many not to even try anymore, which creates the risk of slow erasure of political alternatives led by women, as well as new-and perhaps exemplarymodes of political work and the individuals shaping them. These individuals, like others in the political 20

space, should be able to equally enjoy the right to access the media and fulfill basic needs, such as introducing themselves and their political agenda to the public and potential voters. When Lebanese media, especially TV stations, exclude or rarely feature those, including the women candidates and politicians among them, they turn into a tangible barrier themselves. By preventing the new and independent women from reaching people and communicating with electoral bases, they indirectly hinder their meaningful political participation. Moreover, media appearances are not only there to fulfill the candidates’ need and right to introduce their political visions and influence public opinion, but also to respect their right of reply and of correction. For many of the women candidates interviewed for this report, being able to respond to rumors or incorrect information about them or the groups and lists they represent was more than just an annoyance. Some candidates attribute this shortfall not just to the usual exclusionary practices by the media, but also to the lack of skills and experience among emerging opposition coalitions and alternative groups when it comes to traditional media and communications matters. One candidate, however, shares a distinct opinion on the issue of media engagement as being a form of political labor that requires effort and time. Petra Samaha from the“Citizens in a State” party and who ran with the“We are Capable” list in the Bekaa I district(Zahle), uses the discussion on relationship dynamics with the media to draw attention to the role Tele Liban, the government-owned television, could have played, by providing space for as many people as possible, fairly and free of charge; “Something that could have benefitted all candidates, including independents and women,” says Samaha. Furthermore, she sheds light on a practice that is not uncommon, which often leads to doubling campaign burdens almost exclusively on women, in this case by assuming that they are the ones responsible for emphasizing women’s presence and visibility inside opposition movements and anti-establishment groupings or parties. “At some point… and because we are women… when the media wanted to interview a candidate from the“We are Capable” list, they used to only ask to interview women... But we are tired... Thank you for that... But really, we are tired. Sometimes they try to deal with the issue from a gender perspective but then we[the women on the list] are negatively affected. What needs to be ensured is fair representation, not overburdening women. Media appearance is also a responsibility.” Petra Samaha Candidate in the Bekaa I District In terms of resources, it was clear that women candidates could not rely on any wealth, but instead on the energy of young volunteers and committed campaign managers. As discussed, women candidates in general refuse to pay money to secure airtime or media space for promotion purposes, but they all acknowledge that financial resources are essential to cover various activities, including the cost of time spent away from daily jobs or consultancies providing them with stable income or benefits. While traditional political leaderships were focused on distributing aid and offering services worth thousands of dollars-and even‘buying votes’ around election day, as confirmed by the European Union Election Observation Mission in Lebanon- independent and opposition women candidates were struggling to organize the most basic electoral activities, such as door-to-door visits, community meetings and dialogues. “The most beautiful moments are the doorto-door visits while campaigning. People were happy to receive us, they welcomed us into their homes, and there was nothing they could accuse us of because we were never in power.” Chaden Al Da’if Candidate in the North III District For candidates with low electoral spending, campaign budgets covered payments related to the reservation of halls, communication, dialogue and event hosting, transportation and gasoline. This in a time when the country had already started suffering from the continuous depreciation of the national currency against the US dollar and a sharp increase in prices 21

of goods, which also affected many of the women candidates, especially those who were still receiving their salaries in Lebanese pounds around the 2022 elections. afford. Joelle Abou Farahat from FiFtyFiFty estimates that “out of 157 women candidates, there may have been only 10 who could fund their campaigns from their own wealth/capital[...] because most economic resources are still constrained in the hands of men.” “We were probably the campaign with the lowest budget. We couldn’t even print our photos and hang them. We knew we were targeting and engaging a small segment of people. And those who were with us would tell us that they were[supporting us], secretly, over the phone[...] Of course, if we had more money, our promotion efforts and publicity would have been stronger. We mostly relied on visits in nearby villages and media interviews. Even the cost of gasoline was high for us.” Sara Sweidan Candidate in the South II District “When a promotion at work is delayed because of an election campaign, how do we calculate that? A promotion comes with a salary increase… The expenses of candidacy, the notary public, the accounting... all of these could cost you a full year’s salary. And we haven’t yet talked about the fees that come with organizing meetings, hospitality and transportation. I don’t know how all of this can be calculated.” Nohad Yazbek Doumit Candidate in the Beirut II District In addition to tangible material and financial costs, the economic burden imposed by the system of preferential voting cannot be overlooked. The preferential vote rule is known to have an impact on the access of many women to Parliament, particularly in areas largely dominated by conservative and religious mindsets or older deputies still deeply embedded in the various aspects of voters’ lives. However, rarely does the price tag that comes with this vote make headlines; for the very principle of preferential voting perpetuates the inevitability of having to invest money in order to win, whether through disbursing payments to strengthen one’s publicity or secure airtime, or to offer services to loyal and potential voters to make sure they keep orbiting around a central leader figure. The preferential voting system therefore denotes an expensive price that most women candidates cannot This key element resonates with journalist and activist from Tripoli, Nariman Chamaa, who explains that the current Electoral Law, the preferential voting system, the ways of working with and within lists, the scarcity of resources and the lack of logistics expertise, coupled with her background as a divorced woman who has endured injustice, were main reasons behind her decision not to run again in the 2022 elections. “The preferential vote created a competitive atmosphere within the list, harmed it, and harmed me personally, because I was the weakest financially[...]. I am a divorced woman, which means I am the only source of income for the household. And all the campaigns I led before the elections had an effect on my income, because I lost many of the jobs I had due to my political activity.” Nariman Chamaa Candidate with the“Citizens in a State” list in 2018 in the North II District To better understand major behavioral and performative differences between women candidates and traditional male politicians, it is essential to go back to the existing wealth gaps between new or relatively new women candidates, on the one hand, and most male candidates-in addition to female relatives of traditional leaders- on the other. Aside from the prevalent economic inequalities between women and men, interviews with women candidates show that the majority do not come from“political households”. “We did not come from a political family. We were far from politics!” , says candidate Iman Tabbara. Moreover, women candidates who had no affiliations with traditional parties, unlike typical male leaders, do not enjoy the wide relationships and VIP networks, nor large sums of money that would normally serve a politician’s or candidates’ personal interests. On the contrary, all candidates interviewed in this report come, like many other women candidates, from working-class, developmental, educational, media, health or activism backgrounds. For the most part of their lives, they have been or still are-as mentioned in the methodology section- teachers in public schools, lawyers, nurses, researchers, project managers or activists. Then came the October 17 22

uprising in 2019, constituting a turning point in their political careers and leading many to turn towards political organizing, without necessarily meaning or planning to run as candidates at the time. For many women candidates, running for Parliament was a lastminute decision, the result of their party’s choice or the insistence and encouragement of their colleagues. “My interest in politics stems from my interest in health and public health policies: how they are regulated, who controls them, how, and who benefits from them? Since the 1990s, I have been working in the health sector and services, even before the time of AIDSrelated awareness campaigns.[…] During my university years, I was an activist helping people affected by the war[…] When we work in nursing, we cannot but be affected by policies and those who influence them.” Nohad Yazbeck Doumit Candidate in the Beirut II District When it comes to political parties’ responsibility to improve women’s participation, once again, it is striking to see the contradictions between what traditional leaders claim in public and their actions on the ground. Women candidates, whether those affiliated with opposition or emerging political groups, generally assert that they did not suffer from marginalization or blatant discrimination based on their gender or age within their group, given the fact that they were at the heart of the founding and configuration of these relatively new political entities. Furthermore, the accumulation of feminist awareness over the years among activists, organizers and human rights advocates, can also explain this general sentiment. This feminist awareness is usually manifested in the emphasis on the collective duty to combat masculinist and sexist behaviors within their ranks and to establish the basis needed for the elimination of historical acts of discrimination against women, by many young, female, non-conformist and progressive members of newly formed political groups. It is also visible in their tendency to call out any patriarchal or exclusionary treatment recorded inside their group. “I started participating in actions to defend our environment with a few associations back in 2011, before joining more organized political work, after the waste management crisis hit us... Then I started participating in the“You Stink” movement in 2015 and asked myself“when will protests arrive to Tyr?”[…] Then came October 17… We started our own revolution here in Tyr, where we heard people chanting“no to the monopolization of Shia”, “no to the Shia duo”, and“Nabih Berri is a thief”[…]. Protestors faced tremendous pressure, threats, and accusations of being [Israeli] agents, but we were literally dying here. The waste was dumped in our soils, our waters were polluted, and cancer was everywhere. In my own family, many had cancer, I even had it, but I discovered it in its early stages[…]. We simply started asking ourselves: what more can happen?” Sara Sweidan Candidate in the South II District When a patriarchal comment or action is recorded in the course of a meeting or activity organized by one of these groups or parties, such as the“Lana” party, or during meetings of what is known as the “Change MPs Bloc”, MP Halimé El Kaakour clarifies that spotting and correcting the comment or action is generally easy, and that discussion with colleagues is usually possible and constructive, unlike interactions with most other traditional MPs inside Parliament, further elaborated in the next section. Most interviewed candidates agree that political parties, including the traditional ones, remain key channels to enhance women’s political participation. However, the main Lebanese parties, responsible for the country’s challenges and troubles, continue to demonstrate duplicity and contradictions around this issue. In fact, most claim to support women’s quotas and their participation in politics, when in reality, they fail to nominate or support women from their own members and supporters and avoid or reject internal gender quota systems. Leaders and politicians from such parties might boast in public about their efforts to bring in more women to the table and advocate for their rights, while in fact this rhetoric would only be used to conceal exclusionary internal and external practices and to project an appealing image of so-called“modernity”. Additionally, these political parties are seemingly aware of the dangers 23

posed by the women’s quota and gender justice policies to their very own patriarchal foundations and hierarchical structures. This rationale is precisely why these parties systematically avoid, defer or reject the integration of a women’s quota into law, and often content themselves with the presence of a handful of women among their ranks, as exceptions, tokens or subordinates. Interviewed candidates were critical of the phenomenon of tokenization and superficial representation. One woman candidate recalls phone calls received from both traditional and non-traditional“change” groups inviting her to join their lists, despite their stances being clearly mis-aligned: “When I decided to run in Zahle, I noticed how other groups/parties were searching, asking,‘Who do we have from the Catholic community? Who do we have from the Maronite community?’ I even received a call from someone affiliated with a deputy[from a major party from the establishment] looking for a Catholic candidate. He was enthusiastic about the idea that I was a‘young girl’. You might expect this talk from a party in power, these are their habits anyway[...] but I received a similar comment from someone on a reformist list, who said to me,‘Our list is closed, but the Catholic seat is still available, and you are a young female face that can decorate the list, and in any case, we know you won’t win’” Petra Samaha Candidate in the Bekaa I District Building on her long experience of working and communicating with most parties in Lebanon, Joelle Abou Farhat shares her conclusion: “They do not believe in equality, nor do they believe in women’s talents and abilities[...]. When it comes to encouraging women’s political participation, parties have lagged behind. We know that if a party decides to support a woman from its own ranks or members, then that woman will succeed. Roula Tabach and Dima Jamali are just two examples, both were not that well-known before[being chosen to run for Parliament].” Abou Farhat’s statement echoes what a deputy from a ruling party, Inaya Ezeddine of the Amal Movement, previously said in an interview for a UN 24 Women report: “Men believed that their position was far more important and women’s presence in political parties was scarce and superficial. I believe that this mentality is still prevalent.” (O’keeffe& Ekmekji, 2022). Violence Against Women in Politics In recent years, the“Violence Against Women in Politics” framework has been increasingly deployed by researchers and activists alike in order to draw much needed attention to the discrimination, sexism and violence faced by women leaders, candidates and political activists. The growing circulation of VAWP as a framework and a subject of discussion confirms the wide recognition of discrimination and contempt women politicians are subjected to, which materialized even more with the arrival of a few women from outside the dominant establishment to power, and the accompanying alarming spread of violence against them on social media platforms where many are active and vocal about their stances and the causes they defend. Consequently, efforts to monitor and call out this form of violence have increased, similarly to how other forms of violence against women have been exposed and highlighted over the past few years, such as family violence and sexual harassment. Many women candidates and politicians have indeed been subjected to hate and smear campaigns, sexist language, insults and comments targeting their gender, physical appearance or personal lives and choices. In March 2022, Maharat monitored interactions with the accounts of 18 women candidates and found that at least 7% of tracked content was sexist and discriminatory (Chebaro& Mikhael, 2022). Additionally, according to the results of a survey conducted by the“Lebanese Association for Democratic Elections”(LADE), targeting 88 women candidates in the 2022 parliamentary elections, 57% of the respondents reported being pressured to withdraw from the elections, and 51% reported experiencing some form of violence, especially threats and defamation through online platforms (Chebaro, El Baba& Fatfat, 2022). Violence directed against women in politics is, undeniably, an extension of what most women and girls endure due to widespread patriarchal beliefs and practices, sexist attitudes and gender-based offenses. For some, the irony lies in the realization that even empowered or powerful women such as officials, MPs and ministers are not immune to such practices. For feminists, it has long been clear that patriarchal domination and oppression, by essence, cannot be exclusive to only specific areas of life, be

they private or public, but rather permeates through the spaces created within its parameters. Moreover, women in politics are women who have broken deeply entrenched traditions and norms by daring to enter a field historically controlled and monopolized by men; a field that, in a not-too-distant past, was forbidden to them. Therefore, it should not come as a surprise that many women politicians, both partisans and independents, are exposed to discrimination and social disciplining for breaking and challenging culturally prevailing norms; and even to violence, particularly inside the Lebanese Parliament, as MP Halimé El Kaakour’s experience will shortly demonstrate. Finally, it is important to note that privileges are not distributed equally among women, and the magnitude of what women in politics face cannot be compared to the daily experiences of many women and girls, especially those most marginalized and oppressed by formal and informal systems of power, often with little to no attention or support. However, what is new and different here lies in the fact that verbal, psychological, and symbolic violence directed towards women in politics is being increasingly called out and has become more visible, especially given the open and public nature of the sphere where it is manifested. This is paving the way to new types of confrontations with the institutionalized patriarchal system of Lebanon, this time led by the new women of the State, from within the State. Violence During Candidacy: Diverging Experiences When it comes to facing discrimination or comments of patriarchal nature, women candidates did not share the same experiences or electoral journeys. If anything, the most commonly shared experience among candidates interviewed for this report was the existence of a strong family support network encouraging and embracing their ambitions, and in some instances, political party or community support, particularly for members of younger or newly formed political groups. The interviews clearly reveal that women candidates could not have continued campaigning or even been able to launch their electoral journeys in the first place without a strong support from their families and partners, enabling them to embark on time-consuming political and electoral campaigns. This can also partly explain why women’s political participation in formal politics remains weak in Lebanon, given the importance for most women of having solid familial support as a prerequisite to political participation; something that, unlike the candidates interviewed for this report, many Lebanese women do not enjoy, and unlike most male candidates, all women politicians cannot do without. Subsequently, countless women, despite their remarkable competences and distinguished visions, will be discouraged from participating in political life for lack of support, compounded by the persistent stereotypical distribution of gender roles within the household. “The 50 women candidates we selected all enjoy professional experiences, are specialized in different fields, and have an interest in political affairs. Most of them are between 38 and 60 years old, and the majority are either divorced or never married. What this tells us is that women who desire to enter politics, or any other field that requires a level of courage, need not be restricted, and restrictions on women in our country usually come from men [...]. There were also some married women, but they were able to continue because their husbands were supportive.” Joelle Abou Farhat Co-founder of FiftyFifty “If one of my children came to me and said they were not ready, or if my husband came and said he was unable to support me, then I would not have been able to run for Parliament. I wouldn’t have even found time for this. Someone must sacrifice[...]. Having a support system is very important.” Iman Tabbara Candidate in the Beirut II District Overall, women candidates interviewed for this report do not recall having been subjected to blatantly patriarchal and discriminatory behaviors during their 2022 electoral campaigns. Instead, Chaden Al Da’if, candidate in the North III District, recounts people asking her, for example, “‘How will you, as a woman, respond to Nabih Berri and Mohammad Raad if they start yelling?’ This question was addressed three times.” In general, most candidates report feeling socially welcomed and say they hold beautiful memories of voters’ reactions to their presence, describing most as friendly, kind, open and respectful. Exceptions to this rule include minor incidents that candidates have not commented on extensively. 25

“One of the candidates accompanying me during a visit said in front of a male-dominated attendance,‘The man is above my head’. I replied in front of everyone:‘No, only God is above me, and I, my husband and son are all equal.’ I don’t care if I lose some votes because of this[...] I can’t just please people this way to win a few votes.’” Nohad Doumit Yazbeck Candidate in the Beirut II District “Those who fought us were people far from our movement, from our own society. They mocked and belittled us as women by saying things like‘if men can’t do anything, how do you expect to do it yourselves?’[...] Some sexist expressions never leave my mind, especially those I read on social media or received on WhatsApp and Messenger… Sometimes they threaten you and put pictures of you on pornographic imagery[...] They even threatened my husband[...]” Nevertheless, the rarity of highly patriarchal and violent incidents towards the women candidates interviewed for this report does not in any way reduce their gravity, nor does it constitute an indicator of their absence in other women’s experiences. One example is Daad El Qazzi, candidate in the Mount Lebanon IV district who was subjected to violence and beating, as documented by LADE. Nearly 60% of the women candidates surveyed by LADE said they faced social pressure to get them to withdraw their candidacy, and more than half faced some form of violence(Chebaro, El Baba& Fatfat, 2022). Therefore, the interviews conducted for this report highlight the diversity in the lived experiences of women candidates, which can greatly differ between communities and across regions. To sum up, testimonies given for the purpose of this research show that prominent incidents of violence, mockery and misogynistic attitudes have been mostly occurring within Parliament, as described by MP Halimé Kaakour and elaborated in the following section, implying that violence and discrimination can actually intensify after a woman wins and enters a male-dominated space, in this instance, the Parliament. Moreover, many of these violent and discriminatory incidents were concentrated in the South, as explained by Joelle Abou Farhat from FiftyFifty who notes that every time a prominent activist tried to organize a gathering or activity in the South, she would receive immediate threats. Some candidates opposing Hezbollah and/or Amal even had to deal with direct and fierce attacks. 26 Sara Sweidan Candidate in the South II District Inside Parliament: Where Systemic Violence and Exclusion Soar This section further establishes politics in Lebanon as a violent and harmful space towards women, evidenced by the fact that the Parliament itself, the main legislative authority in the country, represents a dangerous and abusive environment for many women MPs opposing its largest and oldest constituents. Theoretical frameworks of“hypermasculinity” and “hegemonic masculinity” are highly relevant to better understand the ways in which the Lebanese Parliament is a visibly violent space for women politicians. These frameworks provide a useful analysis of how human and power relationships are shaped between men themselves, as well as between men and women, in various military, political, and societal structures and contexts. Hypermasculinity and hegemonic masculinity are both very prevalent phenomena in Lebanese state institutions, especially those where media coverage and exposure to cameras are frequent, creating a fertile ground for numerous hypermasculine selves, which heavily rely on exaggerated performativity, visibility, power, and belligerence, in order to manifest and thrive. Hypermasculinity as a concept first emerged to measure the“macho personality constellation”, which, as examined in 1984 by Donald Mosher and Mark Sirkin, is characterized by an overemphasis and extreme adherence to the traditional male gender roles founded in outdated societal views. This type of androcentrism is often associated with violence and hostility towards women, but also towards other men who do not conform to normative standards of masculinity. To bring the concept of hypermasculinity closer, one can imagine “a man who is not really masculine but is more of a caricature of masculinity – the man who puffs out his

chest, spits on the ground, beats up gays, and hates women”(Kilmartin, 2007). Concurrently,“hegemonic masculinity” is used to designate relations of power and dominance established in opposition with subordinate masculinities, on the existence of which it depends, but also on the subordination of women (Connell, 1987). In fact, according to Raewyn Connell, it is impossible for femininity to be hegemonic in patriarchy, which is premised on femininity being subordinate. In the Lebanese Parliament, out of 128 deputies, there were 122 men in 2018, and 120 in 2022. These extreme figures cannot but be accompanied by a patriarchal value system, transforming the Parliament into an arena for“hegemonic masculinity”, where a rigid hierarchy of authority prevails; one that excludes men and women who do not conform to the celebrated traits and qualities of the hailed male leader. This hegemonic and exclusionary culture, in turn, will keep encouraging laws and policies that are largely dismissive of and harmful towards women, gay and gender non-conforming individuals and reinforce hostility towards them. In reality, where masculinity is hegemonic, masculinity will also be“hypered” or exaggerated. Hence why violent disputes, loud speeches, inconsistent fraternities and continuous displays of“strength”, have all become the norm inside the Parliament, instead of being viewed as signs of a troubled masculinity. More recently, some male MPs even seemed reconciled with, or perhaps proud of, their ignorance of the meaning of the word“patriarchy”. This“ignorance” constitutes perfect proof that these deputies have never suffered much from“patriarchy” nor have had to deal with it on a regular basis, and so they have never felt bound to know or look for what it meant. The“patriarchy” incident, mentioned by El Kaakour in what follows, is no isolated incident. Harmful acts were recorded throughout the whole of 2022, including harassment and violent body language aimed at belittling women MPs and reminding them of their“inferior” position within a male-dominated system of power. With the arrival of 4 women MPs from outside traditional parties, out of a total of 8 who won in the 2022 parliamentary elections, Lebanon witnessed new dynamics within the Parliament, the most important of which was characterized by direct confrontations with its pillars of power and the hegemony and excessiveness of masculinity they embody. For example, for the first time in the history of the Lebanese Parliament, women MPs, such as Cynthia Zarazir and Halimé El Kaakour, are exposing the direct discrimination and harassment they are facing within the council. Before Zarazir and El Kaakour, MP Paula Yacoubian had already started experiencing and confronting, from inside Parliament and through the media, the barriers and attacks that come from merely existing in a male-dominated space. In July 2022, barely two months after the elections were held, MP Cynthia Zarazir exposed in a tweet the verbal harassment, mockery and bullying she faced inside Parliament, while also sharing with the public how she found used condoms and pornographic magazines in her parliamentary office. Amnesty International reacted to what Zarazir was facing and wrote: “It is shameful when women deputies in the Lebanese parliament, especially those known for criticizing the authorities, are harassed by their male counterparts and by the Speaker of Parliament himself simply because they are women in a parliament dominated by men.” Later in 2022, in one of Parliament’s general assembly sessions, MP Halimé El Kaakour objected to how Speaker Nabih Berri was addressing her and confronted him by saying: “Enough with this patriarchal attitude,” the famous expression that was later removed from the session minutes, as requested by Berri himself, “even though many words[with negative connotations] were left in the notes,” according to El Kaakour. Since that incident, “animosity towards me only began to grow,” says El Kaakour, testifying that after verbally confronting Berri during that session, she witnessed two Amal MPs preparing themselves to physically attack her. “They tried to calm them down... it looked like they wanted to beat me,” El Kaakour recalls. To add salt to the injury, Christian MPs regarded her comment as an insult to the head of the Maronite Church, called the“Patriarch”. The“patriarchy incident” is not the only time El Kaakour felt belittled or victimized. In one of the sessions parliamentary committees hold, El Kaakour remembers a sexist comment she received while arguing a male MP who told her: “When I go home, it’s my wife who annoys me, and when I come here to Parliament, a woman also annoys me!” . Additionally, in the early weeks following her entry into Parliament, El Kaakour shares in her interview for this report how she suffered direct and 27

deliberate exclusionary practices to keep her away from parliamentary discussions. For many weeks, El Kaakour was unable to even attend meetings held by parliamentary committees, knowing that as an MP, even if not elected into any of these committees, she has the full right to be informed of these meetings and their topics, and to attend them. Many MPs, despite her continuous requests, did not include her in their WhatsApp coordination groups for meetings related to education(her own area of expertise), administration and justice, human rights, women and children, etc. “I suffered a lot just to know about the meetings[...] at least for the education committee, since this is my specialty[...] It was clear that both sides[March 14 and Hezbollah] did not want me as a member in any committee, and not even as a normal deputy attending sessions,” El Kaakour explains. To solve this matter, she had to knock on many doors and keep insisting and defending her right until she managed to convince MPs to share information about meetings schedules. As soon as she started participating, discussing, asking questions and simply showing up, El Kaakour noticed how, “there would be a change in some MPs’ facial expressions.” Based on these insights, it is fair to say that some new independent MPs have indeed been attempting to, and at times succeeding in, creating new dynamics within Parliament by consciously endeavoring to break away from old patterns. “Some MPs admit this[the new dynamic] to me, not through the media... but they say it to me privately,” says El Kaakour. In addition to opposition women MPs confronting defamation and attacks against their personal lives, choices and so-called“honor”(Paula Yaacoubian), or speaking up against exclusionary and violent behavior (Halimé El Kaakour), or exposing harassment and bullying(Cynthia Zarazir), it is worth noting how the arrival of these women MPs has actually facilitated the diffusion of feminist terms into the parliamentary space, for the first time in Lebanon’s history. These terms are somewhat different from the language women’s rights and NGO campaigners would normally use, in that they are deeply entrenched in feminist consciousness and literature and can resonate with many grassroot movements and young feminists; terms such as“gender neutrality”,“patriarchal Speaker [Berri Batrirarky] ”, and mansplaining. By adopting an approach based on data-driven analysis, asking critical questions and holding ministers accountable- as all MPs should- El Kaakour’s discourse in parliamentary meetings was gradually starting to create a rift with the old hypermasculine or usual unscrupulous methods, leading many traditional male MPs to feel uncomfortable around her. El Kaakour is therefore slowly breaking, albeit alone or alongside a minority of new MPs, long-standing habits that have been, for decades, shaping how MPs interact with each other or vis-à-vis the government, destabilizing their natural comfort zones by questioning their traditionally deployed masculinist and/or dishonest approaches. Even when some MPs tried to make peace with El Kaakour, they resorted to methods they were familiar with, such as attempting to persuade her to join their political bloc or agenda. “This tactic to pull us in one political direction puts great pressure on us, and I reject this approach, because I come from the‘all means all’ movement[killoun yaani killoun]. Then they try to befriend you, but I’m not here to make friends,” says El Kaakour. “First, you come to realize that you cannot easily attend parliamentary committee sessions. Then, when you attend, you start facing comments and annoying behavior[...]. When I spoke in meetings, mansplaining was “sky high”. In one of the education-related sessions, I was attacked and verbally assaulted [...]. I also learned something I haven’t paid attention to before: they[the MPs] insult each other in the media, but they are friends inside the Parliament,‘habibi’[they call each other]. I am not used to this style. What I say in the media, I say it to their faces. That’s why I come to them as a shock. It’s like it’s forbidden to say it to their faces, but you’re allowed to insult each other in the media[...]. One time, I was in an education committee session, we were talking about the need to pay the Lebanese University[from the Middle East Airline money during the Covid19 crisis], and there was screaming and shouting[...]. So one MP said‘be quiet, be quiet, don’t talk in front of Halimé, don’t dare speak in front of Halimé’... as if I became some symbol to them.” MP Halimé Kaakour 28

Furthermore, El Kaakour, who is a professor at the Lebanese University where she also completed her studies, narrates how in one of the education committee sessions, MPs were about to attack her for requesting the removal of Hezbollah and Amal flags from the Lebanese University’s main campus: “Two MPs stood up and were about to attack me, they screamed in my faced… one other MP tried to calm them down.” “They[MPs] defend each other and defend the ministers[...] they do not question them, and when they do, their questions are usually “soft”[...]. One time, one MP described a minister he appreciated saying‘he[the minister] turned out to be a man for doing this!’[...] I objected immediately to this framing and asked for it to be removed from the minutes of the meeting. He then asked me, ‘what would you like to say then, he turned out to be a woman?’ So, I said, say“turned out to be brave”, emphasizing the need to use gender-neutral language[...]. I also had to tell one of them,“This is mansplaining!”, he asked me what the word meant… I told him to look it up on Google. Their discourse is patriarchal. There is undoubtedly a high level of ignorance of these concepts among them, they do not know what they mean.” MP Halimé Kaakour The above only draws a picture of what a new woman MP entering Parliament with a critical and feminist awareness has experienced, and the sort of sexist comments and dismissive behavior she is occasionally faced with at the hands of many male MPs. Ironically, these same MPs are charged with reviewing and approving national laws, including those involving the rights of women and girls. Nevertheless, the difference today lies in that several MPs are now also acting as observers and exposers of wrongdoings from inside Parliament, monitoring and experiencing firsthand how issues affecting people living in Lebanon are dealt with. El Kaakour notes, for example, “when a Muslim MP proposes to discuss amendments to the nationality law, a Christian MP proposes to discuss clauses prohibiting child marriage, and so on and so forth. Neither issue will then know progress, and this is how fundamental and urgent issues remain stuck for years or decades in parliamentary committees.” Feminists’ Views on the Ability of Women MPs to Challenge Power Structures and Create Change Based on the results of the survey to which 25 feminists from across Lebanon responded, most do not seem to be relying much on the ability of a few independent or opposition women MPs to produce significant change from within the state through challenging hyper or hegemonic masculinity or advancing a feminist intersectional agenda inside Parliament. Most survey respondents nevertheless recognize that the arrival of new women MPs to parliament did create an unprecedented challenge to Parliament’s deeply entrenched foundations and structures; something that can be built upon and further explored on the long run. Among the 25 feminist respondents, two fully agree and 15 partially agree that the 4 independent MPs (El Kaakour, Aoun, Zarazir and Yaacoubian) are advancing, in one way or another, an intersectional feminist agenda. One respondent explains: “The discourse of independent women MPs creates a breakthrough amidst the continuous suppression of intersectional, feminist priorities and rights. However, this breakthrough will not necessarily lead to results that actually serve the public’s interest, or yield any results at all, as the system is still much bigger than these MPs.” A second respondent echoes this idea and comments: “Their discourse may not be ideal all the time, but their presence is important, and the goal should be to have greater numbers of them in the future in both Parliament and Government.” Another respondent reflects upon the definition of an intersectional feminist agenda in the Lebanese context and says: “I think they are advancing Lebanese women’s rights more than an intersectional feminist agenda. And if we consider Lebanese women’s rights as part of the intersectional feminist agenda, then partially, yes.” On the other hand, one respondent makes the case that: “The current parliament configuration does not help us to create an accurate assessment, and that the independent women MPs we now have do not resemble each other at all, and so cannot be referred back to as being one single group.” Indeed, MP Halimé El Kaakour acknowledges the existence of a diversity of views among independent or opposition women MPs, but is certain that the differences between them would nonetheless never allow for them to inflict harm on one another. El Kaakour also believes that should one of them[women 29

MPs] be under sexist and misogynistic attacks, the others will back and support her. So far, despite documented attacks against women parliamentarians in Lebanon, no formal or informal coordination framework has been created among them as a vulnerable and marginalized group inside Parliament that can benefit from a support network and collective action in the face of patriarchal and discriminatory behavior. Similar frameworks have been used before in multiple parliaments around the world, including Iraq, called in many contexts a “Women’s Parliamentary Caucus”, where women MPs, regardless of their political affiliations, regularly meet to discuss needs, exchange experiences, and agree on common feminist agendas. However, she continues, “This fate can only be challenged if women leaders have a movement behind them, ready to support, monitor and speak up against toxic masculinity.” This is indeed what initiatives such as“Women’s Parliamentary Caucuses” or civil society supportive movements can create. Joelle Abou Farhat from FiftyFifty strives to create spaces for dialogues, exchanges and support networks between women politicians regardless of their party affiliations. She explains: “It is in our interest as women to support each other, and this is a lesson we have learned. Solidarity amongst women is growing gradually today, and the door to political discussions and exchanges between women politicians we work with has now been opened.” As a result of prevalent patriarchal attitudes and behavior inside Parliament and the absence of coordination frameworks and popular support, many women MPs are left in an almost lone fight against hypermasculine performances and ways of working and occasional sexist insults; a pattern that reflects, to a large extent, many harmful situations where women find themselves dealing with toxic masculinities in their relationships with the men in their lives or male-dominated societies more broadly. But are independent women MPs able to challenge this ordeal from within Parliament? Four out of 25 respondents agree that they can, 16 partially agree, and 5 do not agree at all. Among those who hold skeptical views, one respondent sees that “Challenging hypermasculine performative norms should not go naturally and occasionally with women MPs, it should be a deliberate and intentional decision that they need to express every step of the way.” Another respondent fears that repeated confrontations might turn into “another performative act that sexist men will then be able to point to and use to silence women’s voices.” Among those who partially agree that independent women MPs can challenge existing patriarchal powers, one respondent says that “For sure, these MPs are challenging patriarchal performances and are imposing a new discourse and new terminologies that were never used before inside Parliament. But this is a long battle and it can exhaust them, since they are a small, lonely minority in the face of a big archaic patriarchal bloc with deep roots inside.” Another respondent notes that these women will most likely fail to confront patriarchal and hypermasculine attitudes inside Parliament, “as they have a whole system stacked against them.” When it comes to whether women parliamentarians belonging to traditional parties are able to challenge patriarchal politics inside Parliament or to promote feminist agendas, most survey respondents agree that it is highly unlikely for them to do so. Twelve agreed that they will not be able to confront such challenges, and 12 partially agreed. The reasons behind the majority doubting these women’s capacity to stand up against patriarchal behavior and agendas entail, for example, the limited power these women usually have within their own parties, the difficulty they will most probably face in trying to raise issues from outside their parties’ strict priorities and agendas-usually very far from feminist intersectional analysis of needs and responsibilities- and the ideological contradictions between Lebanese traditional political parties and feminist and social justice agendas. Respondents who partially agreed mostly wanted to leave room for the chance that some of these women may be fighting a few internal battles the public is not aware of and the possibility that a few may indeed be negotiating from within the patriarchal contexts they exist in to advance women’s rights-something that most women do anyway- all whilst acknowledging their low chances in producing real change. Considering the aforementioned enormous challenges, should feminists show more support and patience towards women MPs? Nine out of 25 respondents rejected the logic of“special treatment” when it comes to women parliamentarians, emphasizing the need to separate the act or the job from the gender, and to not issue preexisting decisions on tolerance or firmness. On the other hand, 16 out of 25 respondents believe in the importance of activists’ support to and solidarity with women MPs, without 30

this meaning in any way that they cannot disagree with them or hold them accountable, but rather as an acknowledgment of activists’ duty to contribute to the bigger confrontation of the hatred and violence these women will certainly face in a highly exclusionary, hostile and patriarchal political space. C. Addressing Discursive Tensions Between Women’s Participation and the Feminist Policymaking Agenda Activists closely following feminist debates ahead the 2022 elections would have noticed discursive tensions between those who believe in the importance of securing women’s political participation and access as a key priority, and others who question the meaning of this demand when women candidates do not all carry a clear feminist and intersectional agenda that takes into account the interests of all women and is conscious of the importance of intersectionality; i.e., the multiple factors that can affect the ability of every woman to enjoy her human rights, the disparities in opportunities and resources among women themselves, and therefore, the different ways in which one or more crises can impact them and other marginalized groups in society. To better understand the arguments presented as part of this discussion, the survey targeting feminist activists living in Lebanon included questions addressing their views on the quota, women’s representation in politics, and the feminist agenda. From the comments and thoughts shared by the 25 respondents, 3 intellectual streams have emerged in relation to whether women’s participation in formal political spaces must be contingent upon them carrying a feminist agenda: The first stream is one that believes in the need to call for securing women’s political access and representation first, regardless of their agenda, because the right to access politics is a fundamental right for everyone, regardless of whether individuals seeking it hold a project we deem good or bad, also given how subjective such a judgment can be, as understandings of feminism and intersectionality can vary among candidates, women in general, and even amongst feminist activists, as this research shows. In addition, proponents of this approach say they are primarily concerned with the fact that if society begins to strictly scrutinize and hold potential women candidates accountable to every thought they express 31

or don’t, at a time when the women of the country have almost never even reached power or considered the possibility of running for office, let alone winning an election, this position, intentionally or not, will eventually be doing patriarchal politics a service as it will reinforce its efforts to exclude and alienate women from public spaces. To defend this approach, some respondents also use the tactic-related argument. In other words, amid the almost complete absence of women from the political sphere, activists should better invest in encouraging women and securing their representation first, and then focus on advancing an agenda, because, as one respondent puts it: “Today, it’s not like we have a choice between a good woman or a bad woman as women are still largely absent from[formal] political work.” Of the 25 respondents, 14 agree that women’s political participation should be a goal in itself, regardless of candidates’ agendas: “Women will never be allowed to fully participate in politics and decision-making in the current system. Hence, calling for women’s full political participation is in itself a call for changing the system.” Survey respondent “Women should have the same rights as men to have terrible views. Their participation to political life should not be dependent on the agenda they abide to. However, that does not mean that we should rejoice when women whose agenda is anti-feminist, participate in politics. But they should still have the right to do so, just like anybody else. And they should be fought for their anti-feminist agenda, just like anybody else.” Survey respondent “To be honest, I always hesitate when trying to provide an answer to this question. I think that securing a participation accompanied by a feminist agenda will undoubtedly be the priority. But the presence of women, regardless of their affiliations, is also very essential.” Survey respondent The second stream is one that recognizes efforts to improve women’s access to decision-making positions and their right to that access, but does not believe in the duty to encourage women simply because they are women, i.e., regardless of the agenda they promote. Instead, holders of this view tend to focus on the values and agendas candidates carry. To elaborate, activists who abide by this approach fear that by encouraging representation for the sake of it, tokenistic tendencies will be reinforced, exactly as applied by traditional parties who often work towards ensuring women’s representation in a superficial manner, or simply because they are forced to in the twenty-first century. Even MP Paula Yacoubian previously pointed to this risk in an interview with UN Women, saying that some women parliamentarians“represent their parties, not women nor their society.”(O’Keeffe& Ekmekji, 2022). Subsequently, for proponents of this approach, it becomes essential to connect women’s access to politics to their commitment to a clear feminist agenda which in this context is used as a prerequisite for backing candidates. Related to this, one respondent recalls Hassan Diab’s government which comprised the highest number of women ministers in Lebanon’s history, while noting that these women have not done much to advance the rights of women and girls. “We saw how the discourse of some independent women parliamentarians was bold... but we also saw how the accession of 6 women ministers to government did not change much.” Survey respondent 32

“Pushing women only for the sake of having more women in politics is tricky and can contribute to the recycling of the same injustice[…]. We should aim to help women who can contribute to real change to reach positions of power.” Survey respondent The third and last stream reflects the views of a minority among survey respondents and is one that does not give great importance to the gender aspect of decision-making. Proponents of this approach do not view gender inclusivity as a necessarily liberating or progressive political goal in and of itself. They tend to adopt a primarily agendabased approach that takes into account the political, economic and social interests of women as well as those of deprived and marginalized groups. However, this perspective does not come without contestation. Promoting such a discourse can be counterproductive, in that it risks reinforcing current power dynamics inside the state and the representational status-quo by elevating the value of agendas at the expense of a more diverse representation. This stream of thought, if applied, might also perpetuate the ruling of the country by the same old male-dominated blocs, and cause the feminist agenda to remain hostage to almost exclusively male representatives. Among those, there might be a few honest men defending the rights of women and girls, but there will be a majority who will not, and a big chunk who will just pretend to be doing so, while behind their desks, in their homes, parties and communities, they will go on with their typical masculinist behavior, gaining further legitimacy in the name of agenda superiority. As one survey respondent puts it: “I don’t think that men can really represent women’s interests... Women have the right to be represented in politics and should not be required to hold ideals and conform to our revolutionary principles in order to be able to participate.” A Clear Alignment on the Importance of Quotas and the Intimate Link Between Intersectionality and Participation The diversity of opinions among feminist activists recorded when posing the representation v/s agenda questions, is not noted when addressing the issue of women’s quotas, the importance of which was met with great consensus. Most respondents say they perceive quotas as necessary temporary measures that can help achieve the political participation of women (23 out of 25); and as an important tool to advance an intersectional feminist agenda(20 out of 25), on the basis that such an agenda cannot be achieved in state institutions where women and other groups are absent and alienated from decision-making and legislative positions. This consensus could be signaling a new era of discursive and political harmony among activists, at least with regards to how they perceive quotas, something that has not always constituted a consensual issue, especially among those outside of main non-governmental organizations. As one of the 25 respondents notes: “Quotas are a necessary tool to impose women’s political participation. The political field, overflowing with men, will not just open the door by itself for women to enter it.” Another sees quotas as a measure that will help “change the mentality of the system/ society and fight patriarchy in a legal manner. However, quotas are a step towards change and can’t be enough alone.” For another respondent, “The quota won’t bring“better” MPs but it will grow the visual habit to see women and men in governments and parliaments.” To conclude with how feminist activists are thinking of matters of representation and participation, it is clear that the majority agrees that quotas are important as temporary measures(23 out 25); that quotas are important prerequisites, though not enough, to ensure intersectional feminist politics are applied,(20 out of 25); and that women’s political participation is necessary to enable the advancement of feminist intersectional agendas(19 out of 25). Opinions, however, diverged when the question about whether the political participation of women should be a goal in itself was raised, and responses were divided between views that encourage women’s representation and others that believe it should be contingent upon the existence of a non-compromising feminist agenda in candidates’ electoral programs. Far from being specific to Lebanon, this debate has had a long history within feminist and women’s movements globally. The arguments in favor of gender quotas, around which feminist activists in Lebanon seem to increasingly converge, are largely founded in the understanding that current sectarian and patriarchal socio-political structures largely favor male representation over female representation. This can be characterized as an extension of the unequal division of power and labor and systemic exclusion of women from the public sphere and clear evidence of injustice. Inequalities in accessing positions of power and decision-making are thus distinctly drawn along 33

the lines of gender, making an indisputable case for positive action, to ensure democratic processes and outcomes. Nevertheless, while gender quotas are a useful tool to ensure greater representation of women in political spaces, those who do get to positions of power will not always hold intersectional feminist agendas, and sometimes find it difficult to diverge from party lines, making quotas an insufficient tool to advance feminist priorities alone. Different critiques of women’s descriptive(or numerical) representation – that is, the focus on ensuring more women get to positions of power – have emerged in the literature, some of which mirror those expressed by a few survey respondents, favoring women’s substantive representation – or giving priority to the agenda over the representative’s gender. In her piece on the politics of presence, Anne Philips(2000) unpacks and addresses the most prominent of these critiques, and her analysis is a useful basis to reflect on this debate in the Lebanese context specifically. Most relevant to the latter is the essentialist critique, which posits that since women are in no way a homogenous group, focusing on their numerical representation erases other identities and translates into various politics and agendas that may not always serve feminist goals. Philips challenges this argument however, by re-centering the importance of analyses of power and subordination within political debates. In fact, patriarchal and sexist discrimination overtly affect all women across social categories and groups, and “refusing to recognize the collective nature of this disadvantage makes it virtually impossible to address it.” away. The principle of interests deriving from lived experiences is also crucial to highlight, as women are most often better positioned to understand and address women’s issues in decision-making bodies. As detailed in sections above, patriarchal and sectarians’ structures not only restrict women’s representation and ability to access positions of power, but also systematically block their meaningful participation and any attempts at making a change in processes or agendas. Accordingly, as intersectional feminism entails recognizing and supporting women’s diverse struggles against oppressive patriarchal systems, women’s representation is re-affirmed as a key feminist goal in and of itself. Ultimately, having as many feminist women in parliament as possible and ensuring intersectional feminist policymaking processes and agendas remain the main ambitions for feminist activists in Lebanon. Yet, a key stepping stone to achieving these objectives lies in having more women in positions of power in the first place, and accordingly, in breaking socio-political, economic and systemic barriers which continuously exclude them from pubic spheres at all levels. Supporting women’s political representation, while encouraging more intersectional feminist agendas and policymaking processes need not be considered contradictory, as they are both essential conditions of social justice. Changing the present political system requires shaking its intertwined foundations of patriarchy, sectarianism and corruption; all of which work in tandem to exclude women and their issues from politics while reproducing discrimination, injustice and oppression. For women in Lebanon, the patriarchal and sectarian nature of the political system consistently positions all women at a disadvantage, and this translates into systemic and intentional exclusions from political and decision-making spaces in a clear form of injustice. Women’s representation in politics is therefore a feminist goal in itself, one which cannot be separated from the larger intersectional feminist agenda. Additionally, it is crucial to understand women’s representation from a social justice perspective, looking at politics as a space where no argument can be made for the monopoly of one social group, and even less so one gender. Women’s representation, in that sense, is an inalienable right that cannot and should not be minimized, violated or taken The critical challenge remains in women’s wider mobilization around a coherent and strong feminist movement, in which intersectional feminist priorities and policymaking processes can be debated and defined, in which networking and learning can be fostered, and from which strong women leaders can emerge and be supported to reach positions of power. In fact, it is only when women reach positions of power, breaking systemic barriers, challenging existing forms of leadership and bringing in new discourse and priorities, that the foundations of the patriarchal sectarian political system in Lebanon would truly be disrupted. 34

IV. Conclusion In the months leading up to the 2022 parliamentary elections, many were hopeful to see new faces and dynamics in Lebanese politics, accompanied by concrete actions to resolve the crises, address longstanding corruption and inequalities, and make an overall change in the patriarchal sectarian system ruling the country. Despite the wins of some candidates associated with“change”, many were disappointed with the results, or skeptical about their ability to bring about much needed change. Only 8 women were newly elected as MPs, out of 128, with half of those being associated with“change”. Accordingly, political debate flowed around women’s representation in politics, the agendas they are able to bring forth, as well as renewed approaches for greater and more meaningful political engagement, some of which, inspired by findings of this research, are presented here: Advancing a Contextualized Paradigm for Intersectional Feminist Policymaking in Lebanon As explored and posited in this research, advancing intersectional feminist agendas requires a focus on both the processes of developing such policies and on the nature and constructions of policy problems and solutions. Critically, it is essential to recognize the intersectional feminist agenda as a systemic solution to address the patriarchal and sectarian foundations of the political system in Lebanon, as well as its overlapping systems of oppression affecting various groups across the social fabric. As some gaps persist around this understanding, particularly among many women formally engaged in politics, it is essential for investments to be made in discussions and political debates around intersectional feminist priorities. This would not only contribute to a deeper understanding of those priorities and to feminist consciousnessraising, but is also necessary for women and their movements to discuss and identify policy problems and solutions using that intersectional feminist lens. Alternative political and organizing spaces also remain fundamental to grow and facilitate women’s mobilization and interests in politics and encourage greater engagement with the feminist movement. Such spaces would allow for women to come together and shape a contextualized intersectional feminist agenda, while facilitating their political apprenticeship and growing their social capital and networks. These considerations are also key to guarantee solid engagement between feminist groups and women involved and interested in politics. Finally, drawing on the experiences of post-October 17 organizing and political activism, it is indeed imperative to re-imagine the political space and diverge from traditional models of involvement and participation in politics to allow for more democratic, grassroots and transformative models to emerge. Reducing Isolation and Fostering a Culture of Support Between Women in Politics and the Feminist Movement Despite numerous efforts by feminists in Lebanon to expose violence and sexism against women and the many messages of support received by women in politics, albeit intermittently, Lebanon still lags behind in terms of sustained exposure and condemnation of the violence women in politics specifically face. This is partly because of the weak resources allocated to VAWP and feminist platforms, and partly because of the lukewarm empathy, or lack thereof, towards individuals reaching power, including and especially women, also often fueled by political disagreements with their agenda or discourse, further distancing them from important segments of the public. Consistent documentation and concerted efforts to expose the violence women in politics are subjected to-whether they are in power or not- are therefore crucial, particularly in a highly patriarchal context such as Lebanon. Should social change movements, the media, and other important actors fail to call out sexism and violence against women in politics and overcome political differences acting as barriers for condemnation, women in power or in politics will keep finding themselves under sexist attacks, isolated, or fighting alone, and other women with an interest in politics will risk becoming even more reluctant to run for elections or compete for high-level positions; first, out of fear of being attacked, and second, of being attacked without receiving enough support. Hence, fostering a culture of respect and support among feminists on the one hand, and feminists and women in politics on the other-one that by no means is made equivalent to the justification of errors or avoidance of differences or accountability- will be essential to advance a conducive environment for women’s participation in all political spaces. 35

Acknowledging the Invisible Barriers That Women Face in Politics While an abundance of reports that address key structural obstacles hindering women’s participation in formal political spaces have been published, little has been written about the more subtle ways in which patriarchy works to restrict women’s political drive and initiative. To name a few, media engagement models encouraging the overrepresentation of men(versus the lack of representation of women), the patriarchal nature of the social and financial burdens imposed by preferential voting, the essentiality of securing familial and partner support as a prerequisite for running for candidacy or participating in political spaces, the concentration of capital in the hands of“the heads” of the household, are underexplored and underreported paradigms that can help unpack patriarchy’s more sophisticated exclusionary methods and deepen our understanding of the litany of day-to-day causes preventing ordinary women from accessing political spheres. As a result, it is important to first acknowledge these invisible barriers enforced by patriarchy’s cultural instruments, and subsequently, almost every woman’s “scars”, left by the harmful experiences and daily battles she would have most probably experienced; and then work to integrate this acknowledgment into an ever-growing feminist consciousness that believes in the principle of supporting diverse women in the face of the hatred and sexism they are destined to suffer in highly exclusionary and hostile formal(and informal) political spaces. Finally, having as many feminist women in positions of power, pushing forward an intersectional feminist policymaking agenda, remains a key priority; one which requires having more women in power in the first place, and thus breaking socio-political, economic and systemic barriers to their political work. It is important to reiterate that women’s descriptive and substantive representation need not be considered contradictory and are both essential for intersectional feminist objectives. Supporting and encouraging women’s mobilization and feminist movement-building is key to ensuring intersectional feminist priorities can be better defined, and from which strong women leaders can emerge. In fact, challenging and breaking the patriarchal and sectarian system in Lebanon, and bringing about social justice and change, can only be achieved if women are represented and able to meaningfully contribute to agenda-setting and decision-making spaces, breaking systemic barriers, challenging existing forms of leadership and bringing in new discourse and priorities. Recognizing the Right to Representation As Essential to Advancing an Intersectional Feminist Agenda As detailed in this research, some differences in opinion have emerged among feminist activists around prioritizing women’s descriptive representation versus substantial representation. However, most respondents seem to converge around the importance of women’s representation as a right and a feminist objective in itself, but more can certainly be done to reduce discursive tensions or unnecessary competing agendas. For this purpose, constructive, formal and informal dialogues among activists and experts are encouraged to discuss nuanced views around women’s political representation, the feminist agenda, and the value of the collective fight against attempts to downplay women’s legitimate and unique position when it comes to addressing policy problems in a way that highlights their own distinct experiences and addresses their specific concerns. 36

References Bacchi, C.(2009). Analysing Policy: What’s the Problem Represented To Be? Pearson Education. Chebaro, A. and Mikhael, T.(2022). Final Report on Media and Gender Monitoring of the 2022 Elections by the joint project“Marsad VAWP” : Maharat Foundation and Madanyat. Chebaro, A., El Baba, D. and Fatfat, J.(2022). Parliamentary Elections Observation Report from a Gender Perspective: Lebanese Association for Democratic Elections. Connell, R. W.(1987). Sexual Character. In R. W. Connell, Gender and power: Society, the Person and Sexual Politics(pp. 167-190). Stanford: Stanford University Press. Cornwall, A.,& Goetz, A. m.(2005). Democratizing democracy: Feminist perspectives. Democratization, 12(5), 783-800. El Kaakour, H.(2022). Pursuing Equality in Rights and Representation- Women’s Experiences Running for Parliament in Lebanon’s 2018 Elections , UN Women. Hawkesworth, M.(1994). Policy Studies within a Feminist Frame. Policy Sciences, 27(2/3) , 97-118. Kanenberg, H., Leal, R.,& Erch, S.“.(2019). Revising McPhail’s Feminist Policy Analysis Framework: Updates for Use in Contemporary Social Policy Research. ADVANCES IN SOCIAL WORK, 19(1) , 1-22. Kilmartin, C. T.(2007). The masculine self(3rd ed.). New York, NY: MacMillian, retrieved from Western California University:“The Final Battle: Constructs of Hegemonic Masculinity and Hypermasculinity in Fraternity Membership”, p: https://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1052&context=csal Mosher, D. L.,& Sirkin, M.(1984). Measuring a macho personality constellation. Journal of Research in Personality, 18(2), 150–163: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0092656684900266?via%3Dihub L’Orient Today(July, 2022). EU’s Election Observation Mission discusses funding and paid coverage during Lebanon’s parliamentary elections. Retrieved from L’Orient Today: https://today.lorientlejour.com/ article/1304731/eus-election-observation-mission-discusses-funding-and-paid-coverage-during-lebanonsparliamentary-elections.html Lombardo, E., Meier, P.,& Verloo, M.(2012). Policymaking and Gender. FREIA Working Paper Series. McPhail, B.(2003). A Feminist Policy Analysis Framework. The Social Policy Journal, 2(2-3), 39-61. Megaphone.(2022, April). Elections 2022:“Priorities” topple women| انتخابات 2022: «الأولويات» تطيح بالنساء . Retrieved from Megaphone- Youtube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qazuCFShQXE O’Keeffe, R. and Ekmekji, K.(2022). Women at the Table: Insights from Lebanese Women in Politics: UN Women and ESCWA. Phillips, A.(2000). The Politics of Presence: Problems and Developments. Aalborg Universitet. Tabbara, R.,& Salame, R.(2022, March 24). Beyond barriers: Who and where are the women running in Lebanon’s May elections, and what are their prospects? Retrieved from L’Orient Today. 37

:اهيلإ ةراشإلاو ةساردلا نم سابتقالل ،نانبل يف ةيسايسلا ءاسنلا ةكراشمو ةماعلا تاسايسلا عنص لوح ةيوسن تاروظنم:ةوّ هلا ريسجت .2023 ، تربيإ شيرديرف ةسسؤم ،رمسألا اكسيشنارفو رامّ علا ايام رامّ علا ايام:ةيبرعلا ىلإ ةمجرتلا رنّ زم ىهن:ينّ فلا ميمصتلا .تربيإ شيرديرف ةسسؤم ءارآ ةرورضلاب سكعت الو نيتَ ثحابلا رظن تاهجو نع ربّ عت ةساردلا هذه يف ةدراولا ءارآلا نإ

تايوتحملا ةمئاق 4 يذيفنت زجوم 7 ةمدّ قملا- I 9 ةيجهنملا- II 12 جئاتنلا ليلحت- III 12 نانبل يف ةماعلا تاسايسلا عنصو ةيعطاقتلا ةيوسنلا تايولوألا-أ 12 ةماعلا تاسايسلا عنصل ةيعطاقتلا ةيوسنلا تابراقملاو تايرظنلا 13 ةيعطاقتلاو ةيوسنلا تاسايسلا عنصل ينانبللا قايسلاب صاخ يميهافم راطإ 16 تايدّ حتو تارغث:ضرألا ىلع ةيعطاقتلاو ةيوسنلا تاسايسلا عنص 20 ءاسنلا هاجتا يئادعو يئاصقإ لاجمك ةسايسلا-ب 21 تاحشرملا مامأ ةمثاجلا ليقارعلا 25 ةسايسلا يف ءاسنلا دض فنعلا 26 براجتلا يف تفال عٌ وّ نت:حشّ رتلا لالخ 27 مقافت ىلإ ءاصقإلاو فنعلا ثيح:ناملربلا لخاد 29 رييغت ثادحإو ةطلسلا تايّ لكيه يدّ حت ىلع تايناملربلا ةردق لوح تايوسن تاطشان ءارآ 30"ةيسايسلا ةكراشملا" نيب ةيباطخلا تارتّ وتلا ليلذت وحن-ج "ةيوسنلا ةدنجألا"و 31 قيقحتو ةكراشملا نيمأت نيب قيثولا طبارلاو ةيئاسنلا اتوكلا دامتعا ةيمهأ ىلع عامجإ ةيعطاقتلا 34 ةمتاخلا- IV 34 ينانبللا قايسلل اً مئالم نوكي ةيعطاقتلاو ةيوسنلا تايسايسلا عنصل يرظن راطإ ريوطت 34 ةسايسلا يف ءاسنلاو ةيوسنلا ةكرحلا نيب معدلا ةفاقث زيزعتو ةلزعلا نم دّ حلا 35 ةسايسلا يف ءاسنلا اههجاوت يتلا ةيئرماللا تابوعصلاو ليقارعلاب رارقإلا 35 ةيوسن ةدنجأب اً مدق عفدلل ةيرورض ةوطخك ليثمتلاو ةكراشملا يف قحلاب فارتعالا ةيعطاقتو

يذيفنت زجوم تاطـشانلا ىـلإ هلاـسرإ مـت فٍ داـه نٍ ايبتـسا ىـلإ ثـحبلا اذـه زـكتري نــم ةلــسلس ىــلإ ةــفاضإلاب ،ناــنبل يــف تاــعافلا تايوــسنلا ســلجملا ىــلإ نــلصو وأ نحــشّ رت ءاــسن عــم ةــقمّ عملا تاــباقملا لـفان نـمو.2018 ماـع اً ـضيأ نَ حـشّ رت نـمَ نّ ـهنمو ،2022 ماـع يـباينلا ةلاحلا هذـه يـفو ،هـيدّ عمُ ةـيّ عقوم نـم قلطنيـس ثـحبلا نإ لوـقلا اـياضقلا عـم سٍ اـمت ىـلع ،ناتيوـسن ،ناـنبل نـم ةـثحابو ةـيفاحص اـمه ىــلع عٍ اــطّ او ،ماــعلا يــنانبللا قايــسلاو ةيوــسنلا تاكرــحلاو .عسوألا ةيوسنلا تايرظنلاو ىربكلا تاشاقنلا عـنص لاـجمب ةـصاخلا عـجارملاو تاـيبدألا هرـكذت اـم ىـلإ اـنرظن اـم اذإ راـطإلا نأ اـهدافم ةـجيتن ىـلإ لـصّ وتن ،ةيوـسنلا ةـماعلا تاـسايسلا ناـنبل يـف ةـيعطاقتلاو ةيوـسنلا تاـسايسلا عـنصب صاـخلا يرـظنلا مــسر يــف عــبتّ ملا راــسملا لكــش ،اًلوأ:اــمه ،نــيتَ يحان ىــلع زــكّ ريُ لكّ ــشت يــتلا ةلكــشمُ لا ةــعيبط ،اً ــيناثو ،ةــحورطملا ةــسايسلا .اــهل ةــحرتقملا لوــلحلا ةــعيبطو ،اــهناونع وأ ةــسايسلا عَ وــضوم ةــماع ةــسايس ليكــشت راــسم دّ ــعيُ يــكلو ،راــسملا ىوتــسم ىــلع مـضت نأو اً يكراـشت نوـكي نأ يـغبني ،اً ـيعطاقتو اً يوـسن اً راـسم ةـنيّ عم ىــلع اً ــينبم نوــكي نأو ،ىتّ ــش تاــيفلخ نــم ءاــسن هــلحارم عــيمج يــف مهاــسي نأو ،ةلكــشملاب ةرــثأتملاو ةــيعقاولا ءاــسنلا براــجت عوّ ــنت ىــلع ،تاــيتفلاو ءاــسنلا عــيمج دــض فــنعلاو زــييمتلا ءاــغلإ اً كاردإ راــسملا ســكعي نأ يــغبني ،هــسفن تــقولا يــفو.نــهتايفلخ فــلتخم ىــلع ةــشقَ انمُ لا ةــسايسلا وأ حرــتقمُ لا عيرــشتلا تاــيعادتل ،راـصتخاب.اـهنمض نـم تاـيتفلاو ءاـسنلا اميـس ال ،عـمتجملا حئارـش يــطعتُ ةٌ ــيّ لمع وــه ةــيعطاقتو ةيوــسن تاــسايس رــيوطت نإ ،هنَ ــشْ عي يذــلا عــقاولاو ةــعوّ نتملا ءاــسنلا براــجتل ةــيولوألا اً كاــتما لــقألا هاــجتاب دراوــملاو ةطلــسلا لــيوحت ىــلإ وــبصيو نـيب نـم ةـشاشه رـثكألاو شـماوهلا يـف تا/نـيعباقلا يأ ،اـهل .ءاسنلا تاكرّ ـحت لاـخ نـهاياضقو ءاـسنلل يوـقلا روـضحلا نـم مـغرلا ىـلع ةيوـسنلا تاـعومجملا دوـهجو ،2019 رـبوتكأ/لوألا نيرـشت ةـضافتنا تاـيولوألا حرـط لـجأ نـم نـمزلا نـم ةـليوط دٍ وـقع ىـلع ةدّ ـتمملا عــنص ةــقورأ نــمضو ةيــسايسلا ةدــعصألا فــلتخم ىــلع ةيوــسنلا يــف ةً ــشمّ هم ءاــسنلا قوــقحو ةاواــسملا اــياضق تــلّ ظ ،رارــقلا سـلجمك ،اً ـصوصخ اـهنم ةيمـسرلاو ،اً ـمومع ةيـسايسلا تاءاـضفلا ةــيداصتقالاو ةيــشيعملا تاــمزألا مــقافت عــمو.يــنانبللا باوــنلا رــثكأف رــثكأ اــياضقلا هذــه شُ ــمَّهتُ ،موــيلا داــبلا اهدهــشت يــتلا ةــيعامتجالاو ةيــسايسلا تادــنجألا مرــه لفــسأ ىــلإ قــلزنتل .ةلوادتمُ لا ،ةـيباينلا 2022 وـيام/رايأ تاـباختنا تقبـس يـتلا ةـليلقلا رهـشألا يـف لــمع بيلاــسأو هوــجو لوــصو ةــيناكمإ ىــلع تارــيثكو رٌ ــثك لوّ ــع طٌ ــطخ اــهقفارت ،رارــقلا تاحاــس ىــلإ ةدــيدج ةيــسايس تاــبراقمو تاــمزألا راــثآ ةدّ ــح نــم فــفّ خت نأ اهنأــش نــم ةــسوملم تارارــقو ،تاــسسؤملا يــف يرــشتسملا يوــينبلا داــسفلا ةــفآو ةــبقاعتملا ثادــحإ ىــلإ يدّ ؤــتُ نأ ،يــلاتلابو ،ةاواــسماللا نــماكم جــلاعت نأو يــتلا ةــيفئاطلاو ةــيوبألا ةــموظنملا يــف قرــخو يــقيقح رــييغت لوــصو نــم مــغرلا ىــلع ،نــكلو.داــبلا لــصافمب تــمكّ حت اــملاطل تِ أــت مــل ،»رــييغتلا« يحــشّ رمب اوــفرعُ نــيذلا ني/تاحــشّ رملا ضــعب تــباخ نــيذلا ساــنلا نــم رــيثكلا تاــحومط ىوتــسم ىــلع جــئاتنلا نــمَ ةردــقب مــهنم رــيبك ءٌ زــح قــثي مــل ذإ ،تاــباختنالا دــيْ عبُ مــهلامآ اـمّ أ.ةوـجرملا تارـييغتلا قاـقحإ ىـلع يـباينلا سـلجملا ىـلإ اوـلصو ءاــسن 8 ىــلإ تــلصو دــقف ،دــيدجلا ناــملربلا يــف ءاــسنلا ةبــسن ةــجوم ىــلع نَ بْ ــستحيُ نّ ــهفصن ،128 لــصأ نــم طــقف تاــيناملرب .ةــيديلقتلا ةيــسايسلا بازــحألا ىــلع رــخآلا نّ ــهفصنو ،»رــييغتلا« لــيثمت ةلأــسم لوــح ةرــيثك تٌ اــشاقن تــقفّ دت ،كــلذ ءوــض ىــلع تادنجألاو اياضقلاو ،ةـهج نم ماـعلا يـسايسلا لاـجملا يـف ءاـسنلا .ىرخأ ةهج نم ،اهب اً مدق عفدلا تازئافلا ءاسنلا ناكمإب يتلا نــيب ةوّ ــه دوــجو نــع ثــحبلا فُ ــشكي ،قبــس اــم ىــلإ ةــفاضإلاب نــم رــيثكلاو ،ةــهج نــم اــهتايولوأو ةيوــسنلا ةــكرحلا بــلاطم ذإ ،ىرـخأ ةـهج نـم ةـيباينلا تاـباختنالا يـف تاحـشّ رمُ لا ءاـسنلا تاــيفلخو قــطانم نــم نَ ــيتأي تٍ احــشّ رم فوــفص يــف ســملن اــم ىــلإ ءاــمتنالا وأ/و مــهف نــع زــجعلا نــم اً ــعون ،ىتّ ــش ةيــسايس زـجعلا اذـه مَ ـجَ ن ،تالاـحلا ضـعب يـف.ةـيعطاقتلا ةيوـسنلاب فرـعيُ تاـسايسلاب اًلصأ دوصقملا ام مـهف ىوتـسم يف حٍ ـضاو صٍ ـقن نـع سَ ــكَ ع ،ىرــخأ تٍ الاــح يــفو ؛ةــيعطاقتلاو ةيوــسنلا تاــيولوألاو يـف تاـيولوألا هذـه لـثم ةرورـض وأ ةـيمهأ نـم صـيلقتلا ىـلإ اً ـيم اً ـضيأ يـنعي زـجعلا اذـه نّ ـكل.اً ـحاحلإ رـثكأ ىرـخأ مٍ وـمه ناـيغط لّ ـظ ةــيوبألا ةطلــسلا تاــيلكيه ىــلع بــيوصتلا ىــلع ةردــقلا نأ دـنع ءيـشلا ضـعب ةً ـفيعض لازـت ال ،ءاـسنلا عـمقت يـتلا ةـيفئاطلاو رــمألا كــلذك.ةــسايسلا مــلاع يــف تاــعافلا ءاــسنلا نــم رــيثكلا نــم هــمدّ قت اــمو ةــيعطاقتلا ةيوــسنلل نّ ــهمهف ىــلإ ةبــسنلاب يــف دَ عاــست نأ ،كــش ىــندأ نود نــم ،اــهناكمإب ةــيوينب لٍ وــلح فــلتخم ىــلع اــهتايعادتو ةــلخادتملا عــمقلا مــظنل يدّ ــصتلا زرــب يذــلا مــهملا شاــقنلا اذــه يــف ماهــسإلا ىــلإ ثــحبلا ىعــسي وـه اـم:لاؤـس نـع ةـباجإلا ثـحبلا لواـحي ،ةً ـيادب.ةرـتفلا كـلت يـف فــيكو ةــيعطاقتلاو ةيوــسنلا ةــماعلا تاــسايسلا عــنصب دوــصقملا رٍ اــطإ حارــتقا ىــلإ رداــبي مــث ؟اً ــصأ رــيبعتلا اذــه تاــيّ نعملا مــهفت قايــسلا ةــعيبط نــم اً ــقالطنا تاــسايسلا نــم عوــنلا اذــهل يرــظن ءاـصقإ تاـيّ لآ يـف رـثكأ ثـحبلا صوـغي ،اً ـيناث.هـل ةً باجتـساو يـنانبللا رــبع ،تَ ــبثيُ ل ،ةيــسايسلاو ةــماعلا تالاــجملا نــم جــهنمملا ءاــسنلا يـسايسلا ءاـضفلا ةـيئادعِ ىدـم ،اـهقثّ وي يـتلا ةدـيدجلا تاداهـشلا لوـح تاـمّ أتلا ضَ ـعب ثـحبلا مدّ ـقي ،اً رـيخأو.ءاـسنلا هاـجتا يمـسرلا ةيــسايسلا تاءاــضفلا يــف ءاــسنلا ةكراــشمو لــيثمتلا ةلأــسم ءاــسنلا ةكراــشم ةــحلاصمُ اًلواــحم ،ناــملربلا اً دــيدحتو ،ةيمــسرلا ءاـسنلا نأ عـقاو عـم ،هـتاذب اً ـمئاق اً ـفدهو اً ـقح اـهفصوب ةيـسايسلا نــع نَ ــعفادي وأ نَ ــلمحي ال دــق ،ناــيحألا ضــعب يــف ،ةطلــسلا يــف .ةيعطاقتو ةيوسن تادنجأ 4

تاــئفلا عــم تاــشاقنلاو تاءاــقللاو نــهتادلب يــلاهأ لزاــنم ىــلإ اذـه يـف تررّ ـكت يـتلا تاحـشرملا لاوـقأ دـكّ ؤت اـمكو.ةفدهتـسملا تابوــسحملا وأ تالقتــسملا تاحــشرملا ءاــسنلا نــكت مــل ،ثــحبلا سوؤر وأ تاورــثلا نَ ــكلتمي ،»رــييغتلا« وأ ةــضراعمُ لا ةــجوملا ىــلع ،ناــيحألا ضــعب يــف وأ ،نوحــشّ رملا لاــجرلا اــهكلتمي يــتلا لاوــمألا .ةيديلقتلا بازحألل تاعباتلا ءاسنلا يــف هــيلع صوــصنملا يــليضفتلا توــصلا لكّ ــش ،كــلذ ىــلإ نــم رــيثكلا لوــصو ماــمأ اً ــقئاع 2017 ماــعل باــختنالا نوــناق سـيل ةـميخو ةـيدام تاـعبت هـل نإ ذإ ةـيباينلا دـعاقملا ىـلإ ءاـسنلا اً رامثتـسا بـلّ طتي يـليضفتلا توـصلا بُ ـسكف.اـهلمح نـهرودقمب نـم فـيثكتلاو ةيصخـشلا ةـيئاعدلاو ةـيباختنالا تاـمحلا يـف اً رـيبك تــناك فــيك اً ــحضاو ناك ،كــلذ ىــلع ةً واــع.ةــيباختنالا ةطــشنألا اً ــبلاغ يــتلا اــهنم ةدئاــسلاو ةــيديلقتلا ةــصاخب ،ةيــسايسلا بازــحألا ،ةيــسايسلا ءاــسنلا ةكراــشمل مــعاد هــنأ اــهنم رــيثكلا ىــعدّ ا اــم يمــسرلا يــسايسلا زــيّ حلا ىــلإ ءاــسنلا لوــصو ةــيّ مهأب فّ ختــست نــيب نــم نّ ــه تاــيّ نعملا نوــكت نــيح ىــتح ،لوــصولا اذــه دــيّ قتو .هسفن بزحلا فوفص رــفّ وت ةَ رورــض ثــحبلا اذــه زرــبيُ ،يــبزحلا لاــجملا ىــلإ ةــفاضإلاب طٍ رـشو دٍ روـمك ةأرـملاب طـيحت ةـيعمتجمو ةـيلئاع مـعد ةكبـش .ماــعلا يــسايسلا لاــجملا يــف اــهطارخناو اهحــشّ رتل نييَّــساسأ اذــه نــم ةأرــملا دعبتــستُ س ،ةطاــسبب ،ةكبــشلا هذــه نود نــمف اـهتيبلت مدـع ىـلع هببـسب اً ـنايحأ ماـتُ دـق لـب ال ،لـمعلا نـم عوـنلا .ةً أرما اهفصوب اهنم ةعقّ وتملا ماهملا نحــشّ رتيو ةرــيثكلا تاــبقعلا زواــجت نــم ءاــسنلا نــكّ متت نــيحو تُ اـسرامم رـسحنت ال ،رارـق زـكرم وأ ةطلـس عـقوم ىـلإ نـلصيو رارـقلا ءاـضف لـخاد نـم يـلّ جتلا يـف رمتـست لـب نـهدض زـييمتلا اــم اــهنمو داــتعمُ وــه اــم اــهنم ،ةددّ ــعتم بيلاــسأبو ،يمــسرلا ةــقثّ وملا تاداهــشلا لاــخ نــم ىدّ ــتبيو.نــهيلع اً دــيدج نوكيــس شرّ ــحتلاو ةــقياضملا تاــسرامم راــشتنا ىدــم ،ثــحبلا اذــه يــف تاــعامتجالاو ةــيّ نطولا تادــنجألا عــضو تاراــسم يــف ءاــصقإلاو لــخاد ةــيباينلا ناــجللاب ةــصاخلا تاــعامتجالا اميــس ال ،ةيــسايسلا فــعاضتتو ةً دّ ــح ءاــصقإلاو ةــقياضملا براــجت دادزــتو.ناــملربلا ةً ـيقوقح ةً ـغل ،باوّ ـنلا لـبق نـم ةفدهتـسمُ لا ةـبئانلا دـمتعت اـمدنع ىدّ ــحتت اــمدنع وأ ،ىــحنملا ةيوــسن تٍ اــحلطصمو ةً ــحضاو مــستّ ا اــملاطل يــتلا ةــيروكذلاو ةــيفئاطلا تاــباطخلاو تاــسرامملا .ينانبللا يباينلا سلجملا اهب فارـتعالا اـنيلع ،ةرـيثك ىرـخأ تٍ الاـح يـف نـكل.ةـيعمتجملا تاـئفلا تايعاــسلا ءاــسنلا اــهاقّ لتت يــتلا ةيــساقلا دودرــلاو تاــمجهلا نّ أــب ،يعطاقت يرـكف ىحنم دامتعاو ةيوـسنلا اـياضقلل ةـيّ مهأ ءاـيإ ىـلإ حرــط ةــلواحم نــع تاــيرخأُ يــنث ىــلإ يدّ ؤــت نأ اً دّ ــج لــمتحملا نــم ضرّ ــعتلا رــطخب ساــسحإلا ةــجيتن ،نَ رــتخيف ،ىــتّ ح اــياضقلا كــلت كــلت نــيبو نــهنيب ةٍ فاــسم كَ رــت ،ةــفينعلا دودرــلاو تاــمجهلل .نــههاجتا ةــطرفملا ةــيئادعلل اً ــيدافت تادــنجألا وأ لئاــسملا رـسّ في نأ نـكمي يـساسأ رـخآ بٌ بـس كاـنه ،قبـس اـم ىـلإ ةـفاضإلاب اـمه ،نـيفَ رط نـيب لـعافتلا فـعض يـف نـمكي ،اـهيلإ راـشمُ لا ةوّ ـهلا ةيوـسنلا تاعومجملا وأ تاكرـحلاو ،ةهج نـم ةـسايسلا يـف ءاـسنلا وأ ككّ ــفتلا تالاــح ىــلإ هــعاجرإ نــكمي فٌ ــعض ؛ىرــخأ ةــهج نــم مدـعو ،ناـنبل يـف اهـسفن ةيوـسنلا ةـكرحلا اهدهـشت يـتلا عدّ ـصتلا ةـمئالم ةً ـئيب ءاـسنلل نـمّ ؤت ةـيفاك ةـليدب ةيـسايس تٍ احاـسم رـفّ وت .اهليكشتو ةيعطاقت ةيوسن تادنجأ ليّ ختو ميظنتلل لاــجملا نــم جــهنمملا ءاــسنلا ءاــصقإ نأ فــيك اً ــضيأ ثــحبلا نــيّ بي ةيوــسن ةدــنجأب اً ــمدق عــفدلا ماــمأ اً ــيقث اً ــقئاع لكّ ــشي يــسايسلا ىـلإ لوـصولل ءاـسنلا اـههجاوت يـتلا تاـبقعلا نأ فـيكو ،ةـيعطاقتو ىدــم ىــلع تــقثّ وُ و اً ــيرظن تــللّ حُ يــتلاو ،ةيــسايسلا تاءاــضفلا .موـيلا ىـتح اً رـشتنمو اً ـمئاق اـهنم رـيثكلا لازـي ال ،نـمزلا نـم دٍ وـقع براـجتلاو تاـبقعلا ىـلإ دنتـسيف ،ثـحبلا هـمدّ قي يذـلا لـيلحتلا اـمأ ،نـهتلباقم تـمّ ت يـتاوللا عبـسلا ءاـسنلا اً دـيدحت اـهنع تـثدّ حت يـتلا ىــلإ.ةً ــيئرم لــقألا لــيقارعلاو زــجاوحلا اًلواــنتمُ نهتاداهــش قــثّ ويو نييّ وينبلا زـييمتلاو فنعلا نأ فيك ةـقرولا هذـه يـف ىدّ ـبتي ،كـلذ هلاكــشأب فــنعلاوةيــسايسلا يــف ءاــسنلا دــض نيــسَ رامملا نالكّ ــشي ناــحربي ال-ةــفلتخملا ةــيظفللاو ةيــسفنلاو ةيدــسجلا نأ يــف بــغرت وأ ضوــخت ةأرــما يأل نييَّــساسألا لغاــشلاو ءَ بــعلا .ماعلا يسايسلا كرتعملا ضوخت ةيلوؤــسم ةــينانبللا ماــعإلا لئاــسول ناك ،رــخآلا دٍ ــيعص ىــلع ةَ حاـس اً ـضيأ يـه تدـسّ ج اـهنأ ثـيح ،راـمضملا اذـه يـف ةـحضاو طرــفمُ لٌ ــيثمت اــهيلع بَ ــلغ ذإ ةــسايسلا يــف ءاــسنلل ءٍ ادــع اذــه لــجأل نــهتلباقم تــمّ ت يــتاوللا تاحــشرملا مــظعم .لاــجرلل ةـيديلقتلا لـمعلا جَ ذاـمن ةـيباختنالا نـهتالمح لاـخ نَ ـيدّ حت ،ثـحبلا نأ رـيغ.ماـعإلا عـم نـهتالعافتو نـهتاقالع يـف نـمثلا ةـظهابلاو ةينويزفلتلا جـماربلا يـف نـهل ةـليئضلا تافاضتـسالاو هذـهك ةً ـبراقم رــطخ نود نــم تِ أــت مــل ،اً ــيمالعإ نــهيلع ةــضورفملا دوــيقلاو ىلع نـهتردق ىـلعو ةـيئرملا نـم يرورـض ىوتـسم ىـلع ةمواـسملا دّ رــلا يــف نّ ــهقح ىــلع ،اً ــضيأ نــكلو ؛ةــبخانلا تاــئفلا عــم لــعافتلا ماــعإلا يــف لوادــتتُ تــناك ةــللّ ضم تٍ اــمولعم وأ تٍ اــماهتا ىــلع .بجي امك ةيسايسلا نهاؤرو نهجماربو نهفقاوم حيضوتو ةــكرحلا نــمض ءارآلا يــف نٌ ــيابت كاــنه ناك نــيح يــفو ،ماــتخلا يــف ةكراـشملل ةيولوألا ءاطعإ بوـجو ىدم نـع لاؤـسلا ىدـل ةيوـسنلا ىــلع زــيكرتلا لــباقم ،) ةــيددعلا وأ( ءاــسنلل ةــيّ فصولا ةيــسايسلا ةُ ــيبلاغلا قــفتّ ت ،نوــمضملا وأ ةدــنجألا ىــلإ ةزــكترمُ لا ةكراــشملا ةكراــشملا ةــيمهأ ىــلع تاعلطتــسمُ لا تاطــشانلا نــم ىــمظعلا اً ــفدهو نّ ــهل اً ــقّ ح ،اــهتاذ دــحبو ،اــهنوكل ءاــسنلل ةيــسايسلا ةــيعطاقتلا ةيوــسنلا ةدــنجألا نــع هــلصف نــكمي ال اً يوــسن ءاــسنلا نأ نــيّ بتي ،ةــيلاملاو ةــيداملا دراوــملاب قــلّ عتي اــم يــف نــي/تاعوّ طتملا ةــمّ ه ىــلع يــساسأ لكــشب نَ دْ ــمتعا تاحــشّ رملا نــهل نــيمعاد تاــمح ءاردــم ىــلعو نابــشلاو تاباــشلا نــم تاــيدحت نــم نــينَ اع تاحــشّ رملا عــيمج.ةــيباختنالا نــهتالمحلو ىــتح ،ةــمزاللا ةــيلاملا دراوــملا نــيمأت نــهتالواحم ىدــل ةــنزاو تارايزلاك ةـيهيدب ةطـشنأ ميظنتل اـهريفوت بـجاولا اـهنم ةيـساسألا 5

قـيقحتل ةـمّ هم ةً ادأ اـهنوكل ،اً ـضيأ ةيئاـسنلا اـتوكلا ىـلعو ،عـسوألا رــيغ ،عالطتــسالا ىــلع تاــبيجمُ لا رــظنب ،اــتوكلا نأ ىوــس.كــلذ ،ةــيعطاقتلاو ةيوــسنلا ةــماعلا تاــسايسلاب اً ــمدق عــفدلل ةــيفاك ةــيعمقلا يوــبألاو يــفئاطلا ماــظنلا ســسأ يدّ ــحتل ،يــلاتلابو نــم مــغرلا ىــلع .ناــنبل يــف ةاــيحلا يــحاون لك يــف ةــلغّ وتملاو ىـلع هـنربتخي اـم مـكحبو ،ءاـسنلا لّ ـظت ،ةـيّ دودحملا هذـه كاردإ مـهف ىـلع ةردـق رـثكألاو ردـجألا نّ ـه ،يـميمحو يصخـش دـيعص اــهتايولوأ بــيترتو اــهليلحتو ةــماعلا تاــسايسلا تاــعوضوم ةــصاخلا نــهمومهو نــهبراجت يــكاحي وٍ ــحن ىــلع اــهتجلاعمو نـل ،ةـياهنلا يـفو.ةـحورطملا ةلكـشملا نـم تاررّ ـضتملا سـجاوهو بارتقالا ىـتح الو هرـسكو يـفئاطلاو يوـبألا ماـظنلا يدّ ـحت نـكمي نــكت مــل نإ ةــيعامتجالا ةــلادعلاو دوــشنملا يــلعفلا رــييغتلا نــم تارداـقو ماـعلا يمـسرلا يـسايسلا ءاـضفلا يـف تاكِ راـشمُ ءاـسنلا رــئاودو تادــنجألا دــيدحت تاراــسم يــف ةــلاعّ فلا ةمهاــسملا ىــلع ةــمثاجلا ةــيوينبلا لــيقارعلا مــيطحت لاــخ نــم كــلذو ،رارــقلا عــنص ةدئاــسلا ةــيطمنلا ةيــسايسلا ةداــيقلا لاكــشأ يدّ ــحتو نــهمامأ يــتلا تاــيولوألاو يــسايسلا باــطخلل دــيدج جذوــمن مــيدقتو .دجلا لمحم ىلع ذخؤت نأ قحتست 6

ةمدّ قملا- I ةاــناعم رارمتــسا ىــلع لّ دــي اــم ،اً دــج فٍ ــيفط لٍ كــشب نــكل دوــجوم ىـلعو ،تدـيّ ق يـتلا اهـسفن لـيقارعلا نـم رـيثكلا نـم ىرـبكلا ءاـسنلا نــهلوصوو ةيــسايسلا ةاــيحلا يــف نهتكراــشم ،تــلخ دٍ وــقع ىدــم تادــنجألا دــيدحت يــف رــيثأتلا ىــلع نــهتردقو رارــقلا رــئاود ىــلإ يــف لذَ ــبتُ يــتلا ةــينضملا دوــهجلا نــم مــغرلا ىــلعو.ةــلوادتمُ لا ضـعبل تاـضِ انملا دـصحو ةاواـسملاو ءاـسنلا قوـقح زـيزعت ليبـس تاــسايسلا مــسر تُ اراــسم ىــقبت ،لاــجملا اذــه يــف تابــسكتملا ةَ دــيعب اً ــمومع يوــسنلا لاــضنلا تاــيولوأو ةــيعطاقتلاو ةيوــسنلا يــف دــنْ بك ىــتّ ح وأ ةزــيكرك اــهدامتعا اً دــج دٌ عَ بتــسمُ لــب ال ،لاــنملا يــلاحلا اهلكــشب ةيعيرــشتلاو ةيــسايسلا تاــسسؤملاو تاــباطخلا .نانبل يف روـهدتو رـقفلا دـيازتو يـلاملا مـخضتلا لـظ يـفو ،ىرـخأ ةـيحان نـم تاــمدخ ىــلإ لوــصولاو ةــيلوألا مــهتاجاح ةــيبلت ىــلع ساــنلا ةردــق قــلزنتل ءاــسنلا اــياضق رــثكأف رــثكأ شــمّ هتُ فــيك دُ هــشيُ ،ةيــساسأ ىـطعم ماـمأو.ةيـسايسلا تاـيولوألاو تادـنجألا ملّ ـس لفـسأ ىـلإ يـتلا ةـيردنجلا تاـيمانيدلا كُ ـيكفت اً ـحّ لمو اً ـمهم حُ ـبصي ،اذـهك لٍ ـيقث يــسايسلا دَ هــشملا مَ وــيلا كُ رّ ــحتُ و 2022 ماــع تاــباختنا تــكرّ ح ةاقتــسملا تاــظحالملاو ءارآلا عُ ــمْ ج كــلذكو ،هــتانوّ كمو يــنانبللا وأ 2022 ماـع يـف نإ- حـشّ رتلا ةـلحر نَ ـضخ ءاـسنل ةٍ دـيدج براـجت نـم ةــثدَّحمُ تٍ اــمولعم مــيدقت فدــهب كــلذو-اً ــعم نــينثالا وأ 2018 ةيلبقتــسملا وأ ةــنهارلا دوــهجلا ءاــنب يــف مهاــستو اــهيلع ىــنبيُ نود لوـحت يـتلا ةدـيدجلا وأ ةـميدقلا لـيقارعلا زواـجت ىـلإ ةـيمارلا يــتلاو ،يــسايسلا لــقحلا يــف ءاــسنلل ةــيّ لعفلا ةكراــشملا قــيقحت ،ةــلمنأُ دَ ــيق وــلو ،اً ــمدق عــفدلا نــم نــكّ متلا نود اً ــضيأ لوــحت .ةدعاولا ةيوسنلا ةيسايسلا ةدنجألاب يوـسن لٍ ـيلحت مـيدقت ىـلإ يـساسأ لٍ كـشب ثـحبلا اذـه فدـهي ،اً ذإ ،ةماعلا ةيـسايسلا تاحاـسملا نم جهنمملا ءاـسنلا ءاصقإل قمّ عم .صوصخلا هـجو ىلع ناملربلاو ةيمـسرلا تاحاـسملا ىـلع زـيكرت عـم ةخـسارلا لـيقارعلا ثـحبلا فـشكتسي ،مدّ ـقمُ لا لـيلحتلا ءوـض ىـلعو ناــملربلا يــف ةــيعطاقتو ةيوــسن ةيــسايس ةدــنجأ رــيوطت ماــمأ اــهب تْ داــفأ رــظن تاــهجوو رٍ اكــفأ ىــلع هــلَ يلحت اً ــيناب ،يــنانبللا ىــلعو ،ثــحبلا اذــه ضرــغل نهعالطتــسا مــت تايوــسن تاطــشان وأ/و ،2018 وأ 2022 ماـع ةـيباختنا تٍ اـمح نَ ـضخ تاحـشّ رم براـجت .يباين دٍ عقمب نزف اــهب مــهفتُ يــتلا قــئارطلاو تايوتــسملا صــحّ فتب ثــحبلا اذــه أدــبي يــتلا تالاــمتحالاو»ةــيعطاقتلاو ةيوــسنلا تاــيولوألا« ةراــبع مـت يـتاوللا تاطـشانلا فوـفص يـف كـلذو ،اـهب فـيرعتلل تـمدّ قُ مـث.نـهتلباقم تـمت يـتلا ةـبئانلاو تاحـشّ رملا اً ـضيأو نهعالطتـسا تاـسايسلا عـنصل يـنانبللا قايـسلاب اً ـصاخ اً ـيرظن اً راـطإ ثـحبلا حرـتقي ىدــم قٍ ــحال مٍ ــسق يــف تَ ــبثيو دوــعيل ،ةــيعطاقتلاو ةيوــسنلا ىــلإ دانتــسالاب ،ءاــسنلا هاــجتا يــنانبللا يــسايسلا ماــظنلا ةــيئادع 2022 تاــباختنا يــف حــئاول ىــلإ نــممضنا ةحــشرم 118 نــيب نــم نأ يـنعي اـم ،ةـيناملربلا ةودـنلا ىـلإ طـقف ءاـسن 8 تـبختُ نا ،ةـيباينلا 128 نــم فــلّ ؤملا يــلاحلا ســلجملا يــف ءاــسنلا ةكراــشم ةبــسن عــم ةً ــنراقم اً ــفيفط اً نــسّ حت ةً لجِّــسمُ ،طــقف%6.25 يزاوــت اً دــعقم نـيح يـفو.2018 ماـع سـلجم يـف نهتكراـشم ةبـسن يأ ،%4.68 ــلا ماـع%11 نـم ةـيناملربلا ةودـنلا ىـلإ ءاـسنلا حـشّ رت ةبـسن تـعفترا جــئاتن نأ الإ ،)2022 ، ةماــسو ةراــبط( 2022 ماــع%15 ىــلإ 2018 نـم عـمتجملا هُ ـفرع اـم عـم ةً ـنراقم لاـمآلل ةـبيّ خم تـناك تاـباختنالا ةــيجاجتحالاو ةــيعامتجالا تاكرّ ــحتلا يــف ءاــسنلل فــيثك طٍ ارــخنا ىــلع 2019 رــبوتكأ/لوألا نيرــشت ةــضافتنا يــف يداــيرلا نــهرودو ةرــبنلاو باــطخلا جاــتنإو ،دــشحلاو ،تاريــسملا ةداــيق ىوتــسم داكــلاب نــكل.ةيــسايسلا تاحاــسملا نــم رــيثكلا يــف فقــسلاو ةـضرِ اعمُ لا وأ ةلّ قتـسمُ لا حـئاوللا نـم%22 هتبـسن اـم ءاـسنلا تلكّ ـش ةـمكاحلا بـخنلل يدّ ـج يـمدّ قت لٍ ـيدبك اهـسَ فن تْ ـحرط يـتلاو ،ىـتّ ح نــيلاوم نــييعاطقإ ءاــمعزو نيقباــس برــح ءارــمأ نــم ةــفلّ ؤملا .)2022 ، نوفاغيم( يوبألا ماظنلا نم نيديفتسمُ و ةيّ وطلـسلا هـتايلكيه ىـلع يـنانبللا يـسايسلا ماـظنلا دـقتُ نا اـملاطل نــيب ةــصصاحملاو داــسفلاو ةــينئابزلاو ةــيفئاطلا ىــلع ةــمئاقلا دـعب يـسايسلا اـهذوفن تخـسّ ر يـتلا تاـماعزلا وأ ةـيديلقتلا بـخنلا نــم دّ ــحلا يــف ماــظنلا اذــه حــجن ،لــعفلابو.ةــيلهألا برــحلا ءاــهتنا اهتكراـشمو هـنع ةلّ قتـسم ةدـيدج ةيـسايس تٍ اـعومجم زورـب صرـف ةيــسايسلا ةداــيقلا جُ ذاــمن ،مراــع لٍ كــشبو ،تــلّ ظف.مــكحلا يــف ةً ــينبمو ،ةــيقطانملاو ةــيفئاطلا تاءاــمتنالا نــم ةً ــعبان ةدئاــسلا ةــيحصلا ةــياعرلاو فــئاظولا نــيمأتك- تاــمدخلا قــطنم ىــلع مــعدلاو تاوــصألا لَ ــباقم-رــشابملا لاــملا ىــتحو مــيلعتلاو زــكرمت اً ــضيأ ةً ــسرّ كمُ و ،كاذ وأ بزــحلاو حــشّ رملا اذــهل يــسايسلا نودــسّ جي نــيذلا ذوــفنلا باــحصأ نــم ةٍ ــنفح يدــيأ يــف ةطلــسلا يروــكذ جٍ ــهنل ةً دــلّ خمو ،ةيكيــسالكلا طلّ ــستملا»بألا ةروــص« رــيياعملا دــيدحت يــفو ةداــيقلا موــهفم عــم لــماعتلا يــف زاــيتماب .ةلوبقملا ةيعامتجالا تايكولسلاو ءاـسنلل ةيـسايسلا ةكراـشملا لـقرعت يـتلا تاـيدحتلاو دوـيقلا ىزـعتُ -يـموكحلاو يـباينلا- يـنطولا وأ-يدـلبلا- يـلحملا دـيعصلا ىـلع طـبارت ىـلع اً ـمومع يـنبملا ناـنبل يـف ةطلـسلا مـساقت ةـقيرط ىـلإ صاـخ لٍ كـشبو اً ـضيأ ىزـعتُ اـهنكل.قـيثو لٍ كـشب ةـنيئابزلاو ةـيفئاطلا يــتلاو ،داــبلا يــف ةخــسارلا ةــيروكذلا ةــيّ ميقلا ةــموظنملا ىــلإ طاــنتُ نأ بــجي يــتلا تايلوؤــسملاو راودألا ،رــيبك دّ ــح ىــلإ ،مــسرت ةــماعلا تاحاــسملا ىــلإ لوــصولا ىــلع نــهتردق دــيّ قتُ ف ،ءاــسنلاب اـمك ةـيدايقلا نـهتاردق ىـلإ ةـماعلا ةرـظنلا يـف رـثّ ؤتو ةيـسايسلاو اـهعمو نـههاجتا ةـيذؤملا ةـيعامتجالا تاـسرامملاو رـيياعملا ززّ ـعتو نــيناوقلا نــم ةٍ لــسلس لــعفب نــهدض هــجّ وملا يوــينبلا فــنعلا تاــباختنالا جُ ــئاتن رــهظتُ ،راــطإلا اذــه يــف.ةــيزييمتلا تاءارــجإلاو يــتلا ةيــسايسلا تاــباطخلاو تاــسرامملاو ،2022 ماــعل ةــيباينلا وأ بــئاغ اــمّ إ دوــشنملا رَ ــييغتلا نأ ،دــيدجلا ناــملربلا لــخاد اــهتْ عبت 7

عــم ةــبئانلاو تاحــشّ رملا اهتكراــش يــتلا تاــيدحتلاو براــجتلا مــسقلا يــف.هدــعبو حــشّ رتلا لــبق اــهنَ هْ جاو نَّــك يــتلاو ،نــيتَ ثحابلا ةــحلاصم وــحن اً ــقيرط حرــتقملا يوــسنلا لــيلحتلا قّ ــشي ،رــيخألا فٍ دــهو قّ ــحك نــهليثمتو ةيــسايسلا ءاــسنلا ةكراــشم موــهفم ةيوــسن ةٍ دــنجأ عــفرل ةــبولطملا دوــهجلا عــم ،هــتاذب مــئاق يوــسن قيرط نـع ةـيردنجلا ةـلادعلا قـيقحت ىـلإ يـمرت فٍ ادـهأو نوـمضملا .يمسرلا يسايسلا ءاضفلا 8

ةيجهنملا- II اـهليصافتو ةـعونتملا براـجتلا طاـقتلا يـف دعاـست يـتلا ةـيعونلا تاودألا ىـلع صاـخ زٍ ـيكرت عـم ،ةـطلتخم ةـبراقم ىـلع ثـحبلا اذـه دـمتعي ةدـمتعمُ لا ةـيثحبلا تاودألا تلمتـشاف.ثـحبلا اذـه يـف تاكراـشملا ءاـسنلا اـهنع تْ رـبّ ع يـتلا ءارآلاو تاـمّ أتلا كـلذكو ،ثـيثح لكـشب ىرـخأُ و ،يـباين دـعقمب تزاـف ةأرـما نّ ـهنيب ،2022 ماـعل ةـيباينلا تاـباختنالا يـف نحـشّ رت ءاـسن عـم ةهجّ وم-هبـش ةـقمّ عم تاـباقم 7 ىـلع رـياني/يناثلا نوـناكو 2022 رـبوتكأ/لوألا نيرـشت نـيب تاـباقملا عـيمج ءارـجإ مـت.حـشّ رتلا ةـبرجت رارـكت مدـع تراـتخاو 2018 ماـع تحـشّ رت نـهتايفلخ عوّ ـنت سـكعي وٍ ـحن ىـلع نـهرايتخا مـت ،ةـيديلقت ةيـسايس بازـحأل تاـعبات رـيغ نـهعيمج ثـحبلا يـف تاكراـشملا ءاـسنلاو.2023 نـكلو ،ةـعوّ نتم ةيـسايس تاـيولوأو تادـنجأو براـجت ىـلع ةءاـضإلا نـم ثـحبلا نـكّ م يذـلا رـمألا ،اـهيلإ نـيمتني يـتلا ةـيفارغجلا قـطانملاو .تاكرِ اشمُ لا ءاسنلا نم ريثكلا اهتهجاو ةكرتشم ليقارعو تاعارص ىلع اً ضيأ ةـسسِّؤملا ،تاـحرف وـبأ لـيوج عـم ةهجّ وم-هبـش ةـقمّ عم ةً ـلباقم ناـتثحابلا ترـجأ ،هاـعأ ةـحئاللا يـف ةدراوـلا ءامـسألا ىـلإ ةـفاضإلاب ماـعلا يـسايسلا لـقحلا يـف ءاـسنلا لـيثمت خـيراتل قـمعأ مٍ ـهف ليكـشت يـف نـيتَ ثحابلا تدعاـس يـتلا»يـتفيف يـتفيف« ةـمظنمل ةكيرـشلا ىـلع لـمعلا لاـجم يـف ةـليوط ةرـبخ تاذو ةـصصّ ختمو ةـطرخنم ةـمظّ نم»يـتفيف يـتفيف« نوْ ـكلِ ،هـنيمأت لـجأ نـم لاـضنلاو داـبلا يـف ةـلباقملا تـحاتأ ،كـلذ ىـلإ.اـهنمض نّ ـهل لداـع لـيثمت قـيقحت ىـلع لـمعلاو ةيمـسرلا تاـسسؤملا يـف ءاـسنلا ةكراـشم ةـيمهأل جـيورتلا ةلماـشو ةدـيرف تٍ اـمولعم ىـلع لوـصحلاو اـمك ةيـسايسلا ءاـسنلا ةكراـشم مـعدل ةدـمتعملا جـماربلا لوـح ةلماـش ةرـكف نـيوكت نـيتَ ثحابلل ،»يـتفيف يـتفيف« نأ ىـلإ اً رـظن ،ةـينهملاو ةـيعامتجالا نـهتايفلخو ةـباينلا ىـلإ تاحـشّ رملاو اً يـسايس تاـعافلا ءاـسنلا براـجتب ةـطبترم .بثك نع نهيلإ فرّ عتلاب اهل حمس ام ةيرود ةٍ ريتوبو رشابم لٍ كشب تاحشرملا ةيبلاغ عم تلمع ،اً ديدحت تاحرف وبأ ةديسلاو نَ رـبّ ع ،ةـينانبللا قـطانملا فـلتخم نـم ةيوـسن ةطـشان 25 هـيف تكراـش ،ثـحبلا اذـه ضرـغل فداـه يأر نايبتـسا عـيزوت مـت ،اً رـيخأو نـعو ،ناـنبل يـف ةـيعطاقتلاو ةيوـسنلا تادـنجألاو ةيـسايسلا ءاـسنلا ةكراـشمب ةـقلعتملا نـهتايولوأو نـهتاعلطتو نـهاؤر نـع هـلالخ نـم تاـماعو تاـيقوقح نّ ـه نايبتـسالا ىـلع تاـبيجمُ لا تاطـشانلا نإـف ،هاـندأ يـنايبلا مُ ـسرلا رـهظي اـمكو.قـيثولا نـيلَ اجملا نـيذه عـطاقت يـف طاـشن وأ لـمع ةرـبخ هـل ناك نـهنم رـيبك دٌ دـعو ،ةيوـسنلا ةـكرحلاو يـعامتجالا عوـنلا اـياضقب ةـلص تاذ ةـفلتخم تٍ الاـجم يـف نَ طْ ـشني دــشحلاو مــيظنتلا لاــجم يــف تاــعاف ءاــسن تاــبيجمُ لا نــيب نــم.صاــخلا اــهعقوم نــم لك ،ةيــسايسلا ءاــسنلا ةكراــشم زــيزعت لاــجم سـسّ حتم روـظنم ىـلإ ةزـكترملا تاـسايسلا وأ تاـخدتلا لاـجم يـف تاـماعو تارـيبخ نّ ـهنمو ،تاـثحاب وأ تاـيفاحص تاـيرخأو ،نييَّوـسنلا .يعامتجالا عونلل 9

ةماقإلا ناكم:نايبتسالا ىلع تابيجملا تايوسنلا تاطشانلا لمعلا عون:نايبتسالا ىلع تابيجملا تايوسنلا تاطشانلا 10

لمعلا تالاجمو تامامتهالا:نايبتسالا ىلع تابيجملا تايوسنلا تاطشانلا رـيراقتو ةـيثحب قاروأو ةـيميداكأ ثٍ وـحب نـم ،عوـضوملاب ةرـشابم ةـلص تاذ ةرـفّ وتملا عـجارملل ةـثيثح ةـعجارم ىـلإ اً ـضيأ ثـحبلا اذـه دنتـسي :ةيسيئر رواحم ةثالث ىلع تزكّ رو ةيضاملا ةليلقلا تاونسلا لالخ ءاطشن وأ ةيقوقح تامظّ نم اهتردصأ ؛نهتكراشم هجاوت يتلا ةيوينبلا ليقارعلاو نانبل يف يسايسلا لاجملا يف تاطرخنملا ءاسنلا براجت• ءاـسنلا ىـلع ةاـقلملا تاـعقوتلاو تاروّ ـصتلاو ،داـبلا يـف ةيـسايسلا تاحاـسملاو ةـلودلا تاـسسؤم دوـست يـتلا ةـيردنجلا تاـيمانيدلا• ؛ةسايسلا يف .ةماعلا تاسايسلا عنص لاجمو ،ةيئاسنلا اتوكلاو ،ةيسايسلا ءاسنلا ةكراشمل ةيوسنلا تاليلحتلاو تايرظنلا• نيتَ بتاكلا ةيعقوم اـنمِ هفو اـهعم اـنبراجتو ةيوـسنلا ةـكرحلاب ةـقيمعلا اـنتفرعم ىـلع ،ناـنبل نـم ةـيفاحصو ةـثحابك اـنيْ عَ قوم نـمو ،ثـحبلا اذـه ءارـجإل اـندمتعا رــيوطت ةــلواحمو لواــنتمُ لا عوــضوملل اــنليلحت مــيدقتل كــلذ لك ىــلإ اندْ نتــساف.اً ــضيأ يــنانبللا يــسايسلا قايــسللو ،ةيوــسنلا تاــيرظنلل لبقتـسم ىـلإ لوـصولا يـف اـنلامآو ةـصاخلا ةيوـسنلا اـنميق نـم اً ـقالطنا اـنليلحت اـنيْ نب اـننأ يـف كّ ـش ال ،لاـحلا ةـعيبطبو.هـتجلاعم ةـقيرط اــمنإ ،تاعلَ طتــسمُ لا تاطــشانلا مــساب وأ نّ ــهانلباق يــتاوللا مــساب ثدّ ــحتلا يــعدّ ن ال نــحن ،هــسفن تــقولا يــفو.ةــلادعو ةً اواــسم رــثكأ .ثحبلا اذه ةباتك ضرعم يف تالمّ أتو رظن تاهجوو ىؤر نم هنمْ دّ ق ام ىلإ ةدّ شب انزْ كترا 11

جئاتنلا ليلحت- III ةعبتّ ملا تاراـسملا لكـشو ،ةـنيّ عم ةـماع ةـسايسل اً ـعوضوم لكّ ـشي يـف ةـيلاع ةـيفرعم ةـميق تاذ عـجارم ىـلإ دانتـسالابو.اـهعنص يـف نــيرَ ايّ ت كاــنه نأ) 2012( وــلريفو رــيمو ودراــبمول دــجي ،لاــجملا اذــه عـنصل ةدـقانلا تاـيبدألا نـم امهجارختـسا نـكمي نييَّـساسأ نييَّوـسن ىـلإ ةً رـشابم رـظني يذـلا راـيتلا وـه لوألا راـيتلا.ةـماعلا تاـسايسلا يــتلا تاــيمانيدلاو تادــنجألا مــسر تاراــسمو ةــماعلا تاــسايسلا ةــلواطلا ىــلع حرــطتُ يــتلا اــياضقلا ةــعيبط ىــلع زــكّ ريف ،اــهكرّ حت ىدّ ــحتيو نــع فــشكي اــمك ،اــهحرطي يذــلا فرــطلا ةــيّ وه ىــلعو لاــجم بوــشت يــتلا ةــيروكذلا تازــيّ حتلاو ةــيردنجلا تاــضارتفالا حرــشت اــمك ،راــيتلا اذــه فــشكتسي.ةــماعلا تاــسايسلا عــنص لاـجم يـف نهتكراـشمو ءاـسنلا لـيثمت ةَ بـسن ،)1994( ثرووـسكواه نـكمي لٍ ـماعك ةبـسنلا هذـه ىـلع دـمتعيو ،ةـماعلا ةـسايسلا دادـعإ بــلاطملاو ءاــسنلا اــياضق عــضو ةــيلامتحا ىدــم ىــلع لّ دــي نأ ددّ ــشي ،ةــيمهأ لّ ــقي ال وٍ ــحن ىــلعو.لــمعلا ةدــنجأ ىــلع ةيوــسنلا ةــسناجتمو ةــيوق ةيوــسن ةــكرح دوــجو ةــيمهأ ىــلع راــيتلا اذــه ريثأتلاو ةيوـسنلا تايلولوألاو تاـسايسلاب اً ـمدق عـفدلا ىـلع ةرداـق يــف دعاــست نأ اهنأــش نــم يــتلا رــصانعلا رــفّ وت ةــيمهأ ىــلعو ،اــهب عـبتّ يف ،يـناثلا يوـسنلا راـيتلا اـمّ أ.كـلذ قـيقحتل ةـمئالم ةٍ ـئيب قـلخ نوــمضم ةــبيكرت ىــلع ءوــضلا طُ لّ ــسي رــثكأ اً ــيكيكفتو اً ــيوينب اً ــيلحت ةلكـشم دّ ـعيُ اـم دـيدحت ةـيفيك ىـلع ،رـخآ ىـنعمب.هـسفن ةـسايسلا ةـيضقب رـمألا قـلّ عتي نـيح اميـس ال ،اـهل اًّ ـح دّ ـعيُ اـمو ،لـصألا يـف اـم" لاؤـس ىـلع ةـمئاقلا) 2009( يـكاب ةـبراقم زـكّ رت.ةرـشابم ةيوـسن ةــماع ةٍ ــسايس لــيلحت ىدــل"؟اــنه ةــلثَّمملا ةلكــشملا رــهوج وــه لوّ ـحتيف ،ةً لَ كـشْ أ وأ اًلواـنت لـقألا لئاـسملاو براـجتلا ىـلع ،ةـنيّ عم ةطلــسلا تاــيّ لكيه يدّ ــحت وــحن قاــطنا ةــطقن ىــلإ اذــه اهلاؤــس يــف هذــهك ةــبراقم داــمتعا مهاــسي نأ نــكمي ،اــنه نــم.ةــيوبألا لولحلاو تالكـشملا دـيدحتب حمـسي نأو ةـيّ فخلا تاـضارتفالا حـضف اــم ىــلإ ةــفاضإلاب.ةــيّ دقن ةــيعطاقتو ةيوــسن ةٍ ــسدع لاــخ نــم ةــيليلحت ةيوــسن تٌ اراــطإ ةرــيخألا ةــليلقلا تاونــسلا يــف زَ رــب ،قبــس حرــطت نأ تعاطتــسا ،ةــماعلا تاــسايسلا عــنص لاــجمل ىرــخأ تاراـسم يف فعضلا نـماكم دـيدحت يـف دعاـست تٍ اودأو تٍ اـبراقم ةــيّ لمع نيــسحت يــف مهاــست ةدــيدج لــخادمو تاــسايسلا عــنص رـثكأ اـهلعج يـفو اهـسفن تاـسايسلا نـيمامضمو تاـسايسلا مـسر ،شرإو لـييلو غرـبنيناك ؛ 2003 ، لـيافكام( اً ـيردنج ةً ـلادع رـثكأو اً ـفاصنإ .)2019 تاــيبدألا نــم اــهريغو عــجارم نــم قبــس اــم ةــعجارم دعاــست ،اً ذإ لــيوحت يــف مهاــست ةــيدقن رــصانعو لــخادم داــجيإ يــف ةيوــسنلا دعاـست ،ةً ـيادب.ةـيعطاقتو ةيوـسن رـثكأ لٍ اـجم ىـلإ تاـسايسلا عـنص راـسمو ةـماعلا ةـسايسلا ءاـطعإ يـف ةـلصلا تاذ ةيوـسنلا عـجارملا ةكراــشم ىــلع لاوــحألا لك يــف ةً زــكّ رم ،ةيواــستم ةً ــميق اهمــسر اــهيف ذــختّ تُ و تادــنجألا اــهيف ددّ ــحتُ يــتلا تاحاــسملا يــف ءاــسنلا براجت ىلعو ،ةيوـسنلا تاكرـحلا عـم ءاـنّ بلا لـعافتلا ىـلعو ،تارارـقلا تاـسرامم ىـلع عيرـشتلا وأ ةـسايسلا ءاـنب ىـلعو ،ةـعوّ نتملا ءاـسنلا كــلت اــنمهِ فتُ ،اً ــيناث.ضرألا نــم ةاقتــسم سوردو لــئالدو ةــقثّ وم ةيوــسنلا تاــسايسلا نأ اــهحرتقت يــتلا رــيياعملاو عــجارملا ،ةـيردنجلا اـياضقلاو ءاـسنلا اـياضق ىـلع زـكّ رت نأ بـجي ةـيعطاقتلاو عـنـصو ةـيـعـطاـقـتـلا ةـيوـسـنـلا تاــيوــلوألا-أ ناـنـبـل يف ةـماـعـلا تاـساـيـسلا ىــلإ ءاــسن 8 لوــصو عــمو ،ةــيباينلا 2022 تاــباختنا باــقعأ يــف ءارآلا تــقفّ دت ،ناــنبل خــيرات يــف ىــلوألا ةرــملل ناــملربلا دــعاقم ىـلع اً ـثيدح بـختنملا سـلجملا ةردـق لوـح اـهنيب اـم يـف تـنيابتو تاعيرـشتلاو تاـسايسلا ريوطتو ةمكارتملا تامزألا ىلإ ةباجتـسالا تــجرّ عو.ىــضم تٍ ــقو يأ نــم رــثكأ دــلبلا اــهجاتحي يــتلا ةــلداعلا ةــبوعص ةــهجل عــقّ وتملا يــسايسلا دوــمجلا قزآــم ىــلع تاــشاقنلا ،ةيرهوجلا لئاـسملا لوـح قـفاوت يأ نـيمأت ىـلإ نيلوؤـسملا لـصّ وت ةــيباين ةً ــيرثكأ لكّ ــشتُ ةــلتك زارــفإ نــع تزــجع تاــباختنالا نأ كــلذ طــسو رــييغتلا ةــيلامتحا لوــح اً ــضيأ شاــقنلا مدــتحاو.ةــحضاو هذــه مادــعنا لوــحو ،داــبلا اهــشيعت يــتلاك ةدــقعم فٍ ورــظ نيلّ قتــسم ددــج باوــن دوــجو ىــنعم لوــحو ،قــلطملاب ةــيلامتحالا 8 دوــجو ىــنعم لوــح ،اً رــيخأو ؛"رــييغتلا باوّ ــن ةــلتك"ـب اوــفرعُ نــمّ م ةيعيرــشتلا ةــئيهلا يــف-قوبــسم رــيغ ددــعلا اذــه ناك نإو- ءاــسن ةـمّ ث ،اً دـيدحت ةرـيخألا ةـطقنلاب قـلّ عتي اـم يـف.داـبلا يـف ةيـسيئرلا نـم اً ـعون هـفصوب ناـملربلا ىـلإ ءاـسنلا ءالؤـه لوـصوب لـفتحا نـمَ اً دودـحم ناك وـلو ،سوـملم مدّ ـقت ليجـست ىـلإ رـشّ ؤي يذـلا زاـجنإلا نورـخآ.ةـلودلا لـخاد يـسايسلا ءاـسنلا لـيثمت ىوتـسم ىـلع ،اً دـج يــلعف رٍ ــييغت يأ ثادــحإ نــم ءاــسنلا ءالؤــه نــكّ متت نأ اودعبتــسا رــخآلا مــهضعب لَ ــماعتو ،ســلجملا يــف لــيئضلا نــهددع ىــلإ اً رــظن بَ ـلاطملا ىـتّ ح تاـبئانلا ءالؤـه حرـطت نأ ةـيناكمإ يـف كّ ـشو رٍ ذَ ـحب نــكمي ،تاــشاقنلا هذــه نــم اً ــقالطنا.ةيوــسنلا تاــيولوألاو ىــتح ةيعرــشو ةــمئاق اــهتيبلاغ لازــت ال ،ةدّ ــع تٍ الؤاــست ناطبتــسا لُ وــصو ةــجردلا هذــه ىــلإ اً ــبعص لازــي ال اذاــمل ،اً ــقح:لــثم ،موــيلا ةــيوينبلا لــيقارعلا يــه اــمو ،ةطلــسلا عــقاوم ىــلإ ءاــسنلا مدّ ـقت زارـحإ عيطتـسن فـيكو ،نـههجاوت تـحرب اـم يـتلا ةـجهنمملاو ةــيعطاقتو ةيوــسن ةٍ دــنجأل فــيك ؟لاــجملا اذــه يــف سوــملم اـمهب عـفديُ و اً ـيدج اـحرطيُ نأ ةـيعامتجالا ةـلادعلاب مـتهم جـمانربو بيلاــسأب مٌ وــكحم سَ ــلجملا نأ اً ــملع ،ناــملربلا لــخاد نــم اً ــمدق ةــقيّ ض ةيصخــش حَ ــلاصم نــم اً ــمومع ةــقلطنم ةفافــش رــيغ لــمع ؟داسفلا اهيف شعشعيُ ةطلس تايلكيهو ،اــهنع ةــباجإلا ةــلواحمو طاــقنلاو تالؤاــستلا كــلت فاــشكتسال تايولوألل ىطعتُ يتلا تاـفيصوتلاو تاـفيرعتلا كـيكفت اًلوّ أ يـغبني نأ نـكمي اـمّ ع رٍ وّ ـصت مـيدقت مّ ـث ،ةـيعطاقتلاو ةيوـسنلا تاـسايسلاو .ينانبللا قايسلا نمض ةريخألا كلت هيلع نوكت تاــسايسلا عــنصل ةــيعطاقتلا ةيوــسنلا تاــبراقملاو تاــيرظنلا ةماعلا لَ اــجم عــباطلا ةيوــسنلا تاــعلاطملاو تاــيرظنلا تدــقتنا ،اً ــيخيرات ةـيردنجلا هـتازيّ حتل هـب ةـطونملا تاـساردلاو ةـماعلا تاـسايسلا عـنص ةً فّ ــشتسم ،يرــكذلا رــصنعلا لوــح اً ــمومع ةروــحمتملاو ةــنطّ بملا نأ نــكمي اــمل هــتارايخ ةــعيبط ةــظحالم لاــخ نــم جاتنتــسالا اذــه 12

نــهحلاصم مدــخي اــمب تاــسايسلاو تارارــقلا عــنص لــحارم يــف دـيدحت مّ ـت ،ىرـخأ ةـيحان نـم.لـضفأ لكـشب نـهتاعمتجم حـلاصمو راـسم يـف يـساسأ رـصنعك اـهتانوّ كمو ةدـنجألا رـيرقت ةلأـسم ءاـسنلا هلالخ نـم عيطتـست ةـيعطاقتلاو ةيوـسنلا تاـسايسلا عـنص ةــيلمع يــف رــيثأتلا ةيوــسنلا تاكرــحلاو ةيئاــسنلا تاــعومجملاو تالاــحلا كــلذكو تاــيولوألا نــيب نــم دّ ــعتُ يــتلا اــياضقلا ءاــقتنا عاـبتّ ا ةرورـض نـع اً ـضف.راـبتعالا نـيعب اـهذخأ بـجي يـتلا تاـجاحلاو براــجتلا يــف عوّ ــنتلل ةــسسّ حتمو ةلماــش ةــيعطاقت تٍ اــبراقم ةــيعامتجالا لئاــسملا ىــلإ قرّ ــطتلا ىدــل ةــيردنجلا تاــقورفلاو مـل.شـقانتُ يـتلا ةـسايسلاب ةـلصلا تاذ ةـيداصتقالاو ةيـسايسلاو نــيمأت ةــيفيك ىــلإ حــضاوو ددّ ــحم لٍ كــشب تاعلَ طتــسمُ لا قرّ ــطتت عـجارملا نـكل ،ةـعوّ نتم تاـئفل ةلماـشلاو ةيكراـشتلا ةـبراقملا هذـه يــتلا ىــلضفلا تاــبراقملا نأ ىــلإ لــيحتُ ضرألا ىــلع تاــسرامملاو تاـميظنتلا نـم قـلطنت يـتلا كـلت يـه كـلذ قـيقحت يـف دعاـست نـم ديفتـستو ، اـهفوفص يـف دـشحلا دوـهجو اهـسفن ةيوـسنلا اذـهو.مـهبازحأو باوـنلا ضـعب عـم ةجوـسنملا طـباورلاو تاـقالعلا ةــيوضعلاك ،ةــعوّ نتم تاراــسم لاــخ نــم قــقحتي اــم ةً داــع رــمألا ،ةـيقوقحلا ةيطـشانلا وأ ،تاـيبزحلا ءاـسنلا عـم لـعافتلا وأ ،ةـيبزحلا تاـمظنملا عـم تارواـشملا وأ ،ةرـشابملا لاـعفألا وأ ،ةرـصانملا وأ نــم ىرــخأ لٍ اكــشأ لاــخ نــم اً ــضيأو ،ةيوــسنلا تاكرــحلاو ةيئاــسنلا .تايناملربلا مهيف نمَ ب ،باونلا عم رشابملا ريغو رشابملا لعافتلا تاــسايسلا عــنص راــسم نــم اً ــمهم اً ءزــج رــخآ رٌ ــصنع لكّ ــشي ةــيقيقحلا ءاــسنلا ةكراــشمب لــثّ متي ،ةــيعطاقتلاو ةيوــسنلا فــلتخمو رارــقلا ةــعانص لــحارم عــيمج يــف ةــلاعّ فلاو نأ اً دــج مّ ــهملا نــمف. اــهحيتت يــتلا ةيــسايسلا تاحاــسملا ةدــعصألا ىــلع ةيــسايسلا ةكراــشملا نأل طرــشلا اذــه رــفّ وتي ةـبخانو ةيبعـش ةٍ دـعاق ءَ اـنب ءاـسنلل حـيتت نأ اهنأـش نـم ةـفاك نوــنف مِ ــلّ عت تاراــسم يــف طارــخنالا نــهلوّ خيو ةــنيّ عم لواـحت اـم رـثكأ حـضتّ ي ،راـطإلا اذـه يـف.ضواـفتلاو ةـسايسلا ىعـست ةمظّ نم يهو ،هـيلع لـمعلا"يـتفيف يـتفيف" ةـمظنم ،ةـفّ اك هـعقاومو رارـقلا لـحارم يـف ءاـسنلا ةكراـشم مـعد ىـلإ ،ةــمظنملل ةكيرــشلا ةــسسِّؤّ ملا ،تاــحرف وــبأ لــيوج تــفلتف ،اً ـيناث ،ءاـسنلل ةـينيكمتو ةـنضاح ةـئيب)اًلوأ:نـيمأت ةـيمهأ ىـلإ ةـعومجملا وأ بزـحلا مـعد)اً ـثلاثو ،ةيـسايس تاراـهمو ةـفرعم ةــيمهأب تاــحرف وــبأ نــمؤت اــميفو.ةأرــملا اــهيلإ يــمتنت يــتلا ،ناــملربلا لــخاد ةــنداهم رــيغ ةيوــسن ةدــنجأب اً ــمدق عــفدلا يـف ةـبغار ةأرـما لك ىـلإ ةـجاحب نـحن موـيلا اـننأ" ىـلإ ريـشت اــياضقلا لوــصو نأ ةً حراــش ،"ةــيباينلا تاــباختنالل حــشّ رتلا نوكت نأ بـعصلا نـم" هـنأل ،ءاـسنلا لوـصو عبتيـس ةيوـسنلا ."لئاسملا كلت اهمّ هت الأو ةأرما ةيناملربلا ،نايبتــسالا ىــلع تاــبيجملا ضــعب تزــكّ ر ،قبــس اــم ىــلإ ةــفاضإلاب ،ةيعطاقتلاو ةيوـسنلا تاـسايسلا مـسر ىنعم صخي ام يف اً ديدحت ةــساردلل ةــحورطملا تالكــشملاو تاــيولوألا ةــعيبط ىــلع كـلت نأ تاـبيجملا حرـشت.ىـنعملا اذـه فـصو يـف يـساسأ لٍ ـماعك ةيــساسأ ةيوــسن اــياضق نــع ةراــبع نوكتــس اــم ةً داــع تاــيولوألا اــهب تّ ــبلاو اهتــسارد تاــسايسلا تا/يــعناص ىــلع يــغبني ةــحّ لمو ةــفلتخم حئارــش ىــلع نيــسَ رامملا فــنعلاو زــييمتلا ءاــغلإ لــجأ نــم اــنروّ ط اً ــيلمع نوــكن ،كــلذبو.داــبلا يــف تاــيتفلاو ءاــسنلا نــم كــلت تــنمّ ضت ،ماــع لٍ كــشب.ةــيعطاقت ةيوــسن ةً دــنجأ انعجّ ــشو رارــقإ بــلطمك ،ةدّ ــع ةً ــلثمأ تاعلطتــسمُ لا اــهتْ ركذ يــتلا اــياضقلا ىدـل ةـيردنجلا ةـيليلحتلا ةـسدعلا داـمتعا بوـجو ىـلع ،اً ـضيأ نـكلو وأ يوــسن عــباطب مــستّ ت ال دــق ىرــخأ نــيوانعو عــيضاوم لواــنت مــسر ىــلإ رــظنيُ ،كــلذ لك نــم مــهألا اــمبرو ،اً ــثلاث.رــشابم يردــنج يدّ ــحتل اًليبــس هــفصوب ةــيعطاقتلاو ةيوــسنلا تاــسايسلا نــم ةــيكريرطبلا ىــنبلاب لاــخإلاو ةــيردنجلا تازــيحتلاو تاــضارتفالا نكمي اـم ليكـشتو تاـيولوألا دـيدحتل اـهحرتقي يـتلا ةـقيرطلا لاـخ ةــيضقو اــم ةٍ ــسايس عوــضوم نوــكت نأــب ةً رــيدج ةً لكــشم دّ ــعيُ نأ عيطتــسن ،هــيلعو.اــهل ةــمئالملا لوــلحلا حرــطو ،ةــقّ حم ةــيعامتجا نــكمي بٍ ــلص سٍ اــسأك رــكذلا ةــفنآلا ةــيّ رظنلا رــصانعلا داــمتعا ةـماعلا تاـسايسلا مـسر لاـجمل قـمعأ مٍ ـهف ءاـنبل هـنم قاـطنالا يـنانبللا قايـسلاو ،عاطتـسملا ردـق ،بـسانتي ةـيعطاقتلاو ةيوـسنلا .يلاحلا تاــسايسلا عــنصل يــنانبللا قايــسلاب صاــخ يــميهافم راــطإ ةيعطاقتلاو ةيوسنلا مــسر ىــنعمب ةــصاخلا تاــفيرعتلاو رــظنلا تاــهجو صــحّ فت نّ إ تاطــشانلا اهتْ كراــش يــتلا ةــيعطاقتلاو ةيوــسنلا تاــسايسلا تاحــشّ رملا يأ ،تاــسايسلا مــسرب ةً رــشابم تاــيّ نعملاو تايوــسنلا لـضفأ مٍ ـهف نـيوكت لـجأ نـم اً دـج يرورـض رٌ ـملَ ،بعـشلا تاـثّ ممو ةيوـسنلا تادـنجألاو تاـسايسلا هـيلع ودـبت نأ نـكمي اـمل حـضوأو ىــلع ةرــيخألا كــلت ةــيناكمإو ،يــنانبللا قايــسلا نــمض ةــيعطاقتلاو تاــيولوأ كــلذكو ،ةــحّ لملاو ةــسّ املا ةــيعمتجملا تاــجاحلا لــيثمت اً ـيرظن اً راـطإ نّ إ ،ةـقيقحلا يـف.داـبلا يـف ءاـسنلا نـم ةـفلتخم تاـئف لكّ ــشتيل تٍ ــقو ىــلإ جاــتحي ،يــنانبللا قايــسلل اً بــسانم نوــكي اذــهك يــف دوــعي كــلذ بُ بــسو ،حــضوأو لمــشأ لٍ كــشب هــملاعم ددّ ــحتتو نـع تاـبيَّغمُ تايوـسنلا تاـسايسلا تاـعناص نّ أ عـقاو ىـلإ هـنم ءٍ زـج ترـهظ يـتلا ةـليلقلا ةـلّ قلا ءانثتـساب ،يمـسرلا يـسايسلا دهـشملا يـف ةـماعلا تاـسايسلا مـسر ةـعيبط ىـلإ يـناثلا هـئزج يـفو ،اً ـثيدح ىــلإو ،فاــصنإلاو لدــعلا ىعــسم نــع دــعبلا لك ةدــيعبلا ،داــبلا نــمض نــيوانعلاو عــيضاوملا هذــه لوــح ةدودــحملا تاــشاقنلا .اهسفن ةيوسنلا ةكرحلا ،رـكذلا ةـفنآلا ةـلصلا تاذ ةيوـسنلا عـجارملل ىدً ـص لكّ ـشي اـم يـفو صاــخلا نايبتــسالا ىــلع تاــبيجمُ لا تايوــسنلا تاطــشانلا تءاــضأ ةيوــسنلا تاــسايسلا مــسرل اً ــبيرقت اهــسِ فن رــصانعلا ىــلع ثــحبلاب عــنصل دــمتعملا راــسملا ةَ لأــسم نَ رــكذف ،ةرــيخألا كــلت ىــنعمو لكّ ــشت يــتلا تاــيولوألا كــلذكو ،تارارــقلا ذاــختّ او تاــسايسلا ةُ ــسايسلا دوــقت نأ ةــيمهأ ىــلإ نــتفلو ،تاــسايسلا تاــعوضوم دٍ دــع بــسحبف.ةوّ ــقلا نــيزاوم يــف رٍ ــييغت ثادــحإ ىــلإ ةــشقَ انملا ةيعطاقتلاو ةيوـسنلا تاـسايسلا مـسر رَ اـسم نّ إ ،تاعلَ طتـسمُ لا نم نــهتايوه فــلتخمب ،ناــنبل يــف ءاــسنلا ةردــق نــمضي نأ بــجي رٌ اـسمو. هـب رـيثأتلاو رارـقلا عـنص يـف ةكراـشملا ىـلع ،نـهتايفلخو دوــجو نــمضي لٍ كــشب ةــممّ صمو ةــيعاو اً دوــهج بلّ طتيــس اذــهك حمــستف ،لداــعلا لــيثمتلاو عوّ ــنتلا ىــلع صرــحت ةيكراــشت ةــيلآ ةــيعامتجا تاــيفلخو تاــعمتجم نــم تاــمداقلا ءاــسنلل يــلاتلاب ةيجولويزيفو ةيدـسج تاردقو قطانمو ةـيرمع تاـئفو ةـيداصتقاو نـهءارآو نـهتايولوأو نهـسجاوهو نـهتاوصأ نَ عْ مِ ـسيُ نأـب ةـفلتخم ةــقيرط يــف رــيثأتلاو ةــلواطلا ىــلع ةــعوضوملا تاــحرتقملا يــف رـيثأتلل ءاـسنلا ماـمأ حاـتتُ ةً ـصرف راـسملا حـبصي ،رـخآ ىـنعمب.اـهلوانت 13

يــف 2022 و 2018 يــمَ اع تحــشّ رت يــتلا طــموض كــبزي داــهن اــمأ ،ناـنبل يـف نـي/تاضرّ مملا ةـباقن ةـسيئر قباـسلا يـف تـناكو تورـيب ،ةــيعطاقتلاو ةيوــسنلا اــياضقلا هــينعت اــمل اــهمهف نــع اــنل حرــشتف ىـلع زـيكرتلا بَ وـجو اـهيلإ ةبـسنلاب رضحتـست ةراـبعلا كـلت نإ لوـقتو ةــصاخ ةــيمهأ ءاــيإو ،ةــفلتخم ةــشّ ه ةــيعمتجم تٍ اــئف تاــجاح ةضرّ ممك ةـصاخلا اهتبرجت نـم طـموض قـلطنتو.اـهنمض نـم ءاـسنلل ةٍ ــنهم يــف ةــضرممك يــتبرجت ىــلع يــمهف يــنبْ أ" :لوــقتل ،تاـسايسلا مـسر نـع ثدـحتن نـيحو.ءاـسنلا اـهيلع ىـغطت دوـعأ مـث ،"؟عـيمجلل لداـعو بـسانم حرـطيُ اـم لـه":لأـسأ نــيب زــييمت كاــنه ناك اــم اذإ ىرأل لــيصافتلا صــحّ فتأو ."لاجرلاو ءاسنلا مادختـسا بوـجو ثـحبلا يـف تاكراـشملا ترـكذ ،ىرـخأ ةـيحان نـم ةـحّ لملا اـياضقلل اً ـيعطاقت اً يوـسن اً ـيلحتو اً ـيردنج ةـسسحتم ةـسدع يــتلا تاباجتــسالا كــلذ يــف اــمب ،ناــنبل يــف ةرــشتنملا تاــمزألاو ةدـنجأب اً ـمدق عـفدلل يـساسأ رٍ ـصنعك ،اـهترادإ ةـيفيكو اـهل عـضوت .ةلودلا تاـسسؤمو ناملربلا لـخاد نـم ةـيقيقح ةـيعطاقتو ةيوـسن ةً رــشابم ةبوــسحملا اــياضقلا ىــلع رــمألا يوــطني ال ،رــخآ ىــنعمب تاـسايسلا تايعادت ىـلع زـيكرتلا بـجي اـمنإ ،بـسحف ءاـسنلا ىـلع نــع لزــعمب تاــيتفلاو ءاــسنلا عــيمج ىــلع ةــفاك تاعيرــشتلاو .اــهيلإ نــيمتني يــتلا تاــعومجملاو نــهقطانمو نــهتايفلخ ةحورطملا لئاـسملا ةجلاعم نإـف ،يأرـلا اذـه تاـبحاص ىـلإ ةبـسنلاب سـسأ عزـعزي نأ هنأـش نـم ،اً دـيدحت روـظنملا اذـه نـمو ،داـبلا يـف ىدـحإ لوـقت ،راـطإلا اذـه يـفو.هـسفن يوـبألاو يـفئاطلا ماـظنلا تاــمزألاو تارــغثلا نأ دــقتعأ" :نايبتــسالا ىــلع تاــبيجملا ةــسراممل اــهنم قــلطنيُ يــتلا تاــيضرألا لكّ ــشت ةــلخادتملا ."اً يعامتجاو ،اً يقبطو ،اً ينوناق ءاسنلا دض زييمتلا ديلختو ةركفلا هذـهل ىدً ـص لكّ ـشي ةعمـشلا ناـميران ةحـشّ رملا هـب يـلدت اـم ،يوــسن روــظنم نــم هــب موــقأ ،هــب موــقأ اــم لك" لوــقت ذإ ،هـسفن لاوـنملا ىـلعو ."ةـسدعلا كـلت عـلخ يرودـقمب سـيلف نــم يــناعي دــلب وــه ناــنبل" :نايبتــسالا ىــلع ةــبيجم رــكذت تاـسايسلا ددّ ـشت نأ مهملا نـم كـلذل.ةرمتـسملا تاـمزألا تاـيعادتلا اـهل نوـكي نـل ةـفلتخملا تاـمزألا نأ ةـقيقح ىـلع تاـسايسلا ىلع ،راهني دـلب يـف ،يـيأرب.عـيمجلا ىـلع اهـسفن ىــلع لمتــشت نأ حرــتقتُ دــق يــتلا ةــيعطاقتلاو ةيوــسنلا داــسفلاو ةــيرصنعلا تاــفآك:ةرــضاحلا يــحاونلا لك اً ــبيرقت ينورتكلإلا رمّ نتلاو يرـسألا فنعلاو ثوّ ـلتلاو خاـنملا رـيّ غتو ةــيّ لقعلا ةــحصلاو ةيدــسجلا ةــحصلاو يــئاذغلا نــمألاو ال.تاــمولعملا ىــلإو دراوــملا ىــلإ لوــصولا ىــلع ةردــقلاو اً روكذم نوكي نأ يـغبني ال رـييغتلا نـم اً ـبناج كاـنه نأ دـقتعأ ."تاسايسلا يف ةــبرّ دمو ةطــشانو ةــيماحمو ةــيميداكأ يــهو ،روــقعقلا ةــميلح دــعقمب تزاــفو ةــعبارلا ناــنبل لــبج ةرــئاد يــف تاــباختنالل تحــشّ رت ددّ ـشتو ةيوـسن ةأرـماك حوـضوب اهـسفن نـع فرّ ـعتُ ف ،ناـملربلا يـف اــهلمع بــناوج عــيمج يــف ةــيعطاقتلا ةيوــسنلاب اــهمازتلا ىــلع نأ عــمو ،روــقعقلا ىــلإ ةبــسنلاب.ناــملربلا يــف ةــصاخب ،اهطاــشنو ةيعامتجالا ةـلادعلا ةلظم تـحت جردـنت يـتلا اـياضقلا عـيمج ةـجلاعم اً ـمدق عـفدلا ةـياغلل بـعصلا نـم هـنأ الإ ،ةـحّ لمو ةـمّ هم ةيوـسنلاو وأ اــهلامهإ ىــلع عجّ ــشي اــم اً ــبلاغ وٍّــج طــسو ناــملربلا يــف اــهب ال.ةدـحاو ةـيضق لـمح يـننكمي ال" :روـقعقلا حرـشتو.اـهتلقرع تاــينانبللا ءاــسنلا قــح ناــمضو ،ةيصخــشلا لاوــحألل يــندم نوــناق فــنعلا نوــناق لــيدعتو ،نهرــسأ دارــفأل نهتيــسنج ءاــطعإ يــف دــيدحتو ،رــبكأ لكــشب ءاــسنلا ةــيامح ززّ ــعي لكــشب يــلاحلا يرــسألا ةـيرح نـمضي لكـشب تاعيرـشتلا لـيدعتو ،جاوزـلا نّ ـسل ىـندألا دـحلا اهلاكــشأ نــع مــيرجتلا لــيزيو ةيرــشبلا تايناــسنجلا يــمحيو درــفلا اً ـضيأ تـقرّ طت تاعلطتـسملا ىدـحإ.اـياضقلا نـم اـهريغو ،ةـعوّ نتملا نـم يـتلا ءاـسنلا نـم ةـنيّ عم تاـئف براـجت ىـلع زـيكرتلا ةرورـض ىـلإ يــف اً ــشيمهت رــثكألا ءاــسنلا براــجتك ،ةدــيرف نوــكت نأ حــجّ رملا ،تارــجاهملا تاــماعلاو ،تاــقوّ عملا ءاــسنلا براــجتو ،عــمتجملا .رصحلا ال لاثملا ليبس ىلع ،تائجاللاو نـهتلباقم تـمّ ت يـتاوللا تاحـشّ رملا ءاـسنلا ضـعب تددّ ـع ،كـلذك ةــطبترملا قوــقحلاك ،ةيوــسن اــياضق اــهنَ ربتعي اــياضق ثــحبلا اذــهل وأ ةــيعامتجالا ةــيامحلاو ،ةــيلامّ علا قوــقحلاو ،مــيلعتلاو ،ثرإلاــب ماــظن هــمكحي دٍ ــلب يــف اً ــئجافم نــكي مــلو.يــعامتجالا ناــمضلا اــياضقلا ةــحئال سأر ىــلع يــتأت نأ ءاــسنلا دــض يزــييمتو يــفئاط رارـقإ ةلأـسم ةـسايسلا يـف تاـعافلا ءاـسنلا ناـسل ىـلع ةروـكذملا يـف نـهقح ءاـسنلل نـمضي رـخآو ةيصخـشلا لاوـحألل يـندم نوـناق ىـلإ اً ـضيأ ةراـشإلا ردـجتو.تاـنبلا/ءانبألاو جوزـلل نهتيـسنج ءاـطعإ ،ةيصخـشلا نـهبراجت نـم اً ـعبان ناكو تاحـشّ رملا ضـعب هـتلاق اـم مــلاعب ةــطبترملا تاــحلطصملا مادختــسا نــفلأي مــل نــهنأ عــم ةراـس لوـقت ،اً ـثم راـطإلا اذـه يـف.ةرورـضلاب ةـيعطاقتلاو ةيوـسنلا :) ينارهزلا-روص( ةيناثلا بونجلا ةرئاد يف ةحشرملا ،ناديوس ةـينانبل ةً أرـما يـنوك نـم اً ـقالطنا ءاـسنلا اـياضق مـهفأ" لوأ اذــهو...يدالوأل يتيــسنج ءاــطعإ يــناكمإب ســيل حـشّ رتأ يـننأ ؛ةـيباختنالا ةـحئاللا قاـطإ ىدـل هـتُ لق اـم نـعو ،ةيـسنجلا يـف يـقح نـع تُ ـثدّ حتو ،ةأرـما يـننأل نودــيري مــهنأكو.ةــناضحلا ةــيضقو ،لــمعلا نــيناوق كـلذ ناك..."كـلمرحلا" رـصع ىـلإ ةـينانبللا ةأرـملا عاـجرإ اً ــمئاد يــسفنب تــنكو ،ةــحئاللا يــف يــباطخ نــم اً ءزــج ."ةيعرشلا مكاحملا دض رهاظتأ ناديوس ةراس ةيناثلا بونجلا ةرئاد يف ةحشرم ةــيفاحصو ةــيقوقح ةطــشان يــهو ،ةعمــشلا ناــميران تراــتخا ،ةــينملا ،ســلبارط( ةــيناثلا لامــشلا ةرــئاد يــف 2018 ماــع تحــشّ رت ةـيمهألا تاـقلَّطمُ لا اـهنم يـناعت يـتلا ةـقفنلا اـياضق ءاـيإ ،) ةـينضلا ةأرـما يـتفصب" :لوـقتو ،اهـسفنب هتـشياع اـمّ م اً ـقالطنا ،ةـمزاللا اـهنم يـناعت يـتلا صـصقلا ةـفرعملا ماـمت فرـعأ ،ةـقلّ طم ءاــشنإ ىــلع لــمعلا تُ درأ.هدــعبو قاــطلا لاــخ ءاــسنلا لوـصولا تاـقلّ طملا ءاـسنلا عيطتـست صاـخ ةـقفن قودـنص ىــلإ رارــطضالا نــع اً ــضوع هــمعد نــم ةدافتــسالاو هــيلإ مــث نــمو ةــقفنلا نأــشب ةــمكحملا رارــق رودــص راــظتنا نـيمأت ىـلع اً ـيلعف تارداـق ءاـسنلا نوـكت ال نـيحف...هذـيفنت ىــلإ نَ دــعي نأ اً دــج لهــسلا نــم ،نهتــشيعمو نــهلوخدم ."فنعلا ردصم 14

يـنعت ال اـهنكل ،يوـسنلا اـنلمعل ةيـساسأ ةـيعطاقتلا" ةـمظنأ عـطاقتت فـيك ىرـت نأ بـجي لـب ،ءاـسنلا دـييحت ةئجاللا لـباقم ةـينانبللا ةأرـملا اً ـثم ؛ءاـسنلا نـيب عـمقلا لــباقم قــطانملا تاــنبو ةــيبنجألا ةــلماعلا لــباقمو تايوتـسم ىلإ رـظنلا يـنعي اذـهو.خـلإ ،ةـمصاعلا تاـنب عـمق ىـلع زـيكرتلا عـم نـكل ،عـمقلا نـم ةرـيثك لاكـشأو ."اً ديدحت ءاسنلا نايبتسالا ىلع ةبيجمُ يـننكل ،كراـعملا لك ضوـخ دـيرأ.لكـشلا اذـهب روـمألا ريـست لـمعلاب يـتبغر نأ وـلو ،هـب أدـبأ نأ اً ـيعقاو يـننكمي اـمب أدـبأ اــياضقلا نــم رــيثكلا نوــلقرعي.]...[ ةرّ متــسم يــش لك ىــلع وٍ ــحن ىــلع ةيصخــشلا مــهحلاصمب اــهتجلاعم نوــطبريو لواــحت اــمب رــثكأ روــقعقلا صوــغتو ."مدّ ــقت يأ زارــحإ بــعّ صي جاــمدإب ةــقلّ عتملا اــهدوهج ةــصاخب ،ناــملربلا لــخاد نــم هــب ماــيقلا ،اهتــسارد راــسمو شــقانتُ يــتلا تاــسايسلا يــف يــعامتجالا عوــنلا مـسر رـصانع نـم اً رـصنع ،اً ـفنآ اـنركذ اـم ىـلع ءً اـنب ،هراـبتعا نـكمي اـم اذــه يــف روــقعقلا كراــشتف.ةــيعطاقتلاو ةيوــسنلا تاــسايسلا ناــجللا لــخاد اهتاــشاقنو اــهبراجت نــم ةــلثمألا ضــعب قايــسلا :ةيباينلا لوـح رـثكأ تاـشاقن ءارـجإ ةرورـض ىـلإ ىرـخأ ةيوـسن ةطـشان تـفلت نـم ناك هـنأ ىـلإ ةً ريـشم ،ناـنبل يـف ةـيعطاقتلا ةيوـسنلا ىـنعم نأ قبـس لئاـسم ةـجلاعم اـنه ةيوـسنلا تاـعومجملا ىـلع لهـسألا اــياضق لاــثملا ليبــس ىــلع ةً رــكاذ ،ةــيّ برغ تٍ اقايــس يــف تــحرطُ ىـنعم تبـستكا ةـيعطاقتلا نأ دـقتعأ ال" :تاـقوّ عملا ءاـسنلا ةـيعطاقتلا ةيوـسنلا نأ ظـحالن.]...[ دـعب ناـنبل يـف اً ـحضاو خــسنت اــهنأكو ،تارــجاهملا تاــماعلاب ىــنعتُ]ناــنبل يــف[ ةيبوروألا ةـجاحلا نـع جـتانلا هـسفن يـعطاقتلا مَ ـهفلا اً ـبيرقت ءاــسنلا ىــلإ تــفتلت ال ،لــباقملا يــف.اً ــمومع ةــيبرغلا وأ لـصتّ م رـيصقتلا اذـه نإ لوـقلا ىـلإ لـيمأ.اً ـثم تاـقوّ عملا ةهباــشم ةــكرعم ضوــخت ال ةــئفلا هذــه نوــكب ةً رــشابم .برــغلا يــف تا/نوــقوّ عملا اــهضوخي يــتلا ةــكرعملل ةروـصلاب اـهيلإ اـنه ةـيعطاقتلا ةيوـسنلا تـفتلت مـل ،يـلاتلاب تارــجاهملا ةــيضق ىــلإ اــهب تــتفتلا يــتلا اهــسفن ةــيرذجلا ."تانوّ لم" ءاسن نّ هفصوب مــسر نــمّ ضتي نأ بــجي ،ةرــيثك عــجارم يــف ررّ ــكمُ وــه اــمك ،اً رــيخأ لــثّ متي اً يــساسأ أً دــبم وأ اً رــصنع ةــيعطاقتلاو ةيوــسنلا تاــسايسلا ةطلــسلا تاــيّ مره ةــعزعز ىــلإ ةــسايسلا يدّ ؤــت نأ ةرورــضب أدــبملا اذــه نايبتــسالا ىــلع ةــبيجمُ صــخّ لت.اــهيدّ حتو ةــيكريرطبلا وـه ةـيعطاقتلاو ةيوـسنلا تاـسايسلاب دوـصقملا نإ اـهلوق رـبع ىــلإ دراوــملاو ةوّ ــقلا لــقن ىــلإ يدؤــي راــسم وأ ةــسايس يأ" جاــعزإ عيطتــست ةــسايس يأ يــنعي كــلذو ؛"اــهل اً كاــتما لــقألا ءاـسنلا عـضو يـف رمتـست يـتلا ةـيفئاطلاو ةـيوبألا ةطلـسلا لكاـيه :روقعقلا ةميلح ةبئانلا تاملكب.نانبل يف ينود عقوم يف اــنعُ لطي ناك ،مــيلعتلاو ةــيبرتلا ةــنجل عاــمتجا لاــخ" يــف ليجــستلا بــسنب ةــقلعتم[ ماــقرأ ىــلع رــيزولا ءاــسنلا بــسن نــع هتُ لأــس.] تاــعماجلاو سرادــملا يــف[ لاــجرلا بــسن لــباقم اً دــيدحت تالجّ ــسمُ لا ناــيتفلا بــسن لــباقم تاــيتفلا بــسنو ،] تاــعماجلا ،ةــيردنج داــعبأ ماــقرألل نــكي مــل نْ إــف.] سرادــملا يــف[ ةــنجل يــف ةــلثامم ةً ــلاح تُ ــهجاو.]...[ اــهل ىــنعم اــف نيجاــسملا فورــظ ةــشقانم لاــخ ناــسنإلا قوــقح تانيجــسلا ءاــسنلا عاــضوأ نــع تُ لأــس.مــهتاجاحو .اــهيلإ قرّ ــطتلا بــجي ةــفلتخم تٍ اــجاح نرــبتخي نــهنوك نــمض حرــطتُ نأ بــجي ةلأــسملا هذــه نإ يــل اوــلاقف نأ بــجي ،لّ كــب تُ ــبجأف.لــفطلاو ةأرــملا قوــقح ةــنجل ءانجـسلا عاـضوأ نـع نآلا نوـملّ كتت متـسلوَ أ.اـنه حرـطتُ نأ اــنيلعف ،نيجاــسملا عاــضوأ شــقانن اــنك اذإ ؟لاــجرلا .]...[ تانيجــسلا ءاــسنلا عاــضوأ نــع اً ــضيأ ثدــحتن !ةــنجل لك نــم اً ءزــج لكّ ــشت نأ بــجي ءاــسنلا اــياضقف .يــعطاقت ءيــش لك ،ةــيعطاقتلا صــخي اــم يــفو.]...[ ىرــخأ اــياضق نــع ءاــسنلا اــياضق نوــلصفي نــيذلاو هذــه نأــش نــم لــيلقتلا فدــهب ،اً دــمع كــلذ نوــلعفي ةــيعطاقت ةً ــسدع نــينّ بتت نــيح.اهداعبتــساو اــياضقلا ةـطبارتم روـمألا لك نأ فـيك نـيرت ،تاـفلملا عـيمج يـف نــع لزــعمب اــم ةٍ لأــسم ةــجلاعم نيعيطتــست نــل كــنأو يــف يردــنجلا روــظنملا مــمّ عأ نأ لواــحأ.]...[ ىرــخألا .اــهتاعامتجا رــضحأ يــتلا ةــيباينلا ناــجللا لك لاــمعأ جــمد كاــنه نوــكي نأ ناــمضو باــطخلا رــييغتب بــغرأ "...يعامتجالا عونلل روقعقلا ةميلح ةبئانلا تايوـسنلا تاطـشانلا ىدـحإ لـعافتت ،ةـيعطاقتلا نـع ثـيدحلا ىدـل موـهفملا اذـه مادختـسا ةـقيرط عـم يدـقن لٍ كـشب تاعلطتـسمُ لا ةيوـسنلا نأ نـيح يـف ،زـييمتلاو عـمقلا لاكـشأ لك ةـجلاعمل راـطإك يــتلا براــجتلاو عــقاولاو ءاــسنلا زُ ــكرمتُ نأ بــجي ةــقيقحلا يــف مــظن رــيثأت ةــيفيك ىــلإ هــتاذ تــقولا يــف هــبتنت نأو اهنــشْ عي :ءاسنلا نم ةفلتخم تٍ ائف يف ةددّ عتملا داهطضالا 15

،عــقاولا يــف.ىرــخأ ةــهج نــم ةــيباينلا تاــباختنالل تاحــشرملا رــيبعت ىــنعم نَ ــمْ هفي مــل يــتاوللا تاحــشرملا تاــيفلخ تــحوارت نــيب ،هــب نــهعمجي طٍ ــبار يأ نــع نرــبّ عي وأ"ةــيعطاقتلا ةيوــسنلا" تاحــشرملا نــيب نــم.ةيراــسي وأ ةــيمدّ قت ىرــخأو ةــيلاربيل تٍ اــيفلخ ةيوــسنلا موــهفم ىــلع اً ــقالطإ تاــعلطّ م نّ ــكي مــل يــتاوللا ءاــسنلا اــياضقل ةــيمهألا اــهئاليإ نــع تــثدّ حت ةٌ حــشّ رم ،ةــيعطاقتلا مادختــسا هــسفن تــقولا يــف ةً ــيدافتم ،ةــيباختنالا اــهتلمح يــف هذــه ىــنعم هــقفت ال اــهنأب اهروعــش ببــسب"ةيوــسن" فــيصوت نــع لوــقتف ،يــفاكلا لكــشلاب اً ــمومع يوــسنلا راــيتلا وأ ةــملكلا ،اــهدض يــننأل ســيل ،"ةيوــسنلا"ـب يــسفن فُ ــصأ ال" :كــلذ لــيقارع هــجاوأ مــل يــننأل اً ــضيأو.اً رــيثك اــهمهفأ ال يــننكل ."زييمتلا نم اً يصخش نِ اعأ مل ،]...[ نــع نهلاؤــس ىدــل ،تاحــشّ رملا نــم ةــيناث ةــعومجم ىدــل لجّ ــسُ دادــعت وــحن لٌ ــيم ،اهتاــسايسو ةــيعطاقتلا ةيوــسنلل نــهموهفم اـم ،ناـنبل يـف ءاـسنلا يـف رـثّ ؤت يـتلا ةيـساسألا لئاـسملل طـسّ بم ،ةــحورطملا اــياضقلا زرــبأب يــلعف يــعو دوــجو ىــلع لّ دــي نأ نــكمي ةيوـسنلا تاـيولوألل نـهمهف ةـيدودحم وأ فـعض ىـلع اً ـضيأ نـكلو .ةيعطاقتلاو عـبنت حَ ـلِ اصمَ لا نأ أدـبم ىـلع ةءاـضإلا مـهملا نـم ،ىرـخأ ةـهج نـم مهفيــس نــمَ رــثكأ نّ ــه ءاــسنلا نأ يــنعي اــم ،ةــشيعمَ براــجت نــم وـه اـمكف.رارـقلا عـنص تاـئيه يـف اهجلاعيـس نـمَ رـيخو نّ ـهاياضق تاــيّ مرهلاو ةــيوبألا تاــيّ لكيهلا دــيّ قتُ ال ،ثــحبلا اذــه يــف لــصَّفمُ .بــسحف ةطلــسلا زــكارم ىــلإ نــهلوصوو ءاــسنلا لــيثمت ةــيفئاطلا ءً ارآ طقـستُ ةـيلاربيل براـشم يـف راكـفألا هذـه عـبنم نـمكي اـم اً ـبلاغ :براــجتلا نــم صاــخ مٍ ــلاع ىــلع اــهزيكرت بّ ــصتو ،ةيوــسن-دعب-ام زــفأ مــل يــننإ لَ وــقأ نأ وأ ةــيحضلا رود ةــيدأت دــض اــنأ" اـمك رـضّ حتأ مـل يـننأل زـفأ مـل اـنأ.ةأرـما يـننأل]تاـباختنالاب[ ةــيفطاعلا ةــلاحلا هذــه يــنباتنت ال ،رــخآ ىــنعمب.اــمبر بــجي تُ ـسل.]...[‘ةأرـما يـننأل يـننومجاهي مـه ها‘ ىـلع ةـينبملا عـبطلاب.ةـيزييمتلا تاـقيلعتلا هاـجتا ةـجردلا هذـهل ةـساسّ ح اــهليزأ يــننكل ،اــهيدافت نــكمي نــل ذإ ،يــتايح يــف اــهتُ هجاو نــم يأرــلا اذــه نــع ةحــشرملا رــيبعت عــنمي مــل ."ةعرــسب يــنع اــهتابحاص عــتّ مت ةــجيتن يــتأت هذــهك براــجت نأــب دــعب اــميف اــهفادرإ يــف اــهميمعت نــكمي ال هــنأبو تازاــيتمالا نــم عــسوأ شٍ ــماهب داـمتعا بوـجو نـم كاردإلا اذـه برـتقي مـل اـمنإ.لاوـحألا قـلطم تامــسلا ىــلع مــئاقلا لــيلحتلا نــم اًلدــب قــمعأ يوــينب لــيلحت ةــقيرطلا ةــهجل ةــظوظحم يــننأ رــبتعأ" :ةيصخــشلا براــجتلاو يــننأل يــتبرجت مــيمعت يــننكمي ال.]...[ اــهيف تــيبّ رت يــتلا عــتّ متت ال ةدّ ــع تازاــيتماب تــعتّ متو ةــظوظحم اً ــعف تُ ــنك لـيقارع نـهجاويو تالوـجخ ءاـسنلا ضـعب.ءاـسنلا عـيمج اـهب ."اهتلازإ بجي عباطلا ةيفاقث اـنقبّ ط اذإ نـكل.يداـع ءيـشك ةيوـسنلا ىرـي مـهضعب" هــنأ فــيك ىرنــس ،عــقاولا ضرأ يــف ةيوــسنلا اـننأ وـل.هـتمّ رب يـسايسلا ماـظنلا مـيطحت اهتعاطتـساب يــف ءاــسنلل دــعاقملا فــصن نــيمأت ىــلع نو/تارداــق نــم ناــملربلا فــصن فــلّ أتي نأ اً ــصأ بــجيو- ناــملربلا نكّ متنـس ،ةيوـسن ةدـنجأب كـلذ ةـقفارمُ ىـلعو-ءاـسن ،مـهروص كـلذب مطّ حنـس.]...[ يـلاحلا ماـظنلا رـسك نـم نأ وـل اوـليّ خت.مـهقطانم يـف نـيعباقلا ءاـمعزلا ءالؤـه رــيثكلا رــسكنس.مــهنم دــحاو لك ناكــم ةأرــما كاــنه نأ نورــي مــهلعجن.مــهباطخ رــسكن.ةــلاحلا هذــه يــف ءاــسن لــصت نأ دــيرأ.مهتــسفانم ءاــسنلا رودــقمب ليبــسلا وــه اذــه.ناــملربلا ىــلإ تايوــسنو تالقتــسم ."قرف ثادحإل روقعقلا ةميلح ةبئانلا عوــضوم تــلوانت يــتلا رداــصملا زرــبأل ةــعجارم ىــلإ دانتــسالاب تاــباقملا يــف ةدراوــلا تاــباجإلل اــنليلحتو ةيوــسنلا تاــسايسلا ةــيعطاقتلاو ةيوــسنلا تاــسايسلا راــصتخا نــكمي ،تانايبتــسالاو رــصانع ةدّ ــع نــم اً ــفلؤم اً راــطإ اــهنوكب يــنانبللا قايــسلل ةــمئالملا ةـسايسلا مـسر راـسم اـمه ،نييَّـساسأ نيمَ ـسق ىـلع اـهعيزوت نـكمي لوــلحلاو ةــحورطملا تاــيولوألاو تالكــشملا ةــعيبطو ،ةــهج نــم دَّـعيُ يـكلو ،راـسملا ىوتـسم ىـلع.ىرـخأ ةـهج نـم اـهل ةـحرتقملا نأ يــغبني ،اً ــيعطاقتو اً يوــسن ةــنيّ عم ةــمّ اع ةــسايس ليكــشت راــسم اً ـقلطنمو ءاـسنلا نـم ةـعونتم تاـئف ىـلع اًلمتـشمو اً يكراـشت نوـكي عــم قــيثو وٍ ــحن ىــلعو اً ــعافتم اً ــضيأ نــكلو ،ةــصاخلا نــهبراجت نــم ءاــسنلا ةكراــشم لكّ ــشت ،كــلذك.اــهتانوّ كمو ةيوــسنلا تاكرــحلا تاــسايسلا مــسر لــحارم فــلتخم يــف لداــعلا نــهليثمتو ةــلاعّ فلا ىدــلو.ةــيعطاقتو ةيوــسن ةدــنجأب اً ــمدق عــفدلل اً ــيروحم اً رــصنع لوــلحلاو ةــنيّ عم ةــسايس اــهلوانتت يــتلا تاــيولوألا ىــلإ قرّ ــطتلا رــثّ ؤت يــتلا كــلت ىــلإ تاــفتلالا اً دــج مــهملا نــم ،اــهل ةــحرتقملا تاــيولوألا ىــلإ اً ــضيأ رــظنلا نــكلو ،ءاــسنلا تاوــيح يــف ةً رــشابم ةٍ ــسدع لاــخ نــم ءاــسنلا اــياضقب ةً رــشابم ةــطبترملا رــيغ ىرــخألا تاــمزألا ةرادإــب ةــقلعتملا لئاــسملا اــهيف اــمب ،ةــيعطاقتو ةيوــسن يـف ةً ـيروحم رـثكألا رـصانعلا نـم ،اً رـيخأ.اـهل ةباجتـسالاو ةـعونتملا اــم ةُ ردــق ،ةــيعطاقتلاو ةيوــسنلا تاــسايسلا ةــيهام نــع فــيرعتلا ةـعزعزو ةـيكريرطبلا ةطلـسلا سـسأ ةـلخلخ ىـلع ةـسايسلا هـحرطت نــكلتمي يــتاوللا ءاــسنلا ىــلإ اــهليوحت ليهــستو ةوّ ــقلا نــيزاوم .نهنيب نم ةشاشه رثكألاو اهنم اًليلق اً طسق مــهأ تٍ اــعارصو اً روــمأ كاــنه نأــب ةــلئاقلا ةــجحلا ىــلإ ةبــسنلاب اــمأ نيتَ حــشّ رم ناــسل ىــلع تزرــب دــقف ،ةاواــسملاو ءاــسنلا اــياضق نــم ســفانت يــتلا مــهألا ةــيولوألاك ةــيداصتقالا عاــضوألا نــع اــتثدّ حت ضــعب رــيطخلا ،باــطخلا اذــه داــقتنا نــكمي.ىرــخألا اــياضقلا لك ةيــشيعملا لاوــحألا يدّ رــت ىــلإ اً رــظن اً دــج عئاــشلاو ءيــشلا ىــلإ رــشؤي هــنأل ،اً ــضيأ هــنم باــيترالا نــكميو ،ةــنهارلا ةيــسايسلاو ناــيغطل كرِ دــمُ لا يوــسنلا يــعولا ىوتــسم ىــلع حــضاو فٍ ــعض فــلتخمل ءاــسنلا راــبتخا ةــيفيك يــف رــثؤت ةــيوبأ ةٍ طلــس تاــيلكيه تارــغث:ضرألا ىــلع ةــيعطاقتلاو ةيوــسنلا تاــسايسلا عــنص تايدّ حتو نــهتامولعم ثــحبلا يــف تاكرِ اــشمُ لا ضــعب تــمدّ ق نــيح يــف ،ةيعطاقتلاو ةيوـسنلا تايولوألا وأ تاـسايسلا مـسر لوح نهءارآو دٍ دـع ىـلإ ةبـسنلاب رـيثكلا ةـيعطاقتلاو ةيوـسنلا اـحلطصم نِ ـعْ ي مـل تايبدأ نـيب ةيقيقح ةٍ وّ ـه دوـجو ىـلإ رـشّ ؤي يذـلا رـمألا ،نـهنم رٍ ـفاو ءاــسنلا نــم رــيثكلاو ،ةــهج نــم اــهبلاطمو اــهاؤرُ و ةيوــسنلا ةــكرحلا 16

تاــقالع ىــلع مــئاق هــنكل ،مــعن يزــييمت ماــظنلا" ءاــسنلا شــمّ هت ال ةــيداصتقاو ةــيعامتجا تاــيمانيدو ءاــسنلا...ةيّ رــشبلا تاــعومجملا نــم رــيثكلا لــب ،طــقف زــييمتلا نرــبتخيو تاــعومجملا هذــه نــم ةــعومجم ،اذــل.كــلذ يــف تادــيحو نَ ــسل نــهنكل ةــصاخ ةــقيرطب تاـناخل اً ـعبت اـهئزّ جأ الأ لـضّ فأ ،ةـيضق نـع مـلّ كتأ اـمدنع موــقت ال ةــيدام ةلأــسمب اــهطبرأ نأو ،ةــنيعم ةيرــشب .]...[ ةـيمويلا اـنمومه سـكعتو ةـيوهلا تاـسايس ىـلع رـيغ ىوـقأ ةـيضق ءاـنب اـنرودقمب نوكيـس ،لكـشلا اذـهب يــفو.ةــيوهلا ىــلع ةــمئاق ةلأــسم نــم ةــقلطنم ءاـسنلل ةـلادعلا اـياضق نـع ثدـحتن نـيح ىـتح ،ةـياهنلا هذــه ىــتح ،]...[ اً ــثم لــمعلا نوــناقو ةــمومألاو ةــطبترم يــه لــب ،طــقف ءاــسنلا نِ ــعت ال لئاــسملا اذــه يــف لــمعلا باــحصأف.لّ كك يداــصتقالا ماــظنلاب ناــمضلا يــف ن/مــهيفظّ وم نولجّ ــسي ال ماــظنلا ضــعب اورــفّ وي نأ لــجأ نــم كــلذو ،اً ــصأ يــعامتجالا رــخآلا فدــهلا ىــلع لــمعن نأ عــقّ وتن فــيكف ؛لاــملا ىرــخألا اــياضقلا هذــه لك اــميف]ءاــسنلاب طــبترملا[ ىــلع اــنزيكرت بّ ــصن اــمدنع اــمنيب ؟مدّ ــقتت الو ةــقلاع اً ــيباجيإ كــلذ سكعنيــس ،تاــماعلاو لاــمّ علا اــياضق ،اذــلو.]...[ ةــلاحم ال ،لــمعلا نــكامأ يــف ءاــسنلا ىــلع هــسفن ماــظنلا اذــه ،لكك ماــظنلا ىــلع زــيكرتلا لــضّ فأ ال.]...[ هــجاتنإ ةداــعإ يــف ءاــسنلا ضــعب مهاــست يذــلا وأ باـطخلا[ ثـيدحلا ىـلإ تاـيوهلا دَ ـعبُ بـلج غيـستسأ يــف عوــنتلا ىرأ اــمدنع اميــس ال ،] ةيــسايسلا ةدــنجألا لمتــشي يذــلاو ،] ةــيباختنالا تابــسانملا يــف[ روــضحلا ةـبعص عاـضوألاف.ةـفلتخم ةـيرمعو ةـيردنج تاـئف ىـلع كــلت تــسيل ،مــهيلإ ةبــسنلابو]...[ اً ــعيمج مــهيلع اً دــج ىرـخأ اـياضق كاـنه.موـيلا ةـيولوألا لكّ ـشي اـم روـمألا ."رثكأ مهعقاو يكاحتو رثكأ مهمّ هت لـمّ أتت ،راـطإلا اذـه يـف.راـبتخالا اذـه تاـجردو تاـقبوملاو براـجتلا ىـلع ةـمالملا ضـعب يـقلتُ ف ةلأـسملا هذـه يـف تاحـشرملا ىدـحإ دــيكأت يــف رّ متــست اــميف ،زــييمت نــم هنــشْ عي اــمل نهــسفنأ ءاــسنلا ىــلإ قرّ ــطتلا لــبق ةــيداصتقالا تالكــشملا ىــلع زــيكرتلا بِ وــجو :حرشتف ،ءاسنلا اياضق اــمفيك كــنأ ةــجردل اــندالب يــف ةرــيثك اــياضق كاــنه" .ةــلودلا بَ اــيغ ســكعت ةً لكــشم نيدجتــس ،ترــظن ال.ةــيداصتقالا ةــيضقلا يــه ةيــساسألا ةــيضقلاو كاـنه نوـكي اـمدنع ةاواـسملا نـع ثدـحتأ نأ يـننكمي أدـبأ نأ يـننكمي ،داـصتقالا رارقتـسا قـقحتي نـيح.عوـج ءاـسنلاو.ءاـسنلا نيكمت لـثم ،ىرـخألا اـياضقلا ةـجلاعمب .اً رــخآو اًلوأ ،نــهقوقح مارــتحا نــع تالوؤــسملا نــه يــتاوللا ءاــسنلا مــعد ؛نييَ وتــسم ىــلع لــمعن نأ اــنيلع عــضولا نــسحتي نــيح طــقف نــكل ،مدّ ــقتلاب نــبغري دــلب يــف شــيعن اــنك وــل.يــعامتجالاو يداــصتقالا تا/نيعرّ ــشملل نوــكيل ناك ،يــعيبط نــمزو يــعيبط صاــخلا عاــطقلا ىــلع اــتوكلا ةــمظنأ ضرــف يــف رود اً دــعب ءاــسنلا رَ ود يــطعتُ موــيلا تاكرــشلا ىــتح.اً ــثم ."اهانعم نم ةيضقلا هذه ةً غرفمُ ،اً ينييزت ،فـلتخم لٍ كـشب اـهيأر نـع ةـيناث ةحـشّ رم ترـبّ ع ،هـسفن قايـسلا يـف ىــلعو اً ــيئاقلت سكعنيــس يــقبطلاو يــلامّ علا لاــضنلا نأ ةً ــججاحم نـهعم لـماعتلا ىـلإ رارـطضالا نود نـم ،ءاـسنلا ىـلع يـباجيإ وٍ ـحن فـنآلا كـلت عـم ةحـشّ رملا هذـه يأر يـقتلي.ةـصاخ ةـيعامتجا ةـئفك نــع اً ــضف.ءاــسنلل ةــمالملا هــيجوت ىــلإ لــيملا يــف ،هاــعأ اــهركذ ىـلع هنـشعي اـمّ م ةً رـشابم ةـعبانلا- ءاـسنلا اـياضق يـف ىرـت ال اـهنأ ،هــيلإ هــجّ وتت يذــلا بــخانلا عــمتجملا مّ ــهت عــيضاوم-عــقاولا ضرأ ةيوــسنلا اــمه نــيفلتخم نــيرَ مأ نــيب اــهثيدح يــف جزــمت اــهنأ اــمك .ةيوهلا تاسايسو ةيعطاقتلا يوــسنلا حاــفكلا عــم عــطاقتي يــقبطلا عارــصلا نأ يــف كّ ــش ال -يـعطاقتلا روـظنملا فـيضن نـيح اً ـحوضو نـيرَ مألا طاـبترا دادزـيوداهطضالاو ةطلـسلا تايلكيهو ةـيوبألا ةـيعامتجالا رـيياعملا نأ لّ إ ،اً راــشتنا رــثكأو اً دــج اً ــفلتخم ءاــسنلا يــف اــهريثأت ىــقبي ةــمئاقلا لـجأ نـم هـل يدـصتلاو هـيدّ حتو هـتايلآ نـع فـشكلاو هـحضف بـجيو ةــيعامتجالا تاــقالعلا يــف ةوّ ــقلا تاــيمانيد ىــلإ نزاوــتلا ةداــعإ راـبتعا نـكمي ،اـنه نـم.اًلدـعو ةاواـسم رـثكأ ماـظن ءاـنبو ةـيردنجلاو اً ـقالطنا ءاـسنلا عـمقت يـتلا ةدئاـسلا ىـنبلاب فارـتعالا يـف روـصقلا تاــبراقملا يــف ةرــيبك ةً رــغث ،يــعامتجالا عوــنلا تاــفينصت نــم ةيـسايسلا عاـضوألا نـع ثـيدحلا ضرـعم يـف ةدـمتعملا ةـيليلحتلا نـم نأ كـلذ نـم رـطخألاو.داـبلا يـف ةـيداصتقالاو ةـيعامتجالاو وأ ،اً ــيردنج ةــيدايحلا تاــبراقملا خيــسرت ةداــعإ روــصقلا اذــه نأــش يذـلا رـمألا ،هـنع ةـيضاغتملاو يردـنجلا دـعبلل ةينثتـسمُ لا ،ىرـحألاب ةــمظنألاو ةطلــسلا تاــيلكيه جاــتنإ ةداــعإ ىــلإ اً ــمتح دوقيــس عــنصل تٍ اــبراقم ســيركت ىــلإو ،اــهمدهب ىدَ اــنملُ ا اهــسفن ةــيعمقلا 17

نــيح[ نــيفنَّعتُ و ،ةً رــشابم كؤاــصقإ وأ كتاكــسإ مــتي" تُ رــكذ اــمدنع...] اــياضقلا هذــه نيــشقانت وأ نــيحرطت دودر تـناك ،ناـملربلا لـخاد يـكريرطبلا ماـظنلا ةلأـسم ىــلع زــيكرتلا ،نــيديرت اذاــم يــنعي" ،ةئزهتــسم لــعفلا ال هـنإ لوـقأ اً ـمود تُ ـنك ،ناـملربلا جراـخ ىـتح."؟ءاـسنلا هــتانوّ كم نــع يــسايسلا ماــظنلا اذــه لــصف نــكمي وأ ةـلص ال رـمألا نإ نوـلوقي نأ نـكمي فـيكف ،ةـيوبألا ال ةيوـسنلا اـياضقلا حرـط نأ يـه ةـقيقحلا ؟هـل ةـيمهأ اذاـملف ،اً ـبناج كـحرطت ،سـكعلا ىـلع ،ةيبعـش كبـسكتُ كـشيمهت ىلإ دوقتـس اهنأ نيملعت امدنع اً ذإ اهنيركذت ناــملربلا لــخادو ماــعلا يأرــلا طاــسوأ يــفو اً ــيمالعإ باوـنلا ضـعب رـيكفت ةـقيرط يـه هذـه نأ دـقتعأ ؟اً ـضيأ تُ رـبتخا دـقو.لٍ اـع نٌ ـمث]يوـسنلا حرـطلل[.لـخادلا يـف ةرـكف وأ حرـطب دـيفأ تُ ـنك[ ةرـم لك يـف!يـسفنب رـمألا نيملّ كتت تِ ـنأو نوـعوجي ساـنلا" يـل لاـقيُ ناك ،] ةيوـسن ةيــساسأو اً دــج ةــمهم ةــيعطاقتلا نّ ــكل!"ءاــسنلا نــع ."ءاسن مه ءارقفلا نم%70. ةأرما رقفلافروقعقلا ةميلح ةبئانلا اً ــمدق عــفدلا يعاــسم ةــيدودحمب طــبترم ثــلاث لٌ ــماع كاــنه لــخاد ةــيعطاقتو ةيوــسن تاــسراممو تاــيولوأو تاــسايسب لــعافتلا ىوتــسم ىــلع هــب ناهتــسيُ ال فٍ ــعضب لــثّ متي ،ناــملربلا نــم تاحــشّ رملا ءاــسنلا وأ تاــيناملربلا نــيب مادتــسملاو يرودــلا عــبان فــعضلا اذــه نــكل ؛ىرــخأ ةــهج نــم ةيوــسنلا ةــكرحلاو ،ةــهج يـف ةيوـسنلا تاـعومجملا اهتدهـش يـتلا مذرـشتلا ةـلاح نـم اً ـضيأ ةيــسايسلا تاحاــسملا صــقن نــمو ةرــيخألا تاونــسلا لاــخ داــبلا شــقانتتو ىــقالتت نأ ءاــسنلا نــم تاــعومجمل حــيتت يــتلا ةــليدبلا يـعامج لكـشب طـطّ خت نأو ،ةـنيّ عم ةيوـسن تاـيولوأ لوـح مـظّ نتتو يــف نــيَّبمُ وــه اــمكو ،لــعفلاب.تادــنجألا عــنص يــف رــثكأ رــيثأتلل ةيوــسنلا تاــسايسلا مــسر عوــضومب ةــلصلا تاذ عــجارملا تايوــسنلا تاطــشانلا تاــباجإ يــف كــلذكو ـةــيعطاقتلاو مـيظنتلا ىـلع تارداـق ءاـسنلا نوـكت نـيح طـقف ،تاعلَ طتـسمُ لا تايولوألا ديدحت ناكـمإلاب نوكيـس ،اً عم طـيطختلاو ثداـحتلاو تادــنجألا عــنص ةــقورأ ىــلإ اــهلاخدإو اــهريوطتو ةيوــسنلا لاـخ نـم طـقف ،كـلذك.ةيمـسر رـيغ وأ ةيمـسر تـناكأ ،تارارـقلاو اذــهك كٍ ارــح عــم مادتــسملاو يــقيقحلاو يدّ ــجلا لــعافتلا ةـحورطملا ةدـنجألا مـهف تا/نوـيّ نعملا عيطتـسي ،هـيلإ عامتـسالاو تاـشاقنلا يـف اـهنيمضتو اً ـقح اً ـمهف ةيوـسنلا اـياضقلاب ةـلصلا تاذ ،زـتوغو لـيونروك( روـكذم وـه اـمك.ةيعيرـشتلا تاراـسملاو ةيمـسرلا نأ اهنأــش نــم هذــهك يــسايسلا مــيظنتلل تاحاــسم نإــف ،)2005 قــلخ عــم يزاوــتلاب يــسايسلا فــيقثتلل صرــفلا داــجيإ لهّ ــست" ىدّ ـحتت تاـحورطو فـقاوم قاـثبنا اـهبلّ طتي يـتلا ةـمزاللا طورـشلا ةـسايسلا يـف ءاـسنل لٍ ـمتحم زٍ ورـب ىـلإ دوـقت نأو ،"دـماجلا نـهارلا .ةبكّ رمو ةيّ نغ ةيعطاقتو ةيوسن تادنجأو تايفلخ تاوذ لـب ال ،ةـيردنجلا تاـقورفلاو راـثآلاو داـعبألاب ةـثرتكم رـيغ تاـسايسلا سـنجلا عـضت تٍ اـضارتفاو ةـيذؤمو ةـيّ طمن تٍ ازـيّ حت لوـح ةزـكرمتم ةيوــسنلا ةــبراقملا حــيتت ،لــباقملا يــف.اــهروحم يــف يرــكذلا ةــمظنأ حــضفل ةــيوينب لوــلح حرــط وأ داــجيإ ةــيناكمإ ةــيعطاقتلاو ،ىتّ ــش ةــيعمتجم تاــئف يــف رــثؤت يــتلا ةكباــشتملا عــمقلا ىــلع ،تاــيتفلاو ءاــسنلا اــهتاعبت يــف صاــخ زٍ ــيكرت عــم ،اــهتجلاعمو رــثكألا ماــظنلاك ةــيّ وبألل كٍ اردإو ،نــهتايفلخو نــهتاءامتنا فاــتخا رــثكأو ناــنبل يــف تا/نــيميقملا فــصن نــم رــثكأل اً ــعمقو اً راــشتنا .ملاعلا يف ةيرشبلا فصن نم ةيوـسنلا موـهفم لوـح اهتكراـشم تـمت ءارآ نـم قبـس اـم ىـلع ءً اـنب ةــيعطاقتلا ةيوــسنلل دودــحملا مــهفلا نأ نــيّ تبي ،ةــيعطاقتلا ةـيداصتقالا ةـمزألا لاحفتـسا عـم نـمازتلاب ،يـلمعو يرـظن راـطإك تارــغثلا ءارو اً يــساسأ اً ببــس لكّ ــشي ،ةقوبــسملا رــيغ ةيــشيعملاو فــعضو ةدــمتعملا تاــبراقملاو ةــحورطملا تاــيولوألا حــئاول يــف رــثكأ نوــكت ةدــنجأب اً ــمدق عــفدلا لاــجم يــف ةــلوذبملا دوــهجلا تاــمحلاو تارداــبملا نــمض وأ ناــملربلا لــخاد ةً ــيعطاقتو ةً يوــسن .اً مومع ةيسايسلا رــخآ لــيلحت ىــلع روــقعقلا ةــميلح ةــبئانلا ءيــضت ،رــخآ دٍ ــيعص ىــلع يــعطاقتلاو يوــسنلا يــسايسلا باــطخلا فــعض رــسّ في نأ نــكمي نــم لــيحتُ ،ةــيعطاقتو ةيوــسن تاــسايس عــنص ماــمأ لــيقارعلاو اً ــمومع ءاــسنلا قــيرط قــيعت يــتلا ةــيوينبلا زــجاوحلا ىــلإ هــلالخ ،اً دــيدحت ةــسايسلا يــف ءاــسنلا اــههجاوت دــق يــتلا تاءادــتعالاو ءاـضفلا يـف ةـيروكذلا زـييمتلا هـجوأ نـيدّ حتي يـتاوللا كـئلوأ ةـصاخب داــمتعاو ةيوــسنلا اــياضقلا حرــط نأ روــقعقلا ىرــتف.يمــسرلا لـخاد ،ةـيلاع ةً ـفلك حرـطلا ةـبحاص نادـبّ كيُ حـضاو يوـسن باـطخ اميــس ال ،داــبلا يــف ةيــسايسلا تاءاــضفلاف .هــجراخو ناــملربلا "ب" مـسقلا يـف لـصّ فم وـه اـمكو ،يـنانبللا باوـنلا سـلجم لـخاد ةــيئادأ نــم ةــعبان تٍ اــسراممب حوــضوبو مــستّ ت ،ثــحبلا اذــه نــم تٍ اــبراقمو ،ةــنيهمُ و ةــيئاصقإو ةــيئادع تٍ اــفرّ صتو ،ةــصلاخ ةــيروكذ اً ـمومع ةـضفارو ةـقيضلا ةـيوئفلاو ةيصخـشلا حـلاصملا ىـلع ةـمئاق يورــت ،راــطإلا اذــه يــف.ةيــسايسلا نــهراودأو ءاــسنلا ةكراــشمل :روقعقلا ةميلح ةبئانلا ةـيردنج ةـلادع قـيقحت نـع اً دـج اً دـيعب ناـنبل لازـي ال نـيح يـف ،اً ـماتخ عاـضوألا طـسو اميـس ال ،ةيناـسنإلا ءاـسنلا قوـقح زـيزعتو ةـيقيقح تاـبراقم داـمتعا نأ ىـقبي ،ةـنهارلا ةيـسايسلاو ةيـشيعملاو ةـيلاملا 18

لـحارم لك يـف اـهب ةـلصلا تاذ بـلاطملا عـفرو ةـيعطاقتو ةيوـسن مدـه يـف ماهـسإلا نـم نـكمتلل اً يـساسأ اً طرـش تاـسايسلا مـسر مـكحت يـتلا ةدـسافلا ةطلـسلا ىـنبو ةـقيمعلا ةـيعمقلا تاـيلكيهلا يــنعت ةــيعطاقتو ةيوــسن ةدــنجأ عاــبتّ اف.تــلخ دٍ وــقع ذــنم داــبلا عــمقلا ةــمظنأ ءارو ةــيرذجلا بابــسألا ةــجلاعم راــيتخا عــقاولا يــف ةيـسنجلاو ةـقبطلاو يـعامتجالا عوـنلا ىـلع ةـمئاقلا ةاواـسماللاو ةـجلاعم راـيتخاو ،ةـيرمعلا لـحارملاو ةيدـسجلاو ةـيكرحلا تاردـقلاو ةـعونتم ةـيعامتجا تاـئف ةردـق يـف رـثؤت يـتلا ةـفلتخملا لـماوعلا ىــلع اــهتردقو صرــفلاو تاــمدخلاو دراوــملا ىــلإ لوــصولا ىــلع تاـسايس ريوطت ىـلع رـمألا لمتـشي ،اً ـيلمع.ةـفاك اـهقوقحب عـتّ متلا زــييمتلا تاــسايس نــم ةــفلتخم تاــعومجم يــمحت ال تاعيرــشتو اـم ىـلع صاـخ زٍ ـيكرت عـم ،اً ـضيأ ةرـيخألا هذـه ىدّ ـحتت لـب ،بـسحف اــمنيأ ىــلإو نَ ــمْ قأ اــمنيأ عــمق لاكــشأو براــجت نــم ءاــسنلا هرــبتخت تاــقورفلا ىــلإ ةــسسّ حتم ةــيعطاقت ةٍ ــسدع داــمتعاو ،نَ ــيْ متنا وأ ةــيداصتقا وأ ةــيعامتجا ةــيضق يأ لــيلحت ضرــعم يــف ةــيردنجلا وأ تاــمزألا ىــلإ تاباجتــسالا مــيمصت لاــخ ةــصاخب ،ةيــسايس تٍ الوّ ــحت دــلّ وت نأ اهنأــش نــم يــتلا تاعيرــشتلاو تاــسايسلا تادــنجأ داــمتعا بــلّ طتي ،كــلذ ىــلع ةً واــع.ةــنيّ عم ةــيعامتجا ثــيح ،هــسفن راــسملا ىــلع اً زــيكرت ةــيعطاقتو ةيوــسن تاــبراقمو نـهتردقو ءاـسنلا لـيثمت ناـمض ىـلإ ةـصاخ ةـيمهأ ىـلوت نأ يـغبني .تارارــقلا ذاــختاو دوــنبلا دــيدحت تاراــسم يــف ةكراــشملا ىــلع يرواــشت جٍ ــهن عاــبتّ ا ،ماــع دٍ ــيعص ىــلعو ،كــلذ يــنعي ،اً ــيلمع ةــكرحلا عــم اميــس ال ،ةــينعملا تاــئفلا لــمجم عــم يكراــشتو ةــيوبألا تاــيلكيهلا دــض عارــصلا بــلص يــف ةــعضومتملا ةيوــسنلا رـفّ وتت ةـمظَّنمُ ةيوـسن ةـكرح عـمو ،مـلاعلا نادـلب نـم دـلب يأ يـف دوـجو نود نـم قـقّ حتي نـل كـلذو.ماجـسنالا تاـموّ قم ىـندأ اـهيف لك طارــخناو ةــكرحلا كــلتو يــباين ســلجم يأ ءاــضعأ نــيب كاكــتحا ىــلع ةرــثأتملا تاــعمتجملا عــم ةــيرود تاــعافتب فارــطألا هذــه ال ،ةــيعامتجالا تاكارــحلاو يــندملا عــمتجملا تاــئيه عــمو ضرألا .اهنم ةيوسنلا تاعومجملاو ءاسنلا قوقح تامظّ نم اميس 19

عـم" ةأرـملل ةدـحتملا مـمألا ةـئيه" اـهترجأ ةـقمّ عم تاـباقم يـفو نأ نـيّ بت ،2022 ماـع ترـشنُ يـسايسلا نادـيملا يـف تاـعاف ءاـسن 7 نـعتّ متي يـتاوللا وأ ةـيديلقت بازـحأ ىـلإ تاـيمتنملا تاـيدايقلا ىـتح داعبتــسالا وأ رــمّ نتلل نــضرّ عت ةــيلئاع مــعد ةكبــشو ةيــسايس ةرــبخب اً يــسايس نّ همادختــسا مّ ــت اــمك ،نّ ــهبزح تاــعامتجا ةــسائر نــع تاــقيلعتب اً ــنايحأ نّ هقــشرو ةــيليمجت غٍ ــيصب وأ ةيّ لكــش يــعاودل نأ دـــعب الإ ةأرـــما يـــنوكل زـــييمتلاب طــــق رعــــشأ مــــل" .ةــيروكذ بزـحل ةقباـسلا ةـسيئرلا ،توـمّ ي ماـس لوـقت ،"ةــسايسلا تُ ـلخد يناتــسب ىدــن رــحلا يــنطولا راــيتلا عــم ةــبئانلا اــمأ.ةــينطولا ةــلتكلا يكل يـــتوص عـــفر يـــف يـــتقو فـــصن تُ ـــيضق" :لوقتف يروخلا يـــننومهتّ ي اوـــناك ،يـــتوص عـــفرأ تُ ـــنك اـــمدنعو ،يــلإ تــصنيُ .)2022 ، يجكمكإو فيكوأ( ."يتاــنومره بارــطضاـب يــنغتُ ل ثــحبلا اذــه ءارــجإ قايــس يــف تــنوّ دُ يــتلا براــجتلا يــتأت رّ منــسو ،ةقباــسلا ةــيعونلاو ةــيمكلا ثاــحبألاو رــيراقتلا تاــجرخم نــم ،كــلذ لــبق نــكلو.مــسقلا اذــه يــف لــصّ فم لٍ كــشب اــهيلع ضــعب ليجــست عاطتــسا ثــحبلا اذــه نأ ىــلإ ةراــشإلا مــهملا تاداهــش يــهو ،ةبيلــسلاب اً ــمامت مــستّ ت ال يــتلا تاداهــشلا لــماعتلا يــف ةً ــيباجيإو اً رــييغت نَ ــسْ مل نّ ــهنإ نَ ــلق تاحــشّ رمل ةـضافتنا دـعب اميـس ال ،ةيـسايسلا ءاـسنلا ةكراـشم عـم يـعمتجملا ةئـشان ةيـسايس تاـعومجم نـم هـتزرفأ اـمو 2019 لوألا نيرـشت 17 اهيــسسّ ؤم نــم ةً ــنزاو ةً بــسن ةباــشلا تاــئفلاو ءاــسنلا تلكّ ــش ءاــسنلا اــهيدؤت يــتلا راودأــل حــضوأ ةــيئرم نــمو ،اــهيف نــيلعافلاو .ماعلا لاجملا يف نهروضحو يــف ةــسسِّؤم ةوــضع يــهو ،تاــحرف وــبأ لــيوج ،راــطإلا اذــه يــف قايــس يــف تــيرجأُ ةٍ ــلباقم يــف ظــحلت ،"يــتفيف يــتفيف" ةــيعمج :ثحبلا اذه تدـصح حـئاول ىـلع ةأرـما 64 كاـنه ناك] 2022 ماـع[" نّ ــك ءاــسنلا ءالؤــه نأ يــنعي اــم ،يــباختنالا لــصاحلا يـنعي اـمو ،]...[ اً ـفلتخم باـختنالا نوـناق ناك وـل نزـفيل اً دــيدحت ،ءاــسن باــختنا اً ــعف نودــيري ساــنلا نأ اً ــضيأ مهنأو ،مهتارايخ مـهبازحأ مـهيلع يـلمت ال نـيذلا ساـنلا ةروــث دــعب.]...[ ءاــسن باــختنال ،مــهمظعمب ،نوزــهاج تاطــشانلاو ءاــسنلاب رــبكأ ةــقث كاــنه حــبصأ ،2019 ةدـيدج ةيـسايس بازـحأ ءاـشنإ فـلخ اً ـصأ نّ ـك يـتاوللا ةــيلقعلا.اً رــيبك اً ــقرف اــنظحال ،2022 و 2018 نــيبف.]...[ 17 لـعفب ةرـيبك ةيـسايس ةزـفق نـققّ ح ءاـسنلاو ترـيغت براــقت ةبــسنب تاحــشرملا ددــع دادزا.]...[ نيرــشت 157( 2022 و)ةحــشرم 113( 2018 يــمَ اع نــيب%40 ــلا ."ةحشرم 12 طقف كانه ناك ،2009 ماع.) ةحشرم تاحرف وبأ ليوج "يتفيف يتفيف" ةيعمج يف ةسسِّؤم ةوضع هاـجـتا يئادـعو يئاـصـقإ لاـجـمـك ةـساـيـسـلا-ب ءاـسـنـلا زــكارم نــع اً رــسق تادــعَ بمُ تاــينانبللا نأ دــحأ ىــلع ىــفخي دــعي مــل نـيناوقلا نـم ةٍ ـمزحُ لـعفب ةـلودلا تاـسسؤم يـف رارـقلاو عيرـشتلا ةكراـشمو ةاواـسملل ةـيداعمُ لا ةـجهنمملا تاـسرامملاو ةـيزييمتلا لازــت ال ،رــصحلا ال لاــثملا ليبــس ىــلع.داــبلا ةرادإ يــف ءاــسنلا ةــمكحم 15 ىــلع ةــغزّ ومُ لاو ةــيفئاطلا ةيصخــشلا لاوــحألا نــيناوق تالاــجملا نــم رــيثكلا يــف تارــصاقك ءاــسنلا عــم لــماعتت ةــينيد ،جوزـلا ةـلئاعل ىـتح وأ ،جوزـلل وأ ،بأـل اـمإ تاـعباتك نـهيلإ رـظنتو نـهيلع بـعّ صي يذـلا رـمألا ،نهـسفنأ ىـلع ةدايـسلا نـم نـهمرحتو نــم رــيثكلا يــف ،خوــضرلا ىــلإ اًلوــصو نــهتارارق يــف لالقتــسالا نــم نّ ــهل رــسّ يت اــم ةراــسخ نــم اً ــفوخ ةئيــسم عٍ اــضوأل ،تالاــحلا يــف نهطاــشن ىــلع فــسألل بحــسني رــمألا اذــهو.قوــقح تاــتف عــم ضواــفتلاو ةــلاعّ فلا ةكراــشملا ىــلع نــهتردقو ماــعلا ءاــضفلا .ةوّ ق عقوم نم ةطلسلا عم وأ نيرخآلا 2017 ماــع رّ ــقأُ يذــلا باــختنالا نوــناق ىــتأ ،كــلذ ىــلإ ةــفاضإلاب حــشّ رتلا نــع ءاــسنلا ءاــصقإ سَ رّ ــكيل ،يبــسنلا ماــظنلا اً دــمتعم طـسو لـب ال ،ةيئاـسنلا اـتوكلل دـمّ عتم بٍ ـييغت لّ ـظ يـف ،لوـصولاو اـهعضو نـيدلا زـع ةـيانع ةـبئانلا تـلواح نـيح ىـتّ ح اهتـشقانم ضـفر ةلّ ـس نـمض نـم ناـجللا ةـلواط ىـلع 2021 رـبوتكأ/لوألا نيرـشت يـف نوـناق سرّ ـك ،كـلذ ىـلإ.باـختنالا نوـناق ىـلع اـهتحرتقا تٍ اـيدعت اـهيف ىواـستت نـل ىرـبك رـئاود ىـلع تا/نـيبخانلا عـيزوت باـختنالا ترــبتخا يذــلا يــليضفتلا توــصلا أدــبم ىــسرأو ،مــهتاوصأ ةــميق فــيك ،ثــحبلا اذــه ضرــغل نــهتلباقم تــمّ ت يــتاوللا تاحــشّ رملا ةــيباختنالا ةــحئاللا لــخاد ةــسفانملا ىــلع توــصلا اذــه عجّ ــش اً ــيلمع يدّ ؤــي يــليضفتلا توــصلا نأ اً ــضيأ فورــعملا نــم.ةدــحاولا ةـقثلاب مـهل يـحوي يذـلا لـجرلل تا/نـيبخانلا نـم رـيثكلا راـيتخا ىـلإ ىــلعألا هــتردق ةــجيتن كــلذكو ،ةداــعلاو ةــفلإلاب روعــشلا ةــجيتن /نيبخانلا داـمتعا قـيمعتو تاـمدخلا مـيدقتو قاـفنإلا ىـلع اً ـمومع يــف لوــقلا حّ ــص ،اــنه نــم.ةدّ ــشلا تاــقوأ يــف اً ــصوصخ ،هــيلع تا اً ـيلامو اً يـسايس ذـفانلا ةَ رطيـس خـسّ ريل" ىـتأ هـنإ يـليضفتلا توـصلا ،تــفتف ،اــبابلا ،ورابــش("اً زاــيتما هــيطعيو ةيــسايسلا ةاــيحلا ىــلع .)2022 رـثّ أ رـمألا اذـهو لـقأ ةبـسن تبطقتـسا]رـييغتلا ىوـق[" ةــصق كاــنه اً ــعبطو]...[ اً ــضيأ ءاــسنلا ةبــسن يــف لـخاد ىـتح اً عـشب اً وّ ـج لـعتفا يذـلا يـليضفتلا توـصلا ."اهسفن ةحئاللا فيعضلا نداش ةثلاثلا لامشلا ةرئاد يف ةحشرم بَ راجت رـخآو تاحـشّ رم براـجت لواـنت اـم اـهنم ،ةـثيدح رـيراقت تفـشك لاــجملا نأ ،ةــلودلا يــف ةــيدايق زــكارم نأوّ ــبت نأ قبــس ءاــسن ،ناـنبل يـف ءاـسنلا هاـجتا اً ـيئادع اًلاـجم لازـي ال هـتاذ دـحب يـسايسلا تاـباختنا بـقع.ةرازوـلا وأ ةـباينلا وأ بازـحألا باـب نـم هـنَ ضْ خأ ءاوـس تــمّ ت ةحــشّ رم 75 لــصأ نــم%78 تداــفأ ،ةــيباينلا 2018 ماــع .)2020 ، روـقعقلا( فـنعلا لاكـشأ دـحأل نـضرّ عت نـهنأ ىـلإ نـهتلباقم 20

رــمألا اذــهو اً دــج ةــيلاع يــمالعإلا روــهظلا ةــفلكت نإ" روـهظ ةريعـست كـيلإ نولـسري.]...[ يـئدابم دـض اً ـصأ دــعب ةريعــست نــع فلتختــس ،رــهظلا لــبق راــبخأ ةرــشنل كاــنه ،اً ــضيأ!مــهدض حــشرتأ اً ــصأ اــنأو...رــهظلا ،يـنوملّ ك نـيذلا مـه مـهنأ مـغر ،فـحصلا يـف نوـلماع ."ينّ ع ثيدحلا ءاقل انأ لاملا عفدأ نأ ينم اوبلط ةرابط ناميإ ةيناثلا توريب ةرئاد يف ةحشرم تورــيب ةرــئاد يــف ةحــشرملا ،طــموض كــبزي داــهن ثدّ ــحتت ،كــلذك يأ عــفد اــهضفر نــع ،اً ــضيأ"رــييغتلا تورــيب" ةــحئال ىــلع ةــيناثلا فدـهب تاـقرطلا يـف ةـينالعإ تاـحول زـجح ىـتح وأ ماـعإلل غـلبم ةحـشرملا ،ناديوـس ةراـس قرّ ـطتت ،بوـنجلا نـمو.اهـسفنل جـيورتلا ،اً ـضيأ ماـعإلا رود ىـلإ ،) يـنارهزلا-روص( ةـيناثلا بوـنجلا ةرـئاد يـف عـقِ اولا بوـنجلا يـف نيلّ قتـسملا نيحـشرملا اـهءالمزو اـهنإ لوـقتو ،اً دــج نيــشمّ هم اوــناك لــمأ ةــكرحو هــللا بزــح ةرطيــس تــحت تاـهجلا فرـعن اـنكو...لاـملا بـلطتي يـمالعإلا روـهظلاف" اــمأ ،ةــفرّ طتم لوــيم يوذ نيحــشرملل لاــملا عــفدت يــتلا اــننأ اً ــضيأ يــنعي اذــهو."نــلك يــنعي نــلك" نــم يــتأنف نــحن نأ ناديوــس دــصقتو ."هدــحو هــللا بزــح تاــسايس دــض انــسل ريثكلا يـف ،اً ـيمالعإ لزـتُ خا بوـنجلا يـف تا/نيحـشّ رملا ىـلع زـيكرتلا مــهاؤر رــعَ تُ مــلو ،طــقف هــللا بزــح نــم مــهفقاومب ،ناــيحألا نــم .ةمزاللا ةيمهألا تافّ لملا لمجم يف ةيسايسلا ام يـف ةروـكذملا ماـقرألاب ةً دنـسمُ ،فـقاوملاو براـجتلا هذـه لـثم تٍ اـسرامم نذبّ حي ال اً مومع تاحـشرملا ءاـسنلا نأ ىلع لدت ،يليـس مــهئادأو روــكذلا نييــسايسلا تاداــعب اً ــيخيرات تــطبترا اــملاطل رــيدي اــم اً ــبلاغ يذــلا يدــيلقتلا مــيعزلا ءادأ ىــلإ برــقألا يــمالعإلا ودـبيف ،ةـفئاطلا لـقثو لاـملا ةطلـسب اً يوقتـسم يـسايسلا نأـشلا هذــه لــثم عاــبتّ ا نــم اً ــجخ لــقأ ،ماــع لكــشب ،لاــجرلا نوحــشّ رملا .مــهيبخان فوــفص يــف ةــياعدلا رــشنو روــهظلا فدــهب بيلاــسألا تاــباختنالا ةــبقارمل يــبوروألا داــحتالا ةــثعب رــيرقت رــهظأ ،لــعفلاب تاــنالعإلا" مزــح نورتــشي اوــناك ءاــيرثألا نيحــشرملا" نأ ناــنبل يــف ةزــفلتمُ لا تاوــنقلا نــم ،ةــيلاع ةــفلكتبو ،ةــعوفدملا"ةــيباختنالا ناــيرول("يــس يــب لا"و"يــف يــت مأ" ،"دــيدجلا" ،ثاــثلا ةيــسيئرلا .)2022 ، يادوت ةـيلقعلا هذـه يدّ ـحت ىـلإ تاحـشرملا ءاـسنلا ىعـست ،لـباقملا يـف لاــخ نــم" .ةدــيدج لــمع بيلاــسأ ءاــسرإو ةــفلتخم قــئارطب طغضلا ،رـشابم ريغ لكـشب ،انعطتـسا ،ماـعإلا عـم اـنتاقالع -نيحــشّ رملل ةيواــستم تاحاــسم ءاــطعإل تاــطحملا ىــلع ةأرــما 50 لوــصو ليهــست انعطتــساو-نوــناقلا ضرــفي اــمك يصخــشلا اــنلصاوت رــبع طــقف كــلذو ،ماــعإلا لئاــسو ىــلإ .تاحرف وبأ ليوج حرشت امك ، "اهعم رشابملاو تاحشرملا مامأ ةمثاجلا ليقارعلا تاونــس ىدــم ىــلع ثــيثحلاو يــنضملا قــيثوتلا نــم مــغرلا ىــلع حـشرتلا لـبق ءاـسنلا هـجاوت يـتلا ةـيعمتجملاو ةـينوناقلا لـيقارعلل رـمألا ،لـماكلاب ددَّـبتُ مـل ،موـيلا ىـتّ ح ،لـيقارعلا كـلت نأ الإ ،هـلالخو تٍ احــشّ رم 6 تاداهــش نــيب نــم ةداهــش نــم رــثكأ هدــكّ ؤت يذــلا .ثـحبلا اذـه ضرـغل نـهتلباقم تـمّ ت ةـفلتخم تٍ اـظفاحم نـم ةـبئانو اــمإ نــهعيمج ،نــهيلإ اــنثدّ حت يــتاوللا تاحــشّ رملا نإ ،رــيكذتللو اـهبازحأو ةطلـسلل ةـضرِ اعمُ تاـعومجم ىـلإ نـيمتني وأ تالقتـسم وأ تاــعومجم ؛ةــينانبللا ةــيلهألا برــحلا ذــنم ةدئاــسلا ةــيديلقتلا .ةأشنلا ثيدح اهمظعم نإ لوقلا نكمي بازحأ رــيغ رارــكتلا باــب نــم ال ،لــيقارعلا كــلت مــهأل ضٌ رــع ،يــلي اــم يــف تاحــشّ رم ضــعب هتــشياع اــمل اً ــقيثوت لــب ،اً رارــم رــشنُ اــمل يدــجملا وـه اـهنم رـيثكلا لازـي ال ةيـساسألا زـجاوحلا نأـب اً رـيكذتو ،2022 ماـع يــميداكألاو يــندملا نــيعَ متجملا لذــب نــم مــغرلا ىــلع ،هــسفن .اهيدّ حتو اهليلحتل ةريبك اً دوهج ىــلإ ةــفاضإلاب هــنأ ثــحبلا اــهقثّ و يــتلا براــجتلا تــنيّ ب ،راــصتخاب نوــناقو ناــنبل يــف ءاــسنلا ىــلع نيــسَ راممُ لا فــنعلاو زــييمتلا دراوـملا كاـتماو ،ماـعإلا ىـلإ لوـصولا نّ إـف ،فـحجمُ لا تاـباختنالا هـجو يـف نييَّـساسألا نـيقَ ئاعلا ناّ ـظي ،ةـيفاكلا ةيرـشبلاو ةـيداملا اً ــعبط ةــفاضإلاب.نــهنم تالقتــسملا ةــصاخب ،ثاــنإلا تاحــشّ رملا ةـيدليلقتلا بازـحألا ةـين مدـع وـه ،ةروـطخ لـقي ال ثـلاث قٍ ـئاع ىـلإ ةيـسايسلا ةكراـشملا يف ءاـسنلا قح لوح يـباجيإلا اـهمالك لـيوحت ىــلع ةيئاــسنلا اــتوكلا ماــظن لــيعفتك ،ةــسوملم تاءارــجإ ىــلإ بزــحلاك ،ةــليلقلا ةــلّ قلا ءانثتــساب ،اً ــضيأ مــهفوفص يــفو مــهحئاول هــعورفو هــتمظنأ يــف اــتوكلا رّ ــقأ يذــلا يكارتــشالا يــمدّ قتلا ."يتفيف يتفيف" بسحب ،ةيلخادلا لـيثمت ضـئاف نـع ثدّ ـحتلا تـقو ناـح ،ماـعإلا ىوتـسم ىـلع .ءاسنلا ليثمت فعض نم اًلدب ،لاجرلا عــفدب ةــلثمتملا ةــميدقلا ةداــعلا نأ ىــلإ تاــحرف وــبأ لــيوج تــفلت اــهيلع ىــلّ و ءاوــهلا ىــلع ةــينمز ةــصّ ح زــجح لــجأ نــم ةــلئاط لٍ اوــمأ يـتاوللا تادـيدجلا تاحـشرملا ءاـسنلا مـظعم ىـلإ ةبـسنلاب نـمزلا تاحــشرملا عــيمج ءارآ عــم تاــحرف وــبأ يأر يــقتلي.نــهعم تْ ــلَ مع نــهضفر نــع نَ ــبرعأو ثــحبلا اذــه لاــخ نــهتلباقم تــمت يــتاوللا ،ةــيئاصقإلا اــهجئاتن مــغر ةداــعلا هذــه ءاــسرإ يــف ةمهاــسملا يــف"رــييغتلا تورــيب" ةــحئال ىــلع ةحــشرملا ،ةراــبط ناــميإ نــهنمو لـتّ كتب اً ـقحال فرـعُ نـمّ م نـيبَ ئان تـلصوأ يـتلا ةـيناثلا تورـيب ةرـئاد .نييّ رييغتلا 21

.ةلاعّ فلا ةيسايسلا ءاسنلا ةكراشم ةلحر ىــلإ تاحــشّ رملا ةــجاح يــمالعإلا روــهظلا يــبّ لي ال ،كــلذ ىــلإ ،بـسحف ماعلا يأرلا عم لعافتلاو نهتاحورطو نهـسفنأب فيرعتلا مدـع.حـيضوتلاو درـلا يـف درـفلا قـح ظـفحي نأ اً ـضيأ هنأـش نـم اـمنإ نــهنع ةــئطاخلا تاــمولعملا وأ تاعئاــشلا ىــلع دّ رــلا نــم نــكّ متلا رــثكأ جــعزأ اً رــمأ لكّ ــش ،اــهنلثّ م يــتلا حــئاوللا وأ تاــعومجملا نــعو تـعجرأ نـمَ ،ءالؤـه نـيبو.تاـباقملا يـف هرـكذ ررّ ـكت ةحـشّ رم نـم ضــعبل ةــيمالعإ لئاــسو داعبتــسا ىــلإ ال ،زــجعلا اذــه ببــس قرــف ضــعب ةرــبخ فــعض ىــلإ اً ــضيأ نــكل ،طــقف تا/نيحــشرملا كــلت لــثم عــم لــماعتلا لاــجم يــف ةئــشانلا ةــضرِ اعمُ لا تاــفالتئالا .اياضقلا ةــيلعفلا ةبــسنلا نأ ىــقبي ،دوــهجلا هذــه نــم مــغرلا ىــلع نــكل تاــقلحلاو رــيراقتلا يــف ةكراــشملا نــم نّ ــكّ مت يــتاوللا ءاــسنلل بـسحب ،ةيـسايسلا تاـشاقنلاو تاـباختنالل ةـصصّ خمُ لا ةـينويزفلتلا :تناك ،"تاراهم" ةسسّ ؤم هترجأ دٍ صر ةلأــسم ىــلإ ةدــيرف ةرــظن تاحــشرملا ضــعبل ناك ،لــباقملا يــف ارـتب.اً ـتقوو اً دـهج بـلّ طتي اً يـسايس اً ـمع هـفصوب يـمالعإلا روـهظلا يــتلاو ،"ةــلود يــف تاــنطاومو نوــنطاوم" بزــح نــم ،ةحامــس ىــلوألا عاــقبلا ةرــئاد يــف"هــجاون نــيرداق" ةــحئال عــم تحــشّ رت نوـيزفلتلا يأ ،ناـنبل نوـيزفلت ىـلع ناك يذـلا رودـلاب ترـكّ ذ ،) ةـلحز( لٍ داــع لكــشب عــيمجلل ةحاــسملا رــيفوت ةــيحانل ،هــتيدأت ،يمــسرلا عـيمج ىـلع اً ـباجيإ سـكعني نأ هنأـش نـم ناك يذـلا رـمألا ،يـناجمو ،كــلذ ىــلإ.ءاــسنلاو نولقتــسملا مــهيف نــمب ،تا/نيحــشرملا ضرــف يــهو ،ةرداــنلاب تــسيل ةــسرامم ىــلع ةحامــس تءاــضأ لكــشب نــهيلع داــمتعالاو ءاــسنلا لــهاك ىــلع ةــفعاضمُ تاــعقّ وت نــهتروصو ءاــسنلا روــضح ىــلع ةءاــضإلا لــجأ نــم يئانثتــسا هبــش .ةيديلقتلا بازحألل ضرِ اعمُ لا يسايسلا كارحلا يف نـيح ،ماـعإ لئاـسو تـناك ،ءاـسن اـننألو ،اـم نٍ اكـم يـف" تــناك ،"نــيرداق" حــئاول نــم ة/فــيض لابقتــسا دــيرت اً ركــش...اــنبعت نُ ــحن نــكل...ءاــسن ةــلباقم بــلطت طــقف ةلأـسملا نوذـخأي اً ـنايحأ.اـنبعت اً ـقح نـكلو...كـلذ ىـلع ]ةــحئاللا ءاــسن[ نــحن رــثأتنف ةــيردنج ةدــحاو ةــيواز نــم ىــقليُ نأ ال ،لداــعلا لــيثمتلا وــه بوــلطملا.اً بلــس ."ةيلوؤسم روهظلاف.انيلع ءبعلا يــف ةكراــشملا نــم نّ ــكّ مت يــتاوللا ءاــسنلل ةــيلعفلا ةبــسنلا تاــباختنالل ةــصصّ خمُ لا ةــينويزفلتلا تاــقلحلاو رــيراقتلا )2022 ، ليئاخيمو ورابش( ةيسايسلا تاشاقنلاو ةــفورعملا ةزــفلتلا تاــطحم ىــلع لاــجرلا رــهَ ظَ دــقف ،رــخآ ىــنعمب ،ةــيباختنالا تاــمحلا لاــخ اً مادختــساو اً كالهتــسا رــثكألا اــهنأب لــيثمت ضــئافب هــفصو نــكمي يذــلا رــمألا ،اً دــج ةــعفترم بٍ ــسنب اً دئاــس ضــئافلا اذــه لّ ــظو.ةــينانبللا ماــعإلا لئاــسو يــف لاــجرلا ةٍ رـظنو ةدـيدج ةيـسايس تٍ اـبراقم زورـب نـم مـغرلا ىـلع 2022 ماـع لوألا نيرــشت ةــضافتنا دــعب ىرــبكلا ماــعإلا لئاــسو ىــلإ ةــفلتخم .2019 ةحامس ارتب ىلوألا عاقبلا ةرئاد يف ةحشّ رم ال تاحـشّ رملا داـمتعا حـضاولا نـم ناك ،دراوـملا ىوتـسم ىـلع تا/نـيعوطتملاو ةيبابـشلا تاـقاطلا ىـلع لـب ،نـهتاورث ىـلع .ةيساسأ دج فيلاكت نيمأتب مزتلم ةلمح ة/ريدم ىلع وأ رـشنو روـهظلل ماـعإلا لئاـسو ىـلإ لاـملا عـفد تاحـشّ رملا ضـفرت يـف اً دـج ةـمّ هم ةـيلاملا دراوـملا نأـب نـفرتعي نـهنكلو ،اً ذإ ةـياعدلا هــنيضمي تٍ ــقو نَ ــمثو ،ةــعونتم ةطــشنأ فــيلاكت ةــيطغت ليبــس وأ بــتاور نــهل رّ دــت تــناك يــتلا لاــمعألا وأ فــئاظولا نــع تادــيعب اـهزيكرت ةـيديلقت ةيـسايس تاـماعز تـبّ ص نـيح يـفف.ةـيلام تاـعفد ال ،تارالودــلا فوــلأب تاــمدخلا مــيدقتو تادعاــسملا عــيزوت ىــلع داـحتالا ةـثعب تدـكّ أ اـمك ،تاـباختنالا لـيبقُ تاوـصألا ءارـش ىـتح لـب ىــلع ناك ،اــهريرقت يــف ناــنبل يــف تاــباختنالا ةــبقارمل يــبوروألا يــف رــيكفتلا ةطلــسلل تاــضراعمُ لا وأ تلّ قتــسملا تاحــشرملا تاــقلحلاو رــيراقتلا يــف لاــجرلا روــهظل ةــيلعفلا ةبــسنلا ةيــسايسلا تاــشاقنلاو تاــباختنالل ةــصصّ خمُ لا ةــينويزفلتلا )2022 ، ليئاخيمو ورابش( روـهظلا ةـبوعص نأ ىـلإ ةراـشإلا نـم دـب ال ،قبـس اـم ىـلع ةً واـع ةديدج جذاـمن وحم ىـلإ ناـيحألا نـم رـيثكلا يـف يدّ ؤـت ماـعإلا يـف ديفتــستل تــناك ةدــيرف تايصخــشو ناــنبل يــف يــسايسلا لــمعلل لئاــسو تــحبصأف ،اــهب تا/نــيبخانلا فــيرعتل روــهظلا اذــه نــم نـم تـللّ ق وأ ةدـيدجلا ةيئاـسنلا تاوـصألا تدعبتـسا يـتلا ماـعإلا نــم رــيثكلا بــيرقت نود لَ اــح ،هــتاذ دــحب اً زــجاح لكّ ــشت نــهتالالطإ ةـلقرع يـف يـلاتلاب مهاـسو ،ةـيباختنالا نـهدعاوق نـم تاحـشّ رملا 22

يذــلا يداــملا ءبــعلا نــع يــضاغتلا زوــجي ال ،رــخآ دــيعص ىــلع توــصلل نأ هــيلع قــفتّ ملا نــم.يــليضفتلا توــصلا ةــصّ ق هــضرفت ســلجملا ىــلإ ءاــسنلا نــم رــيثكلا لوــصو يــف اً رــيثأت يــليضفتلا ةــينيد تاــهجّ وت اــهيلع بــلغت ةــنيّ عم رــئاود يــف اً دــيدحت ،يــباينلا يـف نـيلغلغتمو مـهقطانم يـف نيخـسار باوّ ـن ءامـسأو ةـظفاحم ةــيدام اً داــعبأ توــصلا اذــهل نــكل.اــهينطاق ةاــيح بــناوج فــلتخم رامثتـسالا ةيمتح سرّ ـكي هـنأ ةـيحانل ،اـهيلع ءوـضلا ىـقليُ اـملّ ق ،اً ـضيأ ةــيوقتل لاوــمألا عــفد رــبع كــلذ ناكأ ،هبــسك لــجأ نــم يــلاملا تاــمدخلا ةكبــش زــيزعت ىــتح وأ ،ةطــشنألا فــيثكت وأ ،ةــياعدلا مـيعزلا كـلف يـف نورودـي اوـلّ ظي يـكل تا/نـيبخانلا ىـلإ ةـهجّ وملا .ةينئابزلا ةرهاظب فرعيُ ام يف ،هيلإ ءوجللا ىلإ نورطضي وأ تاحـشرملا نم ريثكلا هـكلمت ال ،فـلكمُ نٌ ـمث اً ذإ يـليضفتلا توـصلل نــم" نأ"يــتفيف يــتفيف" نــم تاــحرف وــبأ لــيوج ردِّــقتُ يــتاوللا نعطتــسي طــقف 10 كاــنه ناك اــمبر ،ةحــشرم 157 لــصأ ةـيداملا دراوـملا مـظعمف]...[ نـهتورث نـم نـهتلمح لـيومت ىدــل ىدً ــص تــقال ةــقيقحلا هذــه ."لاــجرلا دــي يــف لازــت ال لكّ ـش يـتلا ،ةعمـشلا ناـميران ،سـلبارط نـم ةطـشانلاو ةـيفاحصلا حـئاوللا لـمع ةـقيرطو يـليضفتلا توـصلا ةـصقو باـختنالا نوـناق ىــلإ ةً ــفاضمُ ،ةيّ تــسجوللا تارــبخلا يــف صــقنلاو دراوــملا حّ ــشو اهحـشرت مدـع بابـسأ نـم اً ءزـج ،فاـحجإلا تـفرع ةٍ أرـماك اـهتيفلخ .2022 ماع تاباختنال اً ددجم ىــلع ةــياعدلاك ،ةــيهيدب ةطــشنأ مــيظنت يــف رارمتــسالا ةــيفيك عــم تاءاــقللاو ةــيناديملا تاراــيزلاو يــعامتجالا لــصاوتلا لئاــسو .سانلا باــب نــم( door to door ــلا يــه ةــليمجلا تاــظحللا" ،اـنروضحب ءادعـس اوـناك ساـنلا.ءاـضقلا يـف)باـب ىـلإ ءيــش كاــنه نــكي مــلو ،مــهتويب لــخاد انولبقتــساو يـف اـنتايح يـف نـكن مـل اـننأل هـب اـنومهتّ ي نأ مـهنكمي ."ةطلسلا فيعضلا نداش ةثلاثلا لامشلا ةرئاد يف ةحشّ رم تلمتــشا ،نــمثلا ةــظهاب تٍ اــمح ندــقُ ي مــل نــمَ ل تاءاــقللا ةــفلكت روــكذلا بازــحألا وحــشرم اــهدوقي يــتلا كــلت ســكع ىــلع ،اً ذإ تالاــصتّ او تالاــص زــجح ةــفلك نــم ،تايّ ــساسألا ىــلع ،اً ــيديلقت ةــلمعلل اً راــيهنا داــبلا هــيف دهــشت تٍ ــقو يــف ،دوــقوو لــقّ نتو رــثّ أ اــمّ م ،علــسلا راعــسأ يــف اً داــح اً ــعافتراو رالودــلا ماــمأ ةــينطولا ةرـيللاب نـهبتاور نـيضاقتي اً ـصأ نّ ـك يـتاوللا تاحـشّ رملا ضـعب يـف .ةينانبللا لــخاد ةــسفانملا نــم اً وّ ــج يــليضفتلا توــصلا قــلخ" يننأل ،اـهنمض نـم اً يصخـش يـب رّ ـضو ،اـهب رّ ـضو ،ةـحئاللا ال يـلاتلابو ةـقلّ طم ةأرـما اـنأ.]...[ اً ـيدام فـعضألا تُ ـنك تاـمحلا لكو ،يرـيغ لزـنملا يـف لوـخدملل رـخآ ردـصم ،يــلوخدم يــف ترــثّ أ تاــباختنالا لــبق اــهتضخ يــتلا يطاــشن ببــسب ةرــيثك اًلاــمعأ تُ رــسخ يــننأ كــلذ ."يسايسلا ةعمشلا ناميران "ةـلود يـف تاـنطاومو نوـنطاوم" ةـحئال عـم ةحـشّ رم ةيناثلا لامشلا ةرئاد يف 2018 ماع ةيــساسأ ةــطقن ىــلإ ةراــشإلا نــم دّ ــب ال ،قبــس اــم ىــلإ ةــفاضإلاب تاحــشرملا نــيب ةورــثلا مــجح يــف تاــقورفلا حرــش يــف مهاــست وأ روــكذلا تا/نيحــشرملا مــظعمو ،ةــهج نــم ،اً بيــسن تادــيدجلا رارمتـسا ىلإ ةفاضإلابف.ىرـخأ ةـهج نـم مـهتابيرقو ءاـمعزلا تاـجوز نأ نــيّ بتي ،لاــجرلاو ءاــسنلا نــيب ةــيداصتقالا ةاواــسماللا ةرــهاظ ىـلع بحـسني رـمألاو- نـهتلباقم تـمّ ت يـتاوللا تاحـشرملا مـظعم نــحن" ."ةيــسايسلا توــيبلا"ـب اً ــيلّ حم فرــعيُ اــمّ م نــيتأي ال-تاــيرخأ نــيديعب اــنك لــب.يــسايس تــيب نــم تِ أــن مــل ةــلئاعلا يــف .ةراــبط ناــميإ ةحــشّ رملا لوــقت اــمك ، "!ةــسايسلا نــع اً رــيثك تاـعباتلا رـيغ تاحـشّ رملا نـم رـيثكلا كـلتمت مـل ،كـلذ ىـلإ ةـفاضإلاب وأ يــسايسلا نهراــسم مدــخت تاــقالع تاكبــش ةطلــسلا ىوــقل ،نــيتأي نّ ــهو-ةً داــع ءاــمعزلا لاــح يــه اــمك- ةرــيبك لٍ اوــمأ سوؤر ةـيقوقح وأ ةـيوبرت وأ ةـيومنت اـمإ تاـيفلخ نـم ،ءاـسنلا نـم رـيثكلاك اــمك ،نــهتايح نــم ةــليوط لــحارم يــف نّ ــكو ،ةــيحص وأ ةــيمالعإ وأ وأ ةيمـسر ساردـم يـف تاـملّ عمُ ،ةـيّ جهنملا مـسق يـف نـيَّبمُ وـه ةعابط ىـتح عطتـسن مل.ةـفلك لـقألا ةـلمحلا اـنك اـمبر" ىــلإ هــجوتن اــننأ تا/نــيكردم اــنك.اــهقيلعتو اــنروص لوـقي ناك اـنعم نـمَ و.اً ـصأ ساـنلا نـم ةرـيغص ةحيرـش لاـم اـنيدل ناك وـل اً ـعبط.]...[ فـتاهلا رـبع ،اً رـس كـلذ اـنل تاراــيزلا ىــلع لكــتّ ن اــنك.ىوــقأ ةــياعدلا تــناكل ،رــثكأ فــيلاكت ىــتح.ةــيمالعإلا تاــباقملاو عــيضلا يــف ."انيلع ةيلاع تناك نيزنبلا ناديوس ةراس ةيناثلا بونجلا ةرئاد يف ةحشرم ،ةــيباختنا ةــلمح ببــسب لــمعلا يــف ةــيقرت رــخأتت نــيح" .بــتارلا عــفر اــهقفاري ةــيقرتلاف ؟رــمألا بــستحن فــيك اـهلك...ةبـساحملاو لدـعلا بـتاكلاو حـشرتلا فـيراصمو دــعب ثدّ ــحتن مــل نــحنو.لــماك مٍ اــع بــتاور فــلّ كت دــق ال.تاــفايضلاو تاــعامتجالاو تاــيلقنلا فــيلاكت نــع ."كلذ لك بستحيُ س فيك يردأ طموض كبزي داهن ةيناثلا توريب ةرئاد يف ةحشّ رم 23

،اً ــيناثو ،اهتأــشن وأ ةــثيدحلا تاــعومجملا كــلت سيــسأت بــلص يــف ءاطـشنلا فوـفص يـف تاونـس ىدـم ىـلع يوـسن يـعو مـكارت ىـلإ رـيثكلا ديدـشت لاـخ نـم يـعولا اذـه ىـلّ جت دـقو.تا/نـييقوقحلاو مازـتلالا بوـجو ىـلع ةدـيدجلا تاـنيوكتلا يـف تا/نيكراـشملا نـم ىــلع ءاــضقلل ســسأ عــضوو ةــيروكذلا تايكولــسلا ةــبراحمب هــجو يــف اً ــيلخاد توــصلا عــفرو ،ءاــسنلا قــحب زــييمتلاو شــيمهتلا .يئاصقإ وأ يوبأ لٍ ماعت يأ وأ لاــمعأ لاــخ اــم يروــكذ فرّ ــصت وأ قــيلعت لجّ ــسيُ ناك نــيحو لاـخ وأ ،)" اً دـحأ كرـتن ال"("اـنل" بزـح لـثم ،دـيدج بزـح تاـعامتجا ةـميلح ةـبئانلا ريـشت ،نـييرييغتلا باوـنلا لـتّ كتب فرـعُ اـم تاـعامتجا ناك فرّ ـصتلا وأ قـيلعتلا ىـلع بـيوصتلا نأ ىـلإ نـيتَ ثحابلل روـقعقلا فالخب ،ءً اـنّ بو اً حاتمُ ماـع لكـشب ءالمزلا ءالؤـه عـم شاـقنلاو اًلهـس ســلجملا يــف نــيرخآلا نــييديلقتلا باوــنلا مــظعم عــم شاــقنلا .ليلق دعب رثكأ هيلإ قرّ طتنس يذلا رمألا ،يباينلا ناـتثحابلا تـلصاوت يـتاوللا تاـيّ نعملا مـظعم نإـف ،ىرـخأ ةـيحان نـم زــيزعتل يــساسألا حاــتفملا يــه بازــحألا نأ ىــلع نــقفاوي نــهعم يـه ةـيديلقتلا ةرـيبكلا بازـحألا نأ رـيغ ،ةيـسايسلا ءاـسنلا ةكراـشم مــعزي ذإ ،ةــقفانم ،ةطاــسبب ،يــهو ،ةلكــشملا نــم يرــهوج ءزــج ،ةـسايسلا يف ءاـسنلا كارـشإو ةيئاـسنلا اتوكلل معاد هنأ اهمظعم لــب ال ،هــسفن بزــحلا ءاــسن حيــشرت ضــفري عــقاولا يــف وــه اــمنيب .ةيلخادلا بزحلا عورف يف ةيلحرم ةوطخك اتوكلا دامتعا ضفري كارـشإ ىـلإ اهيعـسب نـلعلا يـف بازـحألا كـلت رـخافتُ ،لـباقملا يـف اــمنيب ،نــهقوقح ةرــصنو ةــسايسلا يــف ءاــسنلا نــم رــبكأ دٍ دــع بزـحلا ةـلّ حب روـهظلل اذـه اـهباطخ رـشنت اـم اً ـبلاغ اـهنأ يـه ةـقيقحلا اهــسفن ةرارــق يــف ةــكردمُ يــه اــميف ،روــهمجلا ماــمأ يرــصعلا عجّ ــشت يــتلا ةــيلحرملا تاــسايسلاو اــتوكلا داــمتعا ةروــطخل ،اذـل.يـكريرطب ضـحملا اـهعباطو اهـسفن اـهتبيكرت ىـلع ،ةاواـسملا يــفتكتو ،اهتــشقانم ىــتح ضــفرتو اــتوكلا بازــحألا كــلت ضراــعتُ ،اــهفوفص يــف ءاــسنلا نــم اً ــصأ لــيئضلا ددــعلا روــضح مادختــساب يــف نــميهتُ اــهارن اــم اً ــبلاغ ،ةيقيوــستو ةيّ لكــش ةــعزنل ةً ــمدخ نـهنأ ىـلإ تاحـشرملا تراـشأ دـقو.ةـيّ وبألا اـهيلع بـلغت تاقايـس .اهنَ بْ راحو ،"يلكشلا ليثمتلا" تاعزنل اً مامت تاكردم نّ ك ةيديلقت تاـعومجم نـم تـقّ لت فـيك ةحـشّ رم رـبختُ ،راـطإلا اذـه يـف اهتضراعم نأ مـلعلا عـم ،اـهعم حـشّ رتلل اـهتوعدل تالاـصتا ةـيرييغتو .نيحَ ضاو اناك اهنع اهزيامت وأ اهل تءاـج مـث.تاـيقوقح تاطـشان وأ تاـثحاب وأ تاـضرّ مم وأ تاـيماحم ةيــسايسلا نهتريــسم يــف اً ــفاطعنا لكّ ــشتل نيرــشت 17 ةــضافتنا يـنعي نأ نود نـم ،يـسايسلا مـيظنتلا وـحن تارـيثك هـجّ وت ىـلإ ىدّ أ ناك حــشرتلاف.كاذــنآ حــشّ رتلاب نرــكّ في نّ ــك نــهنأ ةرورــضلاب كــلذ وأ بزـحلا راـيخ ةـجيتن وأ ةرـيخألا ةـقيقدلا رَ ارـق تارـيثك ىـلإ ةبـسنلاب .ءالمزلا حاحلإ تاــسايسلاب يــمامتها نــم ىــتأ ةــسايسلاب يــمامتها" نـموَ ،مـظّ نتُ فـيك:ةـماعلا ةـحصلاو ةـحصلاب ةـقلعتملا ذــنم ؟اــهنم ديفتــسي نــمَ و ،فــيكو ،اــهيلع رطيــسي ،ةـيحصلا تاـمدخلا لاـجم يـف لـمعأ اـنأو تاينيعـستلا ةـعانملا صـقن سورـيف ىـلع لـمعلا قاـطنا لـبق ىـتح ةطـشان تُ ـنك ةـعماجلا تاونـس لاـخو.]...[ ةبـستكملا لـمعن نـيح.]...[ برـحلا نـم نـيررّ ضتملا ساـنلا دعاـسأ تاــضرممك رــثأتن الأ نــكمي ال ،ضــيرمتلا لاــجم يــف ."اهب رثّ ؤي نمبو تاسايسلاب طموض كبزي داهن ةيناثلا توريب ةرئاد يف ةحشّ رم تاـيعمجلا ضـعب عـم يـئيبلا لـمعلا لاـجم يـف تُ أدـب" ،يــسايسلا لــمعلا يــف طارــخنالا لــبق ،2011 ماــع كراـشأ تُ ـنك.]...[ تاـيافنلا ةلكـشم روـهظ عـم كـلذو لأــسأو 2015 ماــع"مــكتحير تــعلط" تاكرّ ــحت يــف تءاـج مـث]...["؟روـصب تارـهاظملا رـيصت اـهدب ىـتمإ" ثــيح ،روــص يــف اــنتروث اً ــضيأ نــحن اــنأدب]...[ نيرــشت 17 ال"و"يعيــشلا يــئانثلل ال" نوــفتهي ساــنلا انعمــس ضرّ ــعت.]...["يــمارح يرــب هــيبن"و"يعيــشلا راكــتحالل ماــهتالاو ،دــيدهتلاو ،طوــغضلا نــم رــيثكلل اــنه راوــثلا تاـيافنلا تـناك.توـمن اـنلّ ك اـنك اً ـعف اـننكل ،ةـلامعلاب رــشتناو ،ةــيفوجلا اــنهايم تــثوّ لتو ،اــنيضارأ يــف رــمطتُ بــيصأُ صخــش نــم رــثكأ يــتلئاع يــف.ناطرــسلا يــف هتُ فــشك نــكل ،هــب تُ ــبصأُ اً ــضيأ اــنأو.ناطرــسلاب رـيصي حر وـش":لوـقن ةطاـسبب اـنرص]..[ ةرـكبم ةـلحرم ؟"كيه نم رتكأ ناديوس ةراس ةيناثلا بونجلا ةرئاد يف ةحشّ رم نــيّ بتي ،ءاــسنلل ةيــسايسلا بازــحألا مــعد باــيغ ىوتــسم ىــلع نـلعلا يـف ةـيبزحلا تاداـيقلا هـب مـعزت اـم نأ فـيك ىرـخأ ةً رّ ـم .عقاولا يف اهئادأل حوضوب فلاخمُ تابـستنملا نإـف ،نـهتلباقم تـمّ ت يـتاوللا تاحـشرملا ىـلإ ةبـسنلاب ةــموظنم جراــخ نــم ةأــشنلا ةــثيدح تاــعومجم وأ بازــحأ ىــلإ شٍ ـيمهت نـم نـيناعي ال اً ـمومع نـهنأ ىـلإ نـتْ فلي ،ةـيديلقتلا بازـحألا نـهبازحأ فوـفص يـف رـمعلا وأ سـنجلا ساـسأ ىـلع حـضاف زٍ ـييمت وأ نّ ـك نـهنأ ىـلإ ،اًلوّ أ ،كـلذ يـف لـضفلا دوـعي دـقو ،نـهتاعومجم وأ 24

ةسايسلا يف ءاسنلا دض فنعلا دــض فــنعلا" رــيبعت مادختــسا جار ،ةــيضاملا ةــليلقلا تاونــسلا يــف زٍ ــييمتل ةً ــجيتن ءاــج اذــه جاورــلاو.ناــنبل يــف"ةــسايسلا يــف ءاــسنلا يــفو رارــقلا زــكارم يــف تالوؤــسم ءاــسن اــمهتهجاو فٍ افختــساو تاـطبترملا رـيغ ءاـسنلا راودأ دوـعص عـم يزاوـتلاب كـلذو ،بازـحألا ،هــيلعو.ماــعلا يــسايسلا لاــجملا لــخاد ةــيديلقتلا تاــماعزلاب عاوــنأ لاــح هــلاح ،هــيلع ةءاــضإلاو فــنعلا اذــه دــصر ةرــيتو تدادزا فنعلاو يـسنجلا شرحتلاك ءاـسنلا دـض سرَ اـمملا فـنعلا نـم ىرـخأ لــصاوتلا تاــصّ نم ىــلع قــلقمُ لا هيــشّ فت عــم ةــصاخب ،يرــسألا نــضرّ عت نــمّ م تاــيدايقلا مــظعم اــهيلع طــشنت يــتلا يــعامتجالا ،نــهرهظم وأ نهــسنج تــلواط ةــيروكذ ةــغلو ةــيهارك تاــمحل .ةــيعامتجالا نــهعاضوأو ةيصخــشلا نــهتايحب نــهرييعتب تزــيّ متو دــض تزــيّ م تٍ اــقيلعت"تاراــهم" ةــيعمج راــطإلا اذــه يــف تــقثّ و ةحــشرم 18 تاباــسح ىــلع يــعامتجالا عوــنلا ساــسأ ىــلع ءاــسنلا ورابــش(%7 ىــلإ تْ ــلصو اهتبــسن نإ تــلاقو ،2022 راذآ لاــخ ةحـشرم 88 لمـش نايبتـسا جئاتن ىلإ دانتـسالابو.)2022 ، ليئاخيمو تاعلطتـسمُ لا نـم%57 تداـفأ ،2022 ماـع ةـيباينلا تاـباختنالا يـف ،تاــباختنالا نــم باحــسنالا ىــلإ نــهعفدل طوــغضل نــضرّ عت نــهنأ ريهـشتلاو دـيدهتلا ةـصاخب ،فـنعلا لاكـشأ نـم لٍ كـشل نّ ـهنم%51 و .)2022 ، تفتف ،ابابلا ،ورابش( ةينورتكلإلا لئاسولا ربع وـه ،لاـحلا ةـعيبطب ،ةـسايسلا يـف ءاـسنلا دـض هـجّ وملا فـنعلا اذـه ةــيوبأ تايكولــس نــم تاــيتفلاو ءاــسنلا ةــيبلاغ هــيناعت اــمل دٌ ادــتما .يــعامتجالا عوــنلا ىــلع ةــينبم تاــناهإو ةــيروكذ تاــقيلعتو ىــتّ ح نأ نــم نــقّ يتلا يــف تــناك ضــعبلا ىــلإ ةبــسنلاب ةــقرافملاو نــم نَ ملــسي مــل تاــنكّ متملا وأ تاــبئانلا وأ تالوؤــسملا ءاــسنلا ،اًلاــجم ينثتــسي ال يروــكذلا طلّ ــستلا نّ أ رــيغ.تاــسرامملا كــلت ةحاــسملا لَ كــش ذــختّ يل هاــيملاك هــيف لــغّ وتي اــمنإ ،اً ــماع وأ اً ــصاخ اً دـيلقت نَ رْ ـسك ءاـسن نّ ـه ةـسايسلا يـف ءاـسنلاو.اـهيلع دّ ـتمي يـتلا .لاــجرلا هرــكتحا اــملاطل لٍ اــجم راــمغ ضوــخ ىــلع نأرّ ــجت ذإ ،اً خــسار ســيل ،اذــل.نــهيلع اً ــعونمم ،دــيعب رــيغ ضٍ اــم ىــتح ،ناك لاــجم نــم ىتّ ــش عٍ اوــنأل تالقتــسم وأ تاــيبزح ءاــسن ضرّ ــعتت نأ اً ــئجافمُ زـييمتلل وأ ،دئاـسلا نـع نـهجورخل ةـيباقعلا ةـيعامتجالا تاـسرامملا وأ يــبزحلا لــمعلا ضرــعم يــف يــعامتجالا عوــنلا ىــلع يــنبملا اـمك يـباينلا سـلجملا لـخاد صـخألاب ،فـنعلل ىـتحو ؛يتاـسسؤملا .يليس ام يف روقعقلا ةميلح ةبئانلا ةبرجت رهظتُ ال ،يـلاتلابو.ءاـسنلا نـيب ىواـستت ال تازاـيتمالا نإ لوـقلا نـع يّ ـنغ هــل ضرّ ــعتت اــمب ةــسايسلا يــف ءٌ اــسن هــل ضرّ ــعتت اــم ةــنراقم نــكمي ،مـعد وأ ةـتافتلا يأـب ةرورـضلاب نَ ـيظحي نأ نود نـم ،اً ـيموي ،تارـيثك اـمنإ .اهـشيمهت يـف ماـظنلا نُ ـعميُ تاـئف ىـلإ تاـيمتنملا اميـس ال ةـسايسلا يـف ءاـسنلا ةـهجاوم نأ يـف ةـقرافملا نـمكت ،موـيلا ،ةيئرم رـثكأ تراـص ،نـهدض هـجّ وملا يـسفنلاو يـمالكلا فـنعلل داـق يذـلا رـمألا ،هـتاذ دـحب ماـعلا زـيّ حلا يـه اـهتيضرأ نأ كـلذ يـف يروـكذلا ماـظنلا عـم ةـهجاوملا نـم دـيدج لٍ ـصف زورـب ىـلإ بيلاـسأبو ،هدوـقت ،لـبق نـم يـنانبللا بعـشلا هـفلأي مـل ،ناـنبل راد رــقع نــم ،ةــلودلا يــف تالوؤــسم ءٌ اــسن ،ةــينالع رــثكأ .ةلودلا فـيك تُ ـظحال ،ةـلحز يـف حـشّ رتلا راـيخ تُ مـسح نـيح" نــمَ" لأــستو ثــحبت تــناك ىرــخألا تاــعومجملا نأ ةـفئاطلا نـم اـنيدل نـمَ ،ةـيكيلوثاكلا ةـفئاطلا نـم اـنيدل عـبات صخـش نـم لاـصتا يـنلصو هـنأ ىـتح ؟"ةـينوراملا نـع ثـحبي]ةطلـسلل عـبات رـيبك يـسايس راـيت نـم[ بـئانل ."ةرـيغص ةـيّ بص" يـنأ ةرـكفل سـمّ حت ،يـكيلوثاك حـشّ رم ،ةطلــسلا يــف بزــح نــم مالكــلا اذــه نــيعقّ وتت دــق قـيلعت اً ـضيأ يـنءاج نـكل ،...اً ـصأ مـهتاداع يـه هذـهو يــل لاــق ذإ ،ةــيرييغت ةــحئال يــف صخــش نــم هباــشم تِ ـنأو يـكيلوثاكلا دـعقملا يـقب نـكل تـلفقأ اـنتحئال" لكــبو ةــحئاللا نــيّ زي نأ هــنكمي باــش يئاــسن هــجو ."يزوفت نل كنأ ملعن تالاحلا ةحامس ارتب ىلوألا عاقبلا ةرئاد يف ةحشّ رم بازــحألا عــم لــصاوتلاو لــمعلا نــم ةــليوط ةٍ رــبخ دــعب مـه":تاـحرف وـبأ لـيوج جتنتـست ،ناـنبل يـف ةـيديلقتلا ]...[ ةأرـملا تاردـقب نوـنمؤي الو ةاواـسملاب نوـنمؤي ال يــف ةيــسايسلا بازــحألا لــبق نــم ســعاقت كاــنهو بزــحلا لــخادو ،ةــسايسلا يــف ةأرــملا رود مــعد لاــجم نــم ةأرــما مَ ــعد بٌ زــح ررّ ــق اذإ هــنأ مــلعن نــحنو.هــسفن شــبطلا الورو.ةأرــملا هذــه لصتــس ،هــئاضعأ نــيب مــل اــمهاتلكو ،كــلذ ىــلع اًلاــثم اــتناك يــلامج اــميدو ."كلذ لبق نيتَ فورعم انوكت ةحامس ارتب ىلوألا عاقبلا ةرئاد يف ةحشّ رم ةـبئان هـب تـحرّ صو قبـس اـم عـم ناكـم يـف يـقتلي تاـحرف وـبأ مالك ،لـمأ ةـكرح نـم نـيدلا زـع ةـيانع يـهو ،ةطلـسلا بازـحأ لـخاد نـم :تــلاق ذإ ،"ةأرــملل ةدــحتملا مــمألا ةــئيه" هــترجأ ثٍ ــحب نــمض ةأرـــملا دوـــجو نأو رـــيثكب مـــهأ مـــهعقوم نأ نوـــنّ ظي لاـــجرلا" دــقتعأ.ةيحطــس اهتكراــشمو حيحــش ةيــسايسلا بازــحألا يــف فـيكوأ( ."اذــه اــنموي ىــتح ةدئاــس لازــت ال ةـــينهذلا هذـــه نأ .)2022 ، يجكمكإو 25

،نــهل يــعمتجم لــبّ قتب نرعــش نــهنأب ندــفأ تاحــشرملا مــظعم ةــيدّ وب نــهعم مــهرواحتو نــهل تا/نــيبخانلا لابقتــسا ةــيحانل قـلّ عت مـل ةرـيغص ثداوـح تاءانتثـسالا تـنمّ ضتو.حاـتفناو مارـتحاو .اً ريثك اهيلع تاحشّ رملا اهتعمـس ةراـيز لاـخ يـنتقفار يـتلا تاحـشرملا ىدـحإ" ةراــيز يــف اــنك اــننأل ،"يــسار ىــلع لاــجرلا اــنأ" ،لوــقت اـنأ ،الك"]ساـنلا ماـمأ[ اـهل تُ ـلقف.لاـجرلا اـهيلع بـلغي الو."نوواــستم يــنباو يــجوزو اــنأو ،يــسار ىــلع هــللا عيطتــسأ ال...تاوــصألا نــم اً ددــع رــسخألف ،يــلابأ ."توص مك" دصحأل طقف سانلا ءاضرإ طموض كبزي داهن ةيناثلا توريب ةرئاد يف ةحشرم تاحــشّ رملا هاــجتا ةــيروكذلا ةديدــشلا وأ ةــيفنعلا ثداوــحلا ةردــنُ لدــت الو اــهتيدّ ج نــم فــيفختلا يــنعت ال نــهتلباقم تــمّ ت يــتاوللا دــعد ةديــسلاك ،تاــيرخأ تاحــشّ رم ىــلإ ةبــسنلاب اــهبايغ ىــلع اً دــبأ تـقثّ و يـتلاو ،اً ـثم ةـعبارلا ناـنبل لـبج ةرـئاد يـف ةحـشرملا يزـقلا اــهضرّ عت ،"يدال" ،"تاــباختنالا ةــيطارقميدل ةــينانبللا ةــيعمجلا" ،اً ــثمف.ةــفلتخم تاءاــسإل ءاــسنلا نــم اــهريغ ضرّ ــعتو ،برــضلل نــهنأب ندــفأ تاحــشّ رملا نــم%60 يــلاوح نأ"يدال" رــكذت حــشّ رتلا نــع نــهينثل"عــمتجملا" اــهردصم تاــطوغضل نــضرّ عت ،تــفتف ،باــبلا ،ورابــش( فــنعلا لاكــشأ نــم لكــشل نــضرّ عت%51 و ثــحبلا اذــه يــف ةــقمّ عملا تاــباقملا تــتبثأ نإ ،يــلاتلابو.)2022 تاونـسلاو روهـشلا لالخ ،هب تمـستّ ا يذلا عوّ نتلا وهف ،ام ةً قيقح ةــلمحلاو حــشّ رتلا ةــلحر عــم ءاــسنلا بُ راــجت ،ةــيضاملا ةــليلقلا .ةيبزحلا ةبرجتلاو ةيباختنالا نـيّ بت ،ءاـسنلا ىـلع سراـممُ لا يـسايسلا فـنعلا صـخ اـم يـف ،اً رـيخأ ةرخاــسلا تاــقيلعتلاو ةزراــبلا فــنعلا ثداوــح نأ ثــحبلا اذــه يــف ةــبئانلا دهــشت اــمك ،يــباينلا ســلجملا لــخاد تــثدح ةــيروكذلاو تاــسرامملا كــلت نأ ودــبي ذإ ،ةــيلاتلا ةرــقفلا يــف روــقعقلا ةــميلح ،ضـيرعلا باـبلا نـم ،نّ ـهلوخدو ءاـسنلا زوـف دـعب فـثّ كتت نأ نـكمي اً ـضيأ حـضاولا.اً ـثم يـباينلا سـلجملاك ،روـكذلا اـهيلع نـميهيُ ةً حاـس ثــيح ،ناــنبل بوــنج يــف تزــكّ رت تاــسرامملا هذــه نــم رــيثكلا نأ ةرــم لك يــف نأــب"يــتفيف يــتفيف" نــم تاــحرف وــبأ لــيوج دــيفت ىــقّ لتت تــناك ،ءاــقل وأ طاــشن مــيظنت لواــحت ةزراــب ةطــشان تــناك وأ/و هــللا بزــحل ةــضرِ اعمُ حــئاول ترّ ــطضا ،بوــنجلا يــفو.اً دــيدهت .اهدض ةسرش تامجه ىلإ يدّ صتلا ىلإ لمأ ةكرح براجتلا يف تفال عٌ وّ نت:حشّ رتلا لالخ فنعلا ةــلحرلا وأ ةيــسايسلا ةــبرجتلا تاحــشّ رملا كراــشتت ال ،عــبطلاب تاــسراممل ضرّ ــعتلا صــخي اــم يــف اً دــيدحت ،اهــسفن ةــيباختنالا ءيـش نهعمج اـم اذإو.2022 ماـع تاـباختنا لاـخ ةـيروكذو ةـيزييمت ،اً نايحأ ةـيعمتجمو ،اً مئاد ةـيلئاع مٍ ـعد ةكبـشب نـهعتّ مت وـهف ،حـضاو نـضخي يـتاوللا ءاـسنلا ىـلإ ةبـسنلاب اميـس ال ،ىرـخأ اً ـنايحأ ةـيبزحو مــعدو ،اً دــيدحت يــلئاعلا مــعدلا ةكبــش الوــلو.ةبّ اــش ةــيبزح براــجت ىـتح وأ نـهتالمح لامكتـسا نـم تاحـشّ رملا تـنكّ مت اـمل ،كيرـشلا ءاـسنلا ددـع فَ ـعض اً ـيئزج رـسّ فيُ اـم ةـقيقحلا كـلت يـفو.اـهقالطإ هـتفرع يذـلا مـعدلا مَ اـظن نأ كـلذ ،اً ـمومع ناـنبل يـف تاحـشّ رملا يـتاوللا وأ نـهانلباق يـتاوللا تاحـشّ رملا ءاـسنلا ءانثتـسا نود نـمو يـف ءاـسنلا نـم رـيثكلا هـفُ رعت ال ،"يـتفيف يـتفيف" نـهعم تْ ـلمع ةكراـشملا نـع تارـيثك تاؤوـفك ءاـسن يـنثيُ دـق يذـلا رـمألا ،ناـنبل وأ يـلئاعلا مـعدلا صـقنب لـصتّ ت بٍ ابـسأل ،قـلطملا يـف ةيـسايسلا .ةرسألا لخاد تايلوؤسملاو راودألل يطمنلا عيزوتلا رارمتسا ةـلحر يـف[ نـهعم يـضملا اـنرتخا يـتاوللا ةأرـما 50 ــلا" تاــصصّ ختم نّ ــهو ةــمّ هم تارــبخ نــهيدل]حــشرتلا ،يــسايسلا نأــشلاب تاــمتهمو ةــفلتخم تالاــجمب تاجوزتم رـيغ اـمإ نـهتيبلاغو ،60 و 38 ــلا نـيب نـهمظعم نَ درـيُ يـتاوللا ءاـسنلا نأ ىـلع لدـي اذـهو.تاـقلّ طم وأ ،ةً أرــج بــلّ طتي لاــجم يأ وأ ةــسايسلاك لٍ اــجم ضوــخ اً ـمومع ءاـسنلا ىـلع دوـيقلاو.تادـيّ قمُ نّ ـكي لّ أ نـجتحي ضــعب كاــنه ناك.]...[ لاــجرلا نــم يــتأت اــندلب يــف نأل ةــعباتملا نعطتــساو ،اً ــضيأ تاــجوزتملا ءاــسنلا ."نيمعاد اوناك جاوزألا تاحرف وبأ ليوج "يتفيف يتفيف" ةيعمج يف ةسسِّؤم ةوضع ءاـج وأ ،دعتـسم رـيغ هـنإ يـل لاـقو يدالوأ دـحأ ءاـج وـل" ،يــبناج ىــلإ نوــكي نأ رداــق رــيغ هــنإ يــل لاــقو يــجوز .اً ـصأ تـقولا دـجأ نـل.حـشرتأ نأ عيطتـسأل تُ ـنك اـمف ."اً دج مهم معدلا مُ اظن]...[ يحّ ضي نأ فٍ رط ىلع ةرابط ناميإ ةيناثلا توريب ةرئاد يف ةحشرم لاـخ نـهتلباقم تـمّ ت يـتاوللا تاحـشرملا لجّ ـست مـل ،ماـع لكـشب لاــخ اً ــحداف اً زــييمت وأ ةــيروكذلا ةديدــش فَ ــقاوم ،ثــحبلا اذــه فـيك" ،اً ـثم نولأـسي ساـنلا ناك.2022 ماـع ةـيباختنالا نـهتالمح لاــح يــف دــعر دــمحمو يرّ ــب هــيبن ىــلع]ةأرــماك[ نيدّ رتــس رـبخت اـمك ،"تارـم ثاـث يعمـسم ىـلع ررَّـكت لاؤـس ؟اوـخرص .ةثلاثلا لامشلا ةرئاد يف ةحشّ رملا ،فيعضلا نداش 26

دــعاوق ىــلإ هــنمض لــمعلا بيلاــسأ عاــبتّ ا ةــيحانل ،"ةــنميهملا نـيلثتمملا رـيغ لاـجرلا دـيّ حتُ ةيوطلـس ةـيمره ىـلع ةـمئاق ةـيقئالع ىــلع عجّ ــشتو ،هــب ىــفتحملا ةــيلوجرلا هــتافصو مــيعزلا رــيياعمل ىرــخأو ،نــههاجتا ةــيئاصقإ وأ ءاــسنلل ةــهراك تاــسايسو نــيناوق "ةــنميهملا ةروــكذلا" نــم قــثبني.تا/نــييلثملل ةــهراكو ةــيميرجت ةــعومجم نــم كــلت فــلّ أتتو ،لاــحلا ةــعيبطب"ةــطرفم ةً روــكذ" عـم ىـندألا دـحلا يـف ةـحلاصتم ةـيئادأو ةـيريبعت بيلاـسأو دـعاوق تْ دَ ــب ،اً ــثيدحو ،ةوــقلا راــهظإو راجــشلاو خارــصلا لــثم تاــسرامم ،اً ــثم"ةــيكريرطب" ةــملك ىــنعمل اــهلهجب ةروــخف لــب ال ،ةــحلاصتم باوـنلا ءالؤـه ةاـناعم مدـع ىـلع اً ـغماد اً ـيلد لكّ ـشي يذـلا رـمألا .ساــسألا يــف اــهانعم ةــفرعمل مــهتجاح باــيغ ،يــلاتلابو ،اــهنم ،ىـتّ ح ةـفينع تٍ اـسرامم عـم كـلذ لك قـفارت ،ةرـيخألا ةـنوآلا يـفو قاحلإل اً دادعتـسا تـسكع ةـيّ ندب ةـغل ىـلإ ةـفاضإلاب ،شرّ ـحت اـهللّ خت يذــلا نــهعقومب نــهريكذت ةَ ــيغب كــلذو ،تاــيناملرب ءاــسنب ىذألا وــه اــمك ،"ةــنميهملا ةروــكذلا" ماــظن لــخاد اً ــيوناث ىــقبي نأ بــجي .يلي ام يف نيّ بم نَ زـف 8 لـصأ نـم ةطلـسلا بازـحأل تاـعبات رـيغ ءاـسن 4 لوـصو عـم يــنانبللا ماــعلا يأرــلا دهــش ،2022 ماــع ةــيباينلا تاــباختنالا يــف رـشابملا كابتـشالاب تمـستّ ا ،يـباينلا سـلجملا لـخاد ةدـيدج ةً ـكرح اــمو اــهبازحأ مدــقأل نــيعبات نــيلثّ مم نــم ةطلــسلا ناكرأ عــم لاكـشأ نـم.رـكذلا ةـفنآ"ةـطرفملا ةروـكذلل" هـجوأ نـم هنوـسكعي اــمب ،يــنلع لكــشبو ،تادــيدج تاــبئان ةكراــشم ،كابتــشالا اذــه نــهزربأ ،ســلجملا لــخاد نيرَ ــشابمُ زــييمتو شرّ ــحت نــم هــل نــضرّ عتي الوــب ةــبئانلا بــناج ىــلإ ،روــقعقلا ةــميلحو رــيزارز ايتنيــس ناــتبئانلا ةحاــسملا اــمهلبق ترــبتخا نأ قبــس يــتلاو ،اً ــعبط ناــيبوقعي لــخاد نــم اــهيلع درــلا يــف تــسرّ مت لــب ،ناــملربلا يــف ةــيروكذلا .تاونس عبرأ ةليط ،مالعإلا يف وأ سلجملا ءارــجإ ىــلع نارهــش رّ ــم ناك داكــلاب يأ ،2022 وــيلوي/زومت يــف يـظفللا شرّ ـحتلا اـهل ةٍ دـيرغت يـف رـيزارز ةـبئانلا تـحضف ،تاـباختنالا اــمو ،اــهتينك ىــلع مــهرمّ نتو ،روــكذ باوــن اــهقحب هــفرتقا يذــلا .ةـيحابإ تاـجمو ةلمعتـسم ةـيركذ ةـيقوأ نـم اـهبتكم يـف هـتدجو نــم":تــبتك يــتلا"ةــيلودلا وــفعلا ةــمظنم" اهتبجــش تاــسرامم اً ـصوصخ ،يـنانبللا باوـنلا سـلجم يـف تاـبئانلا ضرّ ـعتت نأ بـيعملا نــمو لاــجرلا نــهئارظن نــم ةــقياضملل ،تاطلــسلا ندــقتني يــتاوللا ناــملرب يــف ءً اــسن نــهنوك درّ ــجمل هــسفن باوــنلا ســلجم ســيئر ."لاجرلا هيلع ىغطي يــف اــهتبرجت ةــيادب ذــنم ترهتــشاف ،روــقعقلا ةــميلح ةــبئانلا اــمّ أ يذــلا ،يرّ ــب هــيبن ،هــسيئر هــيف تــهجاو فٍ ــقومب يــباينلا ســلجملا اــنصلخ" ةــعاقلا لــخاد نــم تــلاقو اــهايإ هــتبطاخم ةَ ــقيرط تــضفر نــم بطــشُ يذــلا ريهــشلا رــيبعتلا ،"يــكريرطبلا بولــسألاه نــم تاــملك كاــنه نأ اً ــملع" ،يرّ ــب نــم رٍ ــمأب ةــسلجلا كــلت رــضحم ،ةـظحللا كـلت يـفو.روـقعقلا بـسحب ،"اـهيلع ءاـقبإلا مـت ةرـيثك رــبختُ ذإ ،اــنه هِ ــتنت مــل ةلأــسملا ."يدــض دادزــي نــقحلا أدــب" لــمأ ةــكرح نــم نــيبَ ئان ىــلع ادــب فــيك كاذــنآ تأر اــهنأ روــقعقلا مـهنأكو ادـب...مـهتئدهت اوـلواح" .اـهتمجاهمل نادعتـسم اـمهنأ ."يبرض نوديري رــشتنت مــل ،ةــبئانلا اــهتهجاو ىرــخأ ةرــيثك ةــيروكذ فــقاوم كاــنه نودـيعبلا صاخـشألا مـهو اـنعمتجم مـه اـنوبراح نـمَ" رــبع ءاــسنك اً ــضيأ انوفخّ ــسو اــنّ م اورخــس.كارــحلا نــع ،يــش اوــلمعي اوردــقي مــع شــم لاــجرلا" اً ــثم لوــقلا بــيغت ال ةــيروكذ رــيباعت ةــمّ ث.]...["؟يــلمعت حر يــتنإ ىــلع اــهأرقأ تُ ــنك يــتلا كــلت ةــصاخب ،لاــبلا نــع .رجنـسيمو با سـتاو ىـلع يـندرت وأ اـيديم ليـشوسلا ]...[ ةـيحابإ داوـم قوـف اً روـص كـل نوـبكّ ريو كـنوددّ هي "]...[ هنوددّ هي اوناك يجوز ىتح ناديوس ةراس ةيناثلا بونجلا ةرئاد يف ةحشّ رم مقافت ىلإ ءاصقإلاو فنعلا ثيح:ناملربلا لخاد وـه ناـنبل يـف يـسايسلا لاـجملا نأ فـيك تـبّ ثتي ،ةرـقفلا هذـه يـف لــقعم ،ناــملربلا نأ لــيلدب ،ءاــسنلا نــم رــيثكلا ءازإ فــينع نادــيم ةءاــسإو رــطخ ردــصم هــتاذ دــحب لكّ ــش ،ةيعيرــشتلا ةطلــسلا اً ـيرظن عـقاولا اذـه مـهف نـكمي.هـناكرأ مـظعمل تاـضرِ اعمُ تاـبئانل ةروــكذلا" رود تــلوانت يــتلا ةــيميهافملا رــطألا ىــلإ عوــجرلا رــبع "ةــنميهمُ لا ةروــكذلا"و) Hypermasculinity("ةــطرفملا ةيرـشبلا تاقالعلا مـلاعم مـسر يـف) Hegemonic masculinity( تٍ اقايــس نــمض ،اً ــضيأ ءاــسنلاو لاــجرلا نــيبو ،مهــسفنأ لاــجرلا نــيب نــيتاه نأ ظــحاليُ.ةــعوّ نتم ةــيعمتجم وأ ةيــسايس وأ ةيركــسع ،ناــنبل يــف ةــلودلا تاــسسؤم مــظعم يــف ناتيــشفتم نــيترهاظلا رـثكألا ،يـلاتلابو ،ماـعإلاو تارـيماكلل اً ـضرّ عت رـثكألا كـلت اميـس ال ةروـكذلا"و.يـنانبللا ناـملربلاك ،ةرجاـشملاو حـيرصتلاو ءادأـل اً ـناقتإ فــصيل رَ ــهظ ،يــئادألا لاــجملاب طاــبترالا قــيثو موــهفم"ةــطرفملا ةــينبملا ةــيديلقتلا لاــجرلا راودأــب ديدــشلا دــيّ قتلاو غــلَ ابملا رَ ــيبعتلا" اـم اً ـبلاغو.)1984 ، نيكريـسو ريـشوم("ةـيلاب ةـيعامتجا ةٍ رـظنل اً ـعبت هاــجتا ةــيئادعلاب" كــلذكو فــنعلاب ةروــكذلا نــم عوــنلا اذــه طــبتري ةروــكذلا رــيياعم عــم نوــهامتي ال نــيرخآ لاــجر هاــجتاو ءاــسنلا حـلطصملا اذـه مـهف لـجأ نـم نـكمي ،ةروـصلا بـيرقتلو."ةدئاـسلا ةً ــلوجر دــسّ جي اــمنإ ،بــسحو اً ــيلوجر ســيل لــجر" لــيّ خت ،رــثكأ قــصبي وأ ،هردــص تاــضع خــفني يذــلا رــكذلا كاذ يأ.ةــيروتاكيراك نــيترامليك("ءاــسنلا هرــكي وأ ،نــييّ لثملا مــجاهي وأ ،ضرألا يــف يــف هــتروّ ط موــهفمف ،"ةــنميهملا ةروــكذلا" اــمأ.)2007 ، نورــخآو تــصلخو ،لــينوك نــيويار ةيلارتــسألا ةُ رــكّ فملا اــهلامعأ نــم رــيثكلا لاكــشأ عــم ضراــعتت ةــنميهو ةوّ ــق تاــقالع ىــلع ىــنبيُ هــنأ ىــلإ نــم اً ــضيأ قــلطنتو ،ةــعضاخو ةــيوناث دــعتُ يــتلا ىرــخألا ةروــكذلا نــم هــنأ لــينوك حرــشتو.عــضاخلا نــهعقومو ءاــسنلا ةــيّ عبت ،يكريرطب ماـظن لظ يف ةـنميهم ةـثونأ كاـنه نوـكي نأ ليحتـسملا ةــثونأ لّ ك نوــكت نأ طرــش ىــلع ةــمئاق ،ةطاــسبب ،ةــيكريرطبلا نأل اً ـمتح دمتعيـس ،كـلت ةـنميهملا ةروـكذلا ةدايـس رارمتـساو.ةـعضاخ .)1987 ، لينوك( ىرخألا ةروكذلا لاكشأ لك عمق ىلع يـف اً ـجر 122 كاـنه ناك ،اً ـبئان 128 لـصأ نـم ،يـنانبللا ناـملربلا يـف مـهددع ىدّ أ ،2022 ماـع ناـملرب يـف اً ـجر 120 و ،2018 ماـع ناـملرب ىــلإ ،ةــيروكذ ةــيّ ميق تاــيعجرم ىــلإ زــكترملا مــهؤادأو مــخضلا ةروــكذلل" رــخآ بٍ ــعلم ىــلإ يــنانبللا يــباينلا ســلجملا لوّ ــحت 27

،) رــيزارز ايتنيــس( رــمّ نتلاو شرّ ــحتلل وأ)روــقعقلا ةــميلح( يــئاصقإلا يـف ىـلوألا ةرّ ـملل نوـمضملاو رـهوجلا ةيوـسن تٍ اـحلطصم مُ ـيمعت ةغل نـع تاـحلطصملا كـلت زـيامتتو.يـنانبللا يـباينلا سـلجملا خـيرات يــف ةــيديلقتلا ةرــصانملا عيراــشمو ةــيقوقحلا ةيئاــسنلا تاــمحلا ةـيرذجلا ةيوـسنلا تاكرـحلا لـخاد اً ـقيمع ىدـصو اً روذـج كـلتمت اـهنأ اً ــثم mansplaining ــلا حــلطصمك ،ةباــشلا لاــيجألا نادــجوو وأ هــمهفت اــم ريــسفت ىــلإ ةــيئاقلتلا لاــجرلا ةرداــبم اــهب دــصقيُ و( ،ةــيردنجلا ةــيدايحلاو ،) مــهعم رواــحتت يــتلا ةأرــملا هــنقتت ىــتح .ةيكريرطبلاو لٍ دــج نــم هــقفار اــمو ريهــشلا"ةــيكريرطبلا" فــقوم راــشتنا ردــقب نييحيـسملا باوـنلا ضـعبو ،اً ـمومع يـباينلا سـلجملا فوـفص يـف اـهنأ اوـنّ ظو ةـملكلا ىـنعم اوـمهفي مـل مـهنإ لـيق نـيذلا ،اً ـصوصخ ."كرــيرطبلا" ىمّ ــسيُ يذــلا ةــينوراملا ةــفئاطلا سأرــل ةً ــناهإ لــمحت عــم روــقعقلا ةــبئانلا اهتكراــش يــتلا فــقاوملا كــلت زرــبأ نــمو هــتضاخ شاــقن ضرــعم يــف بــئان اــهيلإ هــهجّ و قٌ ــيلعت ،نــيتَ ثحابلا يــترم اــنأ قــله" :وــهو ،ةلأــسم يــف اــهضارتعا ليجــستل هــعم يــندب يلمّ ــستب ارــم يــجتب عــجرتب ،يــندب يلمّ ــستب تــيبلاب ."سلجملاب تاــسلج روــضح نيعيطتــست ال كــنأب نــيمدطصت ،اًلوأ" نـيهجاوت ،روـضحلاب نـيأدبت مّ ـث.ةلوهـسب ةـيباينلا ناـجللا ــلا ،مــلّ كتأ تُ ــنك نــيح.]...[ تاــقياضملاو تاــقيلعتلا ىدــحإ يــف."ءامــسلا ىــلإ" ناك mansplaining فـنعو موـجهل تُ ـضرّ عت ،مـيلعتلاب ةـقلعتملا تاـسلجلا فرـعأ نـكأ مـل هـيلإ تُ ـهبنت رـمأ اً ـضيأ كاـنه.]...[ يـظفل يــف مــهضعب نومتــشي]باوــنلا[ مــه:لــبق نــم هــنع يــبلق بــيبح" ،لــخادلا يــف ءاــقدصأ مــهنكل ،ماــعإلا اـم.بولـسألا اذـه ىـلع ةداـتعم تُ ـسل اـنأو."يداـعو اوـناك كـلذل.مـههوجو يـف هـلوقأ ماـعإلا يـف هـلوقأ ماــعإلابو ،عوــنمم جّ وــلاب وــنأك"...يــنّ م نوــمدصيُ ةـسلج يـف تُ ـنك ،تارـملا ىدـحإ يـفو.]...["حومـسم ةكرــش عــفد بوــجو نــع اــهيف اــنثدّ حت ةــيبرتلا ةــنجلل ]...[ خارــصلا اــعو ،ةــينانبللا ةــعماجلل"تــسيإ لدــيملا" يــكحت اــم ،توكــس ،توكــس" مــهدحأل باوــنلا لاــقف يــننأكو...ةــميلح مادــق اــنصرّ جت اــم ،ةــميلح مادّ ــق ."مهيلإ ةبسنلاب اً زمر تحبصأ روقعقلا ةميلح ةبئانلا ،ســلجملا ىــلإ اــهلوخد دــعب ىــلوألا ةرــتفلا لاــخو ،كــلذ ىــلإ مــل يــهف.مــمّ صمو حــضاو ءاــصقإ ىــلإ روــقعقلا ةــبئانلا تــضرّ عت قـح روـضحلا نأ اً ـملع( ةـيباينلا ناـجللا تاـسلج روـضح عيطتـست نـكت تــختنتُ مــل وــل ىــتح ،يــلخادلا ماــظنلا بــسحب ،ةــبئان اــهفصوب ،اــهل اهومّ ضي مـل نوـيّ نعملا باوـنلاف.) ةـيباينلا ناـجللا ىدـحإ يـف ةً وـضع ةــيبرتلاك- ةــنيّ عم ناــجلب ةــصاخلا"با ســتاولا" تاــعومجم ىــلإ -لــفطلاو ةأرــملاو ،ناــسنإلا قوــقحو ،لدــعلاو ةرادإلاو ،مــيلعتلاو نـم اً رـيخأ نـكّ متتف كـلذب اوـموقي نأ لـبق اً ـيوط اً ـتقو اوقرغتـسا وأ .اهتدنجأو تاعامتجالا ديعاوم ةفرعم ىـلع]...[ تاـعامتجالاب فرـعأ يـكل طـقف ،اً دـج يـناعأ تُ ـنك" اً ـحضاو ناك.]...[ يـصاصتخا اذـه نإ ذإ ،مـيلعتلا ةـنجل لـقألا يـف ةوـضعك يـننوديري ال]هـللا بزـحو راذآ 14[ نـيفرطلا نأ .روـقعقلا حرـشت اـمك ، "تاـسلجلا رـضحت ةـبئانك ىـتح الو ةـنجل نـم نـكّ متتل ةـبئانلا اـهتضاخ ةرـيثك تالاجـسو تاراـيز رـمألا بـلّ طت رــضحت تراــص نــيحو.اــهل رــيضحتلاو تاــسلجلا دــيعاومب ةــفرعملا اــهنأكو."باوــنلا هوــجو رــيباعت رــيُّغت" ظــحالت تــناك ،تاــعامتجالا تاــنايب ىــلع ةــينبملا ةــبراقملا وأ ةلءاــسملا بولــسأ اــهدامتعاب ثدـحيُ اً ـباطخو اً ـيّ دقن اً ـجهن وأ-اوـلعفي نأ باوـنلا ىـلع يـغبني اـمك،روــقعقلا تــلقثأ ،"ةــطرفملا ةروــكذلا" لــمع بيلاــسأ عــم ةً ــعيطق ةلءاــسم وأ ناــجللا تاــسلج ،نــينميهمُ لا باوــنلا ىــلإ ةبــسنلاب .ةموكحلا ىــلإ نــيبَ ئانب مــيلعتلاو ةــيبرتلا تاــسلج ىدــحإ يــف رــمألا لــصو تـبلط يـتلا ةـينانبللا ةـعماجلا ةـنبا ،روـقعقلا ىـلع يدّ ـعتلا ةـلواحم مرــح نــم لــمأ ةــكرحو هــللا بزــح ماــعأ ةَ ــلازإ ،كــلت ةــسلجلا لاــخ اذـخأو ناـبئان يّ ـلع مـجه" :روـقعقلا رـكذتو."اهدّ رتـسنل" ةـعماجلا ."امهتئدهت بئان لواحو...يهجو يف ناخرصي بـناج ىـلإ ،ترـسك اـهنأ وـه ،عـقاولا يـف روـقعقلا هـتلعف اـم نـكل باوـنلا يـطاعتل ةخـسار تٍ اداـع ،تا/نيعرّ ـشملا نـم ةدـيدج ةـيّ لقأ ــلا وأ مــهتحار ةــقطنم ةً ــعزعزمُ ،ســلجملا لــخاد مــهضعب عــم لــمعلا دَ ــعاوق ،رــخآ ىــنعمبو ،مــهب ةــصاخلا comfort zone "ةـنميهملا ةروـكذلا" جـهنل اً ـعبت مـهنيب اـم يـف ةداـتعمُ لا قيـسنتلاو اــمو"اهباعيتــسا" نوــلواحي اوــناك نــيحو.هرــيغ اوــفلأي مــل يذــلا لــثم ،اــهنوفرعي يــتلا بيلاــسألا ىــلإ نوأــجلي اوــناك ،هــلثّ مت ىـلإ ةلامتـسالا" :روـقعقلا لوـقت كـيتكتلا اذـه نـعو.ةلامتـسالا هــضفرأ اــنأو ،اــنيلع اً رــيبك اً ــطغض تلكّ ــش اــم يــسايس طّ ــخ نوــلواحي مّ ــث]...["نــلك يــنعي نــلك" نــم تُ ــئج يــننأل ،اــنه نــم ."تاــقادص جــسنأل اــنه تُ ــسل يــننكل ،كــتقداصم لــعفلاب اوــقلخ ددــجلا نيلّ قتــسملا باوّ ــنلا ضــعب نإ لوــقلا نــكمي عـم رـسكلا لـجأ نـم اً ـيموي دـهاجت سـلجملا لـخاد ةدـيدج ةً ـيمانيد ال ،كــلذب مهــسفنأ باوــنلا ضــعب فارــتعاب" ،مــيدقلا طــمنلا .روقعقلا لوقت ،"يمامأ كلذب نورّ قي مهنكل...مالعإلا ربع يـلاحلا يـباينلا سـلجملا ةاـيح يـف ةـتفاللا ةدـيدجلا رـهاوظلا نـم نــهتايحب نــهرييعتل ةــيئرملا ءاــسنلا ةــهباجم ىــلإ ةــفاضإلاب ،اً ــضيأ يوــبألا جــهنلل وأ)ناــيبوقعي الوــب( نّ هفرــش ىمّ ــسيُ اــمو ةــصاخلا 28

بــصت جــئاتن هــل نوــكي نأ ةرورــضلاب ســيل نــكل ،ةــيعطاقتلا لازـي ال ماـظنلاف ،لـصألا نـم جـئاتن وأ ةـماعلا ةـحلصملا يـف ال دــق" ،ىرــخأ هــتاذ ىــحنملا يــف فــيضتو ."رــيثكب نــهنم رــبكأ ،مّ ـهم نـهدوجو نـكل ،تـقولا ةـليط اً ـيلاثم نـهباطخ نوـكي ."ةـموكحلاو سـلجملا ىـلإ رـبكأ دٌ ادـعأ لـصت نأ بوـلطملاو ةيوــسنلا ةدــنجألاب دوــصقملا ةــلضعم ىــلإ ةطــشان تــفلتو هذــه نــمض نــم ،دوــصقملا ناك اذإ" ،لوــقتو ،ةــيعطاقتلا اــهب نــعفدي تاــبئانلاف ،تاــينانبللا ءاــسنلا قوــقح ةدــنجألا ."ام دًّح ىلإ اً مدق ال يـلاحلا يـناملربلا جذوـمنلا" نأ ةطـشان ظـحالت ،لـباقملا يـف ســلجملا يــف تالقتــسملا تاــبئانلاو ،مــكحن يــكل يــفكي نــهنأ ىــلع نــهيلإ عوــجرلا نــكمي الو نهباــشتي ال موــيلا روــقعقلا ةــميلح ةــبئانلا رّ ــقتُ ،لــعفلاب ."اً دــحاو اً راــيعم نلكّ ــشي اـهنكل ،تاـضرِ اعملا تادـيدجلا تاـبئانلا نـيب تاـنيابت دوـجو ةـيناكمإب ،نـهنأب دـقتعتو ،ىذأـب ببـستلا ىـلإ يدؤـي نـل فاـتخالا نأـب نـمؤت نـهادحإ تـضرّ عت لاـح يـف نـهضعب نَ معديـس ،ءاـسنكو تاـيناملربك .ةءاسإ وأ ةيروكذ ةمجهل مـغرلا ىـلع ،يـلاحلا يـباينلا سـلجملا لـخاد لكَّـشيُ مـل ،نآلا ىـتح يأ ،تالقتــسملا تاــبئانلا دــض ةــقثّ ومُ لا ةــيلاتتملا تاــمجهلا نــم مـعد لـجأ نـم ،يمـسر رـيغ وأ يمـسر ،نـهنيب اـم يـف يقيـسنت راـطإ .باوــنلا نــيب ةيــشفتملا ةــيروكذلل اً ــعم يدــصتلا وأ اً ــضعب نــهضعب ناـملرب نـم رـثكأ يـف ترـبتُ خا ةهيبـش تاراـطإ نأ ىـلإ ةراـشإلا ردـجت قيــسنتلا فرــغب فرــعيُ اــم رــبع ،قارــعلا اــهنيب نــم ،مــلاعلا يــف نهتاءامتنا نـع رـظنلا فرـصب ،تاـيناملربلا ءاـسنلاب ةـصاخلا رواـشتلاو عــمتجت ثــيح-Women’s Parliamentary Caucuses- ةــيبزحلا ،ةرــيغص ةــيلقأ اــهيف نلكّ ــشي ســلاجم لــخاد اميــس ال ،تاــيناملربلا ةــنيّ عم ةــيقوقح تادــنجأ ىــلع ةيعيرــشت ةــلتكك اً ــعم قاــفتالل .براجتلاو تاربخلا لدابتو مـه]...[ ءارزوـلا نـع باوـنلاو ،مـهضعب نـع نوـعفادي" "ةــيّ رط" نوــكت تــحرطُ اذإ ةلئــسألاو ،مهنولئاــسي ال ادـيه" رـيزو نـع بـئان لاـق ،تارّ ـملا ىدـحإ يـف لـب.]...[ ةـلمجلا ىـلع تُ ـظفّ حت]...["!كـيه لـمع وـنإ لاـجّ ر عـلطُ نــيديرت اذاــم يــل لاــقف ،رــضحملا نــم اــهءاغلإ تُ ــبلطو ]...["عاجـش عـلط" لـقُ:تُ ـبجأ ؟"ةأرـما عـلطُ" ؟لوـقأ نأ اً ــيردنج ةدــياحمُ ةــغل مادختــسا بوــجو ىــلع تُ ددّ ــش ،" mansplaining اذــه":اً ــضيأ مــهدحأل تُ ــلق.]...[ اــهنع ثــحبا:هــل تُ ــلق ؟ةــملكلا يــنعت اذاــم ينلأــسف لــهج كاــنه اً ــعبطو.يروــكذ مــهباطخ.لــغوغ ىــلع ."لً صأ اهب نوفرعي ال ميهافمو روقعقلا ةميلح ةبئانلا يــتلا مــهتافرّ صتو نيعرّ ــشمُ لاوــقأ نــم ةــنيّ ع ،اً ذإ قبــس اــم يــف .ةاواـسملاو ردنجلا اياضق ىلع ةـعلطّ مُ ةدـيدج ةـبئان اـهيلع تدهـش نـيناوقلا اوـسردي نأ مـهنم عـقّ وتيُ باوـن مـه نوعرّ ـشملا ءالؤـهو ةـلادعلاو ءاـسنلا قوـقحب ةـقلعتملا تاـحرتقملا اـهيف اـمب ،اـهورّ قيو ،لــخادلا نــم بَ ــقاري نــمَ كاــنه تاــب هــنأ موــيلا قراــفلا.ةــيردنجلا وأ يــباينلا ســلجملا ءاــضعأ اــهعم لــماعتي فــيك ،ةــيّ دقن نٍ ــيعبو ةـبئانلا تـبأد يـتلا ةـيباينلا ناـجللا ىوتـسم ىـلع ةـصاخب ،اـهنوقيعي اذـه يـف روـقعقلا ظـحالتو.اـهروضح نـم نـكّ متلل اـهريغو روـقعقلا نوــناق لــيدعت حرــتقم ة/ملــسمُ ة/بــئان حرــطي نــيح هــنأ راــطإلا حرــطيو ة/يحيــسم ة/بــئان هــهجو يــف موــقي ،اً ــثم ةيــسنجلا نــيفَّلملا نــم يّ أ فرــعي نــل ،اذــكهو ،لاــفطألا جــيوزت عــنم حرــتقم دٍ وــقع وأ تاونــسل ةــقلاع ةــحّ لمُ و ةيــساسأ اــياضق ىــقبتو ،روّ ــطتلا .ةيباينلا ناجللا جاردأ يف نمزلا نم ،اً ــبيرقت تادــيحو ءاــصقإلاو فــنعلا تاــيلق تاــبئان هــجاوت ،اً ذإ ءادألا يــف ةــطرفملا ةروــكذلا طَ ــمن ،اهبولــسأب لٌّك ،نــبراحيو اذــه رــكّ ذيُ و.ماــعلا نأــشلا عــم يــطاعتلاو بــطاختلاو يــسايسلا يوــضنت يــتلا"ةمّ اــسلا ةروــكذلا" موــهفمب دــيعب دّ ــح ىــلإ طــمنلا عــم مــهتاقالع يــف لاــجرلاو نابــشلا نــم رــيثكلا تُ اــفرّ صت اــهتحت ةــيوبألا ةــفاقثلا ةــجيتن عــمتجملا يــف مهتايّ كولــس يــف وأ ءاــسنلا تاــيناملربلا ناكــمإب لــهف.مــلاعلا يــف ةرــشتنملا ةــيّ فنعلاو لـخاد نـم ،لاـعّ ف لٍ كـشب هذـه ةـطرفملا ةروـكذلا يدّ ـحت تادـيدجلا ؟ةيعيرشتلا ةطلسلا نايبتــسالا ىــلع تاــبيجمُ لا تاطــشانلا نــم 25 لــصأ نــم 4 طــقف نــقفاوي 16 و ،كــلذ لــعف تاــيناملربلا رودــقمب هــنأ ىــلع نــقفاوي ءً ارآ نَ ـلمح يـتاوللا نـيب نـم.اً ـقالطإ نـقفاوي ال 5 و ،اـم دٍّـح ىـلإ نـكل ىـلع ةـينبملا رـيياعملا يدّ ـحت" نأ ةطـشان ىرـت ،رـمألاب ةككّ ـشم تٍ ابــسانم يــف وأ هدــحول ثدــحي ال ةــطرفملا ةروــكذلا اً رارــقو ةــيّ دصق ةــسرامم نوــكي نأ بــجي لــب ،طــقف ةــنيّ عم يـف ."نّ هتريـسم نـم ةوـطخ لك يـف تاـبئانلا هذـختّ ت اً ـيعاو ىــلإ تاــهجاوملا لوّ ــحتت نأ ىرــخأ ةطــشان ىــشخت ،لــباقملا توــص تاكــسإل نوــيروكذلا هــيلع بوّ ــصي دــق ضٍ ارعتــسا" ."ءاسنلا ىلع تايناملربلا ةردق لوح تايوسن تاطشان ءارآ رييغت ثادحإو ةطلسلا تايّ لكيه يدّ حت يــتاوللا 25 ــلا تايوــسنلا تاطــشانلا ىــلإ ةبــسنلاب حــضاولا نــم اً رــيثك نــلوّ عي ال نــهنأ ،ثــحبلا اذــهب صاــخلا نايبتــسالا يــف نَ كراــش وأ تالقتــسملا بعــشلا تاــثّ مم نــم ةــليلق ةٍ ــلّ ق ةردــق ىــلع رـيبك قٍ رـف ثادـحإ ىـلع ،ةطلـسلل ةـضرِ اعمُ بازـحأ يـف تاـيوضنملا ةمــستّ مُ لا ةــيئادألاو ةــيروكذلا يدّ ــحت ةــهجل نإ ،ةــلودلا لــخاد نــم ةدــنجأب اً ــمدقُ عــفدلا ةــهجل مأ ،ســلجملا يــف ةــطرفمُ لا ةروــكذلاب يــف نــكلو.هــسفن ســلجملا اذــه لــخاد نــم ةــيعطاقتو ةيوــسن لوــصو عــم ،نَ رعــش نايبتــسالا يــف تاكراــشملا مــظعم ،لــباقملا ينانبللا يـباينلا سلجملا هدـهعي مـل قٍ رـخ ثودـحب ،تادـيدج تاـبئان ىدـملا ىـلع هـيلع ءاـنبلاو رـثكأ هفاـشكتسا نـكميُ قرـخ.لـبق نـم .ليوطلا دٍّـح ىـلإ" نـقفاوي 15 و ناـتنثا قـفاوت ،ةيوـسن ةطـشان 25 ــلا نـيب نـم اً ـمدق نـعفدي تادـيدجلا عـبرألا تالقتـسملا تاـبئانلا نّ أ ىـلع ،"اـم ىدــحإ حرــشت ،راــطإلا اذــه يــف.ةــيعطاقتو ةيوــسن ةدــنجأب تالقتــسملا تاــبئانلا بَ اــطخ" نأ نايبتــسالا يــف تاكراــشملا ةيوــسنلا تاــيولوألاو قوــقحلا عــمق رادــج يــف اً ــقرخ حــتفي 29

ةكراشملا" نيب ةيباطخلا تارتّ وتلا ليلذت وحن-ج "ةيوسنلا ةدنجألا"و"ةيسايسلا ةيوــسن رــئاود يــف شاــقنلا مدــتحا ،ةــيضاملا ةــليلقلا ماوــعألا يــف ددــع لوــصو نــيمأت بوــجو ىــلع نَ زــكّ ريُ تٍ اطــشان نــيب ناــنبل يــف نــم ىزــغملا نلئاــسيُ تاــيرخأُ و ،ناــملربلا ىــلإ ءاــسنلا نــم رــبكأ ةً يوــسن ةً دــنجأ تاحــشّ رملا لــمحت مــل نإ رــمألا اذــهب ةــبلاطملا ةــيعطاقتلا يــعارتو ،ءاــسنلا عــيمج ةــحلصم يــف بــصت ةً ــحضاو ةأرــما لك ةردــق يــف ةرــثؤملا لــماوعلا ددّ ــعتب فارــتعالا ةــيحانل تاـئف نـيب دراوـملاو صرـفلا يـف قراوـفلاو ،اـهقوقحب عـتمتلا ىـلع فــلتخم نــيب تاــمزألا رــيثأت تواــفت ،يــلاتلابو ،ىرــخأو ةــيعمتجم .اهنمض نم ءاسنلاو ،عمتجملا يف ةشمّ هملا حئارشلا ناــنبل يــف تايوــسن تاطــشان فدهتــسا يذــلا نايبتــسالا حَ رــط لــيثمتلاو ةيئاــسنلا اــتوكلا لئاــسم لوــح نــهئارآب قــلّ عتت ةً لئــسأ ،تاكرِ اــشمُ لا تُ اــباجإ هــتزرفأ اــم ىــلإ رــظنلاب.ةيوــسنلا ةدــنجألاو قــلّ عتملا شاــقنلا لاــخ تزرــب ةــيركف تاراــيّ ت ةــثالث زــييمت نــكمي نــم ةيوــسن ةدــنجأ رــفّ وت طرــشب يئاــسنلا لــيثمتلا طــبر بوــجوب :همدع نــيمأت ىــلع لــمعلا ىــلإ وــعدي يذــلا كاذ وــه لوألا راــيتلا يـف قـحلا نأل ،نـهتادنجأ نـع رـظنلا فرـصب ،اًلوّ أ ءاـسنلا لوـصو دارـفألا ناك اذإ اـمّ ع لزـعمب ،عـيمجلل يـساسأ قـح وـه لوـصولا نـم دـيجلا زـييمت ىـلع يوـطني اـم عـم ،ال مأ اً دـيّ ج اً عورـشم نوـلمحي ةــقيرط نأ ثــحبلا اذــه نــيّ ب دــقو.ةــيتاذو ةيباــسنتسا نــم ئيــسلا اذــه تاــجردو اهتاــسايسو اــهتايولوأو ةــيعطاقتلا ةيوــسنلا مَ ــهف ىـتّ حو ،اً ـمومع ءاـسنلا نـيبو ،ىرـخأو ةٍ حـشّ رم نـيب فـلتخت ،مـهفلا راـيتلا اذـه فوّ ـختي ،كـلذ ىـلإ.نّ هـسفنأ تايوـسنلا تاطـشانلا نـيب ءبــع ءاــسنلا لــيمحتب عــمتجملا أدــب اذإ هــنأ نــم يــساسأ لكــشب ىـلإ دـعب نـلصي مـل نّ ـه تٍ ـقو يـف مراـصلا صـحّ فتلاو تالءاـسملا نأــش نــمف ،زوــفلا وأ حــشّ رتلا لاــمتحا نــم ىــتح نــبرتقي وأ مــكحُ لا يذـلا يـئاصقإلا يروـكذلا جَ ـهنلا ،دـصق رـيغب وـلو ،مدـخي نأ كـلذ ةـبراقملا ةَ ـجّ ح راـيّ تلا اذـه مدختـسي اـمك.ساـسألا نـم نّ هدعبتـسي ءاــسنلل لــماك هبــش بٍ ــييغت طــسو ،رــخآ ىــنعمب.روــمألل ةــيكيتكتلا عــفدنلو ،اًلوأ نّ ــهروضح نْ ــمّ ؤنلف ،ماــعلا يــسايسلا لاــجملا نــم نـيب موـيلا راـيخلا كـلتمن اـننأك سـيل" اً ـصأ اـننأل ،اً ـيناث ةدـنجألاب نــع اً ــمامت تاــبيّ غم ءاــسنلا نأل ةئيــس ةأرــماو ةدــيج ةأرــما .نايبتسالا يف تاكِ راشملا ىدحإ لوقت امك ،"يسايسلا لمعلا نأ ىــلع ،فــصنلا نــم رــثكأ يأ ،14 تــقفاو ،ةــبيجمُ 25 لــصأ نــم ،هــتاذب اً ــمئاق اً ــفده نوــكت نأ بــجي ةيــسايسلا ءاــسنلا ةكراــشم .ةدنجألا نع رظنلا ضغب ةــسايسلا يــف ةكراــشملاب اً دــبأ ءاــسنلل حمــسيُ نــل" نإ ،يــلاتلابو ،يــلاحلا ماــظنلا لــظ يــف رارــقلا عــنصو ةــلماكلا ةيــسايسلا نهتكراــشم قــيقحتب ةــبلاطملا ."ماظنلا رييغتب ةً بلاطم هتاذ دحب لكّ شي نأ ةطــشان دــقتعت ،اــم دٍّــح ىــلإ نْ ــكل نــقفاوي يــتاوللا نــيب نــم نــضرفيو يروــكذلا ءادألا نــيدّ حتي" تالقتــسملا تاــيناملربلا ،ناـملربلا يـف ةـلوادتمُ نـكت مـل ةدـيدج تاـحلطصمو اً ـباطخ تادــيحو نــهنوك"نّ ــهدّ هت" دــقو ةــليوط ةــكرعم اــهنكل يــف ةــسرتمتملا ةــيعجرلا ةــيروكذلا ةــلتكلا ماــمأ تاــيلقو تابئانلا ءالؤـه لـشفتس" :ىرخأ كـلذ ىـلع فـيضتو ."ناـملربلا اذــه نّ ــهرَ دق نــكل.نــهدض لــماك ماــظن ةرطيــس لــظ يــف يوــق كٌ ارــح نــهءارو ناك لاــح يــف طــقف رــيّ غتي نأ نــكمي ةماــسلا ةــيروكذلا تاــباطخلا دــصر رــبع نــهمعدل دعتــسم هــقلخت نأ لواــحت اــم لــعفلاب وــه رــمألا اذــه ."اــهل يدــصتلاو رــبع ،رارــقلا زــكارم ىــلإ لوــصولل ءاــسنلا مــعد ىــلإ فدــهت تٌ رداــبم ةيـسايسلا تاءاـمتنالا فـلتخم نـم ءاـسن نـيب راوـح تاحاـسم قـلخ يتفيف" نـم تاحرف وـبأ لـيوج لوـقت.نـهنيب اـم يـف مـعد تاكبـشو مــعدن نأ ءاــسنك اــنتحلصم نــم" :قايــسلا اذــه يــف"يــتفيف وــمني ءاــسنلا نــيب نــماضتلاو.هاــنملّ عت سرد اذــهو ،اــنضعب ماــمأ اً ــحوتفم موــيلا لاــجملا حــبصأ دــقو اً ئيــشف اً ئيــش لــمعن يــتاوللا ءاــسنلا نــيب تاراوــحو ةيــسايس تاــشاقن ."نهعم تاــيمتنملا تاــيناملربلا ةردــق ىدــم يــف 25 ــلا تاطــشانلا ءارآ اــمّ أ زــيفحت وأ ةــيروكذلا تاــباطخلا يدّ ــحت ىــلع ةــيديلقت بازــحأ ىــلإ ،ةردقلا هذـهب اً يلاع اً كيكـشت نايبتـسالا جـئاتن رـهظتُ ف ،ةيوـسن ةدـنجأ نـلمعي ال تاـبئانلا ءالؤـه نأ ىـلع اً ـمامت قـفاوت ةطـشان 12 نأ كـلذ تزــعو.اــم دّ ــح ىــلإ نــكل نــقفاوي 12 و ،ةيوــسن ةدــنجأ ةــمدخ يــف ءالؤــه اــهكلتمت يــتلا ةطلــسلا فــعض ىــلإ اــمّ إ رــمألا تاكرِ اــشملا تايولوألا جراـخ نـم لئاـسم حرـط ةـبوعص وأ ،نـهبازحأ لـخاد ءاـسنلا ةءارــقلا نــع ةدــيعب نوــكت اــم ةً داــع يــتلاو بزــحلا اــهددّ حي يــتلا نــيب يــجولويديإلا ضــقانتلا ىــلإ وأ ،ساــنلا اــياضقل ةــيعطاقتلا ةــيعامتجالا ةــلادعلا تادــنجأو عــباطلا ةــيوبألا ةــينانبللا بازــحألا ءالؤــه ةردــقب نَ ككّ ــشي يــتاوللا اــمأ.اً ــمومع يوــسنلا لاــضنلاو كـلذ نَ ـعجريف ،لـماكلاب سـيل يأ ،"اـم دّ ـح ىـلإ" نـكلو تاـيناملربلا كراـعم نَ ـضخي يـتاوللا ءاـسنلا ضـعب دوـجو لاـمتحاب نّ ـهرارقإ ىـلإ تاــماعو تاــعاف نّ ــكي نأ لاــمتحاب اً ــضيأو ،نــهبازحأ عــم ةــيلخاد لــعفت اــمك ،ةــيوبأ تاقايــس لــخاد نــم ةيوــسن تاــيولوأ لــجأ نــم ىـقبت ،اً ـعبط نـكلو.اً ـصأ تاـقوألا مـظعم يـف ءاـسنلا نـم رـيثكلا .اً دج ةليئض يلعفلا رييغتلا ىلع نّ هتردق رــثكأ تايوــسنلا تاطــشانلا نوــكت نأ بوــجو ىدــم لاؤــس نــعو يــنانبل يــسايس قٍ ايــس يــف تاــيناملربلا ءاــسنلل اً ــمعدو عــم اً رــبص ةـصاخلا ةـلماعملا ىـحنم تاـبيجمُ 9 تـضفر ،قاـشو دـقّ عم يروـكذ فـقوملا لـصف بوـجو ىـلع تاددّ ـشمُ ،ءاـسنب رـمألا قـلّ عتي نـيح ةقبــسم تارارــق رادــصإ زاوــج مدــعو ،هــتبحاص وأ هــبحاص ســنج نــع ةــبيجمُ 25 لــصأ نــم 16 تْ أر ،لــباقملا يــف.ددّ ــشتلا وأ حماــستلاب ،ذــبّ حمُ تاــيناملربلل يدــصقلا تاطــشانلا مــعد نّ أ نايبتــسالا ىــلع وأ يــسايسلا فاــخلا وأ داــقتنالا باــيغ كــلذ يــنعي نأ نود نــم هجاويــس اــمل يدّ ــصتلا يــف نــهنم اً ماهــسإ كــلذو ،ةلءاــسملا يــف ةــيردنجلا ةــيبصعلا اــمهكرّ حت ةــيهاركو زــييمت نــم تاــيناملربلا .يئاصقإو فينع يوبأ يسايس عقاو لظ نايبتسالا ىلع ةبيجم 30

لوــصو يــف ةٍ ــبغرل ةً باجتــسا ءاــسنلا لوــصو عيجــشت" ،اً ـخف لكّ ـشيُ دـق ،طـقف ةـسايسلا يـف نـهنم رـبكأ ددـع اهـسفن مـلاظملا جاـتنإ دـيعيُ نأ نـكمملا نـم هـنأ كـلذ يـتاوللا ءاـسنلا مـعد ىـلإ اً دـيدحت ىعـسن نأ اـنيلع.]...[ ."يقيقحلا رييغتلا يف ةمهاسملا ندريُ رٍ اكـفأ لـمح ،لاـجرلاك اً ـمامت ،ءاـسنلا عيطتـست نأ بـجي" ةكراــشملا ىــلع نّ ــهتردق طــبَ رتُ نأ بــجي اــف.ةــبيرمُ يــنعي ال اذــهو.اــهب نــمزتلي يــتلا ةدــنجألاب ةيــسايسلا تادــنجأ نــلمحي ءاــسن كراــشت نــيح حرــفن نأ اــنيلع هــنأ .ساــنلا رئاــسك ،كــلذ نــهقح نــم نــكلو.ةيوــسن رــيغ ."سانلا رئاسك ،ساسألا اذه ىلع نَ براحيُ و ،نايبتــسالا يــف تاكِ راــشملا نــيب ةــيلّ قأ لكّ ــشف ،ثــلاثلا راــيتلا اــمّ أ هــتباجإ يــف ىرــبك ةً ــيمهأ يــعامتجالا عوــنلا رــعِ يُ مــل راــيت وــهو ال هـعوّ نتب يردـنجلا لـيثمتلا نوـك نـم قـلطناو ،لاؤـسلا اذـه نـع .اً ــيمدقت وأ اً ــيررّ حت اً يــسايس اً ــفده ،هــتاذ دــحبو ،ةرورــضلاب لكّ ــشي ىـلع يـساسأ لكـشب ةـينبم ةـبراقم داـمتعا ىـلع راـيتلا اذـه عجّ ـشي ةــيعامتجالاو ةــيداصتقالاو ةيــسايسلا حــلاصملا يــعارتُ تادــنجأ .قوـقحلا نـم ةـمورحملا وأ ةـشمّ هملا تاـئفلا نـم نـهريغو ءاـسنلل نأ لاــمتحا يــف نــمكي باــطخلا اذــه نــم قــحملا قــلقلا نّ أ دــيب مـساب ،اً يلاح ةنميهمُ لا ةـيليثمتلا غـيصلا سـيركت ىـلإ هـميمعت يدّ ؤـي ىــقبتو لاــجرلا نــم ةــيبلاغ نــم ةً ــموكحم داــبلا ىــقبتف ،ةدــنجألا ءالؤــه نــيب.مــهتارارقو لاــجرلا تادارإ ةــنيهر ةيوــسنلا بــلاطملا نـل رـثك نـيرخآ نـكل ،قدـصبو ةـقّ حم تٍ ادـنجأ لـمحي دـق نـمَ لاـجرلا يــعدّ ي دــق نــمّ م هــب سأــب ال ددــعو ،لــصألا نــم اــهرمأ مــهمّ هي هتاــسرامم يــف ضٍ اــم هــبزح وأ هــلزنم يــف وــه اــميف- اــهلمح ةــلداعم نــم اً ــقالطنا ةــيفاضإ ةً يّ عرــش ءالؤــه بَ ــستكيل-ةــيروكذلا اذـه ةطـشان دـقتنت ،راـطإلا اذـه يـف.لـيثمتلا ىـلع ةدـنجألا قوّ ـفت نأ نــظأ ال" :لوــقتو نايبتــسالا نــمض اــهل ةٍ ــباجإ يــف ىــحنملا نوــكت نأ بــجي]...[ ءاــسنلا ةــحلصم لــيثمت لاــجرلا ناكــمإب نـكي نأ نـهيلع طرتـشيُ الأو ةـسايسلا يـف تاـثمم ءاـسنلا نــهل زوــجي ىــتح ةــيروثلا اــنئدابمل تاــقباطمو تاــيلاثم ."كلذ طبارلاو ةيئاسنلا اتوكلا دامتعا ةيمهأ ىلع عٌ امجإ ةيعطاقتلا قيقحتو ةكراشملا نيمأت نيب قيثولا ةــطبترملا تاــبراقمُ لا ىوتــسم ىــلع تاطــشانلا ءارآ يــف عوّ ــنتلا اــتوكلا داــمتعا نأ ىــلع عٍ اــمجإ هُ بــش هُ ــلَ باق ،ةدــنجألاو ةكراــشملاب ءاــسنلا ةكراــشم نيــسحت لــجأ نــم يرورــض يــلحرم ءٌ ارــجإ ةيئاــسنلا عــفدلل ةــمّ هم ةٌ ادأ اــتوكلا نأ ىــلعو ،)25 لــصأ نــم 23( ةيــسايسلا نأ نـم اً ـقالطنا) 25 لـصأ نـم 20( ةـيعطاقتو ةيوـسن ةدـنجأب اً ـمدق يتاـسسؤمو يمـسر دٍ ـيعص ىـلع قـقّ حتت نأ نـكمي ال هذـهك ةدـنجأ سـكعي دـقو.عيرـشتلاو رارـقلا بـصانم نـع ءاـسنلا بـييغت لـظ يـف ىــلع ،باــطخلاو ةــيؤرلا يــف ماجــسنالا نــم اً ــعون عاــمجإلا اذــه ،ءاـسنلا ةكراـشم ةـيمهأو اـتوكلا ىـلإ ةرـظنلا صّ ـخي اـم يـف لـقألا تا/نــييّ قوقحلا نــيب اً ــيقفاوت اً ــناونع اً ــمود لكّ ــشت مــل ةرــظن يــهو .تايوسنلا تاطشانلاو نايبتسالا ىلع ةبيجم .عوـضوملا اذـه يـف رـكّ فأ اـمدنع اً ـمود راـتحأ ،ةـحارصب" ةــيولوألا وــه ةيوــسنلا ةدــنجألاب بوــحصملا دوــجولاف تــناك اً ــيأ ءاــسنلا دوــجو نــكل.كــش ىــندأ نود ."ةياغلل يرورض رمأ نهتاءامتنا نايبتسالا ىلع ةبيجم صرـف زـيزعت دوـهجب فرـتعي يذـلا كاذ وـهف ،يـناثلا راـيتلا اـمّ أ هـنأ ىوـس ،كـلذ يـف نّ ـهقحو رارـقلا زـكارم ىـلإ ءاـسنلا لوـصو ىــلإ لــيميف ،ءاــسن نــهنوك درّ ــجمل ءاــسنلا عيجــشت ذــبّ حي ال نـع رـبّ عت يـتلا تادـنجألاو مـيقلا يـلثّ مم ىـلع زـيكرتلا لـيضفت ضــعب فوّ ــختت ،كــلذ نــع اً ــضف.ءاــسن مأ اوــناك اًلاــجر ،هــتاحومط ةعزنلاب فرـعيُ امو لـيثمتلا ةيّ لكـش سـيركت نـم راـيّ تلا اذـه تاطـشان ةـيديلقتلا بُ ازـحألا هـقيبطت ىـلإ لـيمت يذـلا رـمألا وـهو ،ةـيليمجتلا وأ بــجاولا باــب نــم ءاــسنلا كرــشتُ اــم ةً داــع يــتلا ةــيوبألاو ةـبئانلا تـناكو.ةيحطـس ةـقيرطب كـلذ لـعفت اـم اً ـبلاغو ،ةـحلصملا ةـئيه" ةـسارد يـف اـهلوق رـبع رـمألا اذـه ىـلإ تْ ـتفل ناـيبوقعي الوـب نــهبزح حــلاصم نــلثّ مي ءاــسن كاــنه":نإ"ةأرــملل ةدــحتملا مــمألا ،يــجكمكإو فــيكوأ("نــهعمتجم يــف ءاــسنلا حــلاصم ال ،بــسحو تاطــشانلا ضــعب ديدــشت مــهف نــكمي ،اــنه نــم اً ــقالطنا.)2022 نــهلمحو ةــسايسلا ىــلإ ءاــسنلا لوــصو نــيب طــبارتلا ةرورــض ىــلع رــكّ ذت ،راــطإلا اذــه يــفو.نــهمعدل قبَ ــسمُ طٍ رــشك ةيوــسن ةدــنجأ ءاــسنلل اً كارــشإ رــثكألا تــناك يــتلا باــيد ناــسّ ح ةــموكحب نّ ــهادحإ ىــلع اً ئيــش نرــيّ غي مــل تارــيزولا ءالؤــه نأ رــيغ ،تارازوــلا سأر ىــلع .نّ همومهو ءاسنلا اياضق ديعص يــف تالقتــسملا ءاــسنلا باــطخ نأ فــيك اندهاــش" لوـصو نأ فـيك اً ـضيأ اندهاـشو]...[ اً ـيئرج ناك ناـملربلا ."ريثكلا ريّ غي مل ةدحاو ةموكح ىلإ تاريزو 6 نايبتسالا ىلع ةبيجم اـتوكلا" :نايبتـسالا يـف تاكرِ اـشملا ىدـحإ لوـقت ،راـطإلا اذـه يـف يـسايسلا لاـجملاف.ءاـسنلا لـيثمت ضرـفل ةـيرورض ةٌ ليـسو ءاـسنلل هـسفن ءاـقلت نـم باـبلا حـتفي نـل روـكذلاب جّ ـعي يذـلا يـف دعاـست]اـتوكلا[ ":ىرـخأ فـيضتو ."ةـسايسلا نـلخدي يـكل 31

ءاـسنلا يـف ىرـي ال يذـلا يوـهَ املا وأ يرـهوجلا دـقنلا ،ناـنبل يـف هــجّ وتلا اذــه قــفو حــبصي ،يــلاتلابو ،ةً ــسناجتم ةً دــحاو ةً ــعومجم ةــعّ ونتم تٍ اــيوه وِ ــحم وــحن اًليبــس ،اً ــيددع نــهليثمت ىــلع زُ ــيكرتلا ةيــسايس تٍ اــسرامم يــف مــجَ رتيُ نأ ىــشخيُ اــمك ،ةرــيثك ىرــخأ سـبيليف نّ ـكل.ةيوـسنلا فادـهألا ةرورـضلاب مدـخت ال دـق تٍ ادـنجأو ديدــشتلا لاــخ نــم يرــكفلا ىــحنملا اذــه ىدّ ــحتتو دوــعت اهــسَ فن تايّ مانيدل ةـقمّ عملا تاـيلحتلل ةـيمهألا ءاـطعإ ةداـعإ ةرورـض ىـلع ،عــقاولا يــفف.ةيــسايسلا تاــشاقنلا لــخاد عاــضخإلاو ةطلــسلا تٌ اـيعادت عـمتجملا يـف ةـيغاطلا ةـيروكذلاو ةـيزييمتلا تاـسرامملل تاــناخلا وأ تاــئفلا تــفلتخا اــمهم ،ءاــسنلا ىــلع اً دــيدحت ةــمخض ضـفر نإ" ،سـبيليف بـسحب ،هـيلعو ،اـهيلإ نـيمَ تنا يـتلا ةـيعامتجالا نــم لــعجي نأ هنأــش نــم ررــضلا اذــهل يــعامجلا عــباطلاب فارــتعالا ."اًليحتسم اً رمأ ةتجلاعم عـبنت حَ ـلِ اصمَ لا نأ أدـبم ىـلع ةءاـضإلا مـهملا نـم ،ىرـخأ ةـهج نـم مهفيـس نـمَ لـضفأ نّ ـه ءاـسنلا نأ يـنعي اـم ،ةـشيعمَ براـجت نـم وـه اـمكف.رارـقلا عـنص تاـيئه يـف اهجلاعيـس نـمَ رـيخو نّ ـهاياضق تاــيّ مرهلاو ةــيوبألا تاــيّ لكيهلا دــيّ قتُ ال ،ثــحبلا اذــه يــف لــصَّفمُ ،بــسحف ةطلــسلا زــكارم ىــلإ نــهلوصوو ءاــسنلا لــيثمت ةــيفئاطلا تٍ الواــحم يأو ةــلاعّ فلا نهتكراــشم جٍ ــهنمم لٍ كــشبو لــقرعت لــب .تادـنجألا نـيماضمو لـمعلا تاراـسم لاكـشأ يـف رـييغت ثادـحإل ءاــسنلا تاــعارصب فرــتعت ةــيعطاقتلا ةيوــسنلا نأ اــمبو ،اــنه نــم ،ةـيعمقلا ةـيكريرطبلا ىـنبلا هـجو يـف نـهتاحافك مـعدتو ةـعوّ نتملا اً ــمئاق اً يوــسن اً ــفده ءاــسنلا ءالؤــه ةكراــشم حــبصت نأ نــم دــب ال .هتاذب تاطــشانلا ىــلإ ةبــسنلاب يــلاثملا ويرانيــسلا ىــقبي ،ةــياهنلا يــف تايوـسنلا ءاـسنلا نم نكمم دٍ دع ربكأ ةكراـشمب اًلثّ متم تايوـسنلا ةيوــسن تادــنجأو ةيــسايس تاراــسم ناــمضو ناــملربلا يــف ةــيلمع يــف ساــسألا رــجح نأ رــيغ.تاــسسؤملا لــخاد ةــيعطاقتو نــم رــبكأ دٍ دــع لوــصو نــيمأت ،ةً ــيادب ،وــه فادــهألا هذــه قــيقحت اً ــمكح يــشي لوــصولا اذــه نأ اً ــملع ،رارــقلا زــكارم ىــلإ ءاــسنلا ةـيداصتقالاو ةيـسايسلاو ةـيعامتجالا زـجاوحلا رـسك يـف نـهحاجنب ىـلعو ةـماعلا تاءاـضفلا نـم نـهئاصقإ يـف نـعمتُ يـتلا ةـيوينبلاو .ةدعصألا لك نـهلوصوو ءاـسنلا ةكراـشم مـعد عـم لـماعتلا يـغبني ال ،اـنه نـم ةيوــسن تاــبراقمو تادــنجأ عيجــشت عــم يزاوــتلاب رارــقلا زــكارم ىــلإ ؛نــيضقانتم نيرَ اــسمك ةــماعلا تاــسايسلا عــنصل ةــيعطاقتو مــلح هاــجتاب مدّ ــقتلا ةــيلمع يــف نايّ ــساسأو ناــطبارتم اــمهالكف يـسايسلا ماـظنلا رـييغتو.ةـيلعفلا ةاواـسملاو ةـيعامتجالا ةـلادعلا ،هــيف ةــيوبألا ســسأل تٍ ازــعزعز ثَ ادــحإ بــلّ طتي ناــنبل يــف يــلاحلا تاــفآلا كــلت لك نأ مــلعلا عــم ،هــيف ةــيفئاطلاو ،هــيف داــسفلاو نـم نـهاياضقو ءاـسنلا ءاـصقإ ىـلع فدارـتلابو اـهضعب عـم لـمعت ىــلإ عــمقلاو مــلظلاو زــييمتلا ةــمادإ رــبع ماــعلا يــسايسلا ءاــضفلا .اهلاح ىلع مكحلا فورظ تماد ام ةياهن ال ام ةطبترملا فادـهألا قَ يقحت هـجاوي رـخآ اً ـمهم اً ـيدّ حت نأ ىـقبي ،اً رـيخأو نــمض ماــظتنالا ىــلع ءاــسنلا ةردــقب لــثّ متي ،ةــلادعلاو ةكراــشملاب ةً حاــسم نأ كــلذ ،اــهعوّ نت مــغر ةمجــسنمو ةــيوق ةيوــسن ةــكرح ةــمّ هم تٍ اــشاقن ماــمأ لاــجملا يــف حــسفت نأ اهنأــش نــم هذــهك لكـشب ،يوـبألا ماـظنلا ةـبراحمو ةـيعمتجملا ةـيلقعلا رـييغت قـلّ عتو ."ةـيفاك نوـكت نـل اً ـعبط نـكل ،ةوـطخ يـه.سـسأمم اــهنكل ،لــضفأ اً ــباوّ ن ةرورــضلاب اــتوكلا بــلجت نــل" :ةــثلاث ."ةديدج ةيّ رصب تٍ اداع بلجتس ةٍ لئــسأ ىــلع تايوــسنلا تاطــشانلا تاــباجإ براــقتت ،ةــصالخلا يــف ءارــجإك اــتوكلا داــمتعا ةــيّ مهأب ةــقلّ عتملا كــلت اميــس ال ،ةددّ ــحم عـفدلل ةـمهم ةادأ اـتوكلا نأـب داـقتعالاو ؛) 25 لـصأ نـم 23( يـلحرم ىــلإ ةرــظنلاو ؛) 20( ةــيفاك نــكت مــل نإو ،ةيوــسن ةدــنجأب اً ــمدق ةدــنجأب اً ــمدق عــفدلل يرورــض رّ ــممك ةيــسايسلا ءاــسنلا ةكراــشم لكــشب ىــلّ جتي رــظنلا تاــهجو يــف عوّ ــنتلا نأ حــضتّ يو.)19( ةيوــسن زــيزعت ىــلع لــمعلا بوــجو ىدــم لوــح لاؤــسلا يــف يــساسأ مـسقنت ثـيح ،هـتاذ دـحب اً ـفده اـهفصوب ةيـسايسلا ءاـسنلا ةكراـشم ةكراـشملا مـيعدت هـجُّوت مـعدت يـتلا كـلت نـيب حوـضوب اـنه تاـباجإلا .فقسلا ةيلاع ةيوسن ةدنجأ رفّ وت طرتشت ىرخأو ،فدهك ،ةــينانبللا ةــلاحلا ىــلع طــقف شاــقنلا اذــه رــصتقي ال ،ةــقيقحلا يــف ةيئاــسنلا تاكرــحلا خــيرات يــف اً ــقيمع برــضت هروذــج نأ كــلذ اــم يــف.ةــفاك مــلاعلا ءاــحنأ يــف ةــيلاضنلا اهتاراــسمو ةيوــسنلاو داــمتعا ةرورــض لوــح دــيازتملاو ماــعلا ءاطــشنلا قــفاوتب قــلّ عتي تا/نــييّ يقوقحلا كاردإ ىــلإ رــمألا عاــجرإ نــكمي ،ةيئاــسنلا اــتوكلا ،ةـيوبألاو ةـيفئاطلاو ةيعامتجالا-ةيـسايسلا ماـظنلا ىـنب نأ لـماكلا دٍ ادــتما يــف ،ءاــسنلا باــسح ىــلع لاــجرلا لــيثمت ىــلإ اً ــمود لــيمت ءاـصقإلاو لـمعلاو ةطلـسلل ئـفاكتملا رـيغ عـيزوتلا ةرـهاظل حـضاو ىــلع اً ــخراص اً ــيلد لكّ ــشي اــم ،ماــعلا زــيّ حلا نــم ءاــسنلل جــهنمملا اً دــج لهــسلا نــم ،هــيلعو.ةــلادعلا تاــموّ قم ىــندأ باــيغ رارمتــسا ةاواــسملا باــيغل يردــنجلا قــلطنملا ســمل ةــينانبللا ةــلاحلا يــف رارـطضالا مـهف ،يـلاتلابو ،رارـقلا زـكارمو ةطلـسلا ىـلإ لوـصولا يـف ةــيطارقميد ناــمض لــجأ نــم ةــيباجيإ-ةيزييمت تاوــطخ ذاــختا ىــلإ ةدـيفم ةً ادأ دّ ـعيُ اـتوكلا ءارـجإ نأ عـمو ،نـكلو.جـئاتنلاو تاراـسملا تاءاــضفلا يــف ءاــسنلل لــضفأ ةٍ كراــشم قــيقحت يــف دعاــست ءاـسنلا نأ رـهظيُ روـمألا عـقاو نأ الإ ،ةيمـسرلاو ةـيبزحلا ةيـسايسلا تٍ ادــنجأ ةرورــضلاب نَ ــلمحي نــل رارــقلا زــكارم ىــلإ نلصيــس يــتاوللا ندــجي دــق ،ناــيحألا ضــعب يــفو ،ةــيعطاقتو ةيوــسن تٍ اــيولوأو اـهطوطخو نـهبازحأ تاـهجّ وت نـع اً ـيلق وـلو فارـحنالا يـف ةً ـبوعص ةً ادأ ىــقبي هدــحولو هــتاذ دــحب اــتوكلا ءارــجإ نأ تــبثيُ اــم ،ةــضيرعلا .ةيوسنلا اياضقلاو تايولوألاب عفدلل ةيفاك ريغ ءاـسنلا لـيثمت موـهفمل ةدّ ـع ةـيّ دقن تٌ اـهجّ وت زرـبت ،راـطإلا اذـه يـف نـم رـبكأ ددـع لوـصو نـيمأت ىـلع زـيكرتلا وأ-) يددـعلا وأ( يـفصولا .يوــسنو يــميداكأ عٍ ــجرم نــم رــثكأ يــف-ةطلــسلا ىــلإ ءاــسنلا نــم دٌ دــع هــنع رــبّ ع اــمل اً ــساكعنا لكّ ــشي تاــهجّ وتلا هذــه ضــعب بوــجوب نَّــمؤي يــتاوللا نايبتــسالا ىــلع تاــبيجملا تاطــشانلا ءاـطعإ ،رـخآ ىـنعمب وأ ،نوـمضملا ىـلإ زـكترملا لـيثمتلا ىـلع زـيكرتلا نآ لاـمعأ يـف.يـعامتجالا عوـنلا باـسح ىـلع ةدـنجألل ةـيلضفألا ةــيركفلا تاــهجّ وتلا هذــه زرــبأل كٌ ــيكفتو لٌ ــيصفت ،)2000( ســبيليف نــكمي لٌ ــيلحتو ،ءاــسنلل ةــيددعلا ةكراــشملا زــيزعتل ةــيدقنلا قايـسلاب صاـخلا شاـقنلا يـف لـمّ أتلا ضرـعم يـف هـنم ةدافتـسالا .ةلأسملا هذه لوح ينانبللا ةـيلحملا تاـشاقنلا ةـعيبط ىـلإ اً ـبرق رـثكألا ةـيدقنلا تاـهجّ وتلا نـم 32

ةيوــسنلا تاــسايسلا مــسرو تاــيولوألا دــيدحت يــف دعاــست ةدافتـسالا ماـمأ كـلذكو ،اـهيلإ ةـيدؤملا تاراـسملاو ةـيعطاقتلاو ماـمأو تاـمحلاو براـجتلا نـم ةاقتـسملا سوردـلا نـم ةـيعامجلا ءاــسن زورــبب حمــست اــهنأ اــمك ؛رــطألا عــساولاو ءاــنّ بلا كيبــشتلا ةـلحر نـهضوخ لاـخ نّ ـهل مَ ـعدلا رُ ـفّ وتُ و نّ ـهيلإ فرّ ـعتلاو تاـيدايق لـصت نـيح طـقف ،ةـقيقحلا يـف.نـيّ عم يمـسر زٍ ـكرم ىـلإ لوـصولا مٍ ـيطحت نـم لوـصولا ةـلحر قـفاري اـم عـم ،رارـقلا زـكارم ىـلإ ءاـسنلا ةداــيقلا لاكــشأل دٍّــحتو نّ ــهمامأ ةــبوصنملا ةــيوينبلا زــجاوجلل تْ ــخلخت دــق ةــيفئاطلاو ةــيوبألا سُ ــسأ نوــكت ،ةدئاــسلا باــطخلاو .اً قح 33

ةمتاخلا- IV نــهطارخنا زــيفحتو ،عــسوألا ةــسايسلا مــلاعب نــهمامتها زــيزعتو هذـهك تٌ احاـسمف.اـهضعب عـم لـصاوتت ىتّ ـش ةيوـسن تاكارـح يـف ةــيعطاقت ةيوــسن ةدــنجأ قــلخبو ،اًلوأ يــقالتلاب ءاــسنلل حمــستس ءاــمنإل صرــفلا اــهريفوت عــم يزاوــتلاب ،اً ــيناث نهتاقايــسل بيجتــست .ةيكيبـشتلا نـهتوقو ةـيعامتجالا نـهتدصرأو ةيـسايسلا نـهتاراهم نــيمأت اــهنامض يــف نــمكت ىرــخأ ةــمّ هم ةٌ ــميق تاراــبتعالا هذــهل ءاــسنلاو ،ةــهج نــم ةيوــسنلا تاــعومجملا نــيب يرود لٍ ــعافت اً دـيدحت اذـهو.ىرـخأ ةـهج نـم يـسايسلا نأـشلا يـف تاـطرخنملا براـجتلاو نيرـشت 17 ةـضافتنا اـهثودح تـمهلأ يـتلا روـمألا دـحأ نـم ءاــضفلا لــيّ خت ةداــعإ وــهو ،اــهتْ عبت يــتلا ةــيميظنتلاو ةيــسايسلا ةــيديلقتلا جذاــمنلا نــع داــعتبالاو هــتانوّ كم لاكــشأو يــسايسلا يــف ةكراــشملاو ،طارــخنالا اذــه ىــنعمو ةــسايسلا يــف طارــخنالل رــثكأ ةدــيدج ةــيّ رذج جذاــمن ماــمأ لاــجملا ةــحاتإل لٍ يبــسك ةــسايسلا .ةيّ طارقميدو ةيّ لوحت تاكرـحلا نـيب مـعدلا ةـفاقث زـيزعتو ةـلزعلا نـم دّ ـحلا ةسايسلا يف ءاسنلاو ةيوسنلا تايوـسن تاـضانم اـهتْ لذب يـتلا ةرـيفغلا دوـهجلا نـم مـغرلا ىـلع اــمهل ضرّ ــعتت نــيذللا زــييمتلاو فــنعلا حــضف لــجأ نــم ناــنبل يــف وأ ةــمظّ نم رــيغ ةرــيتوب نإو- نــماضتلا نــع رــيبعتلاو ،ءاــسنلا يــتاوللا يــسايسلا نأــشلا يــف تاــعافلا ءاــسنلا عــم-ةيمــسوم اً دـلب نوـكي نأ نـم اً دـيعب ناـنبل لازـي ال ،ةـيروكذ بيلاـسأب نَ فْ دهتـسيُ نــيح ةــصاخب ،مٍ زــحو تاــبثب نادــتُ و هذــه فــنعلا لاكــشأ هــيف دــصرتُ ،عــقاولا اذــه عاــجرإ نــكمي.ةــسايسلا يــف ءاــسنلاب رــمألا قــلّ عتي ءاـسنلا دـض فـنعلا ةـهجاومل ةـصصّ خمُ لا دراوـملا فـعض ىـلإ ،اً ـيئزج اً ـضيأ هـنكلو ،اً ـمومع ةيوـسنلا تارداـبملاو رـبانمللو ةيـسايسلا يـف فطاعتلا اذـه بايغ وأ ماـعلا فـطاعتلا ىوتـسم فـعض ىـلإ ىزـعيُ نوــحبصيُ و ةطلــسلا زــكارم ىــلإ نوــلصي نــيذلا صاخــشألا عــم اً ــيلك اً دــيدحت لوــقلا نــكمي وأ ،ءاــسنلا مــهيف نْ ــمَ بِ ،ةوّ ــق عــقوم يــف باـيترا وأ ن/مـهعم ةيـسايس تاـفالخ دوـجوو ،مـهنيب نـم ءاـسنلا ةفاــسملا قــمّ عي نأ هنأــش نــم اــم ،يــسايسلا ن/مــهباطخ نــم اً دـج مـهملا نـم ،اـنه نـم.ساـنلا نـم ةرـيثك تاـئف نـيبو ن/مـهنيب يــف ءاــسنلا هــل ضرّ ــعتت اــمل تــباثلا قــيثوتلا ةــسرامم ســيركت نـهدض هـجّ وملا فـنعلا حـضف لـجأ نـم دوـهجلا رـفاضتو ةـسايسلا ةــيروكذلا ديدــش قٍ ايــس يــف اميــس ال-ال مأ ةطلــسلا يــف نّ ــكألئاــسوو ةــيعامتجالا تاكرــحلا تــقفخأ نْ إــف.يــنانبللا قايــسلاك يـف ةـلعافلا تاـهجلا نـم اـهريغو ةيوـسنلا تاـعومجملاو ماـعإلا يــف ءاــسنلا دــض فــنعلاو ةــيروكذلاو زــييمتلا ىــلع بــيوصتلا ءالدإلا لــجأ نــم ةيــسايسلاو ةــيركفلا تاــقورفلا زواــجتو ةــسايسلا ،اًلوأ ،قاـفخإلا اذـه دوـقي نأ اً دـج لـمتحملا نـمف ،قّ ـحم فٍ ـقومب يأ ىــقلت نأ نود نــم رــثاكتلا يــف فــنعلا تاــجومب حامــسلا ىــلإ ببّ ــستلاو ةــسايسلا يــف ءاــسنلا لزــع ىــلإو ةــمواقم وأ ةــهجاوم تاـمّ تهملا ةـميزع مـيجحت ىـلإ ،اً ـيناثو ،ةدـحولا نـم عوـنب نهروعـشب نـهضعب ددّ رـت يـف ةمهاـسملاو ،حـشّ رتلا وأ يـسايسلا نأـشلا يـف ةيــشخ يــسايسلا ســفانتلا وأ ةــيباختنالا تاــمحلا ضوــخ ىــلع ،ةـيباينلا 2022 وـيام/رايأ تاـباختنا تقبـس يـتلا ةـليلقلا رهـشألا يـف لــمع بيلاــسأو هوــجو لوــصو ةــيناكمإ ىــلع تارــيثكو رٌ ــثك لوّ ــع طــطخ اــهقفارتُ ،رارــقلا تاحاــس ىــلإ ةدــيدج ةيــسايس تاــبراقمو تاــمزألا ةدّ ــح نــم فــفّ خت نأ اهنأــش نــم ةــسوملم تارارــقو ،تاــسسؤملا يــف يرــشتسملا يوــينبلا داــسفلا ةــفآو ةــبقاعتملا ثادــحإ ىــلإ يدّ ؤــتُ نأ ،يــلاتلابو ،ةاواــسماللا نــماكم جــلاعت نأو مــكّ حتت يــتلا ةــيفئاطلاو ةــيوبألا ةــموظنملا يــف يــقيقح رــييغت /تاحـشّ رملا ضـعب لوـصو نـم مـغرلا ىـلع ،نـكلو.داـبلا لـصافمب ردــق ىــلع جــئاتنلا تِ أــت مــل ،"رــييغتلا" يحــشّ رمب اوــفرعُ نــيذلا نــي ،تاـباختنالا دـيْ عبُ مـهلامآ تـباخ نـيذلا ساـنلا نـم رـيثكلا تاـحومط ىــلع يــباينلا ســلجملا ىــلإ اوــلصو نــمَ ةردــقب اً ــمامت اوــقثي مــل ذإ يــف ءاــسنلا ةبــسن صّ ــخي اــم يــف اــمّ أ.ةوــجرملا تارــييغتلا قاــقحإ لــصأ نــم طــقف تاــيناملرب ءاــسن 8 ىــلإ تــلصوف ،دــيدجلا ناــملربلا ،كــلذ ءوــض ىــلع."رــييغتلا" ةــجوم ىــلع نَ بْ ــستحيُ نّ ــهفصن ،128 ةرـيثك تٍ اـشاقن ةـيمالعإلاو ةـيقوقحلاو ةيوـسنلا ةحاـسلا تدهـش اــياضقلاو ةيــسايسلا بــصانملا يــف ءاــسنلا لــيثمت ةلأــسم لوــح اً ـمدق عـفدلا تاـباختنالاب تازـئافلا ءاـسنلا ناكـمإب يـتلا تادـنجألاو ةكراـشم قـيقحت لـجأ نـم اـهدامتعا بـجاولا تاـبراقملا لوـحو ،اـهب وأ تاــحورطلا هذــه ضــعب.ءاــسنلل ةــيقيقحو ةــلعاف ةيــسايس نـم اً ـقالطنا ثـحبلا اذـه يـف درو اـمّ م مَ هلتُ ـسا ةدـيدجلا تاـبراقملا اـم يـفو ،اـهقفار يذـلا لـيلحتلاو ةـقمّ عملا تاـباقملاو نايبتـسالا :اهمّ هأ يلي ةيوــسنلا تايــسايسلا عــنصل يرــظن راــطإ رــيوطت ينانبللا قايسلل اً مئالم نوكي ةيعطاقتلاو تادــنجأب اً ــمدق عــفدلا بــلّ طتي ،ثــحبلا اذــه يــف نــيبَّم وــه اــمك تاراــسم اــمه ،نييَّــساسأ نــيرَ مأ ىــلع زــيكرتلا ةــيعطاقتو ةيوــسن لكّ ــشت يــتلا تالكــشملا ةــعيبطو ،ةــهج نــم تاــسايسلا رــيوطت ىـلع ةً واـع.ىرـخأ ةـهج نـم اـهل ةـحورطملا لوـلحلاو اـهتاعوضوم اـهفصوب ةـيعطاقتلا ةيوـسنلا ةدـنجألاب فارـتعالا مـهملا نـم ،كـلذ ماـظنلل ةـيفئاطلاو ةـيوبألا سـسألا ةـهجاوم يـف اًلاـعّ ف اً ـيوينب اًّ ـح رثّ ؤتو هـفلّ ؤت يـتلا ةكباـشتملا عـمقلا تاـيّ لكيهو يـنانبللا يـسايسلا .داــبلا يــف يــعامتجالا جيــسنلل ةلكِّــشمُ لا تاــئفلا فــلتخم يــف تاـسايسلا مهف دـيعص ىـلع ةدّ ـع تارـغث دوـجو اً ـضيأ ثـحبلا رـهظيُ ءاــسن فوــفص يــف اميــس ال ،ةــيعطاقتلاو ةيوــسنلا تاــيولوألاو اً دــج دــيفملا نــم ،هــيلعو.ماــعلا يــسايسلا نأــشلا يــف تاــطرخنم يـتلا ةيـسايسلا تاراوـحلاو تاـشاقنلا مـيظنت يـف رـثكأ رامثتـسالا ةــيعطاقتلاو ةيوــسنلا تاــيولوألا ،هــلوانتت اــم نــمض نــم ،لواــنتت مهاـستس هذـهك تٍ احاـسم نأ حـيحص.موـيلا ناـنبل يـف هـينعت اـمو ليكـشت يفو تاـيولوألا هذـه ةـيّ هامل قّ دأو قـمعأ مٍ ـهف جاـتنإ يـف ءاـسنلا دعاـست نأ اً ـضيأ اهنأـش نـم نـكل ،روّ ـطتلا مـئاد يوـسن يٍ ـعو نـع لوـلحلاو تالكـشملا دـيدحت يـف اـهيلإ نـيمتني يـتلا تاكرـحلاو مـهملا نـم ،كـلذ ىـلإ.ةـيعطاقتو ةيوـسن ةٍ ـسدع مادختـسا قـيرط ةئـشانلا وأ ةـليدبلا ةيـسايسلاو ةـيميظنتلا تاحاـسملا ىـلع ءاـقبإلا ،دــشحلا دوــهجو ءاــسنلا ماــظتنا ليهــست لــجأ نــم اهعيجــشتو 34

قــفاوتلا غِ ــلتُ مــل تاــفالتخالا هذــه نّ أ رــيغ.حوــمطلا ردــق ىــلع نأ ةــيمهأ لوــح نايبتــسالا ىــلع تاــبيجمُ لا تايوــسنلا نــيب ماــعلا كــلذ نأل ،ةطلــسلا يــف تاــثَّممو تاكِ راــشم ءاــسنلا نوــكت نأ حـضاولا نـم اـمنإ ،هـتاذ دـحب يوـسن فدـهو نّ ـهل قّ ـح ةطاـسبب ةطـشنألاو تاردابملا نم دـيزملا ىـلإ ةـسوملم ةـجاح كاـنه لازـت ال تٍ اـسفانم وأ ةيرورض ريغ ةٍ يباطخ تٍ ارـتّ وت نـم فـيفختلا ىـلإ ةـيمارلا نـكمي ،راـمضملا اذـه يـف.ةيجيتارتـسا رـيغ ىؤرـلاو تادـنجألا نـيب ةـشقانم لجأ نم تارـيبخو تاطـشان نـيب رـثكأ ةءاـنّ ب تاراوـح مـيظنت لوــح لداــبتلا زــيفحتو قــمّ عم لٍ كــشب ةــفلتخملا رــظنلا تاــهجو ةيوــسنلا ةدــنجألاو ةيــسايسلا ءاــسنلا ةكراــشمب قــلّ عتت براــجت هــجو يــف ،لاوــحألا قــلطم يــف اً ــيعامج ةــكرعملا ضوــخ ةــيّ مهأو يئانثتــسالا ءاــسنلا عــقوم مــيجحتل ةدــعاصتملا تالواــحملا نهــسّ مت نــيوانع ةــجلاعمب رــمألا قــلّ عتي نــيح ةــصاخب ،يروــحملاو لٍ كـشب نـهبراجت رـهوج سـكعي اً راـسم بوجتـسي اـم ،رـشابم لكـشب .دجلا لمحم ىلع ةصاخلا نهسجاوه ذخأيو قداص نـكمم ددـع رـبكأ لوـصو نـيمأتل يـه ةـيولوألا ىـقبت ،ماـتخلا يـف اً ـمدق عـفدلا ،هـسفن تـقولا يـفو ،ةطلـسلا زـكارم ىـلإ ءاـسنلا نـم لــمجم يــفو.ةــيعطاقت ةيوــسن نــيماضمو تادــنجأو تاــسايسب نــم هذــهك تاــيولوأو تادــنجأ رــيوطت نــكمملا رــيغ نــم ،لاوــحألا يـف نـهدوجو نأ اً ـملع ،رارـقلا زـكارم يـف ءاـسن كاـنه نوـكي نأ نود ةيـسايسو ةيعامتجا زجاوح ميطحت اً متح طرتـشيس تاحاـسملا كلت دــيفملا نــمو.نآ يــف اهرــسك يــف مهاــسيو ةــيوينبو ةــيداصتقاو ةــيددعلا ةكراــشملا زــيزعت ىــلإ رــظنيُ الأ ةرورــض رارــكت اــنه اً ــضيأ يوــسنلاو يــسايسلا نوــمضملا ىــلع زــيكرتلاو ةــهج نــم ءاــسنلل اــمهيْ لك نأ ثــيح ،ناــضقانتم نارــمأ اــمهنأ ىــلع ىرــخأ ةــهج نــم .ةـيعطاقتلاو ةيوـسنلا فادـهألاب اً ـمدق ناـعفدي نايـساسأ ناـماع دـشحلا دوـهج مـعد يـف رـثكأ رامتثـسالا اً دـج مـهملا نـم ،كـلذ ىـلإ طـطخو اـهمومه نوـكت نأ ناـمضل ةيوـسنلا ةـكرحلا ءاـنبو ةيوـسنلا تادـيدج تاـيدايق ءاـسن زورـب صرـف نوـكت نأو اً ـحوضو رـثكأ اـهلمع يوــبألاو يــفئاطلا ماــظنلل يدّ ــصتلا نّ إ ،ةــياهنلا يــف.ةً رــفو رــثكأ ةــلادعلا نــم بارــتقالاو ةــيلعفلا تارــييغتلا قــيقحتو ناــنبل يــف ءاـسنلا نـكت مـل اذإ قـقّ حتت نأ نـكمي نـل اً ـفادهأ لكّ ـشت ةـيعامتجالا ددَّـحتُ يـتلا رـئاودلا يـف ةـيلعفلا ةكراـشملا ىـلع تارداـقو تاـثَّمم يـلاتلاب تٍ امهاـسمُ نّ ـكي نأو ،تارارـقلا اـهيف ذـختّ تُ و تادـنجألا اـهيف ةداــيقلا جذاــمن يدّ ــحتو ةــليقثلا ةــيوينبلا زــجاوحلا مــيطحت يــف .ةديدجلا تايولوألاو تاباطخلا عفرو ةيديلقتلا مكحلاو لوـصحلا نود نـم اـهيّ قلتو ،ةـيذؤملا تاءادـتعالاو تاـناهإلا يـقّ لت ةــيتاؤم ةــئيب نــيمأت لــجأ نــمو ،قبــس اــم ىــلع ءً اــنب.مــعد يأ ىــلع حـضتّ ت ،ةـفاك ةيـسايسلا تاءاـضفلا يـف ءاـسنلا ةكراـشمل ةعجّ ـشمُ و يـفكي اـم مـعدلاو مارـتحالا اهدوـسي ةـيقئالع ةـفاقث قـلخ ةـيّ روحم ةــميزعلا ةــيوقتو يــعامجلا لاــضنلا ةيرارمتــسا نــيمأت لــجأ نــم نــيب كــلذكو ،نهــسفنأ تايوــسنلا تاطــشانلا نــيب ،ةــيدرفلا يــنعي نأ نود نــم ،ةــسايسلا يــف ءاــسنلاو تايوــسنلا تاطــشانلا ةلءاــسملل ءً اــفتنا وأ ءاــطخألل اً رــيربت لاكــشألا نــم لٍ كــش يأــب كــلذ .ةبساحملاو يــتلا ةــيئرماللا تاــبوعصلاو لــيقارعلاب رارــقإلا ةسايسلا يف ءاسنلا اههجاوت تْ ــللّ حو تْ ــلوانت ةرــيثك ثاــحبأ رــشنو رــيراقت دادــعإ نــم مــغرلا ىــلع يــف ءاــسنلا ةكراــشم قــيقحت نود لوــحت ةيــساسأ ةــيوينب لــيقارع نـع يـفاكلا ردـقلاب فـشكيُ و بـتكيُ مـل ،يمـسرلا يـسايسلا زـيّ حلا تٍ اـيلآك يوـبألا ماـظنلا اـهدمتعي يـتلا ةـينطابلاو ةـيفخلا قـئارطلا هذـه نـمو.ةـلعافلا ةيـسايسلا نـهتردابمو ءاـسنلا ةـمّ ه نـم دـحلل جذاـمن داـمتعا ،رـصحلا ال لاـثملا ليبـس ىـلع ،بيلاـسألاو قـئارطلا اهعيجـشتو لاـجرلل طرـفمُ لا لـيثمتلا ىـلع ةـنهارلا ةـيمالعإلا لـمعلا ؛)"ءاـسنلا لـيثمت فـعض" باـطخ لـباقي باـطخ اذـهو( ضـئافلا اذـهل اــهضرفي يــتلا ةــيلاملاو ةــيعامتجالا لاــمحألل ةــيوبألا ةــعيبطلاو ةرورـضو ؛باـختنالا نوـناق يـف هـيلع صوـصنملا يـليضفتلا توـصلا ضرـفيُ يـساسأ طٍ رـشك كيرـشلا مـعدو ةـيلئاع مـعد ةكبـش نـيمأت تاحاــسملا يــف ةكراــشملا وأ حــشرتلا نــم نــكّ متلل ءاــسنلا ىــلع "ةــلئاعلا سأر" يدــيأ يــف لاــملا سأرو ةورــثلا زــكرمتو ؛ةيــسايسلا جوـهنلا نـم اـهريغو ؛تالاـحلا نـم رـيثكلا يـف يرـصح هبـش لٍ كـشب دعاـسي اـمب لـلّ حتُ وأ اً رـيثك اـهيلع ءوـضلا طلَّـسيُ ال يـتلا ةـيئرم لـقألا اً دـيقعت رـثكألا يـكريرطبلا ماـظنلا لـمع بيلاـسأ نـع فـشكلا يـف ةـيويندلاو ةـيمويلا زـجاوحلل قـمعأ مٍ ـهف ليكـشت ،يـلاتلابو ،ةً ـنطفو ةيـسايسلا تاحاـسملا ىـلإ"تاـيّ داع" ءاـسن لوـصو نود لوـحت يـتلا هذــهل بٍ ــكّ رم كٍ اردإ ليكــشت مــهملا نــم ،اذــل.رارــقلا رــئاودو ماــظنلا تاودأ اــهفصوب اــهب فارــتعالاو ةــيئرماللا تاــقوعملا اــهلمحت يــتلا بودــنلاب فارــتعالا ،رــثإلا ىــلعو.ةــقيمعلا يوــبألا ةيـساقلا نـهبُ راجت اـهتفلّ خ نوكتـس اـم اً ـبلاغ يـتلاو ،ءاـسنلا مـظعم لــمعلا ،دــعب اــميفو ،ةــيروكذلا عــم ةــيمويلاو ةــبعصلا نــهكراعمو روّ ـطتلا مـئاد كرتـشم يوـسن يٍ ـعو عـم كاردإلا اذـه جاـمدإ ىـلع هــجو يــف ةــفلتخم تاــهجّ وت نــم ءٍ اــسن مــعد أدــبم ىــلع مــئاقو يــف اــهنم نَ ــيناعي نأ اً دــج حــجّ رملا نــم يــتلا ةــيئادعلاو ةــيهاركلا ةــيئاصقإلا)ةيمــسرلا رــيغ اً ــنايحأو( ةيمــسرلا ةيــسايسلا تاحاــسملا .ةفينعلاو ةوــطخك لــيثمتلاو ةكراــشملا يــف قــحلاب فارــتعالا ةيعطاقت ةيوسن ةدنجأب اً مدق عفدلل ةيرورض يأرــلا يــف تاــفالتخالا ضــعب تزرــب ،ثــحبلا اذــه يــف ىــلّ جتي اــمك ةكراــشم عيجــشت بوــجو ةلأــسم لوــح تايوــسنلا تاطــشانلا نــيب لــباقم ،هــتاذب اً ــمئاق اً ــفدهو ةً ــيولوأ اــهفصوب ةيــسايسلا ءاــسنلا نوــمضم وأ ةدــنجأ ىــلإ ةزــكترملا ةيــسايسلا ةكراــشملا عيجــشت 35

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