COUNTRY REPORT SLOVENIA Tomislav Tkalec Energy Without Russia The Consequences of the Ukraine war and the EU Sanctions on the Energy Sector in Europe

FRIEDRICH-EBERT-STIFTUNG – POLITICS FOR EUROPE Europe needs social democracy! Why do we really want Europe? Can we demonstrate to European citizens the opportunities offered by social politics and a strong social democracy in Europe? This is the aim of the new Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung project»Politics for Europe«. It shows that European integration can be done in a democratic, economic and socially balanced way and with a reliable foreign policy. The following issues will be particularly important: – Democratic Europe – Economic and social policy in Europe – Foreign and security policy in Europe The FES will devote itself to these issues in publications and events: we start from citizens’ concerns, identify new positions with decision-makers and lay out alternative policy approaches. We want a debate with you about»Politics for Europe«! Further information on the project can be found here : https://www.fes.de/politik-fuer-europa/ Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung The Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung(FES) is the oldest political foundation in Germany with a rich tradition dating back to its foundation in 1925. Today, it remains loyal to the legacy of its namesake and campaigns for the core ideas and values of social democracy: freedom, justice and solidarity. It has a close connection to social democracy and free trade unions. FES promotes the advancement of social democracy, in particular by: – Political educational work to strengthen civil society – Think Tanks – cooperation with our international network of offices in more than 100 countries – Support for talented young people – the collective memory of social democracy with archives, libraries and more. About the author Tomislav Tkalec is the Head of the Renewable Energy Sector at the Slovenian Ministry of the Environment, Climate, and Energy.

1 Tomislav Tkalec Energy Without Russia: The Case of Slovenia The Consequences of the Ukraine War and the EU Sanctions on the Energy Sector in Europe INTRODUCTION  2  QUO ANTE(AS OF FEBRUARY 2022)  3  HOC RESPONSES AFTER FEBRUARY 2022  6  CONSEQUENCES OF THE CONFLICT AND SANCTIONS SO FAR  7  AND LONG-TERM ANSWERS  8 5 CONCLUSIONS  10  11

FRIEDRICH-EBERT-STIFTUNG – POLITICS FOR EUROPE 2 INTRODUCTION As a result of the crisis in Ukraine, Slovenia experienced: high energy prices; increased risk due to its high, nearly 50 per cent energy import dependence, which reached 100 per cent dependence in the case of petroleum products and gas; and reduced energy security and reliability. Prior to the crisis, the dependence on Russia for natural gas stood at 80 per cent, while for petroleum products it was approximately 25 per cent. Numerous systemic and sectoral measures implemented by the government after the crisis have reduced this dependency, and a new strategic supply of natural gas has been secured from an African country. In recent months, the government has been focusing primarily on developmental and long-term measures in the energy sector to ensure a reduction in its vulnerability to similar risks in the future. Figure 1 Imports from Russia in gross available energy, EU, 2020 EU Lithuania Slovakia Hungary Netherlands Greece Finland* Poland Germany Latvia Croatia* Belgium Italy Czechia Estonia* Denmark* Slovenia* Romania* Austria* Bulgaria Sweden France Spain Malta Portugal Luxembourg Ireland Cyprus 0% 20% 40% 60% Source: Eurostat, Including estimates for non-reported data for countries with* 80% 100%

Status quo ante(as of February 2022) 3 1 STATUS QUO ANTE(AS OF FEBRUARY 2022) An overview of the Slovenian energy sector and energy use as of before February 2022 indicates that its energy mix, expressed as the share of fuels in gross available energy, was dominated by fossil fuels. In 2021, oil accounted for the highest share of Slovenia’s gross inland energy consumption, followed by nuclear, renewables, coal, and natural gas, as seen in Figure 2 below. When it comes to final energy consumption, again oil and petroleum products have the highest share, followed by electricity, as seen in Figure 3. The dominant sector in the energy consumption structure is transport, accounting for a share of 38 per cent. It is followed by the industry sector at 27 per cent, households at 23 per cent, and other use(agriculture, service sector, and other) with a combined share of 11 per cent(IJS CEU and other 2023). In 2021 Slovenia’s energy supply per capita was 3.11 toe/capita, and final energy consumption per capita was 2.29 toe/capita(SURS 2023). Slovenia’s electricity generation still relies on coal, representing 25 per cent of the electricity mix in 2021. However, reFigure 2 Share of fuels in gross available energy in Slovenia, for 2021, in% Fuel type 1 Oil and petroleum products 2 Nuclear heat 3 Renewables and biofuels 4 Solid fossil fuels 5 Natural gas 6 Non-renewable waste Share 33.3% 20.6% 19.2% 14.3% 11.8% 0.8% Source: Eurostat, 2023 Figure 3 Share of fuels in final energy consumption in Slovenia, for 2021, in% Fuel type 1 Oil and petroleum products 2 Electricity 3 Renewables and biofuels 4 Natural gas 5 Heat 6 Non-renewable waste 7 Solid fossil fuels Share 42.4% 24.3% 15.1% 12.9% 3.9% 0.9% 0.4% Source: Eurostat, 2023 6 5 1 4 3 2 5 67 4 1 3 2

FRIEDRICH-EBERT-STIFTUNG – POLITICS FOR EUROPE 4 Figure 4 Share of fuels in electricity generation mix in Slovenia, for 2021, in% Gas 3% Solid fossil fuels 25% Nuclear 36% Renewables 36% Source: Eurostat in European Commision 2023 Figure 5 Share of net imports in the gross available energy in Slovenia, for 2020, in% 99.4% 99.5% 45.8% 17.6% Total Source: Eurostat 2023 Solid fossil fuels Natural gas Oil and petroleum products Figure 6 Imports from Russia in gross available energy in Slovenia, for 2020, in%(including Eurostat estimates) 81.0% 8.2% Renewables and biofuels 17.6% Total Source: Eurostat 2022 Natural gas 24.9% Petroleum products 0.8% Coal

Status quo ante(as of February 2022) 5 newable energy sources constituted 36 per cent of the electricity mix, with hydro power alone contributing 31 per cent. The remaining 36 per cent was generated by the Krško nuclear power plant(Figure 4). In 2020, Slovenia satisfied 54 per cent of its energy needs with domestic energy sources. The remaining required quantity was supplied through imports, with the supply of petroleum products and natural gas entirely dependent on imports. Figure 5 shows Slovenia’s import dependency in 2020. Before Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, Slovenia depended heavily on Russia as its main supplier of natural gas, either directly(14 per cent) or through Austria(85 per cent)(European Commission 2023). While there are no clear data on Slovenia’s import of fuels from Russia, on the basis of the Eurostat assumptions that approximately 80 per cent of imports from Austria are assumed to be from Russia, this would mean that in 2020 more than 80 per cent of natural gas and approximately 25 per cent of petroleum products were imported from Russia, as shown in Figure 6. This data shows how important imports from Russia were in the country’s overall energy mix. In Slovenia gas is used mainly in the industry sector, which in 2021 accounted for 62.3 per cent of overall gas consumption, followed by the energy sector(19.7 per cent), while households’ share of gas consumption was only 14.5 per cent, services and public sector 2.9 per cent, and the transport sector only 0.6 per cent(Eurostat in European Commission 2023).

FRIEDRICH-EBERT-STIFTUNG – POLITICS FOR EUROPE 6 2 AD HOC RESPONSES AFTER FEBRUARY 2022 Since the beginning of the crisis in Ukraine, the government has implemented certain systemic and sectoral measures in the field of energy due to the increase in electricity prices and high import dependency in certain key energy sectors. To mitigate the consequences of high energy prices and limit the damage to consumers and the economy, newly adopted“crisis” laws introduced temporary measures to reduce import dependency in energy supply, increase energy production from renewable sources with additional assistance aid, and implement price controls for energy and fuels. Two additional laws were adopted to provide assistance to the economy. The state was providing financial support to companies by co-financing their costs of electricity and natural gas in 2022. The assistance to the economy for 2023 includes subsidising the high prices of electricity, natural gas, and process steam, subsidising two measures to preserve jobs, and implementing measures to ensure the liquidity of companies(Ministry of the Environment, Climate and Energy 2023a). A Guarantee Law for energy companies was adopted in order to ensure uninterrupted gas supply. The main purpose was to ensure reliable access for eligible energy companies to short-term liquidity working capital needed to cover short-term extreme liquidity pressures. Three companies were eligible for state guarantees, with a total cap of€1.2 billion(Ministry of the Environment, Climate and Energy 2023b). of the Environment, Climate and Energy 2023c) and between 10–37 per cent on natural gas costs(Ministry of the Environment, Climate and Energy 2023d). Since 21 June 2022, a regime of regulated margins for traders of petroleum products outside highways has been introduced in Slovenia, while a liberalised regime for setting prices of gasoline and diesel fuel on highways is still in place. The key objective of this measure was to eliminate uncertainty for the economy and consumers. The state has also temporarily waived the environmental tax(CO 2 levy) on diesel fuel, gasoline, heating oil, and natural gas until 9 May 2023. The contribution for renewable sources is exempted from the price of diesel fuel and gasoline outside highways and for diesel fuel at highway fuel stations(Ministry of the Environment, Climate and Energy 2023e). Due to the increasing social hardship faced by the population, the Act on Temporary Measures for Mitigating the Consequences of Energy Costs for the Most Vulnerable Population Groups was adopted. The law provided payment of an energy supplement to recipients of monetary social assistance and protective supplement. The amount of the onetime energy supplement was€200 for single individuals and disabled persons, and€314 for families, with an additional €118 for each child in the family(Ministry of the Environment, Climate and Energy 2023f). For end users, especially households, several other measures were put in place. Amendments of the Gas Supply Act in September 2022 ensured the right to basic gas supply for all households and provided mandatory and alternative gas supply to all protected consumers. By adopting the Law on an Urgent Measure in the Field of Value Added Tax to Mitigate the Increase in Energy Prices, the standard VAT rate for all electricity consumers, natural gas consumers, district heating users, and purchasers of firewood was reduced from 22 per cent to 9.5 per cent for the period from 1 September 2022 to 31 May 2023. Additionally, for natural gas and electricity, the excise duty was temporarily reduced by half, and for electricity, the contribution for RES was further reduced by half(Ministry of the Environment, Climate and Energy 2023a). Also note that the government has for the first time adopted measures and recommendations for efficient energy use in buildings within the public sector, as well as recommendations for energy conservation in households. Estimates indicate that, due to the implemented measures, households and other small end users achieved savings of approximately 15–30 per cent on electricity costs(Ministry

Main consequences of the conflict and sanctions so far 7 3 MAIN CONSEQUENCES OF THE CONFLICT AND SANCTIONS SO FAR Historically, Slovenia has relied almost entirely on Russian natural gas imports, both directly and indirectly. However, in 2022, Slovenia managed to secure alternative supplies from Algeria via Italy, which were adequate to meet approximately one-third of the country’s annual consumption. These alternative supplies amounted to 0.3 billion cubic meters(bcm) or roughly one-third of Slovenia’s total natural gas supply, which reached 0.92 bcm in 2021(European Commission 2023). Between August 2022 and March 2023, Slovenia achieved a 13.8 per cent reduction in gas consumption compared to the previous five-year average. These gas demand reductions were made possible through the implementation of measures that encouraged consumers, particularly large consumers, to voluntarily limit their gas consumption and transition to alternative fuels. The decision of the European Union to ban the import of Russian oil starting from December 2022, and subsequently, the import of petroleum products starting 5 February 2023, has triggered a significant redirection of oil flows. Slovenia does not import crude oil as it does not have its own refinery. However, statistics show that before the sanctions on petroleum products came into effect, there was a substantial increase in their import from Russia. Calculations based on data on the import of petroleum products by Slovenian companies, published by the Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia, indicate that the share of Russian oil was 6 per cent in 2021, and by October 2022 it had increased to 13 per cent. In addition to the traditional flows from the Mediterranean region(via Greece and Italy), the import of oil from Saudi Arabia also significantly increased last year. This could potentially replace the Russian shortfall in the long term(Lon č ar 2023). et al. 2023). Higher gas prices continue to have a significant impact on gas-intensive manufacturing sectors, including basic metals, chemicals, paper, and paper products. Therefore, it remains a priority to take further actions to ensure supply security by continuing efforts to diversify away from Russian fossil fuels and reduce overall dependence on fossil fuels(European Commission 2023). The Slovenian electricity market is at the intersection of three major European markets: the German-Austrian, Italian, and Southeast European markets, which also have the greatest influence on electricity prices in Slovenia. In the first half of 2022, electricity prices in the EU were 30 per cent higher compared to the previous year, mainly due to the increased price of natural gas. Considering recent events, future electricity prices are even more unpredictable, particularly due to efforts to reduce dependence on imported natural gas(IJS CEU et al. 2023). An additional complicating factor was the constrained supply of domestically produced coal from the Velenje coal mine, which resulted in the temporary shutdown of the Šoštanj thermal power plant in late 2022. This situation coincided with the scheduled maintenance of the Krško nuclear power plant. Consequently, there was a substantial decrease in domestic electricity generation, necessitating increased reliance on electricity imports for Slovenia. Slovenia imports half of its primary energy from abroad, making developments in external energy markets crucial for energy supply competitiveness in Slovenia. Given that Slovenia imports 100 per cent of its liquid fuels and natural gas, it is fully dependent on the uncertainties of oil and gas prices in global markets. Due to established measures to reduce dependency on Russian energy resources and Russia’s decision to reduce gas flow to the EU, the price of natural gas has increased, leading to the most significant energy crisis in decades(IJS CEU

FRIEDRICH-EBERT-STIFTUNG – POLITICS FOR EUROPE 8 4 MEDIUM- AND LONG-TERM ANSWERS Slovenia is currently preparing an update to the National Energy and Climate Plan(NECP), which outlines the direction of energy policy development, the long-term energy scenarios and the set of energy and climate targets for GHG emission reduction, RES share, and energy savings for the year 2030. As this plan is in preparation after the start of the Ukrainian crisis, it incorporates and enhances core principles that resulted from this situation and are focusing on secure, reliable, and competitive energy supply. The draft update of the NECP indicates that Slovenia sets its goals within the framework of contributing to achieving the EU’s net-zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050, which serves as a basis for planning objectives, policies, and necessary measures until 2030. The phase-out of coal is planned by no later than 2033. FUTURE ENERGY MIX In the draft update of the NECP, under the scenario that includes additional measures, which follows two different paths after the year 2030(100 per cent RES and RES+ nuclear), the following energy supply is projected for the year 2030, as seen in Table 1 for gross available energy and in Table 2 for final energy consumption. Oil and petroleum products will remain their highest shares, although slightly lower than in the year 2021, while the share of renewables will slightly increase. Also, hydrogen and synthetic fuels will be added to the fuel types used in 2023 in comparison to 2021. ENERGY SUPPLY AND DIVERSIFICATION STRATEGIES The further development of the energy sector in Slovenia will require coordinated actions in the technological, legislative, economic, and social domains with the aim of reducing energy needs, decreasing import dependency, increasing diversification(of sources, technologies, production locations, supply routes, etc.), and energy storage, as well as managing risks and emergency situations in energy markets(IJS CEU and other 2023). Energy security, primarily due to the energy crisis, is now at the forefront of the NECP(National Energy and Climate Plan) renovation. Ensuring a reliable and competitive energy supply is set as one of the key objectives. In the case of electricity, these objectives translate into ensuring an adequate level of supply reliability, which means at least 85 per cent of electricity supply from domestic generation by 2030 and 100 per cent by 2040, as well as continuing the utilisation of Table 1 Share of fuels in gross available energy in Slovenia, for 2030 (in%, as planned in the scenario that includes additional measures in the draft update of the Slovenian NECP) Fuel type Oil and petroleum products Nuclear heat Renewables and waste Solid fossil fuels Gas Hydrogen Synthetic fuels Electricity import Source: IJS CEU and other 2023 Share 26.42% 23.76% 27.34% 10.82% 13.31% 0.56% 0.85% – 2.18%

Medium- and long-term answers 9 Table 2 Share of fuels in final energy consumption in Slovenia, for 2030 (in%, as planned in the scenario with additional measures in the draft update of the Slovenian NECP) Fuel type Oil and petroleum products Electricity Renewables and waste Gas Heat Hydrogen Solid fossil fuels Share 35.32% 29.31% 18.46% 12.49% 3.58% 0.75% 0.09% Source: IJS CEU and other 2023 nuclear power and making a transparent decision on the construction of a new nuclear power plant no later than 2027(IJS CEU and other 2023). Regarding gas, the plan includes further development of the natural gas pipeline system in line with changing gas flows, including new gas sources from RES and waste, also domestically produced. Given the altered geopolitical conditions in the eastern supply corridors since February 2022 and the EU’s measures to reduce exposure to eastern supply sources, a priority is given to increasing transmission capacity at the border point with the Italian transmission system. Only about 30 per cent of natural gas is delivered to end consumers through the distribution network, which exists in 83 out of 212 local communities. The future development of existing and new gas distribution networks depends primarily on the ability to ensure supply of renewable replacement gases (IJS CEU and other 2023). in the distribution grid and energy storage infrastructure for the uptake of renewables(European Commission 2023). There is a particular emphasis on solar energy, with advancements in wind energy utilisation also expected by 2030. Geothermal energy utilisation and biomass use are envisioned primarily for heating purposes. ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND DEMAND ­REDUCTION The NECP foresees the accelerated improvement of energy and material efficiency in all sectors as a key factor for successfully overcoming the energy crisis and achieving effective implementation of the green agenda based on the principle of“energy efficiency first”. This is a prerequisite for a successful and competitive transition to a climate-neutral society(IJS CEU et al. 2023). The NECP foresees the preparation of the system for the introduction of hydrogen in line with gas flows and system capabilities, as well as the introduction of hydrogen. In the long term, the focus will be primarily on hydrogen production through electrolysis of water, utilising surplus electricity from RES(sector coupling)(IJS CEU and other 2023). As a consequence of soaring gas prices, it is crucial to tackle the industry sector’s high energy and carbon intensity through the implementation of energy efficiency policies and investment measures. Although energy prices have declined, uncertainties persist for the upcoming winter, emphasising the need for ongoing endeavours to structurally reduce gas demand. RENEWABLES Slovenia lags behind in terms of deploying renewables. Slovenia reached its 2021 renewable energy sources target by using the EU mechanism of cross-border cooperation in line with Directive 2018/2001/EU(statistical transfers). The draft update of NECP sets a target value of at least 30–35 per cent share of RES in final energy consumption by 2030(IJS CEU et al. 2023). The country needs to significantly increase efforts in deploying renewable energy installations, streamline the procedures for obtaining permits, and putting more investments NUCLEAR ENERGY In recent months the government, primarily with the energy crisis in mind, has announced a serious consideration of the construction of a second unit at the Krško nuclear power plant and expressed support for the long-term use of nuclear energy. However, it still insists on holding a referendum, which will take place when sufficient data and information about the project are available for an informed decision-making process. It is anticipated that the updated NECP will clearly and decisively outline the long-term use of nuclear energy(UMAR 2023).

FRIEDRICH-EBERT-STIFTUNG – POLITICS FOR EUROPE 10 5 CONCLUSION Slovenia responded to the energy crisis by implementing an extensive set of mitigating measures that have addressed the issues fairly successfully but with a significant impact on the state budget. The past 15 months have placed the trilemma of energy security, reliability, and competitiveness at the forefront of energy policies. As a result, in addition to RES and energy efficiency, nuclear energy has come to the forefront in Slovenia in recent months, with increasing support. While the government is shifting towards more development-oriented and long-term measures in energy policies, Slovenia still needs to address short-term challenges and barriers to adequately develop its RES potential and strive to achieve the target of increasing the share of RES in final energy consumption by 2030. These challenges primarily include spatial planning issues, lengthy procedures, and the upgrade of the power grid.

References 11 REFERENCES European Commission,(2023). Commission staff working document: 2023 Country Report – Slovenia. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/ EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52023SC0624 Eurostat,(2022). Energy Mix, Dependency, Imports. https://ec.europa. eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/images/2/24/EnergyMixDependencyImports_25-03-2022.xlsx Eurostat,(2023). Complete energy balances: Slovenia – 2021 – main fuel families. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/cache/infographs/energy_balances/ enbal.html?geo=SI&unit=KTOE&language=EN&year=2020&fuel=fuelMainFuel&siec=TOTAL&details=0&chartOptions=0&stacking=normal&chartBal=&chart=&full=1&chartBalText=&order=DESC&siecs=&dataset=nrg_ bal_s&decimals=0&agregates=0&fuelList=fuelElectricity,fuelCombustible,fuelNonCombustible,fuelOtherPetroleum,fuelMainPetroleum,fuelOil,fuelOtherFossil,fuelFossil,fuelCoal,fuelMainFuel IJS CEU et al.,(2023). Posvetovalni dokument: Scenarij posodobitve Celovitega nacionalnega energetskega in podnebnega načrta (Consultation document: Scenario for the update of the Integrated National Energy and Climate Plan). https://www.energetika-portal.si/dokumenti/strateski-razvojni-dokumenti/nacionalni-energetski-in-podnebni-nacrt-2024/posodobitev-nepn/ Lončar , Andreja,(2023). Po letu rekordnega uvoza se Slovenija pripravlja na slovo od ruske nafte(After a year of record-breaking imports, Slovenia is preparing to bid farewell to Russian oil.). 11.1.2023, N1. https://n1info.si/gospodarstvo/po-letu-rekordnega-uvoza-se-slovenija-pripravlja-na-slovo-od-ruske-nafte/ Ministry of the Environment, Climate and Energy,(2023a). Ukrepi za omilitev draginje na področju energetike(Measures to mitigate high energy costs). https://www.energetika-portal.si/podrocja/energetika/ukrepi-za-omilitev-draginje-na-podrocju-energetike/ Ministry of the Environment, Climate and Energy,(2023b). Vlada določila predlog poroštvenega zakona za obveznosti družb GEN energijo, HSE in Geoplin(The government has proposed the Guarantees Act for the obligations of GEN energija, HSE, and Geoplin companies). https:// www.energetika-portal.si/nc/novica/n/vlada-dolocila-predlog-porostvenega-zakona-za-obveznosti-druzb-gen-energija-hse-in-geoplin/ Ministry of the Environment, Climate and Energy,(2023c). Ukrepi za omilitev draginje – elektri č na energijo(Measures to mitigate fuel price increases – electricity). https://www.energetika-portal.si/podrocja/energetika/ukrepi-za-omilitev-draginje-na-podrocju-energetike/elektricna-energija/#c1744 Ministry of the Environment, Climate and Energy,(2023d). Ukrepi za omilitev draginje – zemeljski plin(Measures to mitigate fuel price increases – natural gas). https://www.energetika-portal.si/podrocja/energetika/ukrepi-za-omilitev-draginje-na-podrocju-energetike/zemeljski-plin/#c1749 Ministry of the Environment, Climate and Energy,(2023e). Ukrepi za omilitev draginje – naftni derivati(Measures to mitigate fuel price increases – petroleum derivatives). https://www.energetika-portal.si/podrocja/energetika/ukrepi-za-omilitev-draginje-na-podrocju-energetike/naftni-derivati/ Ministry of the Environment, Climate and Energy,(2023f). Sprejeti ukrepi za prepre čevanje energetske revščine (Adopted measures to prevent energy poverty). https://www.energetika-portal.si/nc/novica/n/sprejeti-ukrepi-za-preprecevanje-energetske-revscine/ SURS,(2023). Statistical Office of republic of Slovenia: Energy indicators for Slovenia. https://pxweb.stat.si/SiStatData/pxweb/sl/Data/Data/1817902S.px/ UMAR(2023). Urad Vlade Republike Slovenije za komuniciranje: Vlada RS z zagonom projekta JEK2 misli resno(The Government of the Republic of Slovenia is serious about the initiation of the JEK2 project.). https://www.gov.si/novice/2023-06-16-vlada-rs-z-zagonom-projekta-jek2-misli-resno/

IMPRINT © 2023 Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung Publisher: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung Budapest 1054 Budapest| F ő vám tér 2–3. Email: fesbp@fesbp.hu Responsible for content and editing: Ernst Hillebrand, Head, European Economies of the East ernst.hillebrand@fes.de Orders / Contact: fesbp@fesbp.hu ISBN 978-615-6289-62-9 The views expressed in this publication are not necessarily those of the FriedrichEbert-Stiftung(FES). Commercial use of media published by the FES is not permitted without the written consent of the FES. Publications by the FES may not be used for electioneering purposes. Design / Typesetting: pertext, Berlin