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Janine Astrid Clark,« Threats, Structures, and Resources: Cross-Ideological Coalition Building in Jordan», Comparative Politics 41, no.1(Oct 2010): 101-120. , ¯,? ¯ ,¯ 1 : ¯, 2013 ¯ ¯ ,8,, https://tinyurl.com/y8obpkuq ﻊﻤﺘﺠﳌاو ﺔﻟوﺪﻟاو ﻦﻳﺪﻟا:ندرﻷا ﰲ نﻮﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹا 26 ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯, ï ¯ 1 , , ¯ ¯, ¯, , ï ¯, ¯ ¯ 2 ,¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯¯ ¯ ï 3 ¯ ; ï ¯ ï ¯ ¯ ¯, 2007 , ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯¯ ¯, ¯, ¯ 1 , ¯ ¯ ¯¯:, 2 250, 1993, ,¯ 1, ¯ 3 Jason Brownlee, Authoritarianism in an Age of Democratization, (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2007). 27 ¯ −, ¯ ¯ , ¯ ,¯ 1 ¯, , ï ¯:¯ , ¯ :, ¯, , 2 ï ¯¯ ¯ , ,¯ ¯ ¯ ¯¯ ¯, , ¯ ¯ ؟(ندرﻷا ﰲ) ﳼﺎﻴﺴﻟا مﻼﺳﻹا ﻢﻬﻔﻧ ﻒﻴﻛ ¯ ï ¯¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ï , ï , ¯:, −, 1 , 1, ¯, ¯¯, 288, 2018, ¯ ¯ ¯, ¯ ¯ ,¯ 2 15, 2012, ¯, 1, ﻊﻤﺘﺠﳌاو ﺔﻟوﺪﻟاو ﻦﻳﺪﻟا:ندرﻷا ﰲ نﻮﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹا 28 1 ¯ ¯;¯ ¯ ¯ , ï , ¯ ,ï ,¯ ¯ ¯ ; ¯ ¯ ¯ , ¯ ï¯ ï, , , , ,¯ ¯ ¯ , ¯ 2 ¯ ¯ 34, ¯ 1 ï, ¯ 2 ¯ï,, ¯ ï ¯, ¯ ¯ , ïï¯ ¯ ï ¯ ¯ ,¯ ,, ¯ , =, 29 ؟(ندرﻷا ﰲ) ﳼﺎﻴﺴﻟا مﻼﺳﻹا ﻢﻬﻔﻧ ﻒﻴﻛ ﻢ﮵+ﻫﺎ ƾі ﻤﻟاو تﺎﺤﻠﻄﺼﻤﻟا ˦Ѣ іǁ طﺎﻨﻤﻟا ﻖ﮵+ƾѠ ﺤ﮴ 4 ؛ﲏ﮵ 4 ﺪﻟا ﳼﺎ﮵+ﺴﻟا مﻼﺳﻹا , ¯ , ,¯, ¯ ,¯ ; ¯ 1 , ¯ ¯,,= , ï ¯ ï ,¯ ¯ ï;¯ ¯ ¯:¯, ¯ ¯,, 23−22, 2020, ¯, 1, ¯, ¯¯ 1 ¯ −,,, − ¯ ,¯ ¯, ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ,ï ï ¯ ¯, , ¯ ï ¯ ¯,, ,¯ , ¯ : ¯ ¯, ï ¯ Islamism ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯, ¯ ¯,, ¯:¯ 2001, ,¯ 2, ﻊﻤﺘﺠﳌاو ﺔﻟوﺪﻟاو ﻦﻳﺪﻟا:ندرﻷا ﰲ نﻮﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹا 30 ï ¯ 1 , ¯ ¯ ,¯ ¯ ¯ ï ¯¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ , ¯ , ¯ ;¯ ¯ ¯ , − ¯ −, ¯ ¯¯ , ¯ ¯ , , ¯ ¯ ; ¯ ¯ ,ï , ¯ ¯ ,¯ 1 ¯ ¯, ï ¯ ,ï ¯, ,,, ¯ :, ¯ ,ï, ï ¯, ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯:,, ¯ ¯ ¯ ,¯ ¯,, ¯:¯ ¯ 2018,, 1, ¯ ¯ 31 ؟(ندرﻷا ﰲ) ﳼﺎﻴﺴﻟا مﻼﺳﻹا ﻢﻬﻔﻧ ﻒﻴﻛ ,ï ¯ ¯ ¯ − − ï ,ï ¯ , ¯ ¯ ,¯ ¯ ,¯ ¯ ¯ ¯, ¯ ¯ ¯; !? ¯ −¯ ;¯ ï ¯ ; ¯, ¯, ¯¯ ,¯ − ¯ , , ¯ 1 ? ¯ ¯ ¯, ¯, , ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ , ¯ ¯ 1 , = ¯, ﻊﻤﺘﺠﳌاو ﺔﻟوﺪﻟاو ﻦﻳﺪﻟا:ندرﻷا ﰲ نﻮﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹا 32 ¯; ï ,ï ¯ − − ï,, ¯ ¯ ï ¯¯; ¯; , ,¯ ¯ , ¯ ¯ ¯ , ¯ ¯ ; ¯ ¯ ¯¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ 1 , ¯, , ¯ ,¯ 2 , ï ¯= , , ï ¯ ¯ ¯ , ¯ ¯ ,,:¯ : ¯ ,2021 3,, ¯ ¯ https://shortest.link/kNdn , ¯, ï 1 ¯, ï:¯, ï ¯ ¯ 5, 1994 ,¯, 1 ,¯ ¯, , ¯ ¯¯ ,¯ 2 ,3,, ¯ ¯ : ¯ ,137: 2019 https://tinyurl.com/4mj3836p 33 ؟(ندرﻷا ﰲ) ﳼﺎﻴﺴﻟا مﻼﺳﻹا ﻢﻬﻔﻧ ﻒﻴﻛ ¯ , ¯¯ ¯ ¯ ï , ¯ ; ¯, , ¯ , ¯¯ ,ï ¯ , 1 ,, ¯ ¯, , ¯, ï ¯, , 2 ¯ ¯ ¯ , ,¯ , ¯ ; ¯ ¯ ¯¯ ï ¯ ,¯ ¯, ¯, ; ¯ ,2022 17, , 2013, https://bit.ly/3o7RS1M 1 , ¯:¯, ¯, 1, ,:¯ 2 , ¯ :¯ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﳌاو ﺔﻟوﺪﻟاو ﻦﻳﺪﻟا:ندرﻷا ﰲ نﻮﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹا 1 ? ¯ ¯, ¯ ,¯ ¯ ¯ ,¯ ¯ ¯¯ ¯, 34 , ¯ ,¯ ¯ 2 , , ¯ ¯ ¯ 1 ¯, ¯ ¯, ,¯ , ¯ ¯ ¯, ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯¯ ¯ ¯ ¯, :,:¯ ,¯ ,¯, ¯ ¯ ï ¯, 41, 2014 2 ¯, ¯ ,¯ ¯, ¯ ¯¯ ,¯ ¯, ,:¯ ¯ ï ,¯ 1 ,¯ ¯,: 57, 2018, 35 ؟(ندرﻷا ﰲ) ﳼﺎﻴﺴﻟا مﻼﺳﻹا ﻢﻬﻔﻧ ﻒﻴﻛ ¯ , , ¯ , ¯ ,, ¯ , ¯ ¯ ï 1 , ¯ , ¯ ¯ ¯ , , ¯ ¯ ¯ , , , 2 ¯ ¯, ¯ ¯¯ ¯ ¯¯, ¯ − − ï ¯ , − ¯ ¯,, ¯ ¯ 1 ¯ ,1953 ¯ ¯ ï¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ï, 1954 ¯ ¯ ¯ ,:,:¯ ¯ ¯ ¯, ¯ ¯ 128−127, 2015, ,¯, ¯ ¯ ,¯ ¯ 2 ¯ ,¯ =,, ¯: ﻊﻤﺘﺠﳌاو ﺔﻟوﺪﻟاو ﻦﻳﺪﻟا:ندرﻷا ﰲ نﻮﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹا ¯ − ¯ , ,¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ , ¯ , ¯ ¯ , ¯ ¯ 36 , , ¯ ¯ ¯ 1 ¯ ¯= ,; , ¯, ¯:¯; , ¯ ¯ ¯,, ¯ ¯ :¯,:¯ ¯ ¯, 1, ¯, 46−45, 2016, ¯ ¯ ¯ 1 ,,, ,, ¯, ¯ ¯ = ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯, 37 ؟(ندرﻷا ﰲ) ﳼﺎﻴﺴﻟا مﻼﺳﻹا ﻢﻬﻔﻧ ﻒﻴﻛ ;;¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ï, ¯ ¯, ï ¯ ï¯ ¯ ¯¯ ¯ ¯!? , ¯ ï ¯ ¯ − − ¯¯ ï ,¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯, 1 ï ,¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ,¯ ,¯ ¯:¯ ¯, 1, ¯ , , ¯ ¯ ,¯ ,¯ ¯ ¯ ,? https://tinyurl.com/y2hejfcy = ¯, 42, 2017, 1 ,¯ ,¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ,:¯ : ¯ ,2017 ¯ 28 ﻊﻤﺘﺠﳌاو ﺔﻟوﺪﻟاو ﻦﻳﺪﻟا:ندرﻷا ﰲ نﻮﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹا 38 , ¯ , 2001 ¯¯ ¯ ¯ , ¯ ¯ ¯, 11 ¯ ¯ !?¯ ¯ ,¯ ¯ ¯ ¯¯ − ? ¯ ï ¯ − ¯ ¯, ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ï ¯ ¯¯ ¯;; ¯ ¯ ¯ ï, ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯, ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ,¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ 1 , ¯ ¯ ï ¯, ¯ = ,¯ ¯ ¯ 1 ï, ¯ ,1991 ï 39 ¯: ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ï¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ï ؟(ندرﻷا ﰲ) ﳼﺎﻴﺴﻟا مﻼﺳﻹا ﻢﻬﻔﻧ ﻒﻴﻛ ,¯ ¯ ¯!?¯ ¯ 2019 ¯ ¯¯ ¯ ¯, !? ï¯ ï ï ¯= ¯ ,ï ¯, , ¯, ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ : ,ï ¯ ¯, ¯ ¯ ¯, ,, ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ,¯ ,¯ , ¯ ,¯, ¯ ¯:,:¯ :¯,, ¯, ¯ https://shortest.link/kNEG ﻊﻤﺘﺠﳌاو ﺔﻟوﺪﻟاو ﻦﻳﺪﻟا:ندرﻷا ﰲ نﻮﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹا 40 ¯ ¯, ¯ 1 ¯ ¯ ¯ , , ¯ ¯ :«ﳼﺎ﮵+ﺴﻟا مﻼﺳﻹا» ﻞ ƾѠ ﺣ ˦Ѣ іǁ ﺔ﮵ 4ʷ ﮵ +ﻨ﮳ 4 تﻻﻮﺤ﮴ 4 , ¯ , ¯ ¯, , − ï, − −, : − ¯ ¯ 2 , ï ,2001 ¯ ï 1 ¯, ¯ ï ¯ ¯ ¯ ,ï ¯ ¯ ¯ ,¯ ¯ ¯, ¯ ¯, −¯,, − ¯ ¯¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ,¯ ¯ 2 , ¯ ï ï , ¯ ,ï ï ¯ ¯ ¯ =, ¯¯ ¯ ï¯, 41 , ¯ , ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ , , , ¯ ؟(ندرﻷا ﰲ) ﳼﺎﻴﺴﻟا مﻼﺳﻹا ﻢﻬﻔﻧ ﻒﻴﻛ , ¯ ¯ , ; ¯ ¯ ,2011 ¯ ,¯ ¯ ¯,= ¯ ¯ ¯, ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ï, ¯ ,¯ ¯,, ¯ ¯, ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ :, ¯ ï:¯ ¯ ¯ :¯ 330−328, 2012, ¯ ¯, 2, ï: ,¯, ¯ 229, 2016,, 1 ,¯ ¯, ¯, ¯:, ¯:¯, 2014, ¯ ,¯, ﻊﻤﺘﺠﳌاو ﺔﻟوﺪﻟاو ﻦﻳﺪﻟا:ندرﻷا ﰲ نﻮﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹا , 1 ¯ − ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ 42 ¯ ¯, 2 ,? ¯, Influencers ¯ ¯ ï ¯ ¯ ¯ ,¯ ¯ ¯ ,¯ ¯, , ,¯,, ¯ ¯¯, ï ï ¯ ¯ ¯ : , , , , ¯ ,ï ¯ ¯¯ ¯ , , ï:¯ ¯, 1, 23, ¯¯ 1 , ¯ ï¯ ¯ ïï , , ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ , ¯, 32, 2005, ,:¯ 2 43 ؟(ندرﻷا ﰲ) ﳼﺎﻴﺴﻟا مﻼﺳﻹا ﻢﻬﻔﻧ ﻒﻴﻛ ï ï, ï ï, , ¯ , ¯ ï, , ,¯ ï ,ï , ï ï ï, ¯ ,¯ ¯ , ¯ ¯ , ¯ ,¯ ¯, ¯ ¯ ï ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ , ï ¯, ¯ ,, , ¯, − ¯ ,¯ , ,¯ ¯ ¯ ,¯ ¯ ¯¯ , , ,¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﳌاو ﺔﻟوﺪﻟاو ﻦﻳﺪﻟا:ندرﻷا ﰲ نﻮﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹا 44 ¯, , , , , ï ¯ 1 ; ¯ − ,¯ ¯ ,¯ ¯¯ ¯ , ¯ ¯ , ï ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯¯ ï ¯ ¯ , ¯, ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ , ¯ ¯ ,ï , , ï − ¯ ï ¯ ¯ ¯; ¯ ¯¯ , ,ï ¯ , ¯:¯ 1 : ¯ ,2022 13, https://tinyurl.com/bdexyken 45 , ,¯ , , , ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ , ¯ ؟(ندرﻷا ﰲ) ﳼﺎﻴﺴﻟا مﻼﺳﻹا ﻢﻬﻔﻧ ﻒﻴﻛ , ¯ ¯ ¯ ,¯ ¯ , ¯ ¯ ¯ ,¯ ¯,, −,, ï − ,− ,− ¯, , ¯, ﻊﻤﺘﺠﳌاو ﺔﻟوﺪﻟاو ﻦﻳﺪﻟا:ندرﻷا ﰲ نﻮﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹا 46 ¯, 1 , , ﺔ﮵+ﻣﻼﺳﻹا تﰷﺮﺤﻟا ﺔﺳارد ﺞﻬﻨﻤﻟ ﺔﻣﺎﻋ ﺔ﮳ 4Ē ﺎ ƾѠ ﻣ ?, ¯ ¯ ¯ ? ¯ ï ¯ ,¯ ¯ , ¯ , , , ,,: ¯ , ¯ ,¯, ¯, ¯ ¯ ¯ ,¯ 2 ï , ¯ ï, ¯ ¯ ¯, ¯ ¯ ¯, ,2021, ¯ ¯ 1 Mohammad Aburumman& Walid Alkhatib, Youth in Jordan: FES Mena Study Result Analysis, Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, 2023.p(5-10). 1, ¯,,:¯ 2 34−17, 1993, ,¯, 47 ¯ ¯ , 2001 ¯ ¯ 2 ¯ ؟(ندرﻷا ﰲ) ﳼﺎﻴﺴﻟا مﻼﺳﻹا ﻢﻬﻔﻧ ﻒﻴﻛ ¯, ¯ ¯, 11 ¯, ¯ ,¯ ¯ ,¯ 1 ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯, ¯ ¯, , ¯ ï 1 ,ï ¯ ¯ ¯¯, ¯ ¯, ¯, ¯ ,¯ ¯ ï ï ï, ¯ ¯, ¯:,:¯ 13−11, 2015, ¯ ¯, 1, ¯,, 1768−2004 ¯,:¯ 2 ¯: ¯ 25−9, 2005, ,¯ 1, ¯ ¯,: ¯, ¯ ¯ ¯: ¯ ,2014 18, ¯ | ¯ wefaqdev net ﻊﻤﺘﺠﳌاو ﺔﻟوﺪﻟاو ﻦﻳﺪﻟا:ندرﻷا ﰲ نﻮﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹا 48 ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ 1 3 ¯ ¯ ¯ 2 ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ , ¯, ï ¯ ¯, ¯ ¯ ¯¯ ¯ 4 ¯ ï ¯ ¯ ¯ ,, ¯ ¯, ¯ ¯ ,, , ¯ ¯ ¯ ï ¯ ¯ ¯ (1) Olivier Fillieule, Eric Agrikoliansky et Isabelle Sommier(SD), Penser les mouvements sociaux, conflits sociaux et contestations dans les sociétés contemporaines,(Paris, La Découverte, 2010). 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Les théories de l’action collective,(Paris: La Découverte, 2007). , 1, ¯, ¯,:¯ 4 2010, ¯ 49 ؟(ندرﻷا ﰲ) ﳼﺎﻴﺴﻟا مﻼﺳﻹا ﻢﻬﻔﻧ ﻒﻴﻛ 1 , ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ï¯ ¯ ,¯ ¯ 2 , , ¯ , ,¯ ¯, ,¯ , ¯ ¯ ¯ , ¯ ¯ 3 ¯ 4 , ¯ ¯ ¯, ¯, , ¯:, ¯:¯ 1 2014, ¯ ,¯, 1 ,? ¯ ¯ ¯:, ¯:¯ 2 2022, ¯ ¯,:¯ 3 : ¯ ,2102 2, http://www.siyassa.org.eg/News/2091.aspx , The contextualist view ¯ 4 :¯, Shadi Hamid& William McCants, Rethinking Political Islam, 1st edition(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017). ﻊﻤﺘﺠﳌاو ﺔﻟوﺪﻟاو ﻦﻳﺪﻟا:ندرﻷا ﰲ نﻮﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹا 50 , ¯, , ï , ¯ ¯, ¯ ,¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ , , ¯ ¯ , ¯ ¯, ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ;¯ ¯ ¯, ¯ ¯ ,, , ¯ ¯ ,, , , ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯, ¯, ¯, , ï , ¯ ¯ 2011 ¯ ¯, ¯ ,¯ 51 ؟(ندرﻷا ﰲ) ﳼﺎﻴﺴﻟا مﻼﺳﻹا ﻢﻬﻔﻧ ﻒﻴﻛ ,¯,, − , ¯ ,¯ , −, , , ¯, , ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯, ˥Ѣ Á ﮳ ﻬﻨﻣ رﺎﻃإ ﻮﺤ﮲ 4.. ندرﻷا ˦Ѣ іǁ «ﺔ﮵+ﻣﻼﺳﻹا ةﺮﻫﺎﻄ﮲ ﻟا» ﺔﺳارد !?ï ¯ ¯, ;, , ¯, ¯ ¯ ¯, ¯ ¯, ,¯ 2022 2013 ? ¯ ¯ ¯, , ï, ,¯ ,¯ ¯, ï ï ¯ ,¯ ¯ ï ¯ , ¯ ¯ , ¯ ¯, ,¯ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﳌاو ﺔﻟوﺪﻟاو ﻦﻳﺪﻟا:ندرﻷا ﰲ نﻮﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹا 52 ï¯ ,, ¯ ¯ ¯,, ¯ ¯ ¯, ,1957−1956 ¯ ¯ , ¯, ï, ,¯ ¯ ¯ , ¯ ¯ ,ï ¯ ¯ ¯ ,¯ ¯ ï ¯, , ,¯ ¯, ,,, 1 ¯ ¯ ¯¯ 1 : Martina Ponížilová, The Regional Policy and Power Capabilities of Jordan As a Small State, Central European Journal of International and Security Studies, March 2013. 53 ¯; ¯,, 2022 ؟(ندرﻷا ﰲ) ﳼﺎﻴﺴﻟا مﻼﺳﻹا ﻢﻬﻔﻧ ﻒﻴﻛ ¯ ¯ ,¯ ¯ 1 ¯ ¯¯ ¯ ,2013 , , , ¯, ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯, , , , − ¯ , ¯, , ¯ ? 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? ¯ ¯ • , ? ¯¯ • ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ • ? ¯ ¯ : ¯; − ¯ ¯ − ¯ ¯ − ﺔﻣزﻷا ﻦﻣ ﺔﻣﺪ ƾѠ Q ﻣ ﺔﻠﺣﺮﻣ:ﺔﻟوﺪﻟا ﻊﻣ ﺔ Ѡǀ ﻼﻌﻟا ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ,2011 ¯ ¯ ¯, 61 1 , ¯ ¯ ¯ , , , , دﻮﺟﻮﻟﺎﺑ ﻚﺴﻤﺘﻟا ﱃإ ﺮﻌﻟا ﻊﻴﺑﺮﻟا تﺎﺣﻮﻤﻃ ﻦﻣ نﻮﻤﻠﺴﳌا ناﻮﺧﻹا ¯ ¯ ¯ 2021−2019 , , , ¯ ¯ ¯¯ ¯ ï ¯ , The Blame Game , ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ,¯ ¯ ¯ ¯¯ ,2011 ¯ ¯ ï:, ¯ ¯¯ ï ,ï , : https://cutt.us/VXNu4 : ¯ ,2020 :¯ 1 30, ¯ BBC ﻊﻤﺘﺠﳌاو ﺔﻟوﺪﻟاو ﻦﻳﺪﻟا:ندرﻷا ﰲ نﻮﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹا 62 ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ 1 ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ , ¯ ﺔﻣزﻷا ﻦﻣ ﻰﻟوﻷا ﺔﻠﺣﺮﻤﻟا ﻰﻟإ ﺶ﮵ 4 ﺎﻌ Q ﻟا ﻦﻣ:ﺔ﮵+ﺤ﮲ ﮵ 4Ē ﺎ﮴ 4 ﺔﻌﺣ﮳ اﺮﻣ ï ¯ ¯ ; 1946 , ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯, 1955 ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ 1957−1956 ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ,¯ ¯ 4 ,¯ ¯, ¯ http://bit.ly/3oaorQb , ,ï ,ï ¯ 2023 ¯ ¯, ,:¯ 1 : ¯ ,2011 , 11, 63 دﻮﺟﻮﻟﺎﺑ ﻚﺴﻤﺘﻟا ﱃإ ﺮﻌﻟا ﻊﻴﺑﺮﻟا تﺎﺣﻮﻤﻃ ﻦﻣ نﻮﻤﻠﺴﳌا ناﻮﺧﻹا ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ 1970 ¯ ¯ ¯, 1965, ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ï 1967 , ¯, ¯ ¯ 1989 −1989 ¯ ; ¯ − ¯ , , ï , ¯ ,¯ ¯ ,1991 ,1991 −1990 , ,1991 ¯ ¯ 1 ¯ − : ¯,, 1 ¯,, ¯ 72−67 2012, ¯ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﳌاو ﺔﻟوﺪﻟاو ﻦﻳﺪﻟا:ندرﻷا ﰲ نﻮﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹا 64 ,1991 1985 ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯? ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ 1985 , ¯ ¯ ¯ 1 , , 1990 ¯ ,1989, 1992, ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ï, ¯ ,¯ ¯, ¯ ï 1985 1 ,ï, , ¯ , ,¯ ¯ ¯ ,¯ ,¯:¯ ¯ 1, ¯ ¯ 30−29, 2018, ¯, 65 ¯ , دﻮﺟﻮﻟﺎﺑ ﻚﺴﻤﺘﻟا ﱃإ ﺮﻌﻟا ﻊﻴﺑﺮﻟا تﺎﺣﻮﻤﻃ ﻦﻣ نﻮﻤﻠﺴﳌا ناﻮﺧﻹا , , ¯, ¯ ,, 1970 1985 ; ¯ ¯ ¯ 1985 1999 ¯ ¯ ¯ ,1997 , ,¯ ¯ ¯ 1 ¯ , ï 2001 77−72, ¯, 1 ﻊﻤﺘﺠﳌاو ﺔﻟوﺪﻟاو ﻦﻳﺪﻟا:ندرﻷا ﰲ نﻮﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹا 66 ¯ , 2003 , 2006 ¯ ¯¯ ¯ , 1 ¯ , ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ 2006 ¯ ¯, 2007 6 ¯ ¯ :˦Ѣ ﮳ 5Ė ﻌﻟا ﻊ﮵.﮳ 4Ė ﻟا ﺔﻠﺣﺮﻣ ﻰﻟإ 2000 مﺎﻌﻟا ﺬﻨﻣ ﺔﻋﺎﻤﺤ﮳ ﻟاو ﺔﻟوﺪﻟا ﻦ﮵+﮳ 4 ﺔﻣزﻷا ˦Ѣ іǁ نﺎﻌﻣﻹا ; ¯ , ¯ ¯ ¯¯ ï ¯ ¯ , , ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯, ¯ ¯ ¯ ,¯ ¯ , ¯ ¯ , ¯ , 77−75, ¯ 1 67 دﻮﺟﻮﻟﺎﺑ ﻚﺴﻤﺘﻟا ﱃإ ﺮﻌﻟا ﻊﻴﺑﺮﻟا تﺎﺣﻮﻤﻃ ﻦﻣ نﻮﻤﻠﺴﳌا ناﻮﺧﻹا , ¯ ¯ ¯, , ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯, , ¯ ¯ ,2011 ¯ ¯, ¯ ,¯ ,2011 24, ¯ ,2013 ¯ ¯, ¯ ¯¯ ¯ ï , , ¯ ,ï ï ¯ ,2013 ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ï ¯ ¯ ¯ , ï ¯ ¯ ¯ 1 ¯ ,2014 :¯, 9, http://bit.ly/3UuxOWZ ¯ ¯, ,¯ : : 1 ¯ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﳌاو ﺔﻟوﺪﻟاو ﻦﻳﺪﻟا:ندرﻷا ﰲ نﻮﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹا , ¯ ¯ ¯, 68 , ¯¯ , , ¯, 2015 ¯, ¯ ¯ ¯, ¯ ï ¯, ¯ ,¯ ¯, ¯ ï , ¯ ¯ 2019 ¯ ¯ , ¯ ¯ ¯ ,¯ ¯ , , ,2016 ¯ ,14 ¯ ¯ ¯, ¯, ¯¯, ¯, 15 ¯ ¯ 8 ,2020 ,¯ 69 ,¯ , ¯ ¯ 1 ¯ , , , , , دﻮﺟﻮﻟﺎﺑ ﻚﺴﻤﺘﻟا ﱃإ ﺮﻌﻟا ﻊﻴﺑﺮﻟا تﺎﺣﻮﻤﻃ ﻦﻣ نﻮﻤﻠﺴﳌا ناﻮﺧﻹا 2022 2022 , ¯ , ¯ 2021 , 3 ï , ¯ ¯ , ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ï¯, 2 , :¯ https://cutt.us/HcTV0 28,, https://cutt.us/7ETtP 2023 ¯ ,2022 ¯ 21, ¯ :¯ 1 : :¯ ¯ , 2022 10,, 2 ﻊﻤﺘﺠﳌاو ﺔﻟوﺪﻟاو ﻦﻳﺪﻟا:ندرﻷا ﰲ نﻮﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹا 70 , ;¯ − ¯¯, , ¯ , , ,¯ ¯ ¯ :ﺔﻋﺎﻤﺤ﮳ ﻟاو ﺔﻟوﺪﻟا ﺔ Ѡǀ ﻼﻋ ﺪﻋاﻮ Ѡǀ ﻒ﮵ 4Ė ﻌ﮴ 4 ˦Ѣ іǁ ﻞ﮵+ﻠﺤﺘﻟاو ﻢﻬ ƾі ﻠﻟ رﺎﻃإ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ? ¯ ? ¯ ¯ : ¯ ¯ ¯ 1993 ,¯ ¯, ¯ ,¯, ¯ ¯ ¯ ,¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ; , , ¯ − − ¯ ;ï ¯ ¯ ï ¯ 71 دﻮﺟﻮﻟﺎﺑ ﻚﺴﻤﺘﻟا ﱃإ ﺮﻌﻟا ﻊﻴﺑﺮﻟا تﺎﺣﻮﻤﻃ ﻦﻣ نﻮﻤﻠﺴﳌا ناﻮﺧﻹا ¯, , 1 ¯ ,¯ ¯, ¯ ,¯ ¯ ï, ¯ ¯ ¯ ï ¯, 2003 ¯; 2001, ,¯ ¯ ï ,¯ ¯ ¯ 2006 ¯ ¯ ,¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯;¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯, ¯, : ¯,:¯ 1 ¯, 462−456, 2015 ,2 ,12, ¯ − ﻊﻤﺘﺠﳌاو ﺔﻟوﺪﻟاو ﻦﻳﺪﻟا:ندرﻷا ﰲ نﻮﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹا ; ¯ ¯ , ¯ , ¯ ¯, ¯ ¯ −, , 1967 ¯ , ¯ ¯¯ ¯ ¯ 1 ¯ ¯, 72 ¯ , ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯; ¯, ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ 1956 − ¯ ¯ ; ¯ ï ¯ ¯ , 2012, 82−77, ¯,:¯ 1 ¯:, ¯:¯ ¯, 1, ¯ ,¯ 150−145 73 دﻮﺟﻮﻟﺎﺑ ﻚﺴﻤﺘﻟا ﱃإ ﺮﻌﻟا ﻊﻴﺑﺮﻟا تﺎﺣﻮﻤﻃ ﻦﻣ نﻮﻤﻠﺴﳌا ناﻮﺧﻹا ¯ ¯ , ¯ ¯ ï, ; 2000 ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ , ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯, , , , ¯ ¯ , ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯, ï, ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ , ¯ ¯ ï ¯ , ﻊﻤﺘﺠﳌاو ﺔﻟوﺪﻟاو ﻦﻳﺪﻟا:ندرﻷا ﰲ نﻮﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹا 74 ¯ ? ¯ ¯ , ¯ 1 ; ¯ ? ¯ ¯ ¯ ,¯ ¯ , , , ¯ ¯ 1 ,¯, ¯ ¯ , , ¯ ¯ ï , ¯ ¯ ¯ ,¯ ¯ ¯ ¯, ,¯ ,¯ , , , ¯ 75 دﻮﺟﻮﻟﺎﺑ ﻚﺴﻤﺘﻟا ﱃإ ﺮﻌﻟا ﻊﻴﺑﺮﻟا تﺎﺣﻮﻤﻃ ﻦﻣ نﻮﻤﻠﺴﳌا ناﻮﺧﻹا ˦Ѣ ﮳ 5Ė ﻌﻟا ﻊ﮵.﮳ 4Ė ﻟا ﺪﻌ﮳ 4 ﺎﻣ..˦Ѣ ﮲ 5 اﻮﺣ﮲ ﻹا ˦Ѣ à ﮳ ﻮﻟﻮ﮵ 4 ﺪ﮵ 4 ﻹا بﺎﻄﺤ﮲ ﻟا ¯ ¯ ¯, ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ 1 2019 ¯ ¯, ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ï¯, ¯ ,¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ,2030 ï ,¯ ¯ ; ¯ , ¯ ¯ ¯ , ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯, ¯ ¯, ¯ ¯ ï ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯, ¯ 17:, ¯, : ¯, 2019 https://ikhwanjo.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/watheqa.pdf ¯ 1 ¯ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﳌاو ﺔﻟوﺪﻟاو ﻦﻳﺪﻟا:ندرﻷا ﰲ نﻮﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹا 76 ˦Ѣ à ﮳ ﻮﻟﻮ﮵ 4 ﺪ﮵ 4 ﻷا بﺎﻄﺤ﮲ ﻟا رﻮّ ﻄ﮴ 4 ﻞﺣاﺮﻣ ر ě ﮳ 4 ﻷ ﺔﻌﺣ﮳ اﺮﻣ ¯ − ¯ ¯ ¯, ¯, ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯, ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ,¯, ¯ ¯, ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ , ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ 1970 ¯ ¯ ¯ ,¯ ¯ ï ï 1 1, 10−8, 2015, ,¯:¯ 1 ¯: 77 دﻮﺟﻮﻟﺎﺑ ﻚﺴﻤﺘﻟا ﱃإ ﺮﻌﻟا ﻊﻴﺑﺮﻟا تﺎﺣﻮﻤﻃ ﻦﻣ نﻮﻤﻠﺴﳌا ناﻮﺧﻹا ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ï ¯ ¯, 1989 ¯ ,¯ 1990 1 ¯ ¯ , , ¯ ; ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯, ï ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ , , , ¯ ï ï , ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯, ¯, ¯ 1 ﻊﻤﺘﺠﳌاو ﺔﻟوﺪﻟاو ﻦﻳﺪﻟا:ندرﻷا ﰲ نﻮﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹا ,¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ 78 ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯, ¯ ¯, ¯ ¯, ¯ ¯ , ¯ 1992 ,¯ ¯ ¯, ¯ ,¯ ¯ 1 ¯ , , ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ,¯ , 87−86, ¯, 1 79 , , ¯ دﻮﺟﻮﻟﺎﺑ ﻚﺴﻤﺘﻟا ﱃإ ﺮﻌﻟا ﻊﻴﺑﺮﻟا تﺎﺣﻮﻤﻃ ﻦﻣ نﻮﻤﻠﺴﳌا ناﻮﺧﻹا ¯ ¯ 1999 , ¯ ¯, ,¯ ï ¯ ¯ 1 ¯ ¯ ¯ ,2003 ¯ ,¯ ¯ ¯¯, ¯ , ¯, ¯ ¯ ¯, , ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ,¯ ¯ ¯ 2 ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ :¯ ¯ https://bit.ly/3KBjO9l 91−89 ,ï 1 :¯ 2 ﻊﻤﺘﺠﳌاو ﺔﻟوﺪﻟاو ﻦﻳﺪﻟا:ندرﻷا ﰲ نﻮﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹا 80 ¯ ¯ , 2007 ¯ ¯ ,¯ ¯ , 1 ¯ ¯ , ¯ ¯ ¯, ,¯ , ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ,2010 ¯ , 2008 ¯ ,¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ , 2 ¯ 6 ,¯ ¯, https://bit.ly/3KTNm3c 27, ¯ CNN , https://cutt.us/elLlZ ,¯ ¯, http://bit.ly/43lSVP8 ,:¯ 1 : ¯ ,2010 ,,: : ¯ ,2011 ¯,:¯ 2 : ¯ ,2010 5 9 81 دﻮﺟﻮﻟﺎﺑ ﻚﺴﻤﺘﻟا ﱃإ ﺮﻌﻟا ﻊﻴﺑﺮﻟا تﺎﺣﻮﻤﻃ ﻦﻣ نﻮﻤﻠﺴﳌا ناﻮﺧﻹا ي Ė ﻫﻮﺣ﮳ لﻮﺤ﮴ 4..˦Ѣ ﮳ 5Ė ﻌﻟا ﻊ﮵.﮳ 4Ė ﻟا ﺪﻌ﮳ 4 ˦Ѣ à ﮳ ﻮﻟﻮ﮵ 4 ﺪ﮵ 4 ﻷا بﺎﻄﺤ﮲ ﻟا ,2013 ¯ ,¯ ¯ ¯, ; ¯ ¯ 1 , ,¯ ¯ ¯ ï ,¯, , ï ï, ¯ ¯ ¯, 2015 ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ 2 2016 ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯, ¯ ¯ ¯, ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ,¯, ¯ : ¯, ,2019 ¯ ,2014 57−55, ,¯, 1 88−82, ¯ 2 ﻊﻤﺘﺠﳌاو ﺔﻟوﺪﻟاو ﻦﻳﺪﻟا:ندرﻷا ﰲ نﻮﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹا ¯ ¯ 82 , 2030 ¯, ¯ , ¯ ¯ ¯ , ¯ ï, ¯ ¯ ,¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ,¯ ¯ , 2 ¯ ¯ ¯ ï ¯ ¯ , 1 ,2019 ¯ ,,:, 1 : ¯ 21−20 2020, ¯ https://cutt.us/FfQLk ,2019, ¯ 2 83 دﻮﺟﻮﻟﺎﺑ ﻚﺴﻤﺘﻟا ﱃإ ﺮﻌﻟا ﻊﻴﺑﺮﻟا تﺎﺣﻮﻤﻃ ﻦﻣ نﻮﻤﻠﺴﳌا ناﻮﺧﻹا ¯ ¯ ¯¯ ,¯, ¯, ¯ ,,, ï ï, ¯,, ï ,¯ ¯ ¯,, , ¯ ï ¯ ,, ¯ ¯ 1 ¯ ¯ , ¯ ¯, , ¯ ¯ ¯ , , , ¯ ï ,¯ , ,¯ ¯ ¯ ï ¯ ¯ ¯ , ¯ , ¯ 2 ï ¯ 1 ï ¯ 2 ﻊﻤﺘﺠﳌاو ﺔﻟوﺪﻟاو ﻦﻳﺪﻟا:ندرﻷا ﰲ نﻮﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹا 84 ¯ ,, ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ï, ¯ , ¯ ¯ 1 ¯ ,, ¯ ¯ ¯ , , ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ï ï ¯ , ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯¯ ¯ ¯¯ ¯ ,ï ¯ ¯, , ¯ ¯; ¯, ,¯ ï ,¯ ¯, ¯¯ ¯ ï, ¯, ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ,ï ¯ ¯ ï ¯ 1 85 ¯ , , ¯ دﻮﺟﻮﻟﺎﺑ ﻚﺴﻤﺘﻟا ﱃإ ﺮﻌﻟا ﻊﻴﺑﺮﻟا تﺎﺣﻮﻤﻃ ﻦﻣ نﻮﻤﻠﺴﳌا ناﻮﺧﻹا ¯ 1 , ¯¯, , ¯ ¯ , , , ¯ ¯ ¯ , , 2 ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ,¯ ,¯ ,¯ ,¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ , , ¯, ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ï ¯ 1 ï ¯ 2 ﻊﻤﺘﺠﳌاو ﺔﻟوﺪﻟاو ﻦﻳﺪﻟا:ندرﻷا ﰲ نﻮﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹا 86 ¯ ¯ ¯ , ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯, , ¯ ¯ , ¯¯ 1 ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ï ¯ , ï ¯ ¯ , ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯¯, ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯¯, ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ,¯ ¯ ¯, ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ 2 ,,, ¯ 1 2023 ¯ 16 ¯ 2 87 دﻮﺟﻮﻟﺎﺑ ﻚﺴﻤﺘﻟا ﱃإ ﺮﻌﻟا ﻊﻴﺑﺮﻟا تﺎﺣﻮﻤﻃ ﻦﻣ نﻮﻤﻠﺴﳌا ناﻮﺧﻹا ¯ ¯, ¯ ¯, ¯ ¯, ¯ ¯ − ¯ ¯, ¯ ,¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ 1 ¯ ,¯ ï, ,¯ ¯ ï 2 , ¯ ¯ ,¯ ¯ ¯ 2022 ¯, ¯ − ¯ 2014 , ,2014 ¯ ï ,ï ¯ ï ;¯ ¯ ¯ ï ¯ ¯, https://bit.ly/43w5I1G , ¯ https://cutt.us/9ghWr , ,¯ ¯:¯ 1 : ¯ ,2012 ,¯ − ¯:¯ 2 : ¯ ,2022 ﻊﻤﺘﺠﳌاو ﺔﻟوﺪﻟاو ﻦﻳﺪﻟا:ندرﻷا ﰲ نﻮﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹا ¯¯, ,¯, ¯ ¯ ¯¯ : , , 1 , 88 : , ¯, 2030 , ¯ ¯ 1 89 دﻮﺟﻮﻟﺎﺑ ﻚﺴﻤﺘﻟا ﱃإ ﺮﻌﻟا ﻊﻴﺑﺮﻟا تﺎﺣﻮﻤﻃ ﻦﻣ نﻮﻤﻠﺴﳌا ناﻮﺧﻹا ,%11 43 ï ¯ ¯ 1 ! ¯ ¯ ¯ ; ¯ ¯%3 46 ¯, ¯ ! ¯ ,¯, ¯ ¯ ,¯ , ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ï¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯, ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ,¯ ,¯ ¯ ¯ ¯¯ ¯, ¯ ¯ ¯ 2 ¯ 2012, ¯ ï ¯ 1 ,ï ¯ ¯ 2 ﻊﻤﺘﺠﳌاو ﺔﻟوﺪﻟاو ﻦﻳﺪﻟا:ندرﻷا ﰲ نﻮﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹا 90 2022−2019 % 33, , 183 ¯ ,¯ 125 ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯, ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ , ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ , ¯ ¯ , ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ %24 ï ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ − 91 % دﻮﺟﻮﻟﺎﺑ ﻚﺴﻤﺘﻟا ﱃإ ﺮﻌﻟا ﻊﻴﺑﺮﻟا تﺎﺣﻮﻤﻃ ﻦﻣ نﻮﻤﻠﺴﳌا ناﻮﺧﻹا % − % ¯− % ¯ ï, , 1 ¯ % % ¯ −¯ % ¯, ¯ ¯ , ï ¯ 1 ﻊﻤﺘﺠﳌاو ﺔﻟوﺪﻟاو ﻦﻳﺪﻟا:ندرﻷا ﰲ نﻮﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹا 92 , , ¯ ¯, ¯ , ى Ė ﮳+ﻜﻟا تﺎ Ѡǀ ﺎ ƾѠ ﺸ﮲ 4 ﻻاو ﺔ﮵+ﻠﺣ﮲ اﺪﻟا تارﺎ﮵+ﺘﻟاو ˥Ѣ ɮ ﮵ +ﻄ﮲ ﻨﺘﻟا كاﺮﺤﻟا 2016−2015 , ¯ ,2015 − ¯ ¯ ¯ , 2015 ¯, , 1 ¯ , ¯ ¯ , ¯¯ ¯, ¯ ï ¯,, , ¯¯, ¯ ¯ ¯¯ , ,, : ¯ ¯ −¯ − ¯, ¯ −¯, , 2020,, 1 93 ï, ¯ − , , دﻮﺟﻮﻟﺎﺑ ﻚﺴﻤﺘﻟا ﱃإ ﺮﻌﻟا ﻊﻴﺑﺮﻟا تﺎﺣﻮﻤﻃ ﻦﻣ نﻮﻤﻠﺴﳌا ناﻮﺧﻹا ¯, ¯ ¯, ï ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ,¯ ¯ ,¯ ¯ ¯ ,¯ , ¯ ¯, ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ , ¯ ,¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ,¯ ¯ ¯ ï −¯, ,¯ ,¯ ¯ 2020 , 2022 ¯, , ¯ , −¯, ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯¯ ¯ ¯ ,¯ ¯ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﳌاو ﺔﻟوﺪﻟاو ﻦﻳﺪﻟا:ندرﻷا ﰲ نﻮﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹا 94 ¯ ¯¯ , − ¯− ¯ ¯ ¯ ,, 1 ﺔ﮵+ﻤ﮵+ﻄ﮲ ﻨﺘﻟا تارﺎ﮵+ﺘﻟا ﻞّﻜﺸ﮴ 4 ةدﺎﻋإ:ﺔﻛﺮﺤﻟا ﻞﺣ﮲ اد كاﺮﺤﻟا , ¯¯ ¯ ¯ ,¯ ? ¯ ¯ , , , ¯ , , , ¯ ¯, ¯ ¯ ¯ ,¯ ; ¯ ; ¯, ¯ ¯ 76−70, ,¯: ¯ 1 95 دﻮﺟﻮﻟﺎﺑ ﻚﺴﻤﺘﻟا ﱃإ ﺮﻌﻟا ﻊﻴﺑﺮﻟا تﺎﺣﻮﻤﻃ ﻦﻣ نﻮﻤﻠﺴﳌا ناﻮﺧﻹا ¯ ¯ ¯, ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ï ¯ ,¯ ¯ , , 1 ¯ ¯ ¯ , −, ï ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯¯ ï ¯ 2006 , ï, ¯ ¯ 1997 ¯ ï ¯ −: − ¯ , 2002 ¯ ¯ 1999 , ¯ 65−62 ,ï ¯ 1 ﻊﻤﺘﺠﳌاو ﺔﻟوﺪﻟاو ﻦﻳﺪﻟا:ندرﻷا ﰲ نﻮﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹا ¯¯ ¯, − ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯, 2016 −2008 ,¯ ¯ 96 ¯ ¯ − ¯¯ 1 2007, ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ,¯ ¯ ¯ , ¯ ¯ ¯ï ¯ 2011 ¯ ¯ 2013 , 2 ¯ 65−63 ,ï ¯ 1 (2) Mohammad Aburumman,« Islamists in Jordan: The Long Journey of the Muslim Brotherhood’s Changes», in Islamists and Revolution Across the Middle East: Transformations of Ideology and Strategy after Arab Spring, ed. Khalil al- Anani,(New York: L.B Tauris, 2022), p86-89. 97 دﻮﺟﻮﻟﺎﺑ ﻚﺴﻤﺘﻟا ﱃإ ﺮﻌﻟا ﻊﻴﺑﺮﻟا تﺎﺣﻮﻤﻃ ﻦﻣ نﻮﻤﻠﺴﳌا ناﻮﺧﻹا ,¯ ¯ ï , , ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ 2009 − 2006 ¯ 2014 ¯ ¯ , , ,ï 2016−2015 ,¯ ¯ , , ¯, ï , ¯ ¯¯ ¯ ï ï ¯ ,ï ¯ ï ¯ 1 ï , ¯ ï ¯, ¯¯ ï 2016 , , ¯ ¯ ï¯ , 2023 , ¯ï ¯ ¯ ï ¯¯, ,2014 ,¯ ¯ ¯, ¯ ¯ ï, 2020 ï ¯¯ 1 ¯ ï ¯ ¯ ¯ ï¯ ,2012 ï¯ ¯ ¯, ¯ ¯ 23,, ¯ ¯, ﻊﻤﺘﺠﳌاو ﺔﻟوﺪﻟاو ﻦﻳﺪﻟا:ندرﻷا ﰲ نﻮﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹا 98 ¯ , ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ï , , ¯ 1 , ¯ ¯ ¯¯ ¯ : , , ¯, ï ¯ ¯ ,2011 ¯ ¯ ¯, , , , ¯ , ¯ ; − ¯¯, , , ¯ ¯¯ ¯, 2020 25,, ¯ 1 99 دﻮﺟﻮﻟﺎﺑ ﻚﺴﻤﺘﻟا ﱃإ ﺮﻌﻟا ﻊﻴﺑﺮﻟا تﺎﺣﻮﻤﻃ ﻦﻣ نﻮﻤﻠﺴﳌا ناﻮﺧﻹا , ¯ 1 2013 , ï 2 ¯ ¯ , , ¯ ¯; ¯¯ ¯ , , ¯, , ¯ − ¯ ¯, , ï ¯ − , 3 : . ¯, , ¯ ¯ . , , , ¯ ¯ ¯¯ 1 2020 8 26, − , 2 ï 3 ﻊﻤﺘﺠﳌاو ﺔﻟوﺪﻟاو ﻦﻳﺪﻟا:ندرﻷا ﰲ نﻮﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹا ¯ ¯ ¯, − ¯ ; ¯ ¯ , ¯ ¯, ¯ , 2 ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯¯ ¯ ¯ 100 − ï, − ï , , ,ï 1 ¯ , ¯ , ï ¯ ï ¯ ¯ , ¯, ï 1 , ¯¯, 2 101 دﻮﺟﻮﻟﺎﺑ ﻚﺴﻤﺘﻟا ﱃإ ﺮﻌﻟا ﻊﻴﺑﺮﻟا تﺎﺣﻮﻤﻃ ﻦﻣ نﻮﻤﻠﺴﳌا ناﻮﺧﻹا تﺎﺣ﮳ ﺎ Q ﻨﺘﺳاو ﺔﻤ﮴ 4 ﺎﺣ﮲ ,¯ ,¯ , ¯ ¯, 2016 ¯ ¯ 2022 ¯ ¯ ¯¯ ¯ ¯ ,ï ¯ ï ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ , ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ,; ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ , 2022 ¯ ¯ ,2013 ¯ ,2020 ¯ 2022 ¯ ¯ ï ¯ ¯¯, ¯ ¯¯, ;¯ ¯¯, ¯¯ ¯ ¯ ¯, ¯ ¯ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﳌاو ﺔﻟوﺪﻟاو ﻦﻳﺪﻟا:ندرﻷا ﰲ نﻮﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹا 102 ,¯ , , ¯ ¯ ,¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ,2013 , ¯ ¯ , ¯ ¯, ¯ ¯¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ 103 ﳼﺎﻴﺴﻟا مﻼﺳﻹا ﺪﻌﺑ ﺎﻣ باﺰﺣأ #+ ﳼﺎ﮵+ﺴﻟا مﻼﺳﻹا ﺪﻌ﮳ 4 ﺎﻣ باﺰﺣأ ﺔﻄﻠﺴﻟا ﻊﻣ ماﺪﺼﻟاو ﻒﻟﺎﺤﺘﻟا تارﺎ﮵+ﺣ﮲ ¯ ¯ ,2013 , 1 , 2015,, ¯¯, ,2017 ¯¯,, ¯ ,, ¯ ¯ ¯, ¯ ¯, ¯ ¯ ¯, ¯ ¯¯ ¯ ¯; ¯ ¯ ,¯ 102−97, ,¯:¯ 1 ﻊﻤﺘﺠﳌاو ﺔﻟوﺪﻟاو ﻦﻳﺪﻟا:ندرﻷا ﰲ نﻮﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹا ¯ , ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ , ¯ 1 , , ¯ ¯ , ï ¯ ¯, 104 ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ , ¯ ¯ ¯ ,¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ , ¯, ,, ¯, ¯ , 2018, : ¯ ,¯:¯ 1 ¯, 1 ,? 17−9 105 ¯ ﳼﺎﻴﺴﻟا مﻼﺳﻹا ﺪﻌﺑ ﺎﻣ باﺰﺣأ ï, ¯ ï ¯ ; ¯ ¯, , ¯; ¯, ¯ ,¯ ¯ ,¯, , ¯ ¯, ¯ ï ¯ ¯ ï ï, ¯ ¯ ¯ − −, ¯ , 2021 , , ¯ 2023 ¯ 2021 ï ¯ ï ¯ ï ¯ ¯ ¯ , ¯ , 2022 ,¯ ¯ ,¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﳌاو ﺔﻟوﺪﻟاو ﻦﻳﺪﻟا:ندرﻷا ﰲ نﻮﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹا ¯ − ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯, 106 − , ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ , ,¯ , 2001 ¯, ,2016 ¯ ¯ ,1997 ¯ (ﺎ ƾѠً ﮳ 4 ﺎﺳ) مﺰﻣز ﲏﻃﻮﻟا ﺮﻤ﮴ 4˄ ﻤﻟا بﺰﺣ ﻦﻣ (ﺎ ƾѠً ﺣﻻ) ﲏﻃﻮﻟا فﻼ Q˼ ﻻا بﺰﺣ ﻰﻟإ 2023 ¯ ¯ ,¯ , ¯¯ ¯ ,¯ − ¯ −¯ ¯ , , ¯ ¯ 107 ¯, ¯ , ¯ ¯ ¯ , ¯ ¯ ¯, % 30 ¯ ¯ ¯ ﳼﺎﻴﺴﻟا مﻼﺳﻹا ﺪﻌﺑ ﺎﻣ باﺰﺣأ ¯, ¯ , ¯ ¯, ¯, , ¯ ¯ ¯, ¯ , , ; ¯, ¯, ¯ ¯ , , 2013 ¯ 6 , ,¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﳌاو ﺔﻟوﺪﻟاو ﻦﻳﺪﻟا:ندرﻷا ﰲ نﻮﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹا 108 , , ¯ ¯ ,ï ¯ , ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ , ,¯ ,¯ ¯ ¯¯ ¯ ¯, , ¯¯, 1 ï ¯ ¯ 2016 , ¯, −¯ ¯ ¯ ¯; ¯ , ï¯ , ¯, ¯ ï, ¯ ¯ : ¯ ¯ – ¯, ¯ ¯ ¯ , ,, ¯,:¯ 1 336−313, 2016 109 , ,¯ ï ¯ , ¯ , , ¯ ,¯ , ,¯ ¯ ﳼﺎﻴﺴﻟا مﻼﺳﻹا ﺪﻌﺑ ﺎﻣ باﺰﺣأ ¯, , ¯, , ¯ ¯, ¯ ,2007, 2002 ¯, , ¯ ¯ ¯ ï¯ ¯, ¯ , ¯ 2010 , ¯ ¯ , ¯ ¯ 1 ! ¯ ¯ ¯ ï ¯, ,ï ¯ ,¯ 2 ¯, ï , ¯, ¯ :¯ ,ï ¯ ¯ ¯:2010 2010, 1 ¯ 2 ﻊﻤﺘﺠﳌاو ﺔﻟوﺪﻟاو ﻦﻳﺪﻟا:ندرﻷا ﰲ نﻮﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹا , ¯, ¯ , , − ¯ ¯ ¯ , 110 ,¯ ¯ ¯ ,2010−2008 ¯ − − ¯, ¯ , ¯ ¯ ¯, ¯ ¯ , ¯ ¯, ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯,, , ¯, ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯, ¯, ¯ ,2007 ¯ ¯, ¯, ï¯, − ¯ ¯ ¯, ,¯ 111 ﳼﺎﻴﺴﻟا مﻼﺳﻹا ﺪﻌﺑ ﺎﻣ باﺰﺣأ , ¯ ¯, , ¯ ¯¯ ¯ ¯ ï ¯ , ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ − ¯ ¯ ¯, ¯ ¯ , , ¯ ¯ ,ï , , ,¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ,¯ ¯ ¯ï ¯, ¯ ,¯ ¯ ¯¯ , ,¯ ¯ ¯ ¯, ¯;, ¯ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﳌاو ﺔﻟوﺪﻟاو ﻦﻳﺪﻟا:ندرﻷا ﰲ نﻮﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹا 112 , ¯ ,, 1 :¯ , ¯ , ¯ ¯ , ¯ ,¯ 2 ¯ ¯ ¯ − ¯ , ¯ ¯¯ 3 ¯ , ¯ ï, ¯ ¯ ,−ï ; ï ¯, , 2017 29,, ¯ , ¯ 2017 − , , ¯ 22,, − ¯ , ¯ ¯ 1 ¯ 2 3 113 ﳼﺎﻴﺴﻟا مﻼﺳﻹا ﺪﻌﺑ ﺎﻣ باﺰﺣأ , , ¯ ¯ , ,¯ ,¯, ¯ ¯¯, ¯ ¯ , ¯, ,¯ , ¯ , , ¯ − ¯ −, ¯, ¯ ¯ , , , ¯ 1 , , ¯, ï ¯ ¯ , ¯ ¯ 1 ﻊﻤﺘﺠﳌاو ﺔﻟوﺪﻟاو ﻦﻳﺪﻟا:ندرﻷا ﰲ نﻮﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹا ¯, ¯ ¯ , ¯ , ¯¯ , , ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ 114 ¯ ,¯ ¯ 1 ¯ ,¯ , ¯ ¯ , ¯ ¯ ,¯ 2 ï ¯ ¯ , ¯ 1 2 115 2016 ï ﳼﺎﻴﺴﻟا مﻼﺳﻹا ﺪﻌﺑ ﺎﻣ باﺰﺣأ ï ï ¯ 1 ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯¯ ï ,ï ¯ ¯ ¯ , , ¯ ¯ ; ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ,¯ ,¯, ¯ , ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯, ¯ ,¯ ¯ , ¯ ï, ¯ ¯ ¯ , ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ 1 ﻊﻤﺘﺠﳌاو ﺔﻟوﺪﻟاو ﻦﻳﺪﻟا:ندرﻷا ﰲ نﻮﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹا ¯, 116 , ¯ ¯ ¯, ¯ ,¯ ¯ ¯ , ¯ ¯ ,¯ ¯ ¯ , ¯ , ¯, , ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ï, ¯ 800 ¯ ,2016 ¯ 117 , 72 ,ï ¯ ﳼﺎﻴﺴﻟا مﻼﺳﻹا ﺪﻌﺑ ﺎﻣ باﺰﺣأ , ¯ ¯ ¯¯ ¯ , ï ¯ ¯ ,2016 ¯ ,ï ,, , ,¯ , ,¯ ¯ ¯ ¯, , ¯ , ¯ −− ¯ , 4 , 4 ¯, 5 7 ¯ ,6 ¯, ¯ ¯, 15 ¯ ,12 ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ , 3 ﻊﻤﺘﺠﳌاو ﺔﻟوﺪﻟاو ﻦﻳﺪﻟا:ندرﻷا ﰲ نﻮﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹا ¯, ¯ , ¯%90 ¯ ¯ ,ï 1 ,¯, 818 , ¯ ¯ ,, 118 ï ¯ ¯ 377 2016 , ,2016 19 , ¯ ¯, ¯ ¯ ¯, ¯, ¯ ¯ ¯ 4, ¯ ¯, ¯ , ¯ ¯, 2021 ,2018 , ,¯ − ¯ 1 , 119 ﳼﺎﻴﺴﻟا مﻼﺳﻹا ﺪﻌﺑ ﺎﻣ باﺰﺣأ , ¯¯ ¯ ¯ ; ¯ ¯,, , ¯ ¯, ,,, ¯, ï¯,,, ¯, ¯ ï , ¯ ¯ ¯ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﳌاو ﺔﻟوﺪﻟاو ﻦﻳﺪﻟا:ندرﻷا ﰲ نﻮﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹا ï ï , ¯ ¯ , ¯ï ï 5 ,2016 ¯ 120 ¯ , ; 2020 , ¯ ¯, 2020 ¯, ¯ 12, ¯ 17 ¯ 6 1 ,2016 ¯ ,¯ ¯, ¯ ,¯ ¯ , ,¯ , ¯, ¯ 3, ï ¯ ¯¯, 2016 ¯:¯ 1 28 ,¯ 121 ¯ ¯, ¯, , ¯ ¯¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ,2017 ¯ ¯ ﳼﺎﻴﺴﻟا مﻼﺳﻹا ﺪﻌﺑ ﺎﻣ باﺰﺣأ , ¯, , ¯ ï ¯ ¯ , ¯ , ¯ ¯ ¯ , ¯ ¯ ¯, , , , ¯ ¯, , , ¯ ,¯ ¯ ï , ¯, − ¯¯ ¯ ,¯ ¯ , , ﻊﻤﺘﺠﳌاو ﺔﻟوﺪﻟاو ﻦﻳﺪﻟا:ندرﻷا ﰲ نﻮﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹا ¯ 1 ¯ 2022 122 ¯, , , 241622 ï ¯ 41 ¯ ¯ 97 ¯, ¯ , 11 , 14 ,5 ¯ 9 ¯ , ,ï ï ¯ 43% ¯ : 20 ¯ ¯, ¯ 37 , ï, , 11 ¯¯ ¯¯ ¯ ,¯ ¯ 12,, ,, , ¯ , 2022 ¯ 2022 ¯ 1 12 123 ﳼﺎﻴﺴﻟا مﻼﺳﻹا ﺪﻌﺑ ﺎﻣ باﺰﺣأ ¯ ,, , , , ï ¯ ,¯ ¯ ,, ¯, ,¯ , , ¯ ,, 15 ¯ ,¯ ¯ ¯ , 8 ¯, 1 ¯; ¯,, ¯, ,¯ ¯, ¯ ¯,, , ,¯ , ¯ , 3,,, ¯ 1 2022 ﻊﻤﺘﺠﳌاو ﺔﻟوﺪﻟاو ﻦﻳﺪﻟا:ندرﻷا ﰲ نﻮﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹا 124 ï ,%16 , 1263 ,% 27 ¯ ¯ % % ¯ % ¯ % ¯ %% % % % % ¯ % ¯ % ,¯ ¯ ¯ ﳼﺎ﮵+ﺴﻟاو ˦Ѣ à ﮳ ﻮﻟﻮ﮵ 4 ﺪ﮵ 4 ﻹا ﻊﺿﻮﻤﺘﻟا ¯ ¯ ,¯ ï¯ 125 ﳼﺎﻴﺴﻟا مﻼﺳﻹا ﺪﻌﺑ ﺎﻣ باﺰﺣأ ¯ ï ¯ ¯ ,¯ ï ¯ , ¯, ,, ¯ 1 ¯ ¯ ¯, ¯¯ ;¯ ¯ , , ¯ ¯ −ï ¯ ¯, ï ¯¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ï ¯ ï, ¯ − ï ,¯ ¯ ¯ ï ¯, ¯ , ¯ ¯ï ¯ 2 ¯ ï ¯ ¯ ,¯ ¯ ¯ ,¯ ,¯:¯ 1 ï ¯ 2 ﻊﻤﺘﺠﳌاو ﺔﻟوﺪﻟاو ﻦﻳﺪﻟا:ندرﻷا ﰲ نﻮﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹا 126 ¯ ¯¯ ¯ ,¯ ï ¯ , ï ,¯ ¯ ï ¯ ,, ï , ï¯ ¯, ¯, ¯ ¯, ¯ ¯ ¯, ï ¯, ¯ ¯ , 127 , ¯ ¯ ¯ ﳼﺎﻴﺴﻟا مﻼﺳﻹا ﺪﻌﺑ ﺎﻣ باﺰﺣأ ï , , ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ , ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ï ,¯ ¯ ï ¯ ¯ ¯ ï 1 , 67 ¯ ¯ , ¯ ,¯ ¯ , ¯ , ¯ تﺎ﮵ 4 ﺪﺤﺘﻟاو تﺎ﮵ 4ʷ ﻟوﻷا..ﺔﻣدﺎ ƾѠ ﻟا ﺔﻠﺣﺮﻤﻟا قﺎ ǀі آ , ¯ ¯¯ ¯ ¯ ¯; ¯ ¯ ¯, ,¯ 2022 , ¯ ï ¯ 1 ﻊﻤﺘﺠﳌاو ﺔﻟوﺪﻟاو ﻦﻳﺪﻟا:ندرﻷا ﰲ نﻮﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹا ¯ , ¯ ï¯ ¯ ï ï¯ ï , ¯, ¯ , ï , ¯ ¯, ¯ ¯, , , ¯ , , − ¯ ¯ 128 ¯ , ¯ , ¯ ¯ ¯, ¯ï ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯, , ¯ ¯, ,¯ , ¯¯ ¯, 129 ﳼﺎﻴﺴﻟا مﻼﺳﻹا ﺪﻌﺑ ﺎﻣ باﺰﺣأ , ï, ¯ ¯ , ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ï, ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯, ï, ¯ ¯ , ¯ ¯ ¯ , ¯ ¯ ¯ ï¯ ¯ ¯ , , ,¯ ¯ − − , ï¯, ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯¯ − ¯ ¯, ¯ï ¯ , ¯− ¯ , ¯ , ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯, ¯ ,¯, ﻊﻤﺘﺠﳌاو ﺔﻟوﺪﻟاو ﻦﻳﺪﻟا:ندرﻷا ﰲ نﻮﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹا 130 ¯ ¯, ï, ¯, ï ¯¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ï , ¯ ; ¯ ¯ ,ï ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯, ¯ ¯, ¯ ï ¯ ,¯ ¯ , ¯ ¯, , Perception Management ,¯ ï ¯ ¯ : , 1 , 1,, ¯ 1 2022,, 131 ¯ ï , , ï , ¯ ¯ ¯ , ¯ ,2021 , ,, − ¯ ¯ ﳼﺎﻴﺴﻟا مﻼﺳﻹا ﺪﻌﺑ ﺎﻣ باﺰﺣأ ¯ ¯ ,ï , , ¯ , ¯ ,¯ , ¯ ¯ ï ¯, ¯ ¯ ,¯ ¯ − ï, ¯ , , , ï ,ï ¯ ¯ ï, ¯¯ ¯ , ﻊﻤﺘﺠﳌاو ﺔﻟوﺪﻟاو ﻦﻳﺪﻟا:ندرﻷا ﰲ نﻮﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹا 132 ¯, ï¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ,¯ ¯ ¯, ï ï ? ¯ ¯?¯ ¯, ï ï ¯¯ ,2017 , ¯ ,ï ذﺎ ƾѠ ﮲ 4 ﻹاو ﺔﻛاﺮﺸﻟا بﺰﺣ , ¯, ¯, ¯ ¯, ¯ ï ¯ ï ? ¯ ?ï ¯ ¯ ? ï − ï ,¯ ï, 133 ¯ , , 2002 ﳼﺎﻴﺴﻟا مﻼﺳﻹا ﺪﻌﺑ ﺎﻣ باﺰﺣأ 1 ¯ , ¯ ¯, ,¯ ¯ ¯, 2 ,, ¯ ,, ¯, ¯,, ï ¯ ¯ ,2013 ¯, , ¯ 2015 ,¯ ï − 2023 ¯ , − 6, ,¯ , 1 , : ¯ ,ï 2 108−102 ﻊﻤﺘﺠﳌاو ﺔﻟوﺪﻟاو ﻦﻳﺪﻟا:ندرﻷا ﰲ نﻮﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹا ¯ ¯, ¯ , , , 1 ¯ ,¯ 134 ¯ ¯ ¯ 2 ,¯ ï ,¯ ¯ ¯ ï ,¯ , ¯ , ï, , 2023 ¯ , ,¯ ï ,¯ ¯ 1 ¯ ¯, , ¯ ,¯ ¯, ¯ ¯¯ ,¯ ¯ ï, 2 ,¯ 2023¯ 5,, 135 ﳼﺎﻴﺴﻟا مﻼﺳﻹا ﺪﻌﺑ ﺎﻣ باﺰﺣأ , ¯ 1 − − − − ¯ ¯ ,¯ ¯, ï, ¯, ¯ ï¯, , ¯ ¯¯, ï ¯¯ ¯ :, ﻦﻣ ﺔﻴﻘﻴﻘﺤﻟا ة ﺤﻟﺎﺑ ﺮﻌﺸﻧو ﺔﺘﻓﺎﺧ تﺎﻌﺟاﺮﻣ يﺮﺠﻧ ﻦﺤﻧو ﺔﻠﻳﻮﻃ ةﱰﻓ ﺬﻨﻣ » ﻤﻠﺴﳌا ناﻮﺧﻹا ﺔﻋ ﺟ ةرﻮﺼﺑ ﳼﺎﻴﺴﻟا ﻲﻣﻼﺳﻹا ﻞﻤﻌﻟا ﺔﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ لﺎﻴﺣ ىوﺪﺠﻟا ﺔﺑﺮﺠﺘﻟا ﺔﺻﺎﺧ ،كﺎﻨﻫو ﺎﻨﻫ برﺎﺠﺘﻟا ﺾﻌﺑ ﻦﻋ ﺎﻧأﺮﻗ ﺪﻴﻛﺄﺘﻟﺎﺑو ،ﺔﻴﻣﻮﻤﻌﻟا هﺬﻬﺑ بﺰﺤﻟ ﻔﻜﺘﻟا ﺎ رو ﻦﻳﻮﺨﺘﻟا ﺔﺟرد ﻎﻠﺑ ﺔﻳاﺪﺒﻟا ﰲ ﺎًﻧﺎﺠﻬﺘﺳا ﺖﻗﻻ ﻲﺘﻟا ﺔﻴﻛﱰﻟا ﲆﻋ ةردﺎﻗ ﺎﻬﻧأ ﺖﺘﺒﺛأو ﺔﻟﻮﺒﻘﻣ تءﺎﺟ ﺔﺑﺮﺠﺘﻟا ﺞﺋﺎﺘﻧ ﻦﻜﻟ ،ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘﻟاو ﺔﻟاﺪﻌﻟا ﱰﻟا ﻦﻃاﻮﳌا ﻊﻨﻘﺗ نأو ،ﺎﻬﺒﻌﺸﺑ ﺾﻬﻨﺗ نأ ﺖﻋﺎﻄﺘﺳاو فوﺮﻈﻟا ﻊﻣ ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺘﻟا .«قرﺎﻔﻟﺎﺑ هرﻮﻌﺷو ﻪﺘﻣﺪﺧ لﻼﺧ ﻦﻣ ﻦﻜﻟ ﺎﻴﺟﻮﻟﻮﻳﺪﻳﻹﺎﺑ ﺲﻴﻟ ﻰﺘﺣ ،ﻢﻳﺪﻗ ﻲﺠﻴﺗاﱰﺳا ﻜﻔﺗ لﻼﺧ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻟﺎﺤﻟا هﺬﻫ ﱃإ ﺎﻨﻠﺻّ ﻮﺗ ﺎﻨﻧأ ﻲﻋدّ أ ﻻ ﺎﻧأ» حﻼﺻﻹا ﰲ ﻞﺸﻔﻟا ﻪﻴﻟإ ﺎﻨﻠﺻو ﺎﻣ ﱃإ ﻢﻬﺳأ ﺎ ﺮﻟو ،ﻪﻴﻟإ ﺎﻨﻠﺻﻮﺗ ﺎﻣ ﱃإ ﺎﻨﻠﺻﻮﺗ , ¯: ,2017 ¯¯ 31, ¯ ¯ , http://elaph.com/Web/News/2017/7/1160452.html ï ¯ 1 ,:¯ : ¯ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﳌاو ﺔﻟوﺪﻟاو ﻦﻳﺪﻟا:ندرﻷا ﰲ نﻮﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹا 136 ﺐﻳﻮﺼﺗ هﺎﺠﺗ سﺄﻴﻟا ﺔﻟﺎﺣ ﻦﻣ ﺎﻨﺑﱰﻗا ﺎ رو ،ﻞﺧاﺪﻟا ﻦﻣ ﻞﻤﻌﻟاو ﺮﻳﻮﻄﺘﻟاو ﲇﺧاﺪﻟا .«ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻨﻟا هﺬﻫ ﱃإ ﺎﻨﻠﺻﻮﻓ ،ﲇﺧاﺪﻟا اﻮﺧﻹا ﻞﻤﻌﻟا ﺎﻫﺮﺧآ نﺎﻛ ،ﺔﻋ ﺠﻟا ﻞﺧاد حﻼﺻﻺﻟ ةردﺎﺒﻣ ﻦﻳﴩﻋ ﻦﻣ بﺮﻘﻳ ﺎﻣ ﺪﻌﺑ ﻚﻟذ ءﺎﺟو» ﻦﻈﻧ ﻴﻓ وأ هﺮﻜﻧ ﻴﻓ ﻰﺘﺣ ﺔﻴﻟوﺆﺴﳌا ﰲ ﺔﻛاﴩﻟا ﻰﻨﻌ ،ذﺎﻘﻧﻹاو ﺔﻛاﴩﻟا ةردﺎﺒﻣ ﻤﻠﺴﳌا ناﻮﺧﻹا ﺔﻋ ﺟ ة ﺴﻣ ذﺎﻘﻧإو ،ﺔﻣﺎﻋ ﺔﺤﻠﺼﻣ ﻞﻴﺒﺳ ﰲ ةﴎﺎﺧ ﺔﻛاﴍ ﺎﻬﻧأ .«2015(ﺮﻳاﱪﻓ) طﺎﺒﺷ ﺬﻨﻣ ة ﺒﻛ ةرﻮﺼﺑ ﻒﺸﻜﺗ يﺬﻟا ﻢﻫاﺪﻟا ﺮﻄﺨﻟا ﻦﻣ ﺔﻴﻣﻮﻘﻟاو ﺔﻴﻟاﱪﻴﻠﻟاو ﺔﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹاو ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا برﺎﺠﺘﻟا نإ:لﻮﻗأ ؟ﻊﻓاﺪﻟا ﺎﻣ نﻵا» ﻞﻛ ﺪﻌﺑ ،ﺔﺴﻴﺋﺮﻟا ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا باﺰﺣﻷا ﺮﻤﻋ ﻲﻫ ،ﺎًﺒﻳﺮﻘﺗ ﺔﻨﺳ ﻌﺒﺳ لﻼﺧ ﺔﻳرﺎﺴﻴﻟاو ،ﺔﻟود تﺄﺸﻧأو ﻢﻜﺤﻟا ةﺪﺳ ﱃإ باﺰﺣﻷا ﻚﻠﺗ ﺖﻠﺻو ﺔﻠﻳﻮﻄﻟا تاﻮﻨﺴﻟا هﺬﻫ هﺬﻫ ﻞﻛ ﻦﻜﻟ ،نﻮﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹاو نﻮﻳرﺎﺴﻴﻟا ﻚﻟﺬﻛو ،ﺔﻟود ءﺎﺸﻧإ اﻮﻋﺎﻄﺘﺳا نﻮﻴﻣﻮﻘﻟﺎﻓ نأ ﺚﺒﻠﺗ ﻻو ،ﺔﻗﺮﻄﳌا ﺖﺤﺗ ﺖﻴﻘﺑ ﺔﻴﺟﻮﻟﻮﻳﺪﻳإ باﺰﺣأ ﻦﻋ ﺖﻤﺠﻧ ﻲﺘﻟا لوﺪﻟا .«ﺔﻴﺸﻣﺎﻫ ﺢﺒﺼﺗ وأ ،ﺮﻣّ ﺪﺗ وأ لوﺰﺗ وأ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ بﻼﻘﻧﻻا ﻢﺘﻳ ﻚﻟﺬﻛ تﺬﺨﺗا ﻦﻜﻟ ،ﺎﻴﺟﻮﻟﻮﻳﺪﻳإ ﺖﺴﻴﻟ ﺎﻬﻧأ ﻊﻣ ﺎﻴﺟﻮﻟﻮﻳﺪﻳإ ﺖﺤﺒﺻأ ﺔﻴﻣﻮﻘﻟا» مﻼﺳﻺﻟ ﳼﺎﻴﺴﻟا ﺴﻔﺘﻟاو ،ﺎﻴﺟﻮﻟﻮﻳﺪﻳإ ﺔﻴﻋﻮﻴﺸﻟاو ،ﻦﻳﺪﻟا ﻞﺑﺎﻘﻣ ﻰﺘﺣ ﺢﺒﺼﺗ دﺎﻬﺘﺟﻻا ﻞﺒﻘﺗ ﻻ ﺔﻌﻃﺎﻗ تا ﺴﻔﺘﺑ ﻢﻜﺤﺗ ﺎﻣﺪﻨﻋ باﺰﺣﻷﺎﻓ ،ﺎﻴﺟﻮﻟﻮﻳﺪﻳإ نﺈﻓ ،ىﺮﺧأ ﺔﻬﺟ ﻦﻣو ،ﺔﻬﺟ ﻦﻣ اﺬﻫ ،ةدوﺪﺤﻣ يﴩﺒﻟا ﺮﻳﻮﻄﺘﻠﻟ ﺔﻛوﱰﳌا ﺶﻣاﻮﻬﻟا ،ﻞﻤﻌﻟا اﺬﻫ ﻦﻋ ىﱪﻜﻟا ﺔﻴﺒﻠﻏﻷا لﺰﻌﻳ ﻲﻨﻃو ﳼﺎﻴﺳ نﻮﻟ يأ ﰲ ﻊﻗﺎﻔﻟا نﻮﻠﻟا ،ﻊﻤﺘﺠﳌا ﺔﻴﺒﻠﻏأ نﻮﻠﻜﺸﻳ ﻻ نﻮﻴﻣﻮﻘﻟﺎﻓ ،ه ﻏ وأ ﺎﻴﻣﻮﻗ وأ ﺎﻴﻣﻼﺳإ نﺎﻛأ ءاﻮﺳ .«اﺬﻜﻫو نﻮﻳرﺎﺴﻴﻟاو نﻮﻴﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟا نﻮﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹٍ ا ﻚﻟﺬﻛو دﻼﺒﻟاو ﻖﻃﺎﻨﳌا ﺾﻌﺑ ﰲ ﻲﻣﻼﺳﻹا ﻞﻣﺎﻌﻠﻟ ﱪﻛأ لﻮﺒﻗ كﺎﻨﻫ نﺎﻛ نإ ﻰﺘﺣو» ﺔﻤﻈﻧﻷا ﺖﺴﻴﻠﻓ ،نﻮﻠﺸﻔﻳ ﺔﻟوﺪﻟا ةرادإ نﻮﻟﻮﺘﻳ ﻨﻴﺣ ﻦﻜﻟ ،ﻼً ﺜﻣ ﴫﻤﻛ ،ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﺪﺿ ﺔﻤﻈﻧﻷا ﻊﻣ نﻮﻔﻟﺎﺤﺘﻳ نﻮﻴﺳﺎﻴﺳ مﻮﺼﺧ كﺎﻨﻫ ﻞﺑ ،ﻢﻬﺘﻟازأ ﻲﺘﻟا ﺎﻫﺪﺣو ﻲﻫ ﻲﻤﻠﺴﻟا لواﺪﺘﻟﺎﺑ ﻦﻣﺆﺗ ﻻ ﺎﻬﻤﻈﻌﻣ ﰲ باﺰﺣﻷا نأ ﻰﻨﻌ ،ﻢﻜﺤﻟا ﱃإ ﻞﺼﻳ ﻦﻣ هﺬﻫ نأ ﺪﻘﺘﻌﻧو ،ﻂﻘﻓ ﺎﻬﺴﻔﻨﻟ ﺔﻧﺎﺼﺤﻟا ىﺮﺗو ،ﺔﻴﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟا ﺔﻳدﺪﻌﺘﻟاو ﺔﻄﻠﺴﻠﻟ ﻦﺤﻧ ﻢﻬﻴﻓ ﻦ ، ﻴﺑﺰﺤﻟا ﻊﻴﻤﺠﻟ ﺔﻴﻓﺎﻛ ﻲﻫو ﺔﻨﺳ نﻮﻌﺒﺳ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﴣﻣ ﺔﻟﺎﺤﻟا ،ﻪﻟ ةﺪﻳﺪﺟ ﺔﻘﻳﺮﻃ دﺎﺠﻳإو ، ﺰﺤﻟا ﻞﻤﻌﻟا اﺬﻫ ﰲ ﺮﻈﻨﻟا ﺪﻴﻌﻧ ﻟ ، ﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹا نأ ﺐﺠﻳ ﻦﻜﻟ ، ﺎﺴﻧﻹاو ﻲﻣﻼﺳﻹا ﻖﻤﻌﻠﻟ ﻻو ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﺔﻣﻷا ﺎﻳﺎﻀﻘﻟ ﺮﻜﻨﺘﻟا نود نﻮﻜﺗ ﻻ نأ ﺐﺠﻳ يﺬﻟا ،رﻮﻄﺘﳌا يرادﻹا ﻲﻣﻮﻴﻟا ﻞﻤﻌﻟﺎﺑ ﺎﻴﺟﻮﻟﻮﻳﺪﻳﻹا ﻢﻜﺤﺘﺗ ﻻ ﻦﻋ خﻼﺴﻧﻻا ﻻو ،مﻼﺳﻹا ﻦﻋ خﻼﺴﻧﻻا ﻲﻨﻌﻳ ﻻ اﺬﻫو ،ﺺﻨﻠﻟ ﺔﻌﺿﺎﺧ ﻪﺗﻼﻴﺼﻔﺗ .«ﺔﻣﺎﻌﻟا ﺎﻫﺎﻳﺎﻀﻗو ﺔﻴﻧﺎﺴﻧﻹا برﺎﺠﺘﻟا ﻊﻣ ﻲﻃﺎﻌﺘﻟا وأ ﺎﻬﻟ ء ﺘﻧﻻاو ﺔﺑوﺮﻌﻟا ﺐﺣ 137 ﳼﺎﻴﺴﻟا مﻼﺳﻹا ﺪﻌﺑ ﺎﻣ باﺰﺣأ ﻪﺘﻄﺧو ﻲﻣﻮﻴﻟا بﺰﺤﻟا ﺞﻣﺎﻧﱪﺑ ﻢﻜﺤﺘﺗ ﻻ ىﺮﺧأ ةﺮﻜﻓ يأ مﱰﺤﻳ بﺰﺤﻟا اﺬﻫ» ﻦﻣ عﻮﻨﻟا اﺬﻫ نأ ﻦﻈﻧ ،ﺪﺣﻷ ﺎﻔً ﻛﺎﻨﻣ وأ ﺪﺣأ ﻦﻋ ﻼً ﻳﺪﺑ ﺲﻴﻟو ،ﻦﻃﻮﻟا ﻞﺧاد ﻦﻣ ﻦﻜﻟ ةﺪﺣﻮﻠﻟ تﻻوﺎﺤﻣ كﺎﻨﻫ ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ،ﻪﻨﻣ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﺧ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﺔﺣﺎﺴﻟا لاﺰﺗ ﺎﻣ ﻞﻤﻌﻟا ﻖﻴﺴﻨﺗ ﺔﻨﺠﻟ ﰲ ﻪﺣﺮﻃ ﻖﺒﺳ ﺎﻣ وأ ،ﻲﻣﻼﺳٍإ ﻲﻣﻮﻗ ﺮ ﺆﻣ ﻞﻴﻜﺸﺗ ﻰﻨﻌ ،ﲆﻋأ ﻒﻄﻌﻨﻣ لوأ ﻊﻣو ،ﺢﺠﻨﺗ ﺎﻬﻨﻜﻟ ﺎﻬﺴﻔﻧ باﺰﺣﻷا ﻞﺧاد تأﺪﺑ ،ﺔﺿرﺎﻌﳌا باﺰﺣﻷا ﻲﻣﻼﺳﻹا ﻞﻤﻌﻟا ﺔﻬﺒﺟ وأ ناﻮﺧﻹا ﻦﻣ ﺐﻠﻄﻧ نأ دﻮﺼﻘﳌا ﺲﻴﻟو.ﺖﻠﺸﻓ ﺔﻳرﻮﺳ ﰲ دﻮﺼﻘﳌا ،ﺎًﺑﺰﺣ ﻞﻜﺸﻧ نأ ﺔﻴﺒﻌﺸﻟا ةﺪﺣﻮﻟا ﻦﻣ وأ اﱰﺷﻻا ﺮﻌﻟا ﺚﻌﺒﻟا بﺰﺣ وأ ﻞﻤﻌﻟا نﺄﺑ ،ﺎﻬﻟﺎﻜﺷأ ﻒﻠﺘﺨ باﺰﺣﻷا هﺬﻫ ﰲ ﻠﻋﺎﻔﻟا ﻦﻣ ﺔﻋﺎﻨﻗ ﱃإ ﻞﺻﻮﺘﻧ نأ ﻊﻀﻧ ﺔﻛﱰﺸﻣ ةرﻮﺻ ﻦﻋ ﺚﺤﺒﻟا ﰲ نوﺎﻌﺘﻟا ﻦﻜ و ،ﺪٍ ﺠﻣ ﻏ ﺪﺣاو نﻮﻠﺑ ﺰﺤﻟا ﻏ ﻢﻫ ﻦﻳﺬﻟا ،ﺔﻳ ﻛﻷا ﻢﻫو سﺎﻨﻟا ﺔﻴﻘﺑ ﱃإ ﺔﻓﺎﺿﻹﺎﺑ ،ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺔﻀﻳﺮﻌﻟا طﻮﻄﺨﻟا (1) .«ﺔﻴﺑﺰﺤﻟا سراﺪﳌا ﰲ ﻃﺮﺨﻨﻣ , ¯ , , ¯ ¯ ¯ ï ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯,, ¯, , ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ,¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ , ¯:, 1 2016 11 8, ﻊﻤﺘﺠﳌاو ﺔﻟوﺪﻟاو ﻦﻳﺪﻟا:ندرﻷا ﰲ نﻮﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹا ¯ ¯ 1 ¯ 138 ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ − ï ¯¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ 2 , ¯ ¯; 2018 1 2,,, 1 2−1, ,2017,, 2 139 ﳼﺎﻴﺴﻟا مﻼﺳﻹا ﺪﻌﺑ ﺎﻣ باﺰﺣأ ¯ − , ¯ −, 1 ¯ , ¯, ¯ ¯ ¯, ï ï ¯ ,, ¯, ¯ 2 , ï , ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ,¯ ¯ ¯ ¯, ¯ ï ï ï ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯, ¯ ¯ ,¯ ¯ ¯ ¯, ï ¯ ï ¯ ¯ ,¯ 3, 5−3, ¯ 1 ¯ 2 ﻊﻤﺘﺠﳌاو ﺔﻟوﺪﻟاو ﻦﻳﺪﻟا:ندرﻷا ﰲ نﻮﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹا 140 2021 , ¯ ¯ ¯ ,, − 1 ¯ , ¯ ? 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¯ ¯ ? ¯ ¯ , ï ¯ ¯ ¯¯ ¯ ¯? ¯, ,¯ ¯ ¯, ¯ ¯ − ¯ ¯ : = − , ¯ ¯ Mohammad Aburumman, The Mysteries of the Sufi Path: The Sufi community in Jordan and it’s Zaweyas, Hadras and Orders,(Amman, Friedrich Ebert, 2021), p65-85. 50−5 : , 2011 , ,: ¯ ¯,, 155 « ﺮﻌﻟا ﻊﻴﺑﺮﻟا ﺪﻌﺑ ﺎﻣ» تﺎﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﻊﻣ ﻒّﻴﻜﺘﻟا:ﺔﻳﺪﻴﻠﻘﺘﻟا ﺔﻴﻔﻠﺴﻟا , , ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯¯ ¯ ¯ , ¯, ﺔ﮵+ﻌﻤﺘﺤ﮳ ﻤﻟاو ﺔ﮵+ﺳﺎ﮵+ﺴﻟا تﺎ Ѡǀ ﺎ﮵+ﺴﻟا..˥Ѣ ƿі ﻠﺴﻟا دﻮﻌﺼﻟا ¯ , ¯ ¯ , ï ¯¯ ¯ ¯¯ ¯ ¯, ¯ ¯,, ¯, ¯ 1921, ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯, ¯ ,1952 ¯ ¯ ,1946 ï ¯ ¯, ¯, ¯, ï ¯ ¯ 1980 ¯ ¯ ¯, ﻊﻤﺘﺠﳌاو ﺔﻟوﺪﻟاو ﻦﻳﺪﻟا:ندرﻷا ﰲ نﻮﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹا ¯ ¯ 156 ¯, ¯,, 1 ¯ 2 ¯ (1) Mohammad Aburumman, The Mysteries of the Suϐi Path, op.cit, p 85-113 Quintan Wiktorowicz, The Management of Islamic Activism: Salafis, the Muslim Brotherhood, and State Power in Jordan, Suny Series in Middle Eastern Studies,(New York: State University of New York Press, 2000), P.120. , ¯ 2 , ¯ ï¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯, ; ¯¯ ¯ ; ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯, ¯ ¯, ¯ ¯: ¯, ¯ 1, ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯; ;¯ ¯ , ¯ ¯ , ¯:¯ ¯ 2020, 157 « ﺮﻌﻟا ﻊﻴﺑﺮﻟا ﺪﻌﺑ ﺎﻣ» تﺎﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﻊﻣ ﻒّﻴﻜﺘﻟا:ﺔﻳﺪﻴﻠﻘﺘﻟا ﺔﻴﻔﻠﺴﻟا ¯ ¯ ,¯ , ï ,¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ , ¯ 1 ¯ , ¯ ,¯ , 2001 ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯, ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯¯, ¯ ¯, ¯ ¯ ¯ , ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ,¯ ¯ ¯, , ¯ , ¯ ,¯; ¯, 1 Joas Wagemakers , Salafism in Jordan: Political Islam in a Quietist Community,(Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2016), p 14. ﻊﻤﺘﺠﳌاو ﺔﻟوﺪﻟاو ﻦﻳﺪﻟا:ندرﻷا ﰲ نﻮﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹا 158 ; ¯, , ï ¯ 1 , ¯ ¯ , 2001 ¯ ,¯ ¯, , ¯ ¯ ¯ , ¯ ¯ ,¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ 2 ¯ ¯, ¯ , , ¯ ¯, ¯ ¯ ¯ , , ¯ ¯ ¯, ¯, ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯,: ¯,:¯ 1 2016, 2017, ,¯ 1, ¯ ï ¯ :¯ 2 Henry Mintzberg, Organization Design: Fashion or Fit?,(Jan 1981), https://shortest.link/dLLm 159 « ﺮﻌﻟا ﻊﻴﺑﺮﻟا ﺪﻌﺑ ﺎﻣ» تﺎﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﻊﻣ ﻒّﻴﻜﺘﻟا:ﺔﻳﺪﻴﻠﻘﺘﻟا ﺔﻴﻔﻠﺴﻟا 1 , ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ 5 , ¯ ¯ ï 2 , 3 ï ¯ 4 , ¯ ¯ , ¯, ¯¯ ¯ ¯ , , ï ¯ ¯ ,¯ , , ¯ , ¯: ¯,:¯ 1 2010,, ,1, ¯, ,2013 11,,,:¯ 2 : ¯ https://shortest.link/er3B ¯, ¯: ,¯:¯ 3 2012, ¯, 1, ¯ ¯: ,¯:¯ 4 ,¯ ¯ ,¯ 1, ¯ ¯, 98, 2022 ¯: ¯,:¯, ¯ 5 ,, 1, ¯ ¯ ¯ 2014 ﻊﻤﺘﺠﳌاو ﺔﻟوﺪﻟاو ﻦﻳﺪﻟا:ندرﻷا ﰲ نﻮﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹا 160 , , 1 ¯ ¯ , , ¯ , ¯ , 2 ¯, ¯, ,, ¯¯ ¯ ï, ¯ ¯ ,¯ ¯:; ¯ ¯ ¯¯ : ,¯ :, ¯ ¯ ,¯ :¯ :, ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯, ï ,:, ¯ ¯, ¯ ¯ ¯, ¯ ¯, 1,: ,ï:¯ 1 2020,, 1, ¯: ,¯:¯ 2 52−29, 2014, ¯, 161 « ﺮﻌﻟا ﻊﻴﺑﺮﻟا ﺪﻌﺑ ﺎﻣ» تﺎﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﻊﻣ ﻒّﻴﻜﺘﻟا:ﺔﻳﺪﻴﻠﻘﺘﻟا ﺔﻴﻔﻠﺴﻟا , , ¯ , ¯ ,, ¯ ﺔﺳﺎ﮵+ﺴﻟا ﻊﻣ ي Ėǀі ﺎﻨ S بﺎﻄﺤ﮲ ﻟ ﺲ﮵+ﺳﺄ﮴ 4:˦Ѣ ﮲ 5 ﺎ﮳+ﻟﻷا ﺔﺳرﺪﻣ ¯ 1 , ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ï , ,¯ ¯ ï ,¯ ,¯ ,¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ 1 ¯, ¯ ¯, ¯ ¯ ,¯, , ¯ ¯, , ¯ ¯ ¯ ,¯ ï, ¯ ,¯ , ¯ ¯, ¯:, ¯ ,2009, ,2007, ¯ ¯ ¯ ,¯ ¯ ¯, ¯ ¯ ¯, ¯ ¯ ¯ ,2012, , ﻊﻤﺘﺠﳌاو ﺔﻟوﺪﻟاو ﻦﻳﺪﻟا:ندرﻷا ﰲ نﻮﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹا 162 , ï ï , , , ï ¯ ï ¯, ï¯ ¯,, ¯ ¯ ,1980 ¯ ï ¯, ,ï , ¯ ¯ ¯, ¯ ¯ 1 ,ï ¯ ¯ ,1982 ¯, ¯ ¯ ¯ ï ï 500 ¯ ¯ , 2 ï ¯ , −101 , , 1981, , :1975 6 11: ,2, , ¯ ¯, ¯ , ¯ ,¯ ¯ ,¯, ¯ ,¯ ¯, ï ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ 1 , ¯ 104 ¯ 2 , ,¯ , , ï , 163 « ﺮﻌﻟا ﻊﻴﺑﺮﻟا ﺪﻌﺑ ﺎﻣ» تﺎﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﻊﻣ ﻒّﻴﻜﺘﻟا:ﺔﻳﺪﻴﻠﻘﺘﻟا ﺔﻴﻔﻠﺴﻟا ¯ ¯, ¯, ¯,, , ¯ ,, ,¯ , , , ¯ , ¯¯, ¯ ï ¯ ¯ ¯, ¯, ¯ ¯, , ï, ¯ ¯ ï ï¯ ¯ 1 ¯ , ¯ ,¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ 349,,:¯ 1 ﻊﻤﺘﺠﳌاو ﺔﻟوﺪﻟاو ﻦﻳﺪﻟا:ندرﻷا ﰲ نﻮﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹا ¯ ¯ ¯ 1 ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ,ï , , ¯, ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯, ¯ 2 ¯ , ¯ , ¯¯ ¯, ï ¯ ¯ , ,¯ 164 ,¯ ¯ ï ¯ , ¯ ¯¯ , ¯ , ¯ ¯: ¯ , , 1, ¯: :¯, https://tinyurl.com/569vkch5 ¯, ¯:¯ 1 :¯ ¯, 79, 2014, ¯,:¯ 2 ¯, ¯ ¯, 165 « ﺮﻌﻟا ﻊﻴﺑﺮﻟا ﺪﻌﺑ ﺎﻣ» تﺎﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﻊﻣ ﻒّﻴﻜﺘﻟا:ﺔﻳﺪﻴﻠﻘﺘﻟا ﺔﻴﻔﻠﺴﻟا , ¯:¯, 1 ¯ ,¯ ,¯ ï, ¯, ¯ ¯ ¯, ¯,, ¯, ¯, ,¯ ¯ ¯ , ¯¯ ï ¯ ¯ 2 ¯ ¯ ¯, ¯ , ¯, ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯, ,¯ ,, ,¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ 347 ¯, ,, : ¯: :¯ 1 ,¯:¯ 2 , 105, ﻊﻤﺘﺠﳌاو ﺔﻟوﺪﻟاو ﻦﻳﺪﻟا:ندرﻷا ﰲ نﻮﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹا , ¯ ï ¯ ¯ , 1 , ¯, ¯ , ¯ ¯ , ¯¯, ¯ ¯ 2 , ¯ , ¯ ¯ 166 ¯ ¯ ¯ ï ,ï ¯ 1 ï¯, ¯ ,¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ,, ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯, ¯, ¯, ï, ¯ ¯ ¯¯, :¯ ï ï ¯¯, , 1, ¯:, ¯ 2011, ¯ ¯ ,¯ ¯ ï 2 :¯ ¯ ï ¯¯ ï:ï , ¯ ¯¯: ¯, :¯, ¯ ¯ ¯: ,¯ ¯ 2013,, 1, ¯, 167 « ﺮﻌﻟا ﻊﻴﺑﺮﻟا ﺪﻌﺑ ﺎﻣ» تﺎﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﻊﻣ ﻒّﻴﻜﺘﻟا:ﺔﻳﺪﻴﻠﻘﺘﻟا ﺔﻴﻔﻠﺴﻟا ¯, ,¯ ¯ ¯ ï , , ¯ ¯:, ¯ ¯ : ¯ ¯ , ¯ ¯ ¯ ï , ¯ ï ,, 1 , ï ¯ , 3 ï ¯ ,ï ¯, , ¯ ¯ 2 , ¯ ¯ ,¯ ¯ ¯ ,,:¯ 1 395 1, ¯, ¯,,:¯ 2 71, 1994 ,13,, ,¯ ¯:¯ 3 ,:¯ 2, ï, 100, 2001 ﻊﻤﺘﺠﳌاو ﺔﻟوﺪﻟاو ﻦﻳﺪﻟا:ندرﻷا ﰲ نﻮﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹا 168 ¯ ¯ ¯, ¯ , ¯, ¯ ï ,ï , 1988 ¯ ,ï , ¯ ¯ ï ¯ ¯ 1 , ï 2 ¯ ,, ¯ ¯ ¯ ,1990 2 ¯ ¯ , ¯ ¯ ,¯ ¯ , ¯ ¯ ¯, ,¯ ¯ ¯ ¯, ¯ ¯ ¯ ,¯ ¯ ¯, ; ¯ 1, ¯ ¯ , ¯ ,¯:¯ 1 1988 ,¯, ,:¯ 2 ,¯, 169 ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯, ; ¯ ¯ 1 ,ï ¯ ,1989 ¯ ,¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ « ﺮﻌﻟا ﻊﻴﺑﺮﻟا ﺪﻌﺑ ﺎﻣ» تﺎﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﻊﻣ ﻒّﻴﻜﺘﻟا:ﺔﻳﺪﻴﻠﻘﺘﻟا ﺔﻴﻔﻠﺴﻟا ,¯ ¯ , ,¯ ¯ ¯, ,¯, ¯, , ¯ , , ¯ ¯ , ¯ ¯ ,¯ ,¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯, ¯ ¯ 300 ¯ ¯, ¯ ,¯ ¯ ¯ ¯¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ , ¯ ,¯ ¯, ¯ ¯:¯ 1 ,¯ ¯, ﻊﻤﺘﺠﳌاو ﺔﻟوﺪﻟاو ﻦﻳﺪﻟا:ندرﻷا ﰲ نﻮﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹا 170 ¯ ,¯ , ¯ ¯, ; ¯ ¯ , ¯, ¯, ¯, ¯ ¯ ,1993 , ¯ ¯ ï ¯ ¯ ,¯ ,¯, ¯: ,, ¯ ,¯, , ¯,, ¯¯, ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯, ¯ ¯ ¯,, ¯¯ ,¯ ¯ ¯ ¯, ¯¯ ¯, ¯, ¯ 1 , 2000 ¯ ¯, ¯¯, 1 Wiktorowicz, Op. Cit, p. 139-141. 171 ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯, ¯ ¯ ¯ , , ¯ ¯ ,¯ ¯ « ﺮﻌﻟا ﻊﻴﺑﺮﻟا ﺪﻌﺑ ﺎﻣ» تﺎﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﻊﻣ ﻒّﻴﻜﺘﻟا:ﺔﻳﺪﻴﻠﻘﺘﻟا ﺔﻴﻔﻠﺴﻟا ,, ¯ ¯ ¯ , ¯ ¯ , ,, , ¯, ¯¯, ¯ ,1981 ¯ ,¯ ¯ ¯ ,,, ¯,, :, ¯ ¯ , ,ï 1 ,, ¯¯ ,¯ ¯: ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ 1 ¯ ,¯ ¯ ï, ,,,,, ï ¯ ¯ ,¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ,¯ ¯ ,, =¯ ¯ ,¯ ,1997,,, ﻊﻤﺘﺠﳌاو ﺔﻟوﺪﻟاو ﻦﻳﺪﻟا:ندرﻷا ﰲ نﻮﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹا ; 1 , ¯ ¯, ¯ 172 ï 2 ¯ ¯,= ,, , ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯: ¯ ¯ , ¯ : ¯, : ,¯ ¯: , ¯ ¯ ¯, , , 2005,, 1 ,¯ 2005, ¯ ï ¯ : ,¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ 1 ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ,ï ï ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯, 2016 − 1938 ¯ ¯ 2 ¯ ¯ , ï, ¯ ï ¯, ¯, ,, ¯ = ¯, 1965 173 « ﺮﻌﻟا ﻊﻴﺑﺮﻟا ﺪﻌﺑ ﺎﻣ» تﺎﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﻊﻣ ﻒّﻴﻜﺘﻟا:ﺔﻳﺪﻴﻠﻘﺘﻟا ﺔﻴﻔﻠﺴﻟا ¯, ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯, ¯ ¯ ¯ ,¯ ¯ ¯ , ¯ , ¯ ¯ ¯ ,¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ , , ï ¯ ï ,¯ ï ¯ ¯ ¯, ï ,ï ¯ ¯ ,¯ ï ,¯ ,ï 1 ¯, , ,¯ ¯ https://shortest.link/eRbB , ,, 1973 ¯ :¯, = , :¯ 1 ﻊﻤﺘﺠﳌاو ﺔﻟوﺪﻟاو ﻦﻳﺪﻟا:ندرﻷا ﰲ نﻮﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹا 174 ﺔ﮵ 4 ﺪ﮵+ﻠ ƾѠ Q ﻟا ﺔ﮵+ƾі ﻠﺴﻟا ﺔﺴﺳﺄﻣو ˦Ѣ ﮲ 5 ﺎ﮳+ﻟﻷا ﺰﻛﺮﻣ ï ¯ ,1999 ¯ ¯, ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯, ï ¯ , , ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯, ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯¯¯ ,¯ ¯ ¯, ¯ ¯, , ¯ ï ï ¯ , ï ¯ ¯ ¯ , , ¯ï ¯ , ¯ ¯, , ¯ ¯ , ¯ ï ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯, , ¯ ¯ ï ¯ ¯ 175 , ¯ ¯ ¯,¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ , 2 ,¯ 1 ¯ ï ¯ ï 2001 ¯ , , « ﺮﻌﻟا ﻊﻴﺑﺮﻟا ﺪﻌﺑ ﺎﻣ» تﺎﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﻊﻣ ﻒّﻴﻜﺘﻟا:ﺔﻳﺪﻴﻠﻘﺘﻟا ﺔﻴﻔﻠﺴﻟا ¯ ¯ ¯ , ¯ ,¯ ¯ ,¯ ï ,¯ , , , ¯ ¯ ¯ ,ï ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯, ¯ ¯ ¯ ï ï ,¯, , ¯ , : , Joas Wagemakers, Salafism in Jordan, p 139 . : : ¯ ,2018, https://shortest.link/eeXU ,¯ ,¯ :¯ 1 :¯ 2 ¯ ,? ﻊﻤﺘﺠﳌاو ﺔﻟوﺪﻟاو ﻦﻳﺪﻟا:ندرﻷا ﰲ نﻮﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹا 176 ¯ ,¯ ¯ ,¯ ¯, ¯ ,¯ ï ¯ , ï, ï¯ ¯ ¯ 1 ,¯ ¯ ¯ 2 , ¯ ,¯ − ¯ , , , ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯, , ¯, ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ , 3 , 25,, 2001, ,, ¯, ,¯ ï ¯ , 1421 15, ¯ 15: , ¯ ,¯ ¯ , ¯ ,¯ , ¯, ¯,¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ,¯ ¯ ï, ¯ ,¯ ¯ :¯ 1 ,26 :¯ 2 :¯ 3 1993 ¯ 177 ï ¯ , « ﺮﻌﻟا ﻊﻴﺑﺮﻟا ﺪﻌﺑ ﺎﻣ» تﺎﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﻊﻣ ﻒّﻴﻜﺘﻟا:ﺔﻳﺪﻴﻠﻘﺘﻟا ﺔﻴﻔﻠﺴﻟا ¯ ¯ ¯, , ¯ ï 1 , ,¯ ¯¯¯, ¯ ¯ ¯ ,¯ ¯ ,¯ 2 ¯ 3 , ¯ ¯ ,¯ :¯ 1 Joas Wagemakers , Salafism in Jordan: Political Islam in a Quietist Community Cambridge University Press, September 2016 , p 128. : ,¯ 115, ¯, ¯ ï ,¯ , ¯ 1948 ¯, 1996 , ¯ ï , ¯, 1932 ,¯ , ¯ ¯, ¯ ¯ :¯ 2 ¯ 3 , 1931 , , ﻊﻤﺘﺠﳌاو ﺔﻟوﺪﻟاو ﻦﻳﺪﻟا:ندرﻷا ﰲ نﻮﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹا ¯, ¯¯, , ¯ ¯ 1 , ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ï ï ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ 3 , ¯ ¯ ¯ ,¯ ï 178 ¯ ¯ ¯ , , 2 ¯ :¯, 2005, ¯ ,¯ ,¯ ,,, ¯ ¯ , ,¯ , 1 ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ https://shortest.link/eZ1L ¯ : ¯, : , ¯¯ ¯ ¯ :¯ ¯ , , ¯ ,¯ : ,¯ ,¯:¯ 2 ¯ ¯ 3 : ,¯ ¯ 179 « ﺮﻌﻟا ﻊﻴﺑﺮﻟا ﺪﻌﺑ ﺎﻣ» تﺎﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﻊﻣ ﻒّﻴﻜﺘﻟا:ﺔﻳﺪﻴﻠﻘﺘﻟا ﺔﻴﻔﻠﺴﻟا 2 , ¯ 1 , ¯ ¯ ï ¯, , ¯ − ï ¯ ¯ ,ï ¯ ¯, ¯, ¯, ¯ ¯ ¯ ,,, , ï ï 3 , ¯ ï ¯ , ¯ ¯ ,¯ ï ¯ ¯ ,¯ ¯ ,¯ ,¯ ¯ ¯ 1 ¯ ,¯ ¯:¯ 2 ¯, ,ï, :¯,, https://shortest.link/eZaW ¯:¯ 3 ﻊﻤﺘﺠﳌاو ﺔﻟوﺪﻟاو ﻦﻳﺪﻟا:ندرﻷا ﰲ نﻮﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹا 180 ¯ 1 ,: ¯ 2 ¯ ,¯: ¯ ¯ ,ï ï ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ , 2001 ¯ , ¯ ¯, ¯ ¯, ¯ ¯, ,¯:, ,,, ¯ ,¯ ,ï ¯: ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯, ¯ ¯, ¯ 3 ï ¯ :¯, https://shortest.link/ehVU :¯, ,¯ https://shortest.link/ehWk ,¯ 8, :¯, 22, , ¯, https://shortest.link/ex2P , ,¯ 19, , , 15, :¯ 1 ¯:¯ 2 ¯ 3 29, 16 ¯ :¯ 181 « ﺮﻌﻟا ﻊﻴﺑﺮﻟا ﺪﻌﺑ ﺎﻣ» تﺎﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﻊﻣ ﻒّﻴﻜﺘﻟا:ﺔﻳﺪﻴﻠﻘﺘﻟا ﺔﻴﻔﻠﺴﻟا ¯ ¯ , 1 , ¯ , , ï¯ ¯, ¯ , ¯ ¯¯, ¯ , ¯ ¯ , ¯ ¯, ;¯ ï ¯ , ¯ ¯ ¯ ,ï ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ 2 ï , ¯ ï , ï , ¯ ¯ ¯, ï https://shortest.link/ϐh7z , https://shortest.link/fhbM ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯: : ¯ ,2020 ¯ : :¯ ,¯ ,2016 ¯ 1 :¯ 14, :¯ 2 , ﻊﻤﺘﺠﳌاو ﺔﻟوﺪﻟاو ﻦﻳﺪﻟا:ندرﻷا ﰲ نﻮﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹا 182 ¯ ¯, ,¯ , ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ï ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ , 19 ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ 9 ï ¯ ¯ ,1979 ¯ ¯ ¯ 1 , ¯ , , 2001 , , ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ , ¯ ¯ ,2003 , ¯ ¯ , ¯ ,2005 ¯ , 1, ,¯ ¯ ¯, :¯ 1 2007 183 « ﺮﻌﻟا ﻊﻴﺑﺮﻟا ﺪﻌﺑ ﺎﻣ» تﺎﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﻊﻣ ﻒّﻴﻜﺘﻟا:ﺔﻳﺪﻴﻠﻘﺘﻟا ﺔﻴﻔﻠﺴﻟا ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯, 1 , ¯ ¯, , ¯ ,¯ , ¯ 2 , ¯ ¯ , ï ¯ , 2004 ¯, 3 , ,¯ ¯ , ¯ , ¯ ¯¯ ¯ ¯ , 2005 ¯ ,¯ https://shortest.link/f46x ¯¯, https://shortest.link/f41r ,, 1, ¯¯ ,:¯ 1 :¯, : , 11 9:¯ 2 :¯, :¯ 3 2008 ﻊﻤﺘﺠﳌاو ﺔﻟوﺪﻟاو ﻦﻳﺪﻟا:ندرﻷا ﰲ نﻮﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹا 184 ¯ ¯ ¯ 1 ,¯ ¯, ¯ ¯ ¯, ¯ ; ¯ ¯ 2 ; ¯ ¯ ¯ , ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯¯ 1 ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ï ¯, , ¯, 2003 ¯ ¯, ¯ ¯ ¯, ,:¯ ¯ ¯ :¯, ,? ¯: https://shortest.link/eLuY ¯, ¯ ¯ 2 ¯ ¯ ,¯ 2003 ¯,, ¯ ,2007 ,¯ ¯ ¯¯ ¯ 2009, , 2005 ,¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯, ¯¯ =, 2007 185 ¯ ¯, , ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ , ¯ ¯ ¯ « ﺮﻌﻟا ﻊﻴﺑﺮﻟا ﺪﻌﺑ ﺎﻣ» تﺎﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﻊﻣ ﻒّﻴﻜﺘﻟا:ﺔﻳﺪﻴﻠﻘﺘﻟا ﺔﻴﻔﻠﺴﻟا , ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ 1 , ¯, , ¯ ¯ ï ¯ ¯, ¯, , ¯ ¯, ¯ ¯ ¯ , ¯ ï, ¯ ¯ ¯ , ¯ https://shortest.link/ftSs : ¯ ,¯ ¯: https://shortest.link/eLwr ¯ ¯ ,¯:¯ ¯ :¯, ¯ ,2004= :¯ ,:¯ 1 ,¯ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﳌاو ﺔﻟوﺪﻟاو ﻦﻳﺪﻟا:ندرﻷا ﰲ نﻮﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹا 186 ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯¯ ¯ 1 , 2007 ¯ ,2003 ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ,, ¯ ï ¯ ¯ ¯ 2 ,, 2005 , ¯ ¯¯ ¯ ¯, ï ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯, ¯ ¯ ¯ ,¯ ¯¯ ¯, ¯, ¯ ¯ ,¯ ¯ ¯ ¯¯ ¯ , ¯ ¯ ,¯ ¯ ,? https://shortest.link/enmf ¯, ¯ ,¯ ¯ , :¯ ¯ 1 ¯ ¯ ¯ :¯ 2 ,2007 5 9 187 « ﺮﻌﻟا ﻊﻴﺑﺮﻟا ﺪﻌﺑ ﺎﻣ» تﺎﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﻊﻣ ﻒّﻴﻜﺘﻟا:ﺔﻳﺪﻴﻠﻘﺘﻟا ﺔﻴﻔﻠﺴﻟا ,¯ ¯ ¯ , ¯ ¯ 1 ,¯ ï ¯ ¯, , ¯, , , ,¯ ¯ ,¯ ¯ , ¯ ¯ ; , ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯, , ¯ , ¯¯ ¯ , ¯ ,¯,, , , ¯ ,¯ ¯ ,, ,¯ ¯ ¯ : ,¯ ¯ ¯ ¯, ¯, ¯ 1 ,¯ , ,¯ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﳌاو ﺔﻟوﺪﻟاو ﻦﻳﺪﻟا:ندرﻷا ﰲ نﻮﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹا 188 ¯ ,¯ ¯ ¯ , ,2011 ¯ ¯ ,2011 ¯ ¯ ,¯ ¯ ¯ ,¯ , , , , ¯ 1 ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ 2001 ,2010 ,¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯, ¯, 2 , ¯ ¯ ,¯ ¯ ¯¯:¯ 1 https://shortest.link/enBu ,¯ ¯ 2 ¯, ¯ ,¯ ¯ ,¯, ¯ ¯,:¯ ¯ ¯ 2008 ,11 ,¯ ¯ ,2003 16 ,¯ ¯ ¯ ,¯ 1, 2004 − 1971 ¯ ¯,:¯ ¯ ¯ 388−381, 2009, ¯ ¯, ,¯ 2003 ,¯ ¯ ï 2011 189 « ﺮﻌﻟا ﻊﻴﺑﺮﻟا ﺪﻌﺑ ﺎﻣ» تﺎﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﻊﻣ ﻒّﻴﻜﺘﻟا:ﺔﻳﺪﻴﻠﻘﺘﻟا ﺔﻴﻔﻠﺴﻟا ï¯, ¯ , ,¯, ¯ ¯ ¯,, ¯ ¯ , ¯ ¯, : ¯ ,¯ ¯ ¯,, ¯, ,¯ ¯ ¯, ¯ , ¯ ¯, ¯ 2011 ¯ ¯ ¯, ¯ ¯ ¯, , ¯ ¯ ,2010 ¯ ¯, «˦Ѣ ﮳ 5Ė ﻌﻟا ﻊ﮵.﮳ 4Ė ﻟا ﺪﻌ﮳ 4 ﺎﻣ» تﺎﺳﺎ﮵+ﺳو تﻻﻮﺤ﮴ 4 ¯ ¯¯ ¯; 2011 ¯ ¯ ¯ 1 ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ = ¯ ¯ ¯¯ 1 ¯ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﳌاو ﺔﻟوﺪﻟاو ﻦﻳﺪﻟا:ندرﻷا ﰲ نﻮﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹا ¯ ¯, ¯ , ¯ ¯ ï ,¯ ¯, ¯, ¯, ¯, 190 ¯ ¯ , ¯ ,¯ , ¯, ¯ , 1 , ¯ ¯ ,¯= ¯ ¯ ,, , ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ï ¯, ¯ ¯ ï, ¯ ¯ ,ï ,¯ ¯,:¯ : ¯ ,¯ ¯ ,2012 https://shortest.link/fcli ,¯ ¯: ¯ 1 , 2011,, 1, ¯ ¯ ,¯ ¯ , 1, ¯ 2011, 191 , ,¯ , ¯ ¯¯ ¯ ¯ ï ¯ , , 1 , , 15 ¯, ¯ « ﺮﻌﻟا ﻊﻴﺑﺮﻟا ﺪﻌﺑ ﺎﻣ» تﺎﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﻊﻣ ﻒّﻴﻜﺘﻟا:ﺔﻳﺪﻴﻠﻘﺘﻟا ﺔﻴﻔﻠﺴﻟا , ¯ ¯, ¯ ¯ ï ¯ , ¯ ¯ ,¯ ¯ 2011 2 2 ,2011 , ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ , ¯ , 1, :¯ ,, ,¯ :¯, https://shortest.link/fcfe ¯ ¯, : ¯ 47−44, 2013, ¯, , ¯ ¯ ¯ ,¯ :¯ 1 ¯ :¯ 2 , 2011 ﻊﻤﺘﺠﳌاو ﺔﻟوﺪﻟاو ﻦﻳﺪﻟا:ندرﻷا ﰲ نﻮﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹا 192 ï, ¯ ¯, ¯, ¯ ¯ ¯ ,2011 ¯ , ¯ 1 , ¯ ,¯ ¯ ¯, ¯ ,¯ ¯ ¯ ,¯ ¯, ,¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ 2 ¯ ,¯ ¯ , ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯,, ¯¯ ¯ , ¯ ï, ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯::¯ 1 :¯, ¯, https://shortest.link/fdAA :¯, ¯ 2 ,¯ ¯:¯ ¯, 2013, ¯ ¯, 1 193 « ﺮﻌﻟا ﻊﻴﺑﺮﻟا ﺪﻌﺑ ﺎﻣ» تﺎﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﻊﻣ ﻒّﻴﻜﺘﻟا:ﺔﻳﺪﻴﻠﻘﺘﻟا ﺔﻴﻔﻠﺴﻟا ¯ ¯ ¯,, ,¯ , ¯,, ï¯, ,¯ ¯ ¯ 2011 ¯, ,2011 ¯ ¯ ¯ ,¯, ¯, ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯, ¯ ¯ ï ¯ ¯, ¯ ¯ , ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ , ¯, ¯, ¯, ¯,,,, 112;2012 − 2011 ¯ ¯ ¯ 596 ,¯ ¯ 2012 ¯, ¯ , ¯ ,¯ ¯ 2012 ¯ ¯, ¯ ¯ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﳌاو ﺔﻟوﺪﻟاو ﻦﻳﺪﻟا:ندرﻷا ﰲ نﻮﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹا 194 ¯ ,¯ 1 , ¯ ¯ ¯ ,2011 , ,¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ,¯ , ¯ ¯ ¯, ,¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯, ¯ ¯, ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ,, ¯ ¯, ¯, , ¯ ¯ ¯ , ,¯ 17, https://shortest.link/fdQB , ¯:¯ 1 ,: ¯, : ¯ ,2022 195 , ¯ ï, ¯ ,¯ ¯ , ¯ ,¯ ¯ 100 « ﺮﻌﻟا ﻊﻴﺑﺮﻟا ﺪﻌﺑ ﺎﻣ» تﺎﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﻊﻣ ﻒّﻴﻜﺘﻟا:ﺔﻳﺪﻴﻠﻘﺘﻟا ﺔﻴﻔﻠﺴﻟا ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ , ¯¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ,¯ ¯ ,¯ ¯, ¯ ¯ ¯ ,¯ ¯, ¯ ¯ 1 ¯ , ï ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯¯ ¯ ¯, , ¯ ¯ :, ,2013 ¯ ¯ , , https://shortest.link/fej3 : ¯ ,2014 100:¯ 1 13, ¯ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﳌاو ﺔﻟوﺪﻟاو ﻦﻳﺪﻟا:ندرﻷا ﰲ نﻮﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹا 196 ï ¯ ,ï ¯ ,¯ ¯ ¯ ,¯ ¯ ¯ ¯, ¯, ¯, ,2010, ¯ ¯ ¯, ¯ , ¯ ,2010 ¯, ¯ ¯¯ ,, ¯ , ¯, ¯ ¯ ,¯ ¯,, ¯ ¯ ,¯ , ¯, , ,¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ , ¯ , ¯ ¯, , ,2013 , ¯ 197 « ﺮﻌﻟا ﻊﻴﺑﺮﻟا ﺪﻌﺑ ﺎﻣ» تﺎﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﻊﻣ ﻒّﻴﻜﺘﻟا:ﺔﻳﺪﻴﻠﻘﺘﻟا ﺔﻴﻔﻠﺴﻟا , ¯ ¯ ,¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ 1 ,¯ ¯ ; ¯ ï ¯ − ¯ ¯ ¯ , ,, ¯, ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯, ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯¯ ï ¯ ¯ , ¯ ¯ ¯ ,¯ , ,¯ ¯ ,¯ , ,¯ ¯: ¯, ¯ ¯ , 2012 ¯ ,¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ 2 ,ï ¯ ,¯ ¯¯, ,¯ https://shortest.link/ffaM 2017 ,? ¯ , :¯, :¯ 1 :¯ 2 ﻊﻤﺘﺠﳌاو ﺔﻟوﺪﻟاو ﻦﻳﺪﻟا:ندرﻷا ﰲ نﻮﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹا 198 ¯ , , 2008 2018 ,¯ ¯ ¯ ¯, , ¯ ¯ ¯ , − ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯, ¯ ¯ ï ¯¯, ¯ ¯ ¯ ,¯ ¯ ¯¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ,2016 27 25 ¯ ¯ ¯ ï ,¯ ¯ ¯ ,¯ 1 , ¯ ,¯ ¯ ¯, ¯ 1 ¯ ¯, ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ , ¯, ¯ ¯ , 2014 ¯ , ï ¯ ¯ ¯ ,¯ ¯ ï , ¯¯ , ¯ ,¯ ï, ¯, ¯ ¯ ¯ , 199 « ﺮﻌﻟا ﻊﻴﺑﺮﻟا ﺪﻌﺑ ﺎﻣ» تﺎﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﻊﻣ ﻒّﻴﻜﺘﻟا:ﺔﻳﺪﻴﻠﻘﺘﻟا ﺔﻴﻔﻠﺴﻟا ¯,? , ¯ ¯ ¯ ,¯ ¯¯ ¯ ¯ ï ¯¯ ¯ 1 ,¯ ¯ ¯ ï, , ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ , ¯¯ ¯ ¯, ,¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ , ¯ ,¯ ¯ ï 2 ¯ , ¯ , ¯ ¯ ,2016 12, ¯ , ¯ ¯ ,2016 ¯ ¯? , ¯ https://shortest.link/fkKo , ¯ https://shortest.link/eF70 ¯ :¯ , ¯:¯ 1 , ¯ :¯ 21 ¯,:¯ 2 , 2016 20 ,21 ¯ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﳌاو ﺔﻟوﺪﻟاو ﻦﻳﺪﻟا:ندرﻷا ﰲ نﻮﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹا 200 ¯ ï ,¯ ¯ , , ¯ ,¯ ¯, , ¯ ï , 2015 ¯ ,2017 ¯ ¯ 27 ¯ , ï 1727 ¯ ¯¯ ï , ,, 1 ¯ ¯ « , ï ¯ ¯ ï ¯ ¯ 2 , ,2022 ¯ ¯ 22 ¯ ,¯ ¯ ¯ ,¯ ¯ 13,¯ ¯, https://shortest.link/eFoS , https://shortest.link/fnk5 :¯ ¯:¯ 1 : ¯ ,2016 , : ¯ ,2022 ¯ :¯ 2 11, 201 « ﺮﻌﻟا ﻊﻴﺑﺮﻟا ﺪﻌﺑ ﺎﻣ» تﺎﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﻊﻣ ﻒّﻴﻜﺘﻟا:ﺔﻳﺪﻴﻠﻘﺘﻟا ﺔﻴﻔﻠﺴﻟا ï ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯, ¯ ¯¯ , ï ,ï , ¯ − 1744 1727 , ¯ ¯ , ,1744 1 , ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ,¯ ï , ¯ ï ,¯ , ¯ ¯ ¯ ,¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ,2014 ¯, https://shortest.link/eFJf : ¯ ,2022 ¯ ,¯:¯ 1 23, ﻊﻤﺘﺠﳌاو ﺔﻟوﺪﻟاو ﻦﻳﺪﻟا:ندرﻷا ﰲ نﻮﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹا 1 , − ¯ ,2014, ¯ ¯ :¯ ¯¯ ¯ 2 , ,¯ ¯ ¯, ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ , ,¯ 3 , ¯ ¯, ¯, ¯ ¯ ,, ¯ 202 , 2016 ,¯ , ¯ ¯, ¯ 1 ¯¯, :¯ ,2016, ¯ ¯, 2016 ¯ ,2016 ¯ ,2016 ¯, 2016 ¯ ¯ ,2018 : ¯ ,2016 15, https://tinyurl.com/2k5snwep : , 205−204 , , 2021, ¯,¯ ¯, ¯ ¯ :¯ 2 :¯ 3 , 1 203 « ﺮﻌﻟا ﻊﻴﺑﺮﻟا ﺪﻌﺑ ﺎﻣ» تﺎﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﻊﻣ ﻒّﻴﻜﺘﻟا:ﺔﻳﺪﻴﻠﻘﺘﻟا ﺔﻴﻔﻠﺴﻟا ¯ ¯, ¯¯, 1 ¯ ¯ ¯ , , ¯ , ,2019 ¯ ï ¯, ï , ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯, ¯ ¯ , ¯ , ,2017 ¯ ¯, 25, ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ , , ¯ 3 ,2023 ¯ 1, 1 ,2023 ¯5 ¯ ,2023 ¯ ¯ ,2023 ¯ 9 2022 12, ﻊﻤﺘﺠﳌاو ﺔﻟوﺪﻟاو ﻦﻳﺪﻟا:ندرﻷا ﰲ نﻮﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹا 204 ¯ ï −¯ ¯ − , ï − − ¯, , ¯ ¯ 14 ¯ ¯, ,¯ ¯ 1 ! ¯, ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯, ¯: ¯, ¯, ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯, ¯ , ¯ ,¯ ¯ ï ¯ ,¯ , ¯, ¯¯ ¯ ¯ ,¯, ¯ , ¯ , ï ¯ : 69, 2020, ¯,:¯ 1 ¯, 1, 205 « ﺮﻌﻟا ﻊﻴﺑﺮﻟا ﺪﻌﺑ ﺎﻣ» تﺎﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﻊﻣ ﻒّﻴﻜﺘﻟا:ﺔﻳﺪﻴﻠﻘﺘﻟا ﺔﻴﻔﻠﺴﻟا ¯ ¯, 1 ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯, ¯,, ¯ ,¯ ¯ ¯, 2020 17 ¯ ¯, 1992 13 ¯ ¯ ,, ¯, ¯ ¯, ¯ ¯ ¯ ,19 ¯ ¯ ¯, ¯ ,2017 ¯, ¯ ¯, ¯ ¯ ¯ ˥Ѣ ɮѠǀ ﺮﻟا ءﺎﻀ ƾі ﻟا ﻰﻟإ ةﺮﺤ﮳ ﻬﻟاو ﻒ﮵+ﻜﺘﻟا ¯ ¯ ,¯ ¯ ,¯ ¯ , 13,, 2020 https://shortest.link/fvxW , : ¯ ,2021 :¯ 1 ﻊﻤﺘﺠﳌاو ﺔﻟوﺪﻟاو ﻦﻳﺪﻟا:ندرﻷا ﰲ نﻮﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹا ¯, ï ¯ ,¯ ,¯ , ¯, , ¯ , ¯, ,¯ , , , 206 ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ , ¯ ,¯ , , , ¯, ¯ , , ¯ ¯ ¯ ï ,¯ ¯ , ¯ ¯,, ,,, , ¯ ï 207 ï ¯ « ﺮﻌﻟا ﻊﻴﺑﺮﻟا ﺪﻌﺑ ﺎﻣ» تﺎﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﻊﻣ ﻒّﻴﻜﺘﻟا:ﺔﻳﺪﻴﻠﻘﺘﻟا ﺔﻴﻔﻠﺴﻟا ¯, ¯ 70 ï , ¯, 1 ,¯ ¯ ,¯ ¯ ,¯ 6 ¯ï, ï ï, 27,, ï, ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ , ¯ ¯ ,¯ ¯:, ¯ ¯ ,¯ ¯ ¯, ¯ , ¯ ï ,¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ , ¯ , ¯ ¯ ï¯ ¯ ¯ ¯,, ï ¯ ¯, ï ¯ ¯ ï ¯ ¯ ,ï ï ï 1 ¯ ¯ ,¯ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﳌاو ﺔﻟوﺪﻟاو ﻦﻳﺪﻟا:ندرﻷا ﰲ نﻮﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹا 208 ¯, ¯ ¯ ,¯ ¯ ¯¯ ¯, ¯ , ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯, ¯ ¯ ,¯ ¯ ,, ¯ ¯ ï , ¯ ¯, ï ¯ ,ï ï ¯ ¯ , , , 1 ¯ ¯ ¯¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ï ï ¯ ¯ ¯ 98, 2011, : ¯,:¯ 1 ¯, 1, 209 ¯ , ï ,¯ « ﺮﻌﻟا ﻊﻴﺑﺮﻟا ﺪﻌﺑ ﺎﻣ» تﺎﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﻊﻣ ﻒّﻴﻜﺘﻟا:ﺔﻳﺪﻴﻠﻘﺘﻟا ﺔﻴﻔﻠﺴﻟا , ¯ ¯ ¯, ¯, ¯, ¯ ¯ ¯, ï ¯ ¯ ¯, ï ¯ ¯ ¯ ﻪ﮴ 4 ﺎ Ѡǀ ﺎ﮵+ﺳو لﻮﺤﺘﻟا لﺪﺣ﮳:ﺔﻟوﺪﻟاو ن ʷ ﮵ +ƾі ﻠﺴﻟا , ï ¯ ,1999 ¯ ¯ ï¯ = ¯ ,¯ ,¯ ¯ 1 ¯, ï 1 , ¯ , ¯ ¯ 19 ¯, , 2020 15 ¯¯¯ ¯ , ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ 1 ¯ ï, ï ﻊﻤﺘﺠﳌاو ﺔﻟوﺪﻟاو ﻦﻳﺪﻟا:ندرﻷا ﰲ نﻮﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹا 210 ¯, ¯ ,¯ ¯¯, ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ , ï¯, , ¯ ¯, ¯ ¯, ,2022 ¯ ¯ 2022 ¯ ¯ ¯, ¯ ,1999 ï, ¯ ,ï ï, ï, , ï ¯ ¯ ï , ¯ ,¯ , ¯ ,: ¯ï ï ¯ , ¯ ¯, , ¯ , ¯,, ,¯ ¯, ¯¯ ¯ ,¯ ¯ ï ï ,= ï 211 « ﺮﻌﻟا ﻊﻴﺑﺮﻟا ﺪﻌﺑ ﺎﻣ» تﺎﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﻊﻣ ﻒّﻴﻜﺘﻟا:ﺔﻳﺪﻴﻠﻘﺘﻟا ﺔﻴﻔﻠﺴﻟا ¯ ï ¯ ï , ¯, , ¯ ¯ : ï ï ¯ ,?:¯ , ï ¯ ï 1 ï , ¯ ,2022 , ¯ ¯ ;¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ,¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ , ¯, ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ 2 ¯ , ¯ ¯ ¯ 30 ,21 ¯ ,? https://shortest.link/eJRG ¯ ¯ : ¯ ,2022 :¯ 1 ¯ 2 ﻊﻤﺘﺠﳌاو ﺔﻟوﺪﻟاو ﻦﻳﺪﻟا:ندرﻷا ﰲ نﻮﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹا ï, 212 ¯ , , ,1999 ï ¯ ¯ ¯ 1980 ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ,2010 ¯ ¯ ,2017 2022 ,¯ ï ¯, ¯ ¯ 2001 ¯, ¯ ¯ , 1924 , ¯, ï ¯, ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ , ¯ ¯:, ,¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ,2011 ¯ ¯ , ¯ , ¯ 213 , , 1 ¯ , ¯ ¯ , « ﺮﻌﻟا ﻊﻴﺑﺮﻟا ﺪﻌﺑ ﺎﻣ» تﺎﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﻊﻣ ﻒّﻴﻜﺘﻟا:ﺔﻳﺪﻴﻠﻘﺘﻟا ﺔﻴﻔﻠﺴﻟا , ,¯ ¯ , ¯ , , , , ¯ ,? ¯ ¯ , ,¯ : ¯ ¯ تﺎﺣ﮳ ﺎ Q ﻨﺘﺳاو ﺔﻤ﮴ 4 ﺎﺣ﮲ ¯ ¯ ¯, ¯ , ¯ , ¯ , ¯ ¯ ¯, ,¯ ¯ 1, ¯, ¯¯,:¯ 1 23, 2015, ¯, ﻊﻤﺘﺠﳌاو ﺔﻟوﺪﻟاو ﻦﻳﺪﻟا:ندرﻷا ﰲ نﻮﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹا ¯ ¯, ,¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯, , , , , ¯ 214 ¯ , ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ , , ¯ ¯ ¯, ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ,1999 ï, ¯ ¯¯, ¯ ¯, ¯ ¯ ¯ ,2010 ,2001 ¯ ¯ ,¯ ¯ ,¯ 215 « ﺮﻌﻟا ﻊﻴﺑﺮﻟا ﺪﻌﺑ ﺎﻣ» تﺎﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﻊﻣ ﻒّﻴﻜﺘﻟا:ﺔﻳﺪﻴﻠﻘﺘﻟا ﺔﻴﻔﻠﺴﻟا ¯ ï ,¯ , ¯, ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ,2011 ¯ ¯ ,2017 ¯, ¯, ¯ ¯, ¯ ¯, ¯ ¯ , 2022 ¯ ¯, ¯ ¯ ¯ ,¯ï ¯ , ¯ ,¯ , ï¯, ¯ ,ï ï ¯ ï , , ¯ ¯ ï ¯¯ ¯ ï , ﻊﻤﺘﺠﳌاو ﺔﻟوﺪﻟاو ﻦﻳﺪﻟا:ندرﻷا ﰲ نﻮﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹا ¯, ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯, ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯, ,¯ ¯ ï ,¯ ¯ ¯ ,¯ ¯ ; ,ï ï , ¯ , ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ , ,¯ , , ¯, , ¯ ¯, , , ï ¯ , ¯ 216 ,¯ ¯ ¯ 217 ﺶﻋاد ﻢﻴﻈﻨﺗ دﻮﻌﺻ ﺬﻨﻣ يدﺎﻬﺠﻟا رﺎﻴﺘﻟا تﻻﻮﺤﺗ %+ ﺬﻨﻣ يدﺎﻬﺤ﮳ ﻟا رﺎ﮵+ﺘﻟا تﻻﻮﺤ﮴ 4 ﺶﻋاد ﻢ﮵+ﻄ﮲ ﻨ S دﻮﻌﺻ ï , ,1994 , , ï ¯ ¯ , 2005 ¯ ,2011 ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ,2012 ,ï , , ¯ ¯ ¯ , , , , ¯ ¯ , ¯ , 2000 ¯ , , ¯ ¯ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﳌاو ﺔﻟوﺪﻟاو ﻦﻳﺪﻟا:ندرﻷا ﰲ نﻮﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹا 218 ¯ ¯ 2011 ¯ ¯ ¯ , ¯, ï ,¯ , ¯, ï ¯ ¯ ¯ , ,ï ,, ,, ¯¯ ¯ ï 1995 2000 ¯ 2012 ¯ 2014 2018 219 ﺶﻋاد ﻢﻴﻈﻨﺗ دﻮﻌﺻ ﺬﻨﻣ يدﺎﻬﺠﻟا رﺎﻴﺘﻟا تﻻﻮﺤﺗ ,2013 ¯ ¯¯ ¯ : • ¯¯ • • , , ¯ , ¯ ﺔ﮵ّ+ﺣ﮳ ﻮﻟﻮ﮵ 4 ﺪ﮵ 4 ﻹا تﺎﻣﺎﺴ ƾѠ ﮲ 4 ﻻاو تﺎ ǀі ﻼﺤ﮲ ﻟا ﺰ﮵ 4ě ﻌ﮴ 4..(ﺎ﮵ қ+ ﮲ 4 درأ) ﺶﻋاد دﻮﻌﺻ 2014 ¯ ¯ ¯ ï, ¯ ï, ¯ ¯ ,¯ ¯, ; ¯ , ï ¯, ,¯ ¯ ¯ ¯, ,¯ ¯, , ¯ ¯ , ¯, ¯ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﳌاو ﺔﻟوﺪﻟاو ﻦﻳﺪﻟا:ندرﻷا ﰲ نﻮﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹا 220 , ¯ ¯ ,¯ ¯ ,¯ , ¯ ¯ , , , ¯ , , ¯, ,,, ¯, ¯ ¯ 1 2017 , ¯ ¯ ¯, ¯ ¯ ¯, ¯ , ¯, ¯ ; ¯;¯ − ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯, , ¯ : ¯ ,2017 https://www.ammonnews.net/article/305546 :¯ 1 17, 221 ﺶﻋاد ﻢﻴﻈﻨﺗ دﻮﻌﺻ ﺬﻨﻣ يدﺎﻬﺠﻟا رﺎﻴﺘﻟا تﻻﻮﺤﺗ , ¯ ï , ¯ ï ¯ , ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯, 1 , ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯, ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ 2 ¯ ,, , ¯¯ ¯ ¯ , ¯ ,, ,¯, ï¯, ,¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯:¯ 1 ¯ ,2014 ¯, ¯ https://eldorar.info/science/sites/default/files/klefha.pdf 25 ,¯ ¯, ¯ : ¯ ,2013 :¯ 2 https://cutt.us/Dc4P3 ﻊﻤﺘﺠﳌاو ﺔﻟوﺪﻟاو ﻦﻳﺪﻟا:ندرﻷا ﰲ نﻮﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹا 222 ¯ ¯, ¯, , ¯ ¯, ¯ ¯, 2005 ,¯ ¯, ï , 2004 ¯ ¯ , 2014 ¯ ¯ ¯ , ¯ ¯ ¯, ¯ ¯ï ï ¯ ,¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯, 1 ï ¯ ; , 2011 ¯ − 2006 ,¯ − ¯ ¯ ¯ ï ¯ ,, https://cutt.us/u3gyJ ,¯ : https://cutt.us/sFFLl ¯ ¯ ,2005 ¯ ::¯ 1 : ¯ ,2004 : ¯ 23 ,¯ ¯ ¯ 223 ﺶﻋاد ﻢﻴﻈﻨﺗ دﻮﻌﺻ ﺬﻨﻣ يدﺎﻬﺠﻟا رﺎﻴﺘﻟا تﻻﻮﺤﺗ ¯ ï, ¯ ¯, ¯ , ¯ ¯, ,,, ¯, ¯ , ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ , 2013 ¯ ¯ , , ¯ ¯ ¯, ¯ , ¯, ¯ ¯, ¯ ¯, ¯ ¯, ,2011 ¯ ¯ ¯ ï, ¯ ¯ ¯, ï ﻊﻤﺘﺠﳌاو ﺔﻟوﺪﻟاو ﻦﻳﺪﻟا:ندرﻷا ﰲ نﻮﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹا 224 ¯ ¯, , , , ¯ ¯ ¯ , ï¯, ï ¯ ï ,ï ¯ ¯ , , ï, , ,, ï ¯ ¯, ; , , , , ¯ ï , − −¯, ¯ ¯ ¯, ¯ ¯, ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ï ¯, ¯ ¯ , , ¯ ¯ , ¯ ¯ 225 , 1 ï ,¯ ï , ¯ , ﺶﻋاد ﻢﻴﻈﻨﺗ دﻮﻌﺻ ﺬﻨﻣ يدﺎﻬﺠﻟا رﺎﻴﺘﻟا تﻻﻮﺤﺗ ¯ ¯ ¯, , , ¯ ,¯ ¯ ¯ ¯, ¯ ¯ !? ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯, ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ , ¯ , ¯, ¯ ¯, ¯ , ¯, , ï ¯, ¯ , ¯ ¯, ¯ ¯, , ¯, ï ¯, , ï 2017 ¯ 11, 1 2011 ï ¯ ¯ ï ,ï ﻊﻤﺘﺠﳌاو ﺔﻟوﺪﻟاو ﻦﻳﺪﻟا:ندرﻷا ﰲ نﻮﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹا 226 ¯ ¯ ¯ ,¯ ,¯ : ¯ ¯ ï , ¯, ¯, ¯ ¯ ï ¯ ï; ¯, ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ï 1 ¯ ï ï ¯ ï , ,¯ ,ï ¯ ¯ ¯ , ¯ ¯ ,ï ¯ , ¯ ï, ï ¯ ¯ : ¯ 1, ,, ï ,¯ :, 2015, :¯ 1 ¯, 227 ﺶﻋاد ﻢﻴﻈﻨﺗ دﻮﻌﺻ ﺬﻨﻣ يدﺎﻬﺠﻟا رﺎﻴﺘﻟا تﻻﻮﺤﺗ ¯ ï − ¯ − ,¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯¯ , , , ¯ , , ¯ , ¯ ¯ ; −¯ , ,ï , ¯ ¯, , ¯ − ¯ ,¯ ¯ , ¯ ¯, , ¯, ¯ ï , ¯ ¯, , 2014 , ; ¯ ¯ ¯ 2021−2018 ﻊﻤﺘﺠﳌاو ﺔﻟوﺪﻟاو ﻦﻳﺪﻟا:ندرﻷا ﰲ نﻮﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹا 228 , 2 ¯ 1¯ ¯ ,, ¯, ï ¯ ¯ 1 , ¯ ,¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ,¯ : ¯ ¯¯ , ¯ ¯ ¯ , ¯ ï, ¯ 2 ¯ ¯ , : ¯ = , ¯, ¯ ¯ ¯, ¯ 1 :¯, 2017 −2011 ¯, 1, , 2017 , 2 1, ¯ 58−53, 2022, ¯ 229 ;¯ , ¯ ;; ;; ¯ ,¯ ¯ ,, 1 ! ﺶﻋاد ﻢﻴﻈﻨﺗ دﻮﻌﺻ ﺬﻨﻣ يدﺎﻬﺠﻟا رﺎﻴﺘﻟا تﻻﻮﺤﺗ ¯ ¯ ¯ , ¯ , ¯, , ¯, , ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯, ¯, ¯ ¯, , , ¯ :¯ 83, %21 6, ¯ = ,2017 ¯ ¯¯ ¯ , ¯= , ¯ , ¯ï ¯, , ¯ 1 , %1 8 %3, ¯ ¯ ,%42 5 ﻊﻤﺘﺠﳌاو ﺔﻟوﺪﻟاو ﻦﻳﺪﻟا:ندرﻷا ﰲ نﻮﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹا ï ¯ ¯, , ¯ ; ï ï¯, ¯ ,¯ ¯ ¯, ,2003 ¯ ¯ 2001 ¯ ,¯, 230 ¯ , , 2022 2017 ¯ ¯= 36 9% 141, ¯, ¯ ,%62,%24 6, :? ¯ 2017−2011;,: , ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ 2022 −2017 , ¯ ¯ ! ¯ ¯ , 141 ,, ¯; ¯, %27 6 ¯ ¯ ¯, 82 ¯ 143 7 6% 231 ,¯ , 1 ¯ ¯ ¯ , ¯¯ ,¯ ¯ , ,¯ ¯ ¯, ¯ ,, ,, 2 ! ¯ 51−49, , ¯, ¯, , , ﺶﻋاد ﻢﻴﻈﻨﺗ دﻮﻌﺻ ﺬﻨﻣ يدﺎﻬﺠﻟا رﺎﻴﺘﻟا تﻻﻮﺤﺗ , ¯ ¯ ¯ , ¯ ¯ ¯, ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ,¯ , 2009 ¯ , ¯¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯, , ¯ ¯ ¯,:¯ 1 ,:¯ 2 ¯ ¯ ,130−122 ¯ ï ¯ 133−131 , , ¯ ¯ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﳌاو ﺔﻟوﺪﻟاو ﻦﻳﺪﻟا:ندرﻷا ﰲ نﻮﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹا 232 ¯ ¯;¯ ¯ − ï ¯ ?¯ ¯ − ¯ ¯¯ ¯ ¯ ; ¯ ¯ ,¯ ¯ ¯, ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯, ¯ ¯, ¯ ¯ ¯, ¯ ¯ , ¯ , ¯¯ ¯, ¯ ¯ ¯ ,¯ , ¯ ¯, ¯ ,¯ , ¯ ï ¯ ¯ ¯,, , ¯, 2000−2011 ¯, , ¯; ï ¯ ¯ 233 ﺶﻋاد ﻢﻴﻈﻨﺗ دﻮﻌﺻ ﺬﻨﻣ يدﺎﻬﺠﻟا رﺎﻴﺘﻟا تﻻﻮﺤﺗ , ¯¯ ¯ ¯,,, ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯, ï , ¯, 2005 ¯ ï¯ ,ï , 2006 ¯ ¯ ¯, ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯, ï, ¯, ¯ ¯, ¯ 1 ¯ , ; ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ 2011−2000 , ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ 2011−2017 ¯ , , ¯: ¯ ¯ 1 22−17, ¯ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﳌاو ﺔﻟوﺪﻟاو ﻦﻳﺪﻟا:ندرﻷا ﰲ نﻮﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹا 234 , ; ¯ , ,ï , , ,2016 ¯ ; ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ,¯ ¯ , ¯ , ¯ , ¯;¯ ¯ , ¯ ¯ ¯ ,¯ ¯ ï ï ¯ 1 ¯ , ¯ ï ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ 32−29 ¯¯ 1 235 ﺶﻋاد ﻢﻴﻈﻨﺗ دﻮﻌﺻ ﺬﻨﻣ يدﺎﻬﺠﻟا رﺎﻴﺘﻟا تﻻﻮﺤﺗ ¯ , ¯, ¯ ¯, ¯ , ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ˦Ѣ ﮲ 5 درﻷا يدﺎﻬﺤ﮳ ﻟا رﺎ﮵+ﺘﻟا ﲆﻋ ﻪ﮴ 4 ﺎﺳﲀﻌ﮲ 4 او ﺶﻋاد ﺔﻟود رﺎ﮵+ﻬ﮲ 6 ا 2017 ¯ ¯ , ¯ ¯, ¯ ï ¯,, ¯ ¯ ,ï , ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ , ¯ ¯¯ ¯ ¯ ¯, ¯ ¯ 2017, , ¯:¯ 2019 ¯ ¯ , ¯ ¯ ,¯ ¯ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﳌاو ﺔﻟوﺪﻟاو ﻦﻳﺪﻟا:ندرﻷا ﰲ نﻮﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹا 236 ¯ , , , 2011 ¯ ¯ ¯ ï ¯ ï ¯ , ¯ ¯ ¯, 2011 −2006 ¯ ï ¯ ¯, ï, ¯, , , ¯ − − ¯ ¯ ,¯ ¯, ¯ ¯ − − ¯¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ,ï ¯ ï, , ¯ −¯ ¯, ¯, ¯ ¯ ¯ − − ¯ 1 , ¯ − ,¯ , ¯¯ 151−149,,:¯ 1 237 , ¯ , ¯ ﺶﻋاد ﻢﻴﻈﻨﺗ دﻮﻌﺻ ﺬﻨﻣ يدﺎﻬﺠﻟا رﺎﻴﺘﻟا تﻻﻮﺤﺗ ¯, ¯ ¯, ,¯ ¯ ¯; − 1 ,, , , ¯ï ï ¯ ¯ ¯ , ¯ ¯ ¯, ¯¯ ¯, ¯ − 1 ¯ ï −, ï ¯ ¯ , 2018 ,¯ ¯ , ¯¯ ¯ ,2019 ¯ , ¯ ¯ ï, ¯¯ , , ¯ ¯, ï 2021 ¯ 24, ¯ ,ï, 1 ﻊﻤﺘﺠﳌاو ﺔﻟوﺪﻟاو ﻦﻳﺪﻟا:ندرﻷا ﰲ نﻮﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹا 238 ¯¯ ï ¯, ¯ ¯¯ ¯¯ ï¯, ¯ ¯ ,ï ,¯, , ï,, ¯ ¯ ,¯ 11 ï , ¯ ¯ ¯: , ¯ ¯ ¯¯ 11, ¯ , ¯ ¯ 1 ï ï, , ¯¯ ¯, ï ¯ ¯ ¯ ï, ¯ ï , , ï ï , : , ¯ ¯ 2021 ¯ 23, ,ï ,¯ 1 239 ¯ ¯ 1 , ;¯ ¯ ¯, , ¯ ¯ ï , ¯¯ ¯¯ ¯, ¯ ï, ¯ ¯ ,¯ ï ¯, ﺶﻋاد ﻢﻴﻈﻨﺗ دﻮﻌﺻ ﺬﻨﻣ يدﺎﻬﺠﻟا رﺎﻴﺘﻟا تﻻﻮﺤﺗ ¯ ¯, , ¯ ¯ , ¯ ,¯ , ¯, 2 ¯ ¯ , ï ï , , ¯ ¯ ¯ , ¯ ¯, ¯ ï , ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯¯,: ¯, ¯, 1 26,,?¯ ¯ : ¯ ,2017 ¯ https://cutt.us/vUcfS , 2 ﻊﻤﺘﺠﳌاو ﺔﻟوﺪﻟاو ﻦﻳﺪﻟا:ندرﻷا ﰲ نﻮﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹا 240 ,¯ ,¯ ,¯ ¯ ¯ ¯, 1 ¯¯ ¯ ¯ ¯, ¯ ¯¯, ï ï; ¯ ¯, ¯¯ ï ¯, − −¯ ¯, ¯ ï ¯ ï, ¯ , ¯ ¯ ¯, ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ − − 2 ¯ ¯ ¯, 19, ¯, ¯ https://cutt.us/S2n2M ,¯ ¯, https://cutt.us/2FyiB : ¯ : ¯ ,2019 : 1 ¯ 2 241 ¯ , ¯ ï, ¯ , ¯, ¯ ﺶﻋاد ﻢﻴﻈﻨﺗ دﻮﻌﺻ ﺬﻨﻣ يدﺎﻬﺠﻟا رﺎﻴﺘﻟا تﻻﻮﺤﺗ , , ¯¯ ¯ ;¯ ï , ¯¯ ï, ¯ ¯ ¯, :¯ ¯ − 2 ¯ , ¯ , ¯, ï , ¯, ,¯ , ,¯ 2015, 2011 ¯, ï¯ ¯ ,ï ,¯ ¯ ï, ¯, ¯, ¯ ,¯ ¯ ¯ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﳌاو ﺔﻟوﺪﻟاو ﻦﻳﺪﻟا:ندرﻷا ﰲ نﻮﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹا ¯ ¯ , ¯ ¯ ¯, , ,¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ 242 ¯ ,¯ ¯ ¯ , ¯ , ¯ ,2019 , , ¯¯ − − − ¯ ¯ ,¯ ¯ ¯, ,¯ ï ¯ ¯, ¯ , ¯ ,¯ ¯ ¯ , , ¯ ï ¯, ,¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ , ¯ , , ¯ ¯ 243 ﺶﻋاد ﻢﻴﻈﻨﺗ دﻮﻌﺻ ﺬﻨﻣ يدﺎﻬﺠﻟا رﺎﻴﺘﻟا تﻻﻮﺤﺗ ¯ ¯ , , ,¯ , ¯ ¯ ¯ ,ï ¯ ¯ ¯, , , , ¯ ¯ ï , ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ , ¯ ¯, ¯ ¯; , ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ , ¯ ¯, ,, ¯ ¯¯ ¯, ¯ ,¯ ¯ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﳌاو ﺔﻟوﺪﻟاو ﻦﻳﺪﻟا:ندرﻷا ﰲ نﻮﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹا ¯ ¯ ¯ , 1 ¯ ¯ , ¯ 244 , ¯ , ¯¯ ¯ , 2 , ,ï ¯ ,ï ¯ ,¯ , ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯, ,¯ ¯ , ¯ ¯ ,¯ ,¯ ¯, ¯ ¯ ¯ ï , ¯¯ , https://cutt.us/AIsgi ¯ ï ¯ : ,¯ ,¯ ¯¯ ¯ ,2019 ¯ ¯ , 26, 1 ¯ 2 245 ﺶﻋاد ﻢﻴﻈﻨﺗ دﻮﻌﺻ ﺬﻨﻣ يدﺎﻬﺠﻟا رﺎﻴﺘﻟا تﻻﻮﺤﺗ ¯ , ¯ , , 1 ï ¯ , ¯ , ,¯ ,; ¯ 2 ,¯ ¯, , ¯ ¯, , ,? ¯ ¯,:¯ 1 : ¯ ,2019 9, https://cutt.us/L8MGA ¯,, 2 2017 ¯, 250 ¯ 200 2016 , ¯ 320 2018 ,¯ , 138 ¯ ¯ ,ï ¯ ¯ 74 = 2020 ¯ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﳌاو ﺔﻟوﺪﻟاو ﻦﻳﺪﻟا:ندرﻷا ﰲ نﻮﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹا 246 2016 , ¯, ¯ , ï, ,¯, 718 ¯, , ¯ ,¯ 2020 ¯ ,2019 1 , ¯, ¯ ,2018 , % 99 ¯ 91 ¯ , ¯ 19 ¯ , 2019 ¯ 19 14:¯ 8, 250 : ¯ https://cutt.us/VwSP4 3,, , ¯ ï ¯ ¯, ¯, "" :¯ ¯ , 2017 ¯ 9, 91= 136 , ¯ ¯ 2018 ¯ , 2016 12818:¯ 2018 ¯ ¯ 1 247 ﺶﻋاد ﻢﻴﻈﻨﺗ دﻮﻌﺻ ﺬﻨﻣ يدﺎﻬﺠﻟا رﺎﻴﺘﻟا تﻻﻮﺤﺗ , ¯ ¯ ; , ¯ ¯¯ ¯ , , ¯ ,¯ , 1 − 3 ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ , ¯, ¯ ¯ ¯, ¯ ¯ ,, ï ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ 2 2018 2021 ¯ 4 ,ï ,ï ¯, , ï, 3, 17 = ¯, 1 ¯ 2 3 ﻊﻤﺘﺠﳌاو ﺔﻟوﺪﻟاو ﻦﻳﺪﻟا:ندرﻷا ﰲ نﻮﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹا ¯ , 2006 , ¯ , ¯ ¯ 1 ¯ ¯ 248 ; ¯ , ¯ ,2016 ¯ ¯ , ¯ ¯ ¯¯,,= , , ï, ¯ ¯ ¯, ¯ ,, , ¯, ,, ¯ ¯¯ ¯, 33−27, ¯ ¯ ,¯ ¯ 6,,:¯ : ¯ ,2018 https://tinyurl.com/3wcpdxwu ¯: ¯ : ¯ ,2018 13,, https://cutt.us/B1ZvY ¯, ¯:¯ 1 ¯, 2021 5, ¯, ¯ 2021 22, 249 ﺶﻋاد ﻢﻴﻈﻨﺗ دﻮﻌﺻ ﺬﻨﻣ يدﺎﻬﺠﻟا رﺎﻴﺘﻟا تﻻﻮﺤﺗ , ¯ ¯ ,¯ ¯ 24 ï ¯ ¯, , 24 ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯, , ,¯ ¯ ,2019 ¯ 1 7 ¯ ¯, ¯, ¯, 2 , 2018 − − 3 17 ¯ ¯ ,¯ ¯ , , 2018 5 2 , ,, ¯, ,, ¯, ¯, ï ¯ ¯ ¯, , 2017 10606 ¯¯ 1 ¯ ,¯ , ¯ ¯:¯ 2 3 ﻊﻤﺘﺠﳌاو ﺔﻟوﺪﻟاو ﻦﻳﺪﻟا:ندرﻷا ﰲ نﻮﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹا 250 ,¯ , , ¯, ,¯ : 2017 , ¯, 1 ¯ ï , ï ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯, ,¯ ï ï ,2021 ¯, ,¯ ï,, ¯ ,¯ ¯ 2 2¯ ,¯ : − 4 , ï, ¯ ¯ ¯ , ¯ , ¯, , ¯, ¯, , ¯, 2020 6 17, 2020 712 130−117, ¯:¯ 1 2 ¯, 251 , ﺶﻋاد ﻢﻴﻈﻨﺗ دﻮﻌﺻ ﺬﻨﻣ يدﺎﻬﺠﻟا رﺎﻴﺘﻟا تﻻﻮﺤﺗ , ,¯ , ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯, ¯ 2 ,¯ ,¯ ,¯ , ¯ 3 ¯ï ¯ 1 ¯ ¯ ¯ ,¯ , ï, ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ , ¯ , ¯ ¯ ï ¯ ¯ ¯, ¯ ¯ −¯ تﺎﺣ﮳ ﺎ Q ﻨﺘﺳاو ﺔﻤ﮴ 4 ﺎﺣ﮲ ¯ ¯ ¯ ï , ¯, ¯ 1 ï 2 ï 3 ﻊﻤﺘﺠﳌاو ﺔﻟوﺪﻟاو ﻦﻳﺪﻟا:ندرﻷا ﰲ نﻮﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹا 252 , ¯ ï ¯ ¯ ï ¯ ¯ ¯¯ ¯; 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¯ ¯, ¯ 264 3, ,¯ 265 https://n9.cl/0i6wfo : ¯ ,¯ ¯ ,2014 ,? ¯ ¯: ,¯ 266 https://n9.cl/cu94r : ¯ ,¯ ¯ :¯,, ¯ 267 https://shortest.link/eZaW ¯ ¯ 268 https : cutt us fvcRV : ¯ ,2021 15,? ﻊﻤﺘﺠﳌاو ﺔﻟوﺪﻟاو ﻦﻳﺪﻟا:ندرﻷا ﰲ نﻮﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹا 312 حوﺰﻧ ،ﺔﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹا تﺎﻛﺮﺤﻟا ﺔﺳارد ﰲ ﺔﻴﺠﻬﻨﳌا تﺎﻴﻟﺎﻜﺷﻹا ﻦﻣ ﺎ ﺮﻟ وأ ﻲﺟﻮﻟﻮﻳﺪﻳﻹا بﺎﻄﺨﻟا ﺔﺳارد ﱃإ ثﺎﺤﺑﻷاو تﺎﺳارﺪﻟا ﻦﻣ ﺪﻳﺪﻌﻟا ﺔﻄﻴﺤﳌا ﺔﻴﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟا ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻟا ﻦﻋ اﺪً ﻴﻌﺑ ﺎﻬﻟ ﺔﻳﺮﻜﻔﻟا ﻒﻗاﻮﳌاو ﳼﺎﻴﺴﻟا كﻮﻠﺴﻟا ﺎﻣ ﻮﻫو ،ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﻘﺑﺎﺴﻟا تا ﻐﺘﳌا ﺔﻗﻼﻋ ﺪﻳﺪﺤﺗ مﺪﻋ ﻊﻣ ﺎ ر وأ ،ﺔّﻴﻗﺎﻴﺴﻟا ،ةﺮﻫﺎﻈﻠﻟ ﻖﻴﻗﺪﻟا ﻢﻬﻔﻟا ﻦﻋ ةﺪﻴﻌﺑ ﺔﻴﺜﺤﺑ ﺞﺋﺎﺘﻧ ﱃإ تﺎﻗوﻷا ﻦﻣ ﺜﻛ ﰲ ىدأ تﺎﻌﻤﺘﺠﻣ ﻻو ،ﺎﻴﻃاﺮﻘ د ةﺮﻘﺘﺴﻣ ﺔﻤﻈﻧأ ﻦﻋ ﺎﻨﻫ ثﺪﺤﺘﻧ ﻻ ﺎﻨّﻧأ ﺔﺻﺎﺨﺑ ﻲﻋﺪﺘﺴﻳ ﺎﻣ.ﻢﻴﻘﻟاو ﺔﻄﻠﺴﻟاو ﻦﻳﺪﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﻘﻠﻌﺘﳌا ﺎﻳﺎﻀﻘﻟا ﻦﻣ ﺪﻳﺪﻌﻟا ﺖﻤﺴﺣ "ﺔّﻳﻮﻄﻠﺴﻟا ﻪﺒﺷ ﺔﻤﻈﻧﻷا تﺎﺳﺎﻴﺳ" دوﺪﺣ زوﺎﺠﺘﻴﻟ مﻮﻬﻔﳌا ﻊﻴﺳﻮﺗ ةروﴬﻟﺎﺑ تﺎﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟا ﰲ ﻢﻈﻨﻟا ﺔﻳﺮﻈﻨﺑ ﻪﻴﺒﺸﻟا ،مﺎﻌﻟا مﻮﻬﻔﳌﺎﺑ ﺔّﻴﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟا ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻟا ﱃإ ﺔّﻴﻠﺧاﺪﻟا ﺔّﻴﻌﻤﺘﺠﳌاو ﺔّﻴﻓﺎﻘﺜﻟاو ﺔّﻴﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟا ﻞﻣاﻮﻌﻟا ﻞﻤﺸﺗ ﺎﻬّﻧأ يأ ،ﺔﻧرﺎﻘﳌا ﲆﻋ ﻞﺑ ، ﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹا ﺎﻴﺟﻮﻟﻮﻳﺪﻳإ ﲆﻋ ﻂﻘﻓ ﺲﻴﻟ ﺎﻌً ﻴﻤﺟ ﺮﺛﺆﺗ ﻲﺘﻟا ،ﺔّﻴﺟرﺎﺨﻟاو بﺎﺘﻜﻟا ﰲ لوﺎﺤﻧ ﺎﻣ ﻮﻫو ،ﺎﻀً ﻳأ ﺎﻫدﻮﻌﺻو ﺎﻫﻮ و تﺎﻛﺮﺤﻟا ﻚﻠﺗ ﺔﻌﻴﺒﻃ ةدﺎﻋإو ﳼﺎﻴﺴﻟا مﻼﺳﻹا ﻞﻘﺤﻟ ﻲﻤﻴﻫﺎﻔﻣ ﻃﺄﺗ ﻢﻳﺪﻘﺗ لﻼﺧ ﻦﻣ ﻪﺘﺠﻟﺎﻌﻣ ﺰﻴﻛﱰﻟا ﻊﻣ ،ﺔﺣوﺮﻄﳌا تﺎﺑرﺎﻘﳌاو تﺎﻘﻠﻄﻨﳌاو ﺔﻠﺌﺳﻷا ﺔﻌﺟاﺮﻣو ةءاﺮﻗ .ﺔﻴﻧدرﻷا ﺔﻟﺎﺤﻟا ﲆﻋ ﴘﻴﺋر ﻞﻜﺸﺑ ISBN 978-9923-759-40-0