The Regional Energy and Climate of Project in the Middle East and North Africa(MENA) of Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung has commissioned, edited, reviewed, and published this study. Year 2020 About FES Regional Climate& Energy Project MENA The Regional Climate and Energy Project MENA advocates for an energy transition into renewable energy and energy efficiency. It continues to search for solutions for a just transition in the energy sector ensuring both, the protection of the planet and the people. As the MENA region is one of the most affected areas by climate change, we contribute to policy advising, research, and advocacy in the areas of climate change policy, energy transition, and urban sustainability, with the support of research institutions, civil society organizations, and other partners in the region and in Europe. Responsible: Franziska Wehinger Head of the Regional Climate and Energy Project MENA Contact: Franziska.wehinger@fes-jordan.org Fes@fes-jordan.org Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung Amman Office P.O. Box 941876 Amman 11194- Jordan

NetZero Buildings in Jordan

@2020 by Jordan Green Building Council. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any written, electronic, recording, or photo copying without written permission of the publisher or author. The exception would be in the case of taking brief quotations. The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan The Deposit Number at the National Library: 2020/8/3097 ISBN: 978-9957-8751-1-4 Author: Eng. Eman Sabbah Reviewer: Arch. Heba Nazer Designed and illustrated by: Razan Al-Sheikh Amman, Jordan Acknowledgment Jordan Green Building Council and all of its members would like to acknowledge the following individuals for their valuable contributions to the preparation of this booklet: Eng. Samer Takroury Dr. Aiman Batayneh Arch. Zahra’a Shatnawi Jordan Green Building Council Team Executive Director: Eng. Alaa Abdalla Project Coordinator: Hind Hadidi The council would like to acknowledge Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung(FES) for their cooperation and great support in the development of this Guide.

Table of Content 4 PREAMBLE 10 INTRODUCTION TO NETZERO BUILDINGS 11 I. WHAT IS A NETZERO BUILDING? 17 II. ENERGY 23 III. WATER 27 IV. CARBON EMISSIONS 33 V. SETTING THE GOALS 34 IMPLEMENTATION OF NETZERO BUILDINGS 35 I. GETTING STARTED 39 II. NETZERO ENERGY BUILDING 58 III. NETZERO WATER BUILDING 65 IV. NETZERO CARBON BUILDING 84 BARRIERS OF NETZERO BUILDINGS 86 I. BARRIERS OF NETZERO BUILDINGS 89 II. MITIGATION MEASURES 92 III. GUIDELINES FOR NETZERO BUILDINGS 100 IV. THE COST OF NETZERO BUILDINGS 101 V. INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMS TOWARDS ACHIEVING NET ZERO BUILDINGS 105 VI. JORDANIAN NATIONAL PROGRAMS TOWARDS ACHIEVING NET ZERO 110 CONCLUSION 112 REFERENCES 114 MEMBERS AND SERVICES NetZero Buildings in Jordan 3

PREAMBLE 4

OZONE Depletion has led to an increase in awareness regarding the implications of climate change in the past few years. This has led emerging nations and countries to take serious actions to mitigate the anthropological impact on the Ozone layer.[1] In 2015 the United Nations’ Climate Change Convention The implementation of NDCs includes- but is not limited to: 01 Switching to low emission technologies which are charging on CO 2 emissions and other greenhouse gases 02 Limiting organizations’ annual greenhouse gas emissions 03 Providing grants and subsidies to incentivize the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. brought together 196 parties for the first time into an effort to combat climate change and mitigate its effects. This convention was calle d“The Paris Agreement” which requires all parties to set goals and targets that reduce greenhouse gas emissions to limit the temperature increase of the earth to 1.5 o C or further. The agreement puts forward all parties’efforts through Nationally Determined Contributions(NDCs)[1]. NetZero Buildings are of a significant interest to nations that contribute to reducing the impacts of the greenhouse gas emissions, as they are major contributors to achieving the goals of the Paris Agreement. NetZero Buildings in Jordan 5

Two goals have been set to promote and support the acceleration of NetZero Buildings: All new buildings must operate at NetZero CO 2 emissions from 2030; and they must become a standard practice to meet the Paris agreement goals. 100% of buildings must operate at NetZero CO 2 emissions by 2050; existing buildings will require an acceleration of current renovation rates so that all buildings are NetZero CO 2 emissions in operation by 2050. Globally, buildings contribute to 39% of the CO 2 emissions: 28% from operational emissions (energy needed to heat, cool and power), and 11% from materials and construction[2]. 6 The major contributor to CO 2 emissions in buildings is energy use during the operational stage. Therefore, reducing the energy use of buildings by implementing Energy Efficiency Measures(EEM) or Energy Conservation Measures(ECM) is the first priority to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. 32% 28% 23% 11% 6% Building Building Industry Transportation Other operations materials and construction Figure 1: Global CO 2 Emissions by Sector[2].

In Jordan, the total greenhouse gas and carbon emissions from all sectors are increasing. The residential sector contributes the least to carbon emissions and other greenhouse gases compared to transportation and industry sectors, as shown in figure 2. 10 8 Transport 6 4 Industry Residential 2 0 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 Industry Transport Residential Figure 2: CO 2 Emissions in Jordan by Sector 1990 – 2016[4]. The residential sector is responsible for around[3]: 46% Of the electricity consumption 22% Of the total energy consumption Therefore, reducing its energy and electricity consumption can be a significant contributor to reducing the overall greenhouse gas emissions. Nonetheless, all CO 2 emission predictions have been affected by the pandemic of the COVID-19 at the beginning of 2020. A global crisis in the energy sector has occurred as well as an unprecedented global health crisis. As a result of the pandemic, countries in full lockdown have been experiencing an average decline of 25% in the energy demand per week, while countries in partial lockdown have been experiencing an average decline of 18% in energy demand (Figure 3). 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 11-01-2020 01-02-2020 22-02-2020 14-03-2020 04-04-2020 25-04-2020 Full lockdown Partial lockdown Figure 3: Share of Global Primary Energy Demand Affected by Mandatory Lockdowns[5]. NetZero Buildings in Jordan 7

The major decline in energy use was in the transportation sector, however, the residential gas heating and electricity use have increased. Residential electricity demand has increased by 40% compared to the first quarter of 2019[5]. In addition, news about the healing of the ozone layer has been arising after the first quarter of 2020[6]. A significant reduction in the greenhouse gas emissions has been reported. This is due to the global reduction in the primary energy demand and the reduction in air pollution mainly because of the partial or full shut down in the air travel, worldwide. Nevertheless, emissions are expected to rise to pre-pandemic standard or higher in the aftermath of the pandemic. This should be avoided at all costs. 8 For example, in China, the lockdown resulted in: 25% reduction in carbon emissions[7] 50% reduction in nitrogen oxides emissions[8] The impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic have raised awareness to the importance of preparing homes for working remotely and for longer occupancy hours. Thereupon, NetZero Buildings can introduce a solution for energy-independent and pleasant indoor environments.

The purpose of this booklet is to deliver a guide for the implementation of NetZero buildings for affordable, typical homes in Jordan. The guide compiles the best strategies to create a significant step towards a more sustainable built environment by implementing the concept of NetZero Buildings in the residential sector in Jordan. Additionally, the guide targets local practitioners including engineers, contractors, and people working in the governmental and non-governmental organizations, as well as the general public. NetZero Buildings in Jordan 9

INTRODUCTION TO NETZERO BUILDINGS 10

I. WHAT IS A NETZERO BUILDING? A NetZero building is a green building which is designed, constructed, operated and deconstructed based on the green building criteria that ensure the building is highly resource efficient and offsets all its associated CO 2 emissions. According to the World Green Building Council, A NetZero Building is“a building that is highly energy efficient with all remaining energy from onsite and, or off-site renewable resources”. In NetZero buildings, the consumed energy and CO 2 emissions should be equal to or less than the generated renewable energy on an annual basis. The next will introduce the definition of the terminology which are used to describe types of NetZero buildings. It is worth noting that the term“carbon” in NetZero carbon buildings indicates the CO2 emissions and other greenhouse gas emissions, rather than the carbon element that exists in the planet and all organisms. Carbon emissions CO 2 CO 2 GHG CO 2 GHG Carbon element that exists in the planet and all organisms. Types of NetZero Buildings NetZero Energy nearly NetZero NetZero Water Building Energy Building Building Net-Zero Operational Carbon Building NetZero Carbon Building NetZero Energy Building(NZE) Also known as a Zero Net Energy(ZNE) or a Zero Energy Building(ZE); is an energy-efficient building that produces as much energy as it consumes over the course of a year, usually by incorporating renewables on-site. This definition is delivered by the New Buildings Institute and it refers to the operational energy use only[9]. NetZero Buildings in Jordan 11

Nearly NetZero Energy Building(nNZEB) The nearly NetZero Energy Building(nNZEB) indicates that the generated energy does not cover a hundred percent of the energy consumption on an annual basis but covers a high percentage of it. A nearly NetZero Energy Building is defined as a building that has demonstrated significant technical progress towards the goals of energy use reduction, even though it may not have pursued a ZNE path by investing in on-site renewables[9]. NetZero Water Building Is a building which achieves a balance case between the water consumption from potable water and the reused, treated, and/ or reclaimed water. NetZero Operational Carbon Building Is a building that achieves the balance in carbon emissions associated with energy and water consumptions in the operational stage of the building. In other words, the building is a NetZero Energy Building, yet, it attains a water balance case. NetZero Carbon Building Is a building that is highly energy, water and material-efficient which compensates the carbon emissions associated with the building operation and the whole life cycle of the building by carbon offset strategies including the production of carbon-free renewable energy either on-site or offsite. The definition indicates that NetZero Carbon is extended to the operational stage of the building as well as the whole life cycle of the building. The whole life cycle of the building includes the material production stage, the construction stage, the operational stage and finally the deconstruction/ demolition stage. 12

Benefits of NetZero Buildings A NetZero Building is a major contributor in the mission of reducing greenhouse gas emissions to mitigate the impact of climate change. As a result, NetZero Buildings have become a revolution internationally in the built environment in the past few years; not only for the environmental benefits associated with these buildings, but also for their social, economic, and political benefits. NetZero buildings combine the benefits of green buildings which include: Environmental Benefits Human Aspects Benefits Economical Benefits Environmental Benefits Combat Climate Change: NetZero buildings produce lower greenhouse gas emissions through the whole life cycle of the building, including the material selection, the implemented technologies and the operation of the building, which contribute to combating climate change. 80% OF CARBON EMISSIONS from buildings can be reduced by 2050 by incorporating low-cost, low-regret strategies. The reduction is measured from emissions levels in 1990.[10] NetZero Buildings in Jordan 13

Provide Better Ambient Outdoor Air: The reduction in CO 2 emissions and other greenhouse gas emissions through the whole life cycle of the building and the building operation activities will keep the ambient outdoor air cleaner so building occupants will tend to use natural ventilation. Environmental reports show that the concentration in contaminants of the outdoor air in: Urban areas Rural areas is higher than due to the higher development activities and fuel consumptions[11]. The Human Aspects Benefits Provide an Educational Value: Everyone involved during the design, construction, operation and maintenance of the building will gain valuable knowledge and understanding about the NetZero concept and resource efficiencies. When understanding the concept and implementation of NetZero buildings, users will be more capable to limit their inhouse energy consumption and water use. A Pleasant Home to Live: Energy efficient and NetZero Buildings can achieve higher comfort levels for occupants compared to traditional buildings, such as: Thermal comfort Visual comfort Better Higher respiratory productivity health levels 14

Moreover, to achieve the required energy efficiency, the NetZero building must comply with passive design principles and green building criteria that ensure better indoor air quality such as: Economical Benefits Community Level: Increasing daylight Increasing sun penetration during the cold seasons Increasing natural ventilation Tightly sealed buildings reduce the possibility of outdoor contaminants or pollutants from entering. This results with: Better indoor air quality Low concentrations of CO 2 and pollutants and can lead to: High ventilation rates Up to 8% 23% Improvements in occupants performance [12] Increase in productivity from better lighting 11% From better ventilation Job creation: NetZero buildings contribute to integrating and benefiting communities by hiring expertise which leads to improved socio-economic dynamics. Increase market transformation to green building technologies and products. Building Level: Zero energy and/or Zero Water Bills: Saving on energy and water bills is one of the major benefits of NetZero Buildings. The amount of savings depends on the contributed path of the NetZero. For instance: A NetZero Energy Building means all energy and electricity bills are equal to zero. In addition, the water bills will be zero in case of the NetZero Operational Carbon Building. NetZero Buildings in Jordan 15

Durability: The techniques of designing a NetZero building rely on selecting more durable materials which last longer and require less maintenance and less replacement. NetZero Buildings Growth Trends Due to the great benefits of NetZero buildings, the growth across the world since 2000s has risen significantly. It is expected to encompass a wider range of building types and sizes in the upcoming years as policies of NetZero Buildings are expanding. As Jordan’s maturity level in the implementation of NetZero buildings is still developing, there is lack of information on the growth rate. The data in the chart was collected from US to show the growth of NetZero Energy Buildings for all building typologies from 2000 - 2019.The chart shows an exponential growth in the number of NetZero Energy Buildings in the period of nine years.[13]. Accordingly, it is expected that NetZero Energy Homes will increase by 28% between 2019 and 2028 as a steadily-increasing trend in the whole world.[14] 16 Completetion Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 Building Count Figure 4: The Growth in NetZero Energy Buildings Count 2000- 2019[13]. In conclusion, a NetZero building is an energyefficient, water-efficient and material-efficient building. Accordingly, the three key aspects to achieving the NetZero goal are: Energy Water Carbon

II.ENERGY The key to approaching NetZero is to understand the fundamentals of energy and heat flow in buildings. This will enable designers to predict energy consumption that needs to be compensated by efficiency measures and energy generated from renewables. Energy Definition and Measurement Units. Energy is defined as the power(or force) required in a capacity of time. It is also defined as the ability to do work. According to the energy definition, the energy unit of measurement is Watt-hour. Other units are Joule, Calorie or Btu. The official measuring unit in Jordan is Kilowatt-hour, where: 1 kWh= 3.6 MJ(Mega Joule) These are some Units of Measurement Magnitudes: Kilo Mega Giga =10 3 =10 6 =10 9 Types of Energy in Buildings: Buildings use different mixes of energy types, including: Electricity Natural gas Fuel oil In order to evaluate the energy performance of the buildings, we have to express all of the different energy types in a single common unit. Source Energy is the primary energy needed to extract and deliver energy to a site, including the energy that may be lost or wasted in the process of generation, transmission and distribution[15]. NetZero Buildings in Jordan 17

It is the most equitable unit of evaluation because it includes the energy“losses” associated with generating and delivering the fuel. Moreover, source energy traces the heat and electricity requirements of the building back to the raw fuel input, accounting for the losses and enabling a complete energy assessment[16]. Site Energy: is the amount of heat and electricity consumed by a building as reflected in utility bills and does not include the“losses.” Site energy may be delivered to a facility in one of two forms: Primary Energy is the raw fuel that is burned to create heat and electricity, such as: gas oil Natural Fuel Coal Secondary Energy is the energy product created from a raw fuel, such as: Electricity Heat(received from a district steam system) 18 On the other hand, energy in buildings is classified into two forms: 1 Direct 2 Energy Indirect Energy Direct Energy: Energy consumed directly in buildings such as electricity used for lighting, heating, cooling, cooking and electrical devices and equipment. In addition to diesel burned in boilers and LPG used for cooking and heating. Indirect(Embodied) Energy: The sum of the energy required to extract, produce, manufacture and transport materials. For instance; the embodied energy in water is the power needed to pump water from a well to the building. For electricity; extracting oil/ natural gas, transforming them to electricity, and finally supplying to buildings require energy. Expansively, the concept of indirect energy can be recognized in compliance with the concept of Life Cycle Assessment.

Primary Energy Sources Globally, energy consumption increased in 2018 at nearly twice the average rate of growth since 2010 because of the robust global economy and the higher heating and cooling needs in some parts of the world. Electricity demand was responsible for over half of the growth in energy needs. The higher energy consumptions 1.7 resulted in rising CO 2 emissions by 1.7% in 2018.[18] Figure(5) illustrates the shares of primary energy sources globally in 2018[18]. As shown, the greatest shares are for oil, coal and gas with 31%, 26% and 23% respectively which are known as the major CO 2 emitters compared to other primary energy sources. On the other hand, alternative and renewable energy shares are 10%, 5%, 3% and 2% to biomass, nuclear, hydro and other renewables respectively. In conclusion, the shares of alternative and renewable energy sources are still much fewer compared to fossil fuel energy shares. 31% Oil 26% Coal 23% Gas 10% Biomass and waste 5% Nuclear 3% Hydro 2% Other renewables Figure 5: Shares of Primary Energy Sources Globally[18]. Oil demand will reduce after 2025 due to fuel efficiency improvements especially in passenger cars and fuel switching mainly to electricity. Renewable energy sources will overtake coal in the power generation starting by the mid of 2020s. Upon the 2040, renewables and other low CO 2 emission sources will provide more than half of the total electricity generation. NetZero Buildings in Jordan 19

Wind and solar PV will provide the majority of the electricity generation[19]. GW 3500 Projections 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 Coal Gas Battery Storage Oil Hydro Solar PV Wind Nuclear Other Renewables Figure 6: Power Generation Capacity by Source 2000-2040[19]. 20 Primary Energy Sources in Jordan Jordan imports 92% of its primary energy sources from Arab countries just like Egypt, some Gulf countries and Syria However, the Syrian market has been stalled since 2012[20]. The need to reduce the Jordanian dependency on imported resources was a major reason to encourage decisionmakers to announce the National Energy Strategy of 2007 – 2020. The strategy has set a target of generating 10% of its energy demand from renewable energy sources by 2020 and the target is achieved[20]. The national energy strategy 2020- 2030 sets a target of increasing the renewable energy share to 14% by 2030.

In 2019, Jordan was depending on crude oil and natural gas as the main sources for energy. 50% Oil 30% Gas 10% Renewable Energy 10% Others Coal and Oil Shale Figure 7: Shares of Primary Energy Sources in Jordan[21]. Furthermore, nuclear energy has been under study since 2007 as a source of alternative energy, and the target is to provide 30% of Jordan’s electricity using nuclear power by 2030[21]. Consequently, the first Jordan Research and Training Reactor(JRTR) was built in 2016 with a capacity of 5 MW in consortium with the Korean Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI). In addition, it was announced in 2018 that the second commercial nuclear power plant is scheduled for completion in 2025 in cooperation with many other countries[21]. Energy costs are subsidized by the government. Moreover, the Jordan Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Fund(JREEEF)- which is an independent entity under the umbrella of the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources; provides energy efficiency and renewable energy programs with subsidized costs for the public. The challenge of increasing primary energy sources to meet the demands can be mitigated by energy efficiency practices. The residential sector plays a key role in this challenge which makes NetZero Energy Buildings gain higher interest as a crucial solution in this challenge. NetZero Buildings in Jordan 21

Renewable Energy vs. Alternative Energy RENEWABLE ENERGY Is the energy collected from the renewable sources that naturally exist along with the life of the human being such as sun, wind, tides, waterfalls and geothermal. ALTERNATIVE ENERGY Refers to all energy sources after fossil fuels. It includes renewable energy, nuclear, biomass and hydrogen gas. According to this definition, renewable energy is counted as an alternative source. However, renewable energy is the cleanest and the most environmentally friendly source between all other alternative energy sources. ALTERNATIVE ENERGY RENEWABLE ENERGY Nonetheless, renewable energy produces Zero CO 2 emissions during energy harvesting, production and collection. Hence renewable energy must be pursued to offset the energy consumed by other energy sources in NetZero buildings. As illustrated in figure 8, some alternative energy sources such as biomass energy produce lower CO 2 emissions compared to fossil fuels when used to generate electricity. 22

Renewable energy such as solar PV, geothermal, hydropower and wind sources produce much lower CO 2 emissions compared to biomass and fossil fuel sources. Although nuclear energy sources produce low CO 2 emissions like renewable energy sources; nuclear energy is responsible for other environmental and health issues. gCO 2 equivalent per kWh 900 600 300 0 Coal Biomass- Natural Biomass Solar Solar PV Geo- Solar Hydro- Nuclear Wind Wind co-firing gas PV-utility- roof thermal concen- power offshore ontrated shore Figure 8: Average Life-Cycle CO 2 Emissions DioxideEquivalent Emissions for Different Electricity Generators[17]. III. WATER There is an interdependence relation of water and energy which will intensify with significant implications for the water and energy security in the coming years. As with energy resources, water resources face constraints and rising demands as a result of the population growth and climate change.[23] Globally, The amount of electricity consumption from the water sector is around 4% It is predicted to remain the same percentage by 2040, however; there will be large regional differences. NetZero Buildings in Jordan 23

The electricity share in water sector is: 3% in the United States and in the European Union in 2015 9% in 2015 in the Middle East and is expected to reach 16% by 2040 due to the rise in desalination capacity.[23] In a contra versa manner, water share in the energy sector will increase by: nearly 60% between 2014 and 2040. Some energy technologies require a significant amount of water, such like biofuel production, concentrating solar power, CO 2 emissions capture and storage(CCS) and nuclear power. Switching to lower CO 2 emissions technologies and achieving water balance strategies can help manage water resources and reduce stress on water demand.[23] 24 Water Resources The total water resources in the world are estimated in the order of 43 750 km 3 /year Distributed throughout the world according to the climatic zones and land topography. At the continental level, The US has the largest share of the world’s total freshwater resources.[24] 15.5% 28% 45% 9% The US Asia Europe Africa

The chart below shows the increase in freshwater use over the course of the past decade for agriculture, industry, and domestic uses. This dramatical increase raises awareness to the importance of adopting water efficiency measures and achieving water balance in all sectors including buildings. 4 trillion m 3 3.5 trillion m 3 3 trillion m 3 2.5 trillion m 3 2 trillion m 3 1.5 trillion m 3 1 trillion m 3 500 billion m 3 World 1901 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2014 Figure 9: Global Freshwater Use 1900-2014[25]. Water Resources in Jordan Jordan has a water scarcity with the current supply of 100 m 3 /capita compared to the world share of 500 m 3 / capita[25]. The next chart(figure 10) shows the quantities of water resources and water demands in Jordan. Sustainable resources of water are the consistent water resources which are not affected with the surrounding impacts and the climatic conditions(lack of rain for example). It includes groundwater and surface water resources.[25] Water resources include: Groundwater resources Surface water resources Treated wastewater Other resources such like desalination On the other hand, the demands of water are municipal, industrial, tourist, and irrigation in addition to the water required for oil shale and nuclear power production. As illustrated in Figure 10, the water demands in Jordan exceed the available water resources. For instance, the NetZero Buildings in Jordan 25

quantity of total water resources in 2019 was 1064 m 3 where 868 m 3 are from freshwater(groundwater and surface water) resources, 177 m 3 from treated water, and 19 m 3 are from other resources like desalination. In the same year, the quantity of water demand was 1448 m 3 , where 723 m 3 are for municipal, industrial and tourist demands, 700 m 3 are for irrigation needs and 25 m 3 have been used for oil shale and nuclear power production. However, the governmental efforts are expected to increase water supply in the near future to meet the water demands of the country by implementing water efficiency measures and by increasing water quantities from other resources like water treatment. 1600 1500 1400 1300 1200 1100 1000 900 800 700 600 2015 2016 2017 Total Resources 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 Total Sustainable Resources 2023 2024 2025 2026 Total Demand Figure 10: Development of Water Supply and Water Demand (in million cubic meters) in Jordan[25]. 26 Jordan has a high freshwater supply, coverage rate compared to the rest of the MENA region, where: more than 94% of the population have access to fresh water However, water supply is intermittent as water is delivered once a week. Since the operation of the Disi- Amman conveyor in 2013, the water continuity in Amman has improved, but not in the Northern governorates as their population has increased due to the influx of Syrian refugees. Unlike Aqaba which has continuous water supply from the Disi aquifer.

Resources of freshwater in Jordan are: Underground water, desalination of seawater and small amounts of surface water The national water policy includes wastewater treatment strategy as the sanitation covers 93% of the population. 91% of treated water is reused for agriculture Keeping in mind that both water and sanitation costs are subsidized. Combined, the water and sewer bills do not exceed 0.92% of the total household annual expenditures[25]. The threat of freshwater withdrawal in Jordan pushes all efforts to water-efficiency practices. The residential sector is a key factor in the challenge and transforming homes to achieve water balance, i.e. NetZero Water building; is a crucial solution. IV. CARBON EMISSIONS As mentioned earlier, Carbon Dioxide emissions are known as carbon emissions. The carbon emissions are globally increasing as shown in the statistics of the total carbon emissions for the whole world from 1990 to 2017(figure 11). A total increase ratio over the provided 27 years is 60%, urges nations to take immediate actions to reduce carbon emissions and to introduce effective solutions that can mitigate the impacts of the high emissions rates. Mt of CO 2 CO 2 emessions 35000 30000 25000 20000 15000 10000 5000 0 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 In 2017/ CO 2 emessions: 32840.0 Mt of CO 2 Figure 11: Total carbon emission in the world 1990-2017[26]. NetZero Buildings in Jordan 27

In Jordan, carbon emissions have increased by more than 188% from 1990 to 2017 which is more than the double; as displayed in figure 12. The main sources for increased CO 2 emission rates in Jordan are: Buildings Cars Industries Mt of CO 2 30 CO 2 emessions 25 20 15 10 5 0 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 In 2017/ CO 2 emessions: 26.0 Mt of CO 2 Figure 12: Total Carbon Emission in Jordan 1990-2017[4]. 28 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Greenhouse gases are released from natural sources and anthropogenic activities into the atmosphere. These gases trap heat in the atmosphere at different levels, and each gas has a different atmospheric lifetime. Each gas also has its global warming effect that can be measured in tons of Carbon Dioxide Equivalent(tCO 2 e). tCO 2 e is a measure that allows you to compare the emissions of greenhouse gases relative to one unit of CO 2 The primary greenhouse gases are carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. Essentially; scientists use Carbon Dioxide as a benchmark for measuring the heat-trapping ability of other greenhouse gases[28]. To convert the impact of other greenhouse gases into tCO 2 e, we multiply the mass of emissions by the appropriate“Global Warming Potential”(GWP).

GWP represents the relative warming effect of a unit mass of a gas when compared to the same mass of carbon dioxide over a specific time period. The following table shows the GWPs of several common greenhouse gases over a 100-year time period[28]. For example, nitrous oxide has a GWP of 265, which means that one ton of nitrous oxide released warms the earth 265 times more than one ton of carbon dioxide over 100 years. For example, 100 tons of nitrous oxide generated annually by a landfill site is equivalent to the effect of 26,500 tCO 2 over 100 years. Greenhouse gas Chemical formula CO 2 CH 4 N 2 O CH 2 FCF 3 SF6 Common name Carbon dioxide Methane Nitrous oxide HFC-134a Sulphur hexaflouride GWP(100 YEARS) 1 28 265 1,300 23,500 Table 1: Greenhouse Gases Global Warming Potential Over 100-Years[28] Life Cycle Assessment The Life Cycle Assessment of a building is a systematic set of procedures for compiling and examining the inputs and outputs of materials and energy and the associated environmental impacts directly attributable to the building throughout its life cycle[29]. In every stage of the life cycle of a building, carbon and other greenhouse gas emissions are released which significantly harm the ozone layer. Disposal, recycle, reuse Processing and transportation Deconstuction/ demolition Repair Refurbish Ope rat ion Replace Maintain Use Dispo sal Construc tion Raw material extract Transport and Storage Produ ct Manufacture Transport and Storage Construction NetZero Buildings in Jordan 29

Buildings become more resource efficient when they are designed, constructed and operated to resource efficiency standards such as energy efficiency codes and green buildings rating systems. As a result, the carbon emissions decrease for the whole life cycle of the building including carbon emissions associated with the operational stage(from gas and electricity), energy consumed in manufacturing the materials used, their transportation, the construction activities, and the eventual demolition and disposal. Scientists divide the carbon emissions from the building life cycle in reference to the stages of the building life cycle: 1 Cradle-toGate Carbon: Carbon emissions between the confines of the ‘cradle’(earth) up to the factory gate of the final processing operation. This includes mining, raw materials extraction, processing and manufacturing. 2 Cradle-toSite Carbon: Cradle-to- gate carbon emissions and transportation to the site of use emissions. 4 Use Stage Carbon: Carbon emissions associated with refurbishment, replacement, repair and maintenance of the used materials during the operational stage. 3 Cradle-to-End of Construction Carbon emissions: Cradle-to-site carbon emissions in addition to the emissions from construction and assembly on-site. 30 5 Operational Carbon: Carbon emissions associated with the operational energy and water consumption while the building is occupied. 6 Embodied Carbon: Carbon emissions associated with the whole life cycle emissions of the building excluding operational carbon. 7 Life Cycle Carbon (Cradle-toGrave Carbon): Cradle-to-end of construction emissions, use stage emissions in addition to demolition, waste treatment and disposals(‘grave’) emissions.

BUILDING LIFE CYCLE STAGES PRODUCT STAGE CONSTRUCTION STAGE USE STAGE END OF LIFE STAGE BEYOND BUILDING LIFE CYCLE STAGES Benefits and loads beyond the system boundary Raw material supply Transport Manufacturing Transport Construction- installation process Use Maintenance Repair Replacement Refurbishment Deconstruction demolition Transport Waste processing Disposal Operational energy use Operational water use Reuse RecoveryRecyclingpotenial Figure 13: Building Life Cycle Stages[30]. “Beyond the Building Life Cycle Carbon Emissions” or “Emissions’ savings” incurred due to reuse, recycle of materials, or emissions avoided due to using waste as a source for another process. Consideration of this stage is key for maximizing resource efficient uses of materials at the end of life. Under forthcoming updates to European standards, it will be mandatory for product manufacturers to report this stage alongside other lifecycle stages in most cases, and will also be required for building assessments.[31] In the same context, the term Cradle-to-Cradle is related to recycled and reused materials after the end of the building life cycle. Cradleto-Cradle is defined as the process of making a component or product and then, at the end of its life, converting it into a new component of the same quality(e.g. recycling of aluminum cans) or a lesser quality(down cycling of a computer plastic case into a plastic container, which is then turned into a building insulation board, eventually becoming waste). Carbon emission calculations associated with these materials are less than their alternatives[32]. NetZero Buildings in Jordan 31

Construction and Demolition Solid Waste Management The type of waste in focus for NetZero Buildings is Construction and Demolition waste(waste resulting from the construction and demolition activities of the building mainly composed of construction materials). Although some NetZero Standards and certification schemes consider the zero operational waste(also called municipal waste that is waste resulting from occupants’ activities during the building operation stage), the ISO 15978 considers the sustainability of construction works and the generated waste only from the building construction materials. The amount of construction and demolition waste in Jordan is estimated at 2.6 million m 3 /year[33]. Construction and demolition waste management intends to reduce the waste transported to landfills by reducing, reusing or recycling strategies. C&D materials often contain bulky and heavy materials such as: Concrete Trees, stumps, earth, and rock from clearing sites Asphalt (from roads and roofing shingles) Gypsum (the main component of drywall) Wood(from buildings) Plastics Salvaged Bricks building components(doors, windows, and plumbing fixtures) Glass Metals The selection of the construction materials from the design stage will play a significant role in reducing the amount of construction and demolition waste. For example, selecting recycled and reused materials will reduce the amount of waste sent to the landfill, consequently, greenhouse gas emissions will decrease. 32

V. SETTING THE GOALS The target of constructing a new building or retrofitting an existing building to a Net Zero can be achieved in three paths: NetZero Energy Building: It focuses on the energy consumed in a building during its operational use. Steering the building to be energyefficient from the moment of occupancy to the end of the building life. This path excludes water and material usage. Zero Energy addresses the balance of source energy used on the site rather than emissions, where the renewable energy strategies offset the building energy consumption. NetZero Water Building: NetZero water occurs when a buildings’ annual water balance is zero. If the building achieves a NetZero Energy and NetZero Water; it becomes a NetZero Operational Carbon. Net Zero Carbon Building: NetZero Carbon buildings measure carbon emissions over the whole life cycle of the building, which is the total embodied carbon and operational carbon. It sounds to be a complicated target; however, technical tools and resources will help mitigate the mission. Zero Carbon Emissions Zero Embodied Carbon Emissions Zero Operational Carbon Zero Zero Energy Water NetZero Buildings in Jordan 33

2 IMPLEMENTATION OF NETZERO BUILDINGS 34

I. GETTING STARTED The decision to develop or convert a building to a NetZero Building can be taken at any time during the life of the building. The earlier this decision is made; the more flexible it is to make design modifications with less cost, this relation is illustrated in Figure(14). If a project is well planned and the NetZero building goals are incorporated in the early stages of the design, the possibility of reducing the negative impacts is greater and the cost of criteria implementation is minimized[34]. For instance, selecting the building envelope materials which contribute to achieving the NetZero goals in the early stages of the design is better than changing the building envelope materials after the operation; such a change would be costly and constrained by many limitations. Flexibility Cost of Changes Time Figure 14: The Relation Between the Cost and Flexibility of Making Changes During the Life of the Building[34]. The design of a NetZero Building follows the strategies of sustainable building design which depend on the conservation, reduction, and reuse of resources. As a last resort, NetZero Buildings employ the offset strategies- such as renewable energy systems; to compensate for the building’s consumption. The three main resources in focus in the approach of NetZero buildings design are: Energy Water Materials The strategy of designing a NetZero Building consists of three steps, which needs to be followed in a down-top approach. Figure 16 illustrates the design steps.[35] OFFSET REUSE REDUCE Figure 15: The Pyramid of the Three-Stepped Strategy. NetZero Buildings in Jordan 35

The base of the pyramid is the approach of reducing the demand on the resources. The reduction and reuse approaches are attained by implementing energy, water and material efficiency measures. The offset approach is attained using renewable resources which compensate the impact of the remaining energy, water and materials. The next three sections will discuss the efficiency and the offset measures for each of the three resources. Generally; the calculations of the carbon emissions as well as the estimations of the energy and water consumptions are made in the design stage of NetZero buildings. Figure 16 illustrates the NetZero Building workflow.[36] Preliminary Energy Modeling, Water Consumption Estimates and Embodied Carbon Calculations Integrated Design Charette Detailed Energy Modeling, Water Consumption Estimates and Embodied Carbon Calculations Reuse Strategies Specifications and Bill of Quantity Measurement+ Systems’ Operation Verification Manual and Guidelines Offsets PRE-DESIGN DESIGN CONSTRUCTION OCCUPANCY Massing Orientation+ Envelope Reduce Strategies Offset Strategies and Renewables Envelope+ Systems Commissioning Figure 16: Net Zero Building Workflow[36]. Occupants Education Building Performance Tracking This workflow can be implemented either for a new constructed building or for an existing building. Redesigning and retrofitting buildings is a big challenge, 36 however, transforming them to NetZero can accomplish the highest rate of carbon emissions reduction.

NetZero for New and Existing Buildings The targets of NetZero Building can be met either in the case of the design and construction of new buildings, or in the case of retrofitting of existing buildings. For new buildings; a straight forward target can be identified starting from the pre-design(planning) stage or at any stage before occupancy; however, as mentioned earlier in this section; the earlier this decision is made; the more flexible it is to make design modifications with lesser cost. Because the building is not operated yet, computer software tools are used to predict the energy consumptions. The software tools perform energy modeling and provide a representation of the anticipated energy consumption of a given building. It permits a comparison of energy performance, given the proposed energy efficiency measures, and comparing the results to the baseline measures which are given in a reference energy efficiency code such like the building energy efficiency code of Jordan, or the ASHRAE which is an international reference.[37] Some examples of these energy modeling tools are RETScreen, eQuest, and Energy Plus Portal. Water consumption is estimated in liters per person per day as referenced in the national building codes. Life Cycle Assessment tools are used to predict the carbon emissions associated with the construction materials. More details about life cycle assessment tools will be presented in the section of(NetZero Carbon Buildings). For buildings in operation, energy and/ or water auditing is performed before planning for the NetZero implementation in order to: 03 01 Ensure that the actual performance matches the design and achieves the energy and/ or water balance. 02 Help with understanding how energy and/ or water is used in the building. Identify the losses and provide costeffective ways to use the energy and/ or water within the building. NetZero Buildings in Jordan 37

The baseline of energy and water consumption obtained from the audit is measured over the last year of operation. A survey in the United Kingdom of over 100 built environment experts including leading architects, property developers and public and private sector building administrators, showed that: 51% consider‘energy efficiency and decarbonization’ as the most important outcomes for the retrofit of buildings[38]. Retrofitting existing buildings is the easiest way to achieve NetZero targets of the Paris Agreement, because construction materials already exist and quantities of new materials are considerably less than those required in a new construction.[39]. When planning for the retrofit of a building, the payback period of newly adopted systems and materials is crucial. Many cost-effective measures can contribute to a high performance building. For example; the replacement of 6 light bulbs turned on for 5 hours a day from incandescentto LED bulbs in a house will save 5% of the cost of lighting which equals to JD 7.2 per month Assuming that the cost of the bulbs is JD 30, the payback period of the bulbs is only 4.2 months.[40]. For the next three sections(NetZero Energy, NetZero Water and NetZero Carbon Buildings) the introduced measures will be indicated by the symbol when applicable to existing buildings and buildings. + when applicable to new 38

NetZero Applicability in Affordable Housing: Affordable housing is a terminology used for housing of medium or below medium income families. An affordable house can be either an apartment in a residential building(Multifamily building) or a standalone single family building(Dar or a small villa). Affordable houses can be energy efficient by achieving green design, construction and operational principles which guarantee the best use of resources and energy saving methods, with few or no financial burdens. Once the house is green, it can achieve the NetZero goals through offset strategies.[40] This booklet introduces measures and strategies of NetZero Building which are applicable for affordable houses. Because technology is continuously evolving, some of the introduced measures are expensive today but will become affordable in the future. It should be kept in mind that all the introduced measures contribute to reducing the climate change impact and contribute to the resilience against the increasing demand on resources(energy, water, and material). Moreover, the booklet uses the term“NetZero building” in general to indicate all types of residential buildings; either a single or a multi-family building. II. NETZERO ENERGY BUILDING A NetZero Energy building is achieved when the consumed energy of a building over 12 months of operation is equal to or less than the generated energy on-site or off-site over the same period. The codes of energy efficiency provide the minimum threshold requirements to be used as a baseline reference, then the building energy measures are designed to meet or overcome the threshold. Specifically in Jordan, the Jordan National Building Codes embrace a group of standards that provide a comprehensive reference for the design of energy-efficient buildings as well as for the best installation requirements of the MEP equipment and devices. NetZero Buildings in Jordan 39

In particular, the“Thermal Insulation Code” defines the thermal design principles for buildings in Jordan, such as the types of materials used in thermal insulation, the design requirements and design calculations. Another reference of high importance for the design of NetZero Building is the“Energy Efficiency Building Code” which provides the minimum requirements in architectural and MEP systems’ design to lower energy consumption and improve thermal performance. The three stepped-strategy to accomplish a NetZero Energy Building starts by reducing energy consumptions, reusing the residual energy, and offsetting energy by renewables. Figure 17 illustrates the measures of Energy Reduction, Reuse and Offset which will be introduced to achieve a NetZero Building. Heat Exchangers Efficient Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning System Efficient Boiler Orientation Building N Well Insulated building envelope Airtightness Glazing Natural Ventilation Control Systems Solar Collectors and PV panels Green Roofs Cool Roof Small Wind Turbines Efficient Lighting System E Daylight Strategies Shading Passive Evaporative Cooling W Efficient Water Thermal Heating Mass Shower Heat Recovery Energy Efficient Appliances S Heat Pump Figure 17: Measures of Energy Reduction, Reuse, and Offset to Achieve a NetZero Building[41],[42]. 40 Reduce Reuse Offset

First- Reduce Energy The target of NetZero Energy buildings is to lower energy consumption and generate enough energy to match or exceed the remaining energy consumptions. Therefore, the first step is to reduce the demand for energy by implementing energy efficiency measures, thus reducing the generation capacity required by renewables to reach the NetZero Energy. In Jordan, energy needs are mainly driven by heating loads as illustrated in figure 18 which shows the general energy breakdown of sample of 400 typical residential apartments in Amman. 10% Water Heating 13% Electrical Appliances 16% Kitchen and Cooking 4% Space Cooling 4% Lighting Energy Breakdown 53% Space Heating Figure 18: Energy Breakdown in Residential Apartments in Amman[43]. The energy needed for heating and cooling is defined as:“Heat to be delivered to, or extracted from, a conditioned space to maintain the intended temperature”.[44]. A Net-Zero Energy building must be designed to have minimal heating and cooling energy needs. Otherwise it will require plenty of generation to compensate for these loads. Climatic Analysis The first step in designing Net Zero and energy efficient buildings is to analyze and understand the climatic characteristics of the area in order to implement design strategies that fit the climate and provide comfortable environments for occupants in the building. NetZero Buildings in Jordan 41

Jordan consists of three climatic zones as shown in figure 19. The climate is influenced by Jordan’s location between the subtropical aridity of the Arabian Desert and the subtropical humidity of the east. Zone 1 The first climatic region is the Rift Valley in the west which includes the Jordan Valley, the Dead Sea, Wadi Araba and Aqaba. Zone 2 The second climatic region is the eastern highlands and the central region which include the capital Amman, Ajloun, as well as the southern parts including Al-Mujib, Karak, and Shoubak, the climate in this region is characterized by warm summers and fairly cold winters. Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 3 The third climatic region is the arid desert region. The climate here varies dramatically between day and night, as well as between the summer and winter seasons. Summers are hot, dry and windy where temperatures may exceed 40 o C, while winters can be bitterly cold, humid and windy. Figure 19: The sub-climatic Zones in Jordan[46]. The distinct variations in climatic conditions in the three climatic zones within Jordan advocates for varying approaches to building energy efficiency measures[45]. 42

Passive Design Measures Passive design(also known as the Smart BioClimatic design or Climatic Design) deploys local characteristics and climate intelligently and considers the environmental aspects surrounding the building in a sustainable design. Passive design strategies are the most cost effective approach to achieve NetZero buildings as they contribute to lowering energy consumptions by providing solutions that can be implemented in the building design. The following are the best practice measures of passive design in Jordan to reduce the energy consumption of the building: Building Envelope + The building envelope consists of all of the building’s components that separate the indoor environment from the outdoors. Building envelope includes exterior walls, foundations, roof, windows and doors. Using roof and walls assemblies with low U-Value (low Thermal Transmittance) and high Thermal Resistance(R-value), reduces the amount of heat transfer between the inside and the outside of the building. The Jordan Energy Efficiency Code requires a minimum U-value equal to: 0.57 W/m 2 .k for a typical solid external wall assembly. 0.55 W/m 2 .k for a typical roof assembly. Achieving U-values lower than those specified in the Energy Efficiency Code is recommended for lower energy consumption and better thermal comfort. Lower U-value can be implemented either by choosing materials with low values of conductivity or by increasing the thickness of the assembly.[47]. The following factors are crucial in the design of the building envelope: Airtightness: The building envelope must be properly sealed to avoid cracks and crevices especially around openings and at the intersections between slabs and walls. The building design must address the joints in the building envelope, and it is critical that proper implementation of these details be carried out during the construction of the building. NetZero Buildings in Jordan 43

The proper installation methods can be found in the manual for each material and in the related building codes, i.e. the Jordan Energy Efficiency Code. Compact buildings have a small amount of structural connections resulting in a lower chance for thermal bridges and air leakages. A thermal bridge occurs when a building envelope allows the heat to flow or to be channeled from warm to cold spaces, this results in a lower temperature of the interior side of the thermal bridge, and thus reduces thermal insulation of the entire construction. Glazing: Windows are the weakest thermal link in the building envelope. The amount of thermal transmittace for windows is expressed in U-value. Lower U-Values can be reached by using double or tripple glazing. Outside Wall Inside Thermal bridge (slabs, beam, etc..) Double Panes Glass Triple Panes Glass Some important characteristics in the selection of glazing are: Solar Heat Gain Coeffecient(SHGC); (Fraction of solar radiation admitted through the glass. SHGC is expresssed on a scale from 0 to 1 where the lower the SHGC is, the less solar heat it transmitts and the greater its shading ability). 44

Light Visible Transmittance(VT), (is the amount of the visible portion of the light spectrum that passes through glass, expresssed on a scale from 0 to 1. A higher VT value means there is more daylight transmitted into the space). In Jordan, the double paned glass is the most cost-effective and energy – efficient choice. The national energy efficiency code requires [47] : A minimum U-value for 1 double glass Aluminum frame window of 3.4 W/m 2 .k 3 A maximum glazing area of 36.4% from the total external façade 2 A maximum SHGC of 0.25 4 A minimum VT of 0.45. Window and Door Frames: Selecting window and door frames with low U-Value can limit heat losses. UPVC frames, for example, have higher thermal insulation than aluminum frames. Building Orientation + Building orientation affects the amount of solar heat gains entering the building. North East Wes S t outh In the Northern Hemisphere, it is recommended to design the building so that the long elevation faces South-North. In this case, the South elevation will be exposed to the sun for most of the day, while the North elevation will be daylit but not exposed to direct sun radiation. However, this is not the preferred orientation in extremely hot climates such as the desertous region in NetZero Buildings in Jordan 45

Jordan, which requires reducing the exposure to the south façades due to the hot sunny days over the course of the day. Treatment measures are usually introduced to mitigate the direct sun radiation, this is detailed in the shading measures section. The east and west elevations are exposed to direct sun only during the early morning for the east elevation, and at the sunset time for the west elevation. Reducing the east and west elevations will reduce the amount of intense solar radiation. Shading + Shading is used to minimize the building’s exposure to the sun and to reduce overheating. Different types of shading can be applied: Blinds Louvres Vegetation Overhanging facades Cantilevered roofs The type of shading selected depends on the climate, facade orientation and the design of the building. 46 North South For example, the east and west East facades require vertical louvres (also called fins) West South façade requires horizontal louvres (called overhangs) The North façade does not require any shading. Movable shading devices – either fins or overhangs; are preferred, in order to be removed during the cold season and allow solar gains into the building.

Daylight Strategies + Increasing the amount of daylight entering a building reduces the use of artificial lighting which consequently reduces the electricity consumption, and enhances the well-being and comfort of the occupants. In addition to selecting glazing with high visible transmittance values; some other passive design techniques increase daylight penetration such as skylights, clerestories, light shelves and atriums. The above mentioned elements should be to properly shaded in hot climates, and properly insulated in cold climates. Other strategies for increasing daylight include designing shallow buildings(figure 20) instead of deep buildings(figure 21), which can improve the uniformity of daylight in the space. Figure 20: Shallow Plan Buildings. Figure 21: Deep Plan Building. Thermal Mass + Thermal mass is a property of the mass of a building which enables it to store heat. A heavy structure is slower to heat up and is slower to cool down. On the contrary, a light weight structure has low thermal mass and is thereby faster to heat up and faster to cool down. For instance; when outside temperatures are fluctuating throughout the day, a large thermal mass building can flatten out the daily temperature fluctuations. This is because the large thermal mass of the building will absorb heat when the surroundings are higher in temperature(i.e. during the day), and release it when the surroundings are cooler(i.e. during the night). NetZero Buildings in Jordan 47

Heat stored during the day Heat released during the night In summer; cooling the building’s interior mass with night breezes to cool the internal thermal mass is useful when the night temperatures between 17‐22 ˚C and with unobstructed interior to promote flow. Closing windows during the heat of the day will keep cooling in and heat out. In winter; southern glass must be exposed to winter sun during the day, that will raise the temperature of the mass while the mass will release heat at night. However; to avoid the loss of the absorbed heat at night, windows and curtains must be closed. Natural Ventilation + Outside air is cooler during the night than during the day. Opening windows during the night allows natural ventilation into the building through cross ventilation and stack ventilation. Cross ventilation is achieved when there are operable windows on both sides of the room which allows air movement from one side to another due to the difference in air pressure. Cross Ventilation 48 Temp./CO 2 Stack ventilation occurs when there are operable windows in the room and an opening to allow air outlet at the roof. When air enters the room, it becomes warmer and exits from the roof opening. Stack Ventilation Temp./CO 2 Green Roofs + Green roofs reduce the energy needed for cooling because they reduce the amount of solar radiation on the roof, and thus reduce the heat transmitted, or absorbed by the building. Besides, green roofs decrease the heat island effect, which describes the higher temperature in some built areas compared to other nearby areas.

Cool Roofs + Cool Roofs reflect more sunlight and absorb less heat than a standard roof. They can be made of: can(partly) replace mechanical cooling. This principle is suitable for hot and dry climates (deserts). Highly reflective type of paint Highly reflective tiles Cool roofs are beneficial because they reflect sunlight lowering the temperature of the roof. Cool roofs reduce the heat absorbed and transferred into the building, and reduce the energy required for cooling. Figure 22: Water Feature in the Direction of Hot Winds. Passive Evaporative Cooling + The incoming fresh air is cooled when passing through or over a wetted surface. This air is used to cool down a building passively with natural ventilation as illustrated in figure 22. Another option is to use a wind catcher or an evaporative cooling tower where water at the top of the tower is evaporated, creating a downdraft of cooled air that is chanelled into the building,(figure 23). Passive evaporative cooling reduces the cooling demand and Figure 23: Natural Ventilation(cooling) by a Wind catcher. Moreover, trees provide shade whilst transpiration helps to increase the cooling effect in the surrounding. NetZero Buildings in Jordan 49

Active Energy Efficient Systems Active reduction is a term that refers to reducing the energy consumption of electrical and mechanical systems. The selection of energy-efficient equipment during the design of the electro-mechanical systems should focus on maximizing the energy savings. The following guidelines provide general recommendations for some heating and cooling systems: Boilers + Select boilers with high-efficiency values. A boiler efficiency is measured by its Annual Fuel Utilization Efficiency(AFUE). Gas boilers are more efficient than diesel boilers. Gas boilers AFUE can be up to 97% while the AFUE in diesel boilers ranges between 80-90%. hot water for Domestic Hot Water(DHW) and space heating applications from the boiler to the radiator or hot water tap, heat losses occur. By decreasing the distances of the pipes, these losses will be minimized. Pipes can be insulated from the above to prevent heat losses. Air Heating and Cooling System + Split unit systems, Variable Refrigerant Flow systems(VRF) and packaged unit systems are the most widely used systems by Jordanian households. Select equipment with a high Coefficient of Performance value(COP). The Coefficient of Performance is defined as the ratio of useful(or actual) heating or cooling provided to the energy(or electricity) required by the considered system. Equally important is the effectiveness of the distribution network; the lower the network losses, the more energy-efficient. In addition, when transporting If your system is ducted, ensure that the ducts are well-insulated and sealed. 50

HVAC System Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning systems (HVAC) are used to provide heating and cooling as well as ventilation in one unit or device instead of three separate units. They can be air side or water side systems. Split units, VRF and packaged units are examples of airside HVAC systems. Chillers are the most common example of water side HVAC systems. Supply air ducts Cooling coils Heating coils Fan Compressor Filter Supply air grills Return air duct Water Heating + There are many types of water heaters: Electric water heaters. Water heating by combi boilers (either gas or diesel). Solar thermal system The solar thermal system is a renewable energy technology. However, most of the new solar technologies are hybrid electric- solar. In case of sun absence, the electric water heater is automatically turned on. The types with the highest efficiency must be selected for a NetZero Building. Mechanical Ventilation + Passive design can guarantee high levels of natural ventilation. However, in the case of hybrid ventilation; the mechanical ventilation mechanism must be designed so it is activated only when natural ventilation NetZero Buildings in Jordan 51

fails to achieve a certain ventilation capacity. This can be done automatically with sensors that measure natural ventilation capacity or CO 2 levels inside the space. Mechanical ventilation equipment efficiency is provided in Coefficient of Performance value(COP). Usually, mechanical ventilation is part of the HVAC system. Control Systems + For heating and cooling systems, programmable controls like thermostats and central control systems contribute to better energy saving. Programming the thermostat to provide constant heating or cooling setpoint temperatures can increase energy saving. Setting specific times for the system to be turned on and off can ensure no excess energy will be consumed. Building automation can also control all building systems and equipment; thus, further energy savings can be achieved. Electric Lighting system + LED Lamps are the most efficient type of lighting. 52 LED lights have a 25 times longer lifespan than traditional light bulbs, and the lighting quality of LED is much better compared to other types. LED lights’ efficacy usually ranges between 80110 lumens/watt, however; the technology is still changing and higher efficacy values can be found.[49] Energy-Efficient Appliances (Energy Labels) + The grade of energy efficiency for home appliances is expressed with the letters A-G and called energy labels. A+++ Label is given to the most efficient appliances G Label is given to appliances with high energy use. In order to increase energy savings to meet the target of the NetZero building, home appliances with the“A” family label must be selected.

Second – Reuse Energy Energy reuse strategies and technologies can be found in various energy applications. In general, the concept is to use the residual energy from the heating or cooling process to reduce the energy required to heat up or cool down air or water. The most common energy reuse strategies are: Heat Exchangers in Ventilation Systems + A heat exchanger is a system used to transfer heat between two or more fluids. Heat exchangers are used in both cooling and heating processes. They recover thermal energy in the return air plenum before it is pumped out of the building by the mechanical exhaust. Using heat exchangers reduces the power which is required to heat up or cool down the supply air in a space. 2 o C 0 o C The most common type is the counter-flow heat exchanger which has an efficiency of 90-95%. Shower Heat Recovery + Warm drainage water can be used to preheat the cold freshwater supply by extracting this heat by the heat recovery system. Out 25 O C Out 25 O C In 10 O C Heat Pump + A heat pump extracts heat energy from a low-temperature heat source into higher temperature heat reservoirs, used for space heating and domestic hot water as shown in figure 24. 18 o C 20 o C NetZero Buildings in Jordan 53

The Coefficient of Performance for a heat pump is very high because the output heat is much higher than the input heat, generally 4-5. The source of the heat pump varies from: ventilation return air, ground, groundwater, outdoor air, solar collectors, waste heat, etc. Figure 24: The Concept of the Heat Pump. Third- Offset Energy The third step, after the implementation of energy reduction measures and the reuse of residual energy is to offset the remaining consumption in order to achieve the balance case of the NetZero building. Energy can be generated from sun, wind and geothermal. Multiple technologies generate energy using these sources, yet the solar technologies are the most efficient and the most commonly used in Jordan. 54 Potential heat sources Technologies which utilize the sun, wind and geothermal and can be used in households to generate energy on-site are: Photovoltaic Panels + PV panels convert solar energy to electricity with an efficiency rating of 10-20%. PV panels can be located on the rooftop, attached to the façade or used as shading in gardens. PV systems are used widely in Jordan from 2015 onwards, and are considered the second used renewable systems after solar collectors. The optimal orientation of PV panels is mostly to the south, and panels must be placed in unshaded areas to maximize its efficiency. However, PV plant designers make different choices for the panels orientation and location depending on the specific conditions of the building location. The cost of the PV system is reducing over time as the technology is evolving.

A simple payback calculation for a system which costs JD 3,000 predicts that the PV system can return its cost in 5 years assuming an average monthly electricity bill of JD 50. Financial installments for PV systems are provided by system suppliers, local financial entities and banks. More details in this context are provided in the section titled“Jordanian National Programs towards Achieving Net Zero” in Chapter 3 of this booklet. Solar Collectors + Solar collectors absorb solar radiation and convert it into heat. This can be achieved either by using anti-freeze fluid that runs through pipes and absorbs the heat of the sun or by using evacuated tubes. Similar to PV panels, solar collectors can be located on the rooftop (figure 26) or attached to the façade(figure 27). Solar collectors are often combined with a storage tank to provide domestic hot water demand and contribute to space heating by connecting to converters or to underfloor pipes(underfloor heating). Heat pumps can be used as heat boosters when solar collectors are used for space heating. Figure 25: Colored PV panels on the Facade of a Building- La Cita Vita(www.flickr.com/photos/la-citta-vita/5964294206/). Figure 26: Rooftop Solar Collector. NetZero Buildings in Jordan 55

Nonetheless, the output of these turbines is relatively small, since the wind inside urban areas is not consistent and powerful enough to drive the turbine. Figure 27: Evacuated Tube Collectors in the Façade[50]. Moreover, solar collectors can be used throughout all regions in Jordan. They contribute to the reduction of water heating expenses by 70-90%, with a payback period of four years, and continue to provide hot water with zero cost afterwards.[40] Small scale wind turbine + Wind turbines convert wind power to electricity. They can be placed on roofs or in large gardens where the wind is not obstructed by the surrounding buildings, see figure 28. Figure 28: Small Scale Wind Turbines for Homes. The Calculation Method Used to Offset Building Energy Consumption Before proceeding to the design of the renewable energy plant, the amount of the consumed energy must be defined and calculated in relevance to the source- to- site ratio. The source-to-site ratio is defined as the ratio between the energy used to create the 56

power(source energy) and the energy consumed in the building(site energy). The following steps provide the details of the calculation method: Step 1: Energy Types Define all energy types used in the building. For example; the following energy types are consumed in a single-family house. Electricity used for cooling, lighting and home appliances Diesel used for heating LPG used for cooking Step 2: Annual Energy Consumption Find out the annual consumption for each type of energy. If the building is a new construction, energy modeling is required to estimate consumptions. In the case of an existing building, consumption is aggregated over a period of 12 months of building operation. Example: Assume we have a house with the following annual energy consumption: Electricity= 8 MWh Diesel= 2 m 3 LPG= 75 kg(6 cylinders X 12.5 kg) Step 3: Conversion of Energy Units Convert all energy units to one common energy unit(MJ or kWh). The table below can be used for reference. Table 2: Energy Conversion Factors to MJ and kWh [28]. Fuel unit Energy density KWh MJ Natural Gas m 3 9.8 35.2 Petrol liter 9.7 34.9 Diesel liter 10.6 38.2 Kerosene Kg 12.1 43.5 LPG Kg 13.7 49.3 Coal Kg 9.7 28.6 Dry wood Kg 5.3 19 Back to the previous example, we can convert all energy consumptions to kWh using the table: Electricity consumption= 8,000 kWh. Diesel density= 2 m 3 = 2x1000x10.6= 21200 kWh. LPG density= 75 kg x 13.7= 1027.5 kWh. NetZero Buildings in Jordan 57

Step 4: Source Energy Calculation Calculate the annual source energy balance for each energy type. The next table provides source- to- site ratio in reference to the United States average ratios, this is considering that source energy ratios in Jordan are closest to those in the United States.[16] Table 3: Source to Site Ratios for Different Energy Types. Energy type On-site renewable energy Electricity Natural Gas Diesel Kerosene LPG Coal Dry wood Source-to-site energy ratios 1.00 2.8 1.05 1.01 1.01 1.01 1.00 1.00 Continuing with the same previous example, when applying the figures in this table, the total source energy consumption is: Electricity= 8,000 x 2.8= 22,400 kWh. Diesel= 21,200 x 1.01= 21,412 kWh. LPG= 1027.5 x 1.01= 1037.8 kWh. The total source energy for this house= 44849.8 kWh. Then the amount of the generated renewable energy must compensate 44,850 kWh of consumed energy. 58 III. NETZERO WATER BUILDING NetZero Water buildings are buildings where the amount of reused, treated and reclaimed water returned to the original source and used instead of potable water is equal to the building’s total potable water consumption. Water balance is achieved when reused, treated and reclaimed rainwater covers or exceeds all the building’s potable water needs.[52] Water Balance= Potable Water Consumption Reused, Treated or Reclaimed Water

In other words, NetZero Water Buildings are achieved when the water balance in the above equation is equal to zero.The water balance calculations exclude drinking water. The concept is different in Zero Water from Zero Energy because energy calculations take into account the efficiency of the power plant’s generation while the water supply factor is not part of the water balance calculations. As mentioned earlier, water consumption of a new construction building is estimated in liters per person per day as referenced in the national building codes. For existing buildings, water bills for 12 months are used to calculate the amount of water consumption. Figure 29 illustrates the measures of water reduce, reuse and offset which will be introduced to achieve a NetZero building. Capture Rainwater Reduce Water From Indoor Uses Using Water-Efficient Fixtures and Appliances Collect Condensate Water Figure 29: Measure of water reduce, reuse, and offset to achieve a netZero water building. Reduce Water for Outdoor Uses  NetZero Buildings in Jordan 59

First- Reduce Water The water reduction strategies can be applied for indoor and outdoor water uses. Reduce Water from Indoor Uses: + Water-efficient fixtures and appliances are the best strategies to reduce indoor water consumption. These strategies include: installing high efficiency toilets, as well as low flow lavatory faucets, kitchen sinks and shower heads. In addition, water labeled fixtures, such as WaterSense labeled fixtures(Figure 30), are convenient choices for water-efficient fixtures and fittings which can significantly reduce water consumption, thus, contributing towards a water balance case. 5+ Gallons per flush 1.28 Gallons per flush Furthermore, water home appliances(tumble dryers, clothes washers, dishwashers, etc.) which are energy labeled should also meet water efficiency requirements(expressed in A-G labels where A+++ is the most energy efficient). Energy efficiency Label indicates water consumption but it ranks the equipment based on their energy consumption. To seek for the best water savings, the appliances with the“A” family label must be selected then select the equipment with the lower water consumptions.(figure 31). Traditional Water Sense Figure 30: Water Sense Labeled Fixture. 60 Figure 31: Energy Label- Category of A+++ for a Washing Machine.

Reduce Water for Outdoor Uses + Outdoor water use is mainly for irrigation. Using efficient irrigation systems and best practices in softscaping contribute to significant water savings. In particular, drip irrigation is the most water-efficient irrigation system. Other strategies to to reduce water for outdoor uses include using grey water for irrigation(see the next step: Reuse Water) and planting trees and shrubs with no or low watering needs such as native and adapted vegetation. Native vegetation: are those that have developed naturally for many years without human assistance in a specific region and evolved to the geography, hydrology, and climate of that region[54]. Examples of native plants in Jordan include: Olive, eucalyptus and cedar trees which thrive throughout the highlands and the Jordan Valley, Rosemary and other shrubs which can be found throughout all regions in Jordan, Acacia trees and a variety of Aloe Vera plants thrive in the desert regions.[55] Adapted plants: are species of plants originally native to other regions of the world that have become acclimated and established in a new area. These plants thrive in the new location without being harmful to existing native plants or wildlife, and are able to grow and reproduce without human intervention.[54] NetZero Buildings in Jordan 61

Second- Reuse Water Unlike NetZero Energy, the Reuse Water strategies not only reduce the potable water consumption but also compensate it. The reused rainwater, the collected condensate water and the treated grey and black water are the main sources that contribute to the water reuse approach. Collecting rainwater and condensate water are the most affordable and low cost measures for the residential sector. Captured rainwater + Rainwater captured from the runoff of roofs and hardscapes can be collected in separate water collection tanks. Rainwater collection tanks are provided with filters installed at water inlet pipes. Collected rainwater can be used for all indoor and outdoor water uses when water passes by a high filtration media, but not for drinking use. Figure 32 illustrates the water network connection with the rainwater collection tank. Rainwater Tank Figure 32: The Water Network Connection with the Rainwater Collection Tank. Collected Condensate Water + Condensate water collection device is installed to collect water condensation from the cooling system. The collected condensate water can be re-used for irrigation, toilet flushing, and other uses. 62

Grey Water and Black Water Treatment + Grey water is defined as“the household waste water which has not come into contact with toilet waste, kitchen sinks or dishwashers”. Black water is “All household wastewater which includes water from toilets, kitchen sinks and dishwashers”. Water use in irrigation, cleaning, and car washing Black water to sewage Grey water Water treatment There are multiple types of wastewater treatment plants that differ according to cost, the efficiency of treatment and the area of space required for the plant allocation. The small, localized plant is the most recent technology for homes and residential buildings. It is usually located underground and requires a small area that varies according to the capacity of the plant. The centralized system is suitable for small community wastewater treatment plants(serving a group of buildings in a neighborhood, for example). The cost of wastewater treatment plants is considered relatively high. The most cost efficient in this context is to benefit from treated water provided by the municipality from centralized, large scale wastewater treatment plants(serving a large area, like a city or so). In Jordan, the quantity of treated water from the centralized wastewater treatment plants is 176.6 cubic meter which accounts for 16.6% of total water resources in 2019. So far, these quantities of treated water are mainly used for agricultural and industrial uses but not for residential uses[25]. However, the governmental efforts are seeking to increase the quantity of treated water which could become a resource for residential uses as well. Until then, underground, localized, small wastewater treatment plant is more applicable for the residential sector. NetZero Buildings in Jordan 63

It is important to separate the treated water from the municipality water using a dual pipe system. The end uses of treated water depend on the level of treatment. In general, toilets flushing, irrigation and cleaning are possible uses. Raw Water Coagulation/ Flocculation Basin Sedimentation Basin Home Consumption Filter Figure 33: The treatment stages in a water treatment plant. Third- Offset water Implementing Water Reduction strategies in the building design can result in lowering the water consumption. The water reuse strategies are practically the water offset strategies, as well. A NetZero water building compensates the consumed potable water for all water uses but not for drinking water. To verify compliance with a water balance case; a simple calculation can be carried out for the two variables of the water balance equation; the potable water consumption and the water reused, treated, or reclaimed. Example: A house uses efficient water fixtures, fittings and appliances. The water consumption of the house is 180 m 3 annually, assuming that 60 m 3 of collected rainwater and grey water from some household uses is filtered and reused annually and 120 m 3 of treated water is supplied to the house from a central wastewater treatment plant. Potable water consumption= 180 m 3* Reused and treated water= 60 m 3 + 120 m 3 = 180 m 3* Water Balance= 0, which means that the house is a NetZero water building. * The figures in this example are only to illustrate the numerical calculations. In 2017, the Water Supply quantity was 125 liter/ capita/ day[73]. For a small family of 4 adults; the average water consumption is around 180 cubic meters. 64

IV. NETZERO CARBON BUILDING NetZero Carbon Buildings are highly energy efficient buildings that are fully powered from on-site and/or off-site renewable energy sources(WorldGBC). NetZero Carbon is achieved when the amount of carbon emissions released CO 2 annually is compensated by renewables or by planting trees so that the difference between the released carbon and the sequestered carbon over the course of the year is equal to zero or negative. There are two approaches for NetZero Carbon Buildings which are associated with two types of carbon emissions: Embodied Carbon Operational Carbon Calculations of embodied CO 2 emissions are based on the construction materials that make up a building. Thus, quantity surveyors are the ideal professionals to be involved in these calculations. The values of the embodied carbon associated with each of the construction materials must be researched and published for each country based on the availability of the material and the production stage rationale in that country. The carbon emissions of the construction materials are presented in kilograms CO 2 equivalent(kg CO 2 e) per unit of the material. The data and factors associated with the construction materials are demonstrated in the manufacturer’s Environmental Product Declaration(EPD) or in a generic database called “the Inventory of Carbon and Energy(ICE)”. EPD is a standardized way of communicating the environmental effects associated with a product or system’s raw material extraction, energy use, chemical makeup, waste generation, and emissions to air, soil and water[56]. NetZero Buildings in Jordan 65

Specifying a material EPD should be provided by a qualified program operator on behalf of the product manufacturer or industry organization as outlined and referenced in ISO 14025. The following are some leading database for materials EPD: Mindful Materials. International EPD System. Sustainable Minds. UL Spot. The Operational CO 2 emissions is associated with the carbon emissions produced during the operational stage of the building, due to energy consumption and water use. Approaching both Net Zero Energy and Net Zero Water in a building means that the building is Net Zero operational building. The“Use-Stage Carbon” demonstrated by maintenance, repair, replacements and refurbishments of building elements contribute to the embodied carbon calculations and not to the operational carbon calculations, although emitted in the operational stage. First- Reduce Carbon Emissions In order to reduce carbon emissions from construction materials we need to reduce their quantity, and select materials with the lowest carbon emissions. The following strategies and measures contribute to reducing carbon emissions from materials: Use Regional Materials: + Regional materials are building materials or products that have been extracted, harvested, or recovered, as well as manufactured, within the region. The maximum distance from the site of construction to the origin of the construction materials varies amongst references. 66

The Jordan Green Building Guide specifies a maximum distance of 450 Km from the center of the construction site to the location of the origin of the construction materials. Regional materials have lower transportation carbon emissions because travel distances are minimized(Figure 34). For instance, some materials produce low carbon emissions during extraction and manufacturing, however, if a material requires transportation over long distances, then the embodied carbon emissions associated with this material may become higher than its alternatives. Transportation Jordan Site Use Durable Materials: + Durable materials require less refurbishment and replacement, thus reduce the carbon emissions during the building Use-Stage. Specify Low-Carbon Products and Materials: + Cement production emits high levels of carbon and other greenhouse gases which if replaced will emit lower CO 2 emissions. The most common example is cement-free concrete. There are two common replacements for cement in concrete mixtures which have lower carbon emissions: GGBS(Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag) and PFA(Pulverized Fuel Ash). See figure(35) Figure 34: The Zone of Regional Materials for a Site in the Center of Jordan(Info graphic). Figure 35: A Concrete Cube with 50% GGBS Content. NetZero Buildings in Jordan 67

Low Carbon Design Details: + Exposed concrete ceilings(Figure 36), hollow core slabs, and the use of plaster boards to dispense with paint are examples of low carbon design options because of the reduced quantity of materials used for these design details. Use Carbon Sequestering Materials: + Carbon sequestering materials and products are approved third-party certified materials and products which follow sustainable harvesting and extraction strategies. The embodied carbon associated with the Production Stage of these materials is less than the embodied carbon associated with their alternatives. For example, the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) certification is a sustainable harvesting standard for wood products that uses scientifically verified carbon sequestering, figure(37). Figure 36: Exposed Ceiling. 68 Figure 37: The Label of the Forest Stewardship Council Certification.

Second – Reuse and Recycle Materials to Reduce Carbon Emissions Reused Materials are materials retained in their original function for a new use without the need to be manufactured or processed again. Examples of materials that can be reused: that“glass facades, spiro facades, and wooden interior walls, are reusable elements that can substitute new products with an environmental advantage compared to new products”. The study reveals the technology of reusing various structural materials for purposes other than their original use and clearly indicates the lower carbon emissions and the lower impact on climate change for the studied materials. See Figure 38.[57]. Flooring Materials Window Frames Framework Timber Insulation Materials On-site reused materials have zero carbon emissions in the Production Stage and very low emissions during construction as they are re-used in the same location compared to other off-site alternatives. Nevertheless, the carbon emissions from off-site reused materials are mainly associated with distances and modes of transportation. Structural elements such as slabs, roofs, walls and partitions, can be reused as well. Furthermore, a study about reusing construction materials concluded Figure 38: Prototype of Glass Interior Wall with Ornamental Wedge Fixations. NetZero Buildings in Jordan 69

As a second option, materials can be recycled either on or off the construction site. A higher percentage of recycled content indicates that fewer raw materials were extracted. The most widely used recycled construction material is reinforced steel bars. The recycled content in steel bars varies between 25% to 90%. Reinforced steel bars are an example of cradle -to- cradle construction material. As illustrated in figure 39, the carbon emissions associated with the production of steel with 97% recycled content is 50% less than carbon emissions from the production of steel with 25% recycled content. Unfortunately, the production of 97% recycled content steel accounts for 29% of the total global steel production compared to 71% for the 25% recycled content steel.[58] Basic Oxygen Furnance(BOF) BOF ingredients: Iron ORE Limestone Recycled Steel(~25%) Electric Arc Furnace(EAF) EAF ingredients: Recycled Steel(~97%) Other elements(3%) -50% Less CO 2 emissions or 1. Mine raw or procure recycled steel. 2. Manufacturing on either an EAF or a BOF furnance. 3. Transit 4. Use 5. End of life Most steel members are recycled at the end of the building’s life Typically 25% recycled content 71% of global steel production Typically 97% recycled content 29% of global steel production Figure 39: Carbon Impact of Steel with 25% and 97% Recycled Content[58]. 70

A Matter of Trade-off In some cases, reducing the carbon footprint of a material may not contribute to reducing the overall life cycle carbon footprint. On the contrary, increasing the embodied carbon associated with the Production Stage may decrease the building life cycle of the embodied carbon. One example is adding a large thermal mass material, that is high in embodied carbon, thus reducing the building life cycle of embodied carbon by reducing heating and cooling loads. Third- Offset Carbon Emissions The offset strategy for carbon emissions from building construction materials is elaborated by calculating the“Embodied Carbon” associated with each material component after applying all possible reduction and reuse strategies. The calculation methodology can be implemented by listing all construction materials and their quantities, then calculating the amount of CO2e which is associated with each stage of the material life cycle. Finally, carbon offset sources are adopted to compensate for the calculated carbon emissions. The Calculations of Embodied Carbon Each material or product in the building has an embodied carbon conversion factor(which is unique for each material). It provides the value of the embodied carbon emissions associated with that material, and depends on multiple considerations during the Material Life Cycle Stages. These considerations are: The extraction process of the material The energy source used for manufacturing The distance of transportation The use-stage and deconstruction/ demolition stage The carbon impact associated with the method of construction NetZero Buildings in Jordan 71

Figure 40 illustrates the carbon impacts of different insulation materials. The figure shows that the embodied carbon associated with Extruded Polystyrene is the highest among all types of insulation. The spray foam, expanded polystyrene, mineral wool and the fiberglass insulation types have considerably lower embodied carbon emissions. On the other hand, wool, dense pack cellulose, cork, hempcrete and straw bales have negative embodied carbon values which mean that these materials sequester carbon emissions.[58] kgCO 2 represents R-20 at 234 m 2 Extruded Polystyrene(XPS) Closed Cell Sprayfoam(HFC) Closed Cell Sprayfoam(HFO) Expanded Polystyrene(EPS) MineralWool Batt Fiberglass Batt Denim Batt -7,437 kgCO 2 embodied 6,735 kgCO 2 emitted Wool Dense Pack Cellulose Cork Hempcrete Straw Bale CO 2 Emissions influenced largely by CO 2 CO 2 source energy type Ingredients vary CO 2 1. Mateial extraction 2. Manufacturing Figure 40: Carbon Impacts of Different Insulation Material[58]. 72 3. Transit 4. Use or 5. End of life

Each construction material must be declared by its manufacturer to illustrate the considerations and the embodied carbon associated with each Life Cycle Stage of the material. The Environmental Product Declarations(EPDs) is the best reporting protocol for that purpose. Setting a Baseline The reduction in the embodied carbon of materials is calculated in comparison to a baseline case. The baseline value is assumed to be the business as usual or the most commonly used material in construction for a specific region/ country. Example: Assume a baseline value of embodied carbon in a certain quantity of concrete is 270 tCO2e. This is considered as a baseline value for the specific quantity of concrete with 100% cement content. If the design team decides to use concrete with low cement content – assuming 50% of GGBS content instead of 50% cement content; it will result in a value of embodied carbon for the same concrete quantity equal to 200 tCO2e. Subsequently, the reduction in embodied carbon from concrete compared to the baseline of the building design is 26%. The same can be calculated for all the construction materials; the total baseline embodied carbon is compared to the total after applying embodied carbon reduction measures to find the final savings%. Carbon reduction measures can affect the embodied carbon of a project compared to the baseline case,(Figure 41). NetZero Buildings in Jordan 73

Foundation 733 366 Ground Floor Construction 444 222 Frame Upper Floors 205 177 411 354 External Walls 168 281 Roof 201 141 Roads, Paths and Pavings 127 89 Basement Retaining Walls 113 57 Internal Walls and Partitions 89 62 Floor Finishes Ceiling Finishes 65 46 21 14 Baseline After applying embodied carbon reduction measures Wall Finishes 6 5 Window and External Doors 5 3 Figure 41: An Example of How Carbon Reduction Measures Can Affect the Embodied Carbon of a Project Compared to the Baseline Case[32]. Steps of Calculations Step 1: List of Construction Materials List the building materials and their quantities as detailed in a bill of quantities. The list must include, at a minimum, the following material assemblies: Site works: excavation, exterior paving, shoring and framework. Foundation works and retaining walls. Structural framing, reinforcement, slabs and decks. Envelope cladding, fenestration, insulation and roofing. Interior finishes for ceilings, floors, walls, and partitions. Electrical, Mechanical, plumbing and any other building systems. 74

Step 2: Embodied Carbon from the Production Stage Calculate the embodied carbon from the Production stage. The following is an example of calculating the embodied carbon of an external wall in a typical residential building in Jordan: Embodied carbon from the production stage of the external wall 1 2 3 4 5 1 Quantitiy of Stone X Embodied carbon conversion factor = Embodied carbon of per unit of measurement for stone stone production 2 Quantitiy of Mortar X Embodied carbon conversion factor = Embodied carbon of per unit of measurement for mortar mortar production 3 Quantitiy of Block X Embodied carbon conversion factor = Embodied carbon of per unit of measurement for block block production 4 Quantitiy of Extruded Polystyrene X Embodied carbon conversion factor per = unit of measurement for Polystyrene Embodied carbon of Polystyrene production 5 Quantitiy of Plaster X Embodied carbon conversion factor = Embodied carbon of per unit of measurement for Plaster Plaster production NetZero Buildings in Jordan 75

Step 3: Embodied Carbon from Transportation Find out the embodied carbon associated with the transportation of each material. This value depends on the transportation distance for each material and the mode of transportation. Figure 42 illustrates the relative carbon intensity of different modes of transportation. Air- short- haul int 466 Air- bng- haul int 194 Road- rigid truck 73 Road- articulated truck 26 Road- average of all HGV’s 37 Rail 9 Shipping- container 5 Shipping- general cargo 4 Shipping- bulk carrier 1 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Figure 42: The Relative Carbon Intensity of Different Modes of Transportation[32]. 76

Embodied carbon from transportation of the external wall components For the same example of the external wall components, this step is implemented as follows: 1 Stone distance of transportation X Carbon emissions per km associated with the mode of transportation Embodied carbon associated = with the transportation of the Stone 2 Mortar distance of transportation X Embodied carbon associated Carbon emissions per km associated = with the transportation of with the mode of transportation the Mortar 1 2 3 4 5 3 Block distance of transportation X Carbon emissions per km associated with the mode of transportation Embodied carbon associated = with the transportation of the Block 4 Extruded Polystyrene distance of transportation X Carbon emissions per km associated with the mode of transportation = Embodied carbon associated with the transportation of the Extruded Polystyrene 5 Plaster distance of transportation X Carbon emissions per km associated with the mode of transportation Embodied carbon associated = with the transportation of the Plaster Step 4: Embodied Carbon from Use-Stage and Deconstruction/ Demolition Stage Similar to step 2, calculate the embodied carbon from the Construction Stage, Use-Stage and Deconstruction/ Demolition Stage for each material separately and evaluate the final result. The embodied carbon factors of the Construction Stage, Use-Stage and Deconstruction/ Demolition Stage are assumed in the materials databases according to the typical industry use of the material or in reference to the material EPD if available. NetZero Buildings in Jordan 77

Step 5: Total Embodied Carbon Find the total embodied carbon associated with each material over the life cycle of the material. 1 2 3 4 5 1 Embodied carbon of each component in the Production Stage(Step 2) + 2 Embodied carbon associated with the transportation of each component(Step 3) + 3 Embodied carbon associated with the Construction Stage of each component(Step 4) + 4 Embodied carbon associated with the Use-Stage of each component(Step 4) + 5 Embodied carbon associated with the Deconstruction/ Demolition Stage of each component(Step 4) Embodied = carbon of each component[kg CO 2 e or tCO 2 e] The total embodied carbon associated with the external wall= Σ embodied carbon for each component. 78

The final results for all materials used in building construction will be delivered as shown in Figure(43): Ground Floor 5.43 External Walls 3.40 Foundations Internal Wall First Floor Windows 1.62 1.44 2.86 2.47 Roof 1.21 Second Floor 0.71 Miscellaneous 0.65 Finishes 0.43 Figure 43: Embodied Carbon Assessment Results for a Very Efficient House“PassivHaus”[32]. Calculation of Embodied Carbon Emissions using Life Cycle Assessment-LCA tools Life Cycle Assessment tools provide a wide range of materials database used in the built environment. The tools use a locally customized or internationally recognized data set for embodied carbon conversion factors associated with each material for the whole life cycle of the material. The tools also use the materials EPDs, if available, to customize data assumptions. For example, a material with a provided EPD has different embodied carbon emissions compared to the same material without a provided EPD. General data assumptions are used for materials which don’t have EPDs. The users provide the materials quantities and transport distances in order to find the total kgCO 2 e associated with each stage of the Building Life Cycle. NetZero Buildings in Jordan 79

The following are some of the common LCA tools: Athena Impact Estimator Environment Agency’s Carbon Calculator eTool One Click LCA Tally EC3 Tool The tool allows the user to create his own material assembly and envelope configurations. The tool is flexible for use in case of a new construction or an existing building. Free web-based calculator with a user- friendly interface that can either use predefined assemblies or allow users to create their own, based upon Australian product data. An LCA application for Autodesk-Revit that calculates the environmental impacts of building materials and compares options directly within a Revit model. Free downloadable spreadsheet tool. The user provides detailed material information, travel distances and the type of transportation. Web-based software with a user- friendly interface that is based on a combination of design data to establish a base case and a better performance case. Free, cloud-based, openaccess Embodied Carbon in Construction Calculator. (EC3) tool compares materials based on the associated emissions. 80

Offset Strategy: Many CO 2 emissions offset sources are established worldwide. The most applicable sources in Jordan for the residential sector are: Renewable Energy Production Renewable energy sources are introduced to offset building energy consumption and carbon emissions. Calculating carbon offset from renewable energy sources depends on many factors: 1 The type of the renewable energy technology. 3 The size of the renewable energy plant. 2 The type of the generated energy. 4 The efficiency of the renewable energy technology. 5 The location of installation. 6 Climate-specific conditions. Carbon offset calculations from renewable energy sources are carried out based on the manufacturers’ technical sheets of the technology in cooperation with the renewable energy design engineer. For example, each kWh generated from rooftop PV panelsas one source of renewable energy saves 0.68 kg CO 2 e/year (some figures show higher savings in carbon intensity). On the other hand, the emissions offset from small sized wind turbines deviates from 0.008 to 0.020 kg CO 2 e/year per kWh. However, this figure may rise up to 0.45kg CO 2 /year in large size turbines which are located in high wind speed regions. NetZero Buildings in Jordan 81

Planting Trees Some countries establish forestation or reforestation projects which are verified by a third-party certifier in order to ensure a carbon offset strategy that is environmentally friendly. A tree can sequester 48 kgCO 2 e per year. Thus, over a building lifetime of 100 years; one tree can sequester 4800 kgCO 2 e. Only trees are accounted as carbon offset sequesters, while shrubs and groundcovers are not considered. Carbon Emissions from Home Energy Consumptions: The offset strategy of energy consumption is detailed in the section of NetZero energy. Moreover, carbon emissions from energy consumption can be calculated for all energy types; the total carbon emissions can then be added to the materials carbon emissions. Consequently, the carbon offset strategy is applied to both carbon emissions sources; the consumed energy carbon and the material embodied carbon. The table below illustrates the carbon emissions associated with different home energy types. Table 4: CO 2 Emissions Associated with Different Home Energy Types. Energy type Electricity Natural Gas Oil Gasoline Diesel LPG Unit kWh m 3 Liter Liter Liter Kg Annual Carbon Emissions(KgCO 2 e) 0.454 1.92 2.76 2.28 2.76 1.5 82

Carbon emissions conversion factors are locationspecific, thereupon; the given factors in this table are for Amman- Jordan. By applying these conversion factors to the same example in section 1: NetZero Energy Building, we get the following carbon emissions: Energy type and consumption Electricity= 8 MWh Diesel= 2 m 3 LPG= 75 kg kgCO 2 e/year Associated carbon emissions kg\CO 2 e per year 3632 5520 112.5 9264.5 The carbon emissions of 9264.5 kgCO2e/ year are equivalent to planting = 193 trees However, this result excludes source-to-site energy emissions which are calculated using life cycle assessment tools in parallel with materials carbon emissions assessment. It is worth mentioning that data associated with CO 2 emissions and other greenhousegas emissions have a margin of uncertainty. Finding country-specific estimates of CO 2 and greenhouse-gas emissions associated with fuels combustion can reduce the uncertainty in these estimates. NetZero Buildings in Jordan 83

3 BARRIERS OF NETZERO BUILDINGS 84

Buildings and human activities affect the environment by consuming various natural resources and producing undesirable carbon emissions. The statistics show that the average Jordanian population produced 2.6 tCO 2 e per capita in 2017 calculated from fuel combustion only as illustrated in figure(44).[4] The figure also shows that the average embodied carbon production in the last 30 years ranges between 2.5 and 3.2 tCO 2 e per capita, which is considered steady and low compared to the average embodied carbon production per capita in the Middle East countries with an average of 6 tCO2e per capita in the last 30 years as shown in figure(45).[27] t CO 2 /capita 3.5 3 2.6 t CO 2 /capita 2017 2.5 CO 2 / population 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 Figure 44: The average population production of embodied CO 2 emissions(CO 2 e/capita) in Jordan for the last 30 years from fuel combustion only.[4] t CO 2 /capita 8 7.5 t CO 2 /capita 2017 7 CO 2 / population 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 Figure 45: The average population production of embodied CO 2 emissions(CO 2 e/capita) in the middle east countries for the last 30 years from fuel combustion only.[27] NetZero Buildings in Jordan 85

In fact, the low carbon emissions per capita from fuel combustions in Jordan compared to the Middle East countries is mainly because of the significant increase in the Jordanian population after the Syrian crisis, where most refugees live in camps with negligible carbon emissions compared to the emissions from buildings in large cities like Amman, Irbid and Zarqa. These cities are the most populated cities in Jordan, which results in increased carbon emissions. Therefore, reducing carbon emissions from residential buildings is crucial and for the benefits clarified in chapter 1. This chapter will highlight the significant barriers for the implementation of NetZero buildings in Jordan – specifically for residential buildings; and the best mitigation measures linked to the barriers. Consequently, construction and operation guidelines will be presented to illustrate how to overcome the barriers associated with these two stages. Finally, international and national programs contributing to achieve a NetZero Building will be introduced. I. BARRIERS OF NETZERO BUILDINGS Some barriers have been identified to hinder the development of NetZero Buildings in Jordan. These barriers arise from mal-implementation during the construction stage and incorrect occupants’ behaviors during the operation stage of the NetZero buildings. The barriers to achieving NetZero Buildings in Jordan, specifically for the residential sector, can be categorized in three categories: Social Barriers Legislative Barriers Technical Barriers SOCIAL BARRIERS 1 A general misconception about NetZero Buildings is people focus on installing renewables to offset the energy and water consumption as well as the carbon emissions, without the consideration of energy efficiency strategies. 86

Achieving NetZero buildings without efficiency strategies is generally a higher-cost approach. In addition, energy efficiency strategies result with multiple non-energy benefits such as improved comfort and resilience. 2 Lack of interest and motivation to embrace NetZero buildings due to the perception that they are costly and require longer design and construction durations. 3 Most of the efficiency measures are affordable, however renewable energy measures are costly and not incentivised. 4 Tenants who are willing to apply the NetZero approach might face a barrier when the owner of the building is not aware of the benefits of NetZero Buildings. LEGISLATIVE BARRIERS 1 Lack of a comprehensive national reference that contains technical instructions about methods and implementations of NetZero Energy and Carbon buildings in Jordan. For instance, the conversion factors of the site to source ratios for energy types and the conversion factors of the embodied carbon for construction materials used in Jordan must be calculated and published. In addition it is essential to nationalize the Environmental Product Declaration(EPD) of construction materials that can be used when constructing NetZero buildings in Jordan. 2 The Jordan Energy Efficiency Codes provide stringent regulations for energy efficiency in buildings. However, these codes are not mandatory for the residential sector(in specific, the residential buildings with a total gross floor area less than five times the roof area). Most existing residential buildings don’t comply with the baseline requirements of energy efficiency and retrofitting these buildings to achieve the NetZero becomes more challenging and costly than if they would have been built up to standard in the first place. NetZero Buildings in Jordan 87

3 Lack of national carbon offset programs. Such programs can sell certificates for building owners whom are looking for offset strategies to achieve a NetZero Building. Renewable Energy Certificates and Carbon Offset Certificates are examples that can guarantee that the offset sources are operated by environmental practices. A Renewable Energy Certificate(REC) is a proof that energy has been generated from renewable sources such as solar or wind power. Each REC represents the environmental benefits of 1MWh of renewable energy generation. When a resident purchases RECs, renewable energy of the same value is generated. In the same manner, a Carbon Offset Certificate can be defined as a certificate that represents the reduction of one metric ton of carbon dioxide emissions. Figure(46) illustrates the concept of the Carbon Offset Certificates.[59] Even when we do a lot to reduce our carbon footprint, most of us can’t reduce it to zero. You’ll receive a certificate Emissions reduction acknowledging and projects are the quantifying your only way to negate offset purchase. the impact of these remaining CO 2 e Emissions. Renewable energy projects. Methane capture projects. Figure 46: The Concept of the Carbon Offset Certificates. 88

TECHNICAL BARRIERS 1 Incorrect construction and operational practices may lead to much higher energy and water consumptions as well as embodied carbon emissions compared to estimates made in the design stage. 2 Inaccurate estimates of energy and water consumptions and materials quantities in the design stage will lead to high deviations between the design calculations and the actual consumptions and/ or quantities. 3 The lack of skills and expertise across the construction sector and workers in the field of NetZero Buildings. This results with increased costs for working compared to traditional buildings. II. MITIGATION MEASURES The initial step in implementing NetZero practices is to eliminate and mitigate the challenges to meet the transformation requirement, then spread the practice nationally. The following mitigation measures can be implemented to overcome the barriers of implementing a NetZero Building: MITIGATION OF SOCIAL BARRIERS Developing code-improvement 1 proposals and voluntary programs that encourage and support the construction of Net Zero Buildings. Dedicating studies and research 2 efforts to develop national energy and material references that contain conversion factors for embodied energy and embodied carbon emissions. NetZero Buildings in Jordan 89

Developing educational and awareness 3 programs tailored for the concept, implementation, benefits and environmental assets of Net Zero Buildings. Increasing governmental subsidies 4 and incentives for renewable energy technologies and other low carbon and efficiency products/ technologies. MITIGATION OF LEGISLATIVE BARRIERS Initiating national carbon offset programs 1 which include renewable energy projects and forestation/ reforestation projects. 2 90 Collaboration of authorities and ministries which are involved in the building construction and environmental sectors to introduce policies for encouraging the implementation of NetZero buildings. These ministries and entities include the Ministry of Environment, the Ministry of Public Works and Housing, the Ministry of Water and Agriculture, the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, in addition to Jordan Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Foundation (JREEEF), National Electricity Distribution Company(NEDCO) and the Jordanian Engineers Association(JEA). Engaging NetZero designers and 3 contractors in policy making. That will allow them to reflect their experience in the field of NetZero building design and construction. Emerging national incentives 4 to encourage building owners to adopt NetZero measures and applications when retrofitting and constructing their buildings. MITIGATION OF TECHNICAL BARRIERS Developing nationally applicable 1 templates of robust specifications for the building components and systems which are commonly used in the NetZero Buildings.

Establishing a database of the latest To mitigate construction 2 technologies and national market trends 4 mistakes, the contractor must for the most energy efficient systems follow the specifications and and construction materials with low design guidelines. In the same carbon emissions. The database should way, to help mitigate operational also include cost comparisons, the cons, stage mistakes, operational pros, and availability of these products manuals and guidelines should and technologies in the national market, be followed. The operational in addition to the best practices and manuals and guidelines explain shortfalls in NetZero Building design and how the building functions as a construction. The database can be best whole system, and how to operate developed in a one-step web portal and and maintain individual systems should be updated continuously. within it. Providing homeowners with a guide would increase their understanding of the best Collecting data from NetZero Building 3 owners to evaluate the performance of their buildings by measuring and practices which would keep the systems operating at its best and would reduce the systems reporting Energy Use Intensity(EUI); maintenance and turnover. which is the value of building annual energy consumption relative to the building built up area. The Energy Use Intensity is used as a reference to assess the energy efficiency of a building in a specific location. Evaluating energy use intensity for the building can help setting a benchmark for NetZero Buildings. NetZero Buildings in Jordan 91

III. GUIDELINES FOR NETZERO BUILDINGS As mentioned in the introduction of this chapter, some barriers of NetZero Buildings take place in the construction and operation stages. Taking preventive actions into consideration and improving the implementation quality will overcome these barriers. The following section includes construction and installation guidelines for the contractors and subcontractors to ensure proper implementation of Net Zero Buildings. A. CONSTRUCTION STAGE GUIDELINES The potential to reduce carbon emissions in the construction stage is considerably high compared to the potential of reduction in the operational stage. Figure(47) shows that the potential to reduce carbon emissions in the planning and design stage rises up to 30%, while in the construction stage it is around 18% compared to around 5% in the operation stage. Carbon reduction potential 100% 100% 80% 50% 20% 0% Design Commissioning Planning Construction Operation and maintenance Figure 47: Embodied CO 2 emissions reduction potential at different stages of a building project.[60] 92

The resource efficiency measures which are presented in Chapter 2 can result with energy savings, improve your overall comfort at home, and help fight global warming. However, the proper implementation for the resource efficiency measures as planned in the design stage will ensure high potential rates of embodied carbon reduction. The following guidelines address the key aspects for building contractors to guarantee the building is constructed as designed: 1 Make a checklist for Net Zero Building requirements and guidelines for construction and system installations. For example, incorrect charging for the refrigerant level in central air conditioners can lower efficiency by 5 – 20% and can ultimately cause premature component failure, resulting in costly repairs. It is estimated that 60% of central air conditions are incorrectly charged during installation.[61] 2 Follow the specifications for the building envelope, and the mechanical and electrical systems to ensure they meet the requirements. 3 Follow the design details for proper installation of the insulation. An air leakage test can be performed to guarantee that the building envelope is sealed. It can be performed using a diagnostic tool that measures the airtightness inside the building at possible leakage points such like windows and door frames. Sealing and insulating the building envelope can save up to 10% of the annual energy bills.[61] NetZero Buildings in Jordan 93

4 Comply with the relevant national building codes for the best practice of equipment installation. Improper installation for HVAC systems can reduce system efficiency by up to 30%.[61] 5 Seal the HVAC ducts properly Ducts are used to distribute air throughout spaces of the building. In typical houses, about 20% of the air that moves through the duct system is lost due to leaks, holes, and poorly connected ducts. As a result, ducts lose heating or cooling produced by the equipment, thus more energy is consumed, higher utility bills and lower thermal comfort levels are achieved, regardless of the thermostat setpoint.[61] 6 Protect materials which are stored on-site and installed, from moisture damage and keep them clean. 7 Verify design calculations and enhance design selections by proposing alternative materials with lower carbon footprint(if any). 94

8 Conduct training programs for the construction team and other influencing parties in the construction field. Securing skilled workforces will reduce the cost of the NetZero Building implementation. 9 Perform commissioning activities for each system in compliance with the manufacturer procedures and instructions. It is recommended that the commissioning activities are carried out by an independent commissioning authority. 10 Issue building operation guidelines after the installation of all building systems – i.e. at the end of the construction stage and before occupancy; to help occupants operate the systems accurately and to maintain the building properly. COMMISSIONING Commissioning is the process of verifying that the project’s energy- related systems are installed, calibrated and performed according to the owner’s project requirements, basis of design, and construction document. Commissioning activities can be carried out by the contractor team, or by a third party authority. Commissioning is performed before occupancy, for each installed system before its operation. It is recommended for the commissioning team to be involved early in the process to facilitate a commissioning design review(reviewing design drawings at the end of the design stage but before bidding to ensure that they meet the commissioning requirements for all the commissioned systems) and a commissioning documentation review(to ensure that all commissioning documents are included in the tender documents before bidding). NetZero Buildings in Jordan 95

The commissioning activities must be performed for the following systems: Heating, ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems HVAC associated controls Lighting and daylighting controls Building automation systems(is any) Building envelope Stormwater management systems Water treatment Renewable systems energy systems 96 The commissioning process is important as it increases the liability related to the contractor for the proper installation of the system according to the owner requirements, the basis of design and the specifications. For that reason, it’s vital to involve a third party commissioning authority in the process to ensure integrity and transparency. Moreover, commissioning ensures that the building meets the energy efficiency measures and benefits. Commissioning is important in NetZero buildings for the following benefits: Achieve the anticipated energy savings Reduce systems maintenance and turn over Lower operational costs Improve Enhance building occupants’ comfort documentation and well-being

B. OPERATION STAGE GUIDELINES The building owners’ role in accomplishing the goals of a NetZero Building starts at the beginning of the operational stage. The following guidelines address the key aspects for building owners to guarantee their building operates as designed and constructed. Program the thermostat and other control systems to turn systems on and off at specific times. Installing building automation systems makes system management easier, unlike the manual control which usually results with higher energy consumptions. Collect and document all energy and water bills, in addition to the readings of electricity, thermal and water meters and submeters(if any). Using data loggers can ease the job. Using the readings of energy and water are used to verify the consumptions are not exceeding up normal readings of the building, which usually indicates that there is a failure or leakage in one of the building’s systems or in the water network which requires maintenance. The readings are also used to ensure that the building is achieving the balance case as a NetZero building. More details are provided in Measurement and Verification part of this section. Follow the manufacturer’s instructions and systems’ operational manuals for best practices of maintenance. NetZero Buildings in Jordan 97

Install submeters for tracking energy use on system-level, in addition to the main utility meters of electricity and water. Submeters help to identify systems failures and maintenance issues. Ensure continious maintenance of renewable energy systems and cleaning of PVs to ensure the system is operating with the maximum efficiency. For example, the efficiency of the PV solar panels ranges between 10-20% according to the type of the panel(mono or poly- crystalline) and the technology used by the manufacturer(furthermore, panels by the same manufacturer can be found in different specifications). The panels’ efficiency reduces when panels are not clean and they degrade yearly in a percentage that is described in the manufacturer data sheet. The efficiency and the degradation factors are taken into account when designing the PV plant. Perform measurement and verification after 12 months of building operation for the main energy and water systems. 98

MEASUREMENT AND VERIFICATION The basic formula of M&V is: Measurement and Verification(M&V) is the process of planning, measuring, collecting and analyzing data for the purpose of verifying and reporting energy and water savings within an individual building resulting from the implementation of energy and water efficiency measures. M&V uses measurement tools and utility bills to determine the actual energy and water savings of the building. The importance of M&V arises as the best strategy to ensure that the building is on-track as a NetZero building. M&V for the building is performed by energy management engineers, in compliance with measurement and verification references. One international reference is the International Performance Measurement and Verification Protocol(IPMVP). Energy/ Water Savings= Energy/ Water consumption at the base condition Energy/ Water consumption after the implementation of the energy and water efficiency measures after 12 months of operation For new construction buildings: the base case is the energy consumption predicted by energy modeling tools. For existing buildings: the base case is the annual energy consumption of the building before it is renovated. In consequence, if measurement and verification revealed that energy savings are not being achieved, a process for corrective actions is then provided. NetZero Buildings in Jordan 99

IV. THE COST OF NETZERO BUILDINGS Few international studies have calculated the incremental cost(the total cost incurred due to the additional expenses) of constructing NetZero Buildings. The cost varies according to multiple factors such as the climatic conditions, building location, building type, community type(rural/urban), and the availability of governmental incentives and rebates. The amount of savings is then compared to a baseline case which is the traditional building that is built according to the minimum building design and construction criteria in the region of study(business as usual case). STUDY 1 The incremental cost of NetZero Energy commercial Buildings compared to the standard construction codes in the United States ranges between: 0-15% with a payback period between 5-10 years for energy savings between 20-50%. [62] STUDY 2 A study conducted on single-family homes in four states in America has revealed that: Incremental cost ranges between 6.7- 8.1% compared to the baseline case(building codes in the United States). The study was carried out in 2018 and shows that the same multiple energy efficiency factors will decrease the incremental cost to become 3.1- 5.5% in 2030.[63] The future reduction in the incremental cost is expected due to the decline in the renewable systems costs and the higher efficiency gains of the equipment which is a result of the evolving technology. 100

STUDY 3 The analysis of a third study carried out in the United Kingdom in 2018 resulted with incremental costs for both residential and non-residential buildings equal to 5%-7%. are Incremental costs for the residential buildings, in specific 7% 11% as concluded in the study.[64] In conclusion, studies are needed to cover initial cost, running cost and ROI of applying NetZero Building as an emerging green building practice in the local market across different territories of Jordan. The vision is to embed the practice in the national standards and legislation to be verified and validated for every building in the future. V. INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMS TOWARDS ACHIEVING NET ZERO BUILDINGS International efforts and programs have been dedicated to implementing, advancing and analyzing impacts of NetZero Buildings. There are also Certification Schemes that confirm buildings’ compliance with the NetZero goals. The most widespread programs and certifications are: World Green Building Council- Advancing NetZero Project Advancing NetZero Project was launched in 2015. It is a global campaign to accelerate uptake of NetZero Carbon buildings to 100% by 2050 through Green Building Councils from 15 countries around the world. The Green Building Councils have been developing mechanisms and initiatives to facilitate mass market transformation, and lead the way, inspiring the business and the government communities to follow. Besides, the Green Building Councils ensure alignment with the four key project principles illustrated in figure(48). NetZero Buildings in Jordan 101

Figure 48: Definition of NetZero Buildings, Goals and Key Principles of Advancing Net Zero Global Project. The targets of Advancing Net Zero project are: Increase awareness and education of the urgency and achievability of NetZero Carbon buildings. Achieve alignment and commonality between GBC approaches and certification schemes. Expedite uptake in global markets by sharing market leadership examples. [64] 102

LEED Zero The International Living Future Institute Zero Carbon and Zero Energy Standards LEED Zero is a new level of the certification scheme for green buildings that complements to the LEED rating system and verifies the achievement of NetZero goals. USGBC has developed LEED Zero which is open to all LEED projects certified under the Building Design and Construction(BD+ C) or Operation and Maintenance(O + M) rating systems or registered to pursue LEED O+M certification. Projects can complement their existing LEED certification or LEED O+M registration with one or more of the following LEED Zero certifications: LEED Zero Carbon LEED Zero Water LEED Zero Energy LEED Zero Waste Participants can pursue one or all of LEED Zero certifications. [66] The International Living Future Institute (ILFI) is the founder organization of multiple certification schemes such as Living Building Challenge(LBC) Certification, Petal Certification(PETAL), Living Certification, the Core Green Building Certification(CORE) in addition to the Zero Carbon Certification and Zero Energy Certification. The Zero Energy Certification is based on actual, not modeled, performance during a 12 months period. NetZero Buildings in Jordan 103

Zero Energy Certification is recognized worldwide as one of the highest aspirations in energy performance in the built environment. It was created to allow projects to demonstrate Zero Energy performance, building an advanced cohort of projects with the integrity of third- party performance certification.[67] The Zero Carbon certification requires one hundred percent of the operational energy use associated with the project to be offset. In addition, the impact of Embodied Carbon Emissions associated with the construction and materials of the project must be detailed and offset. The projects seeking the Zero Carbon certification or the Zero Energy certification, must demonstrate the actual performance based on a 12 months period.[67] EDGE Zero Certification EDGE is a web based application, a standard, and a certification system. EDGE is an innovation of the International Financial Corporation(IFC) which creates intersections among developers, building owners, bands, governments and homeowners to deepen the understanding that everyone wins financially by building green. The EDGE standard focuses on efficiency of energy, water, and embodied energy in materials. The projects must achieve a minimum saving of 20% in Energy, Water and embodied energy of materials in order to qualify for this certification. See figure(49). 104

20%+ 40%+ 100%+ EDGE Certified EDGE Advanced Zero Carbon Figure 49: EDGE Levels of Certification. The Zero Carbon Certification of EDGE is achieved by reaching at least 20% savings in water and materials, and 40% minimum saving of energy which is the level of EDGE Advanced while renewable energy and/or carbon offset can compensate 100% of the remaining energy. New construction projects must achieve EDGE Advanced certification with 75% occupancy for at least 12 months to demonstrate performance and prove compliance.[68] VI. JORDANIAN NATIONAL PROGRAMS TOWARDS ACHIEVING NET ZERO Despite the fact that there are no mature programs that contribute to the implementation of NetZero Buildings in Jordan, there are some initiatives and energy efficiency programs and policies which are the core reference when implementing NetZero Buildings. The following are a few examples: Jordan Green Building Council The Jordan GBC is a non-profit and nongovernmental organization which provides internationally certified training programs, world- class expertise and regional and international network. The council is one of NetZero Buildings in Jordan 105

the leading entities in Jordan towards making green buildings a wide reality in Jordan. The Jordan GBC presents the green practices and concepts through its initiatives and volunteering team. The Jordan GBC was the second in the Arab region to join the call for“Advancing NetZero Buildings” initiated by the world GBC. A committee of volunteering members is working on the development of the concept and implementation of NetZero buildings in Jordan in compliance with the world GBC framework and key principles.[69] Jordan Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Fund(JREEEF) The fund was established to meet the needs of the Kingdom to invest in various sources of renewable energy in multiple sectors such as residential, educational(schools), health(hospitals) as well as private, public, industrial and services. JREEEF’s objectives contribute to the seventh goal of the 106 Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs) which is Clean Energy. JREEEF has carried out many programs and projects to achieve the strategic objectives. The JREEEF programs are prompt for various sectors, such as: LED lamps program, service water heating program, and Households the PV system installation program are all oriented towards the households. The implementation of the LED lamps program required home owners to substitute traditional light bulbs from their homes by energy efficient LED bulbs provided by JREEEF. On the other hand, homeowners submit a request to install the Solar Water Heating(SWH) and PV systems to get a grant up to 50% of the cost of the system. Other funding options include providing bank loans for installing these systems to homeowners. The funding loans are provided through contracts signed with 10 commercial banks.

JREEEF has launched public awareness campaigns through their presence in the social media. JREEEF has partners from business associations, NGOs, and the private sector that supports its programs including training and capacity building programs.[69] Royal Scientific Society(RSS) RSS is the largest applied research institution, consultancy, and technical support service provider in Jordan. RSS is a regional leader in the fields of science and technology using excellent scientific and engineering research to power economic development and social progress.[71] In collaboration with the National Building Council, RSS has published the Jordan Green Building Guide in 2012. The guide is the first of its kind in Jordan which presents green building design and construction criteria and a certification system on a basis of five certification levels(From the higher level; A, B, C, D, and the Certified level). NetZero Buildings in Jordan 107

The approach of the green building guide is to understand the building’s total impact on the environment in six categories that provide the foundation for green building design. These categories are: Green Building Management Site Sustainability Water Efficiency The credits are divided into three levels: Mandatory Requirements(MR): Requirements extracted from the Jordanian national building codes and are related to the green building intent of the credit. Applying the mandatory requirements does not reward any points. Obligatory Requirements(OR): Requirements that are not mentioned in the Jordanian national building codes of practice as mandatory minimum requirements, but are essential for the green building practice. Voluntary Requirements(VR): Requirements that are totally voluntary for precise building types and specifications, attached to rewarded points.[72] Energy Efficiency Healthy Indoor Environment Materials and Resources 108

Greater Amman Municipality(GAM) In 2015, GAM has established a sustainability strategy with two main goals: Planning, zoning and developing a city that grows efficiently and achieves the requirements of sustainability. Ensuring the implementation of sustainability and the utilization of renewable energy. The implementation of these two goals has been delivered in the following actions: Incentives for the citizens of Amman: GAM participated in producing the Jordan Green Building Guide with RSS and the Jordan National Council. Additionally, GAM has delivered incentives for the certified green buildings. The incentives vary according to the green building level of certification and are detailed below: 1. The installment of the zoning fees for a maximum period of 6 years. 2. Evaluating tender documents and approvals by one stop shop service. 3. Installing the PV panels on building rooftops and on parking canopies without any fees. 4. The building owner is allowed to increase the building density by increasing the building floor area ratio by a percentage up to 25% varies according to the green building level of certification. GAM has implemented solar energy projects to offset electricity consumption in: GAM’s buildings, Al Hussein theater, the city hall, and the headquarter building, in addition to the street lights of these buildings. NetZero Buildings in Jordan 109

CONCLUSION In 2015, Jordan agreed to the Paris Agreement which was considered an important step towards climate adaptation. The agreement brought the NetZero buildings to the fore as one of the solutions to the climate adaptation. Since the residential sector has the highest number of buildings, it plays a key role in contributing to NetZero buildings. Hence, it is the focus of this booklet. This booklet contains three chapters. The first chapter introduces the concept of NetZero Buildings supported by some local, regional and international statistics. The second chapter explains the implementation methods of NetZero Buildings throughout three paths: NetZero Energy achieving NetZero Buildings and the required mitigations to overcome; NetZero Water and NetZero Carbon. The third chapter highlights the barriers of these barriers, followed by introducing international and national programs. NetZero buildings enhance the indoor air quality of buildings where occupants spend more than 90% of their times. It also provides an opportunity to extend the building’s lifespan, preserve energy, water and material resources. NetZero buildings can be achieved through multiple approaches. NetZero energy is the most commonly used worldwide, and the most applicable in the residential sector in Jordan since most energy efficiency measures are affordable. Solar renewables are the most affordable offset measures in the local market because of the rapidly evolving solar technology, governmental facilities of their supply to the local market, and financial facilities and funds like the installments provided by the suppliers and JREEEF funds. 110

Looking ahead, NetZero Water and NetZero Carbon can become more affordable and easier to achieve by increasing awareness to the public and by training professionals, reducing costs of low carbon materials in the local market, introducing water treatment technology funds, sustaining research and code-improvements, and initiating national offset programs such as forestation and renewables farms. Developing strategies to encourage people to invest in NetZero buildings would reduce energy and water demand on a large scale. At the fiscal level, there are a few local studies that evaluate the cost implications of implementing NetZero buildings. Cost studies help decision makers to create financial facilitations and suppliers to import materials of NetZero buildings. Increasing the implementation of NetZero buildings requires an effective cooperation between the government and the local community. It is highly recommended to develop awareness plans as well as incentive programs to encourage building owners to construct or retrofit their buildings to NetZero. NetZero Buildings in Jordan 111

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Getting Involved Established in 2009, the Jordan Green Building Council is a member-based Civil Society and cross-sector Non-profit, Non-Governmental organization registered at the Ministry of Social Development. It received its“Established Member” status after the formal acceptance of the World Green Building Council in April 2012. Its Mission is to: Promote and advocate for the adoption of the Green Built Environment Practices, leading towards making Green Buildings a widespread reality in Jordan. Our Council is part of a global network of more than 74 GBCs worldwide and holds the authority to represent the World Green Building Council(WGBC) in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. The Jordan Green Building Council is currently the Vice Chair of MENA(Middle East and Northern Africa) Regional Network. Jordan GBC has evolved to be a global leader in this field and will continue to serve and make the Kingdom proud. This representation has turned out to be a great opportunity to enhance the Kingdom’s position as a leader in this field and now the Jordan GBC can contribute effectively in the development, implementation and dissemination of the Green Built Environment policies globally. To become a member or a volunteer in Jordan Green Building Council, all you have to do is to visit our location in Amman and register. We offer training programs and awareness sessions all year long among many other services. So if you’re an individual, a professional, an organization, a start-up or a well-established company, please come and join our journey.

Established in 2009, Jordan Green Building Council is a member based, civil society and cross-sector non-pro t, non-Governmental organization registered at the Ministry of Social Development. Its Mission is to: Promote and advocate for adoptation of the Green Build environment, leading towards making the Green Build environment a widespread reality in Jordan. Our Council is part of a global network of more than 74 GBCs worldwide and holds the authority to represent the World Green Building Council(WGBC) in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. The Jordan Green Building Council is serving as the Vice Chair of MENA(Middle East and North Africa) Regional Network. Jordan GBC has evloved to be global leader in this eld and will continue to serve and make the Kingdom proud. The awareness process happens through four major processes: Firstly, and most importantly the membership and networking; where we seek potential members in the green sector of Jordan in order to shed the light on the most important services, products or internal processes that are Eco friendly though sharing their own experiences using our green promotion and networking platforms. Secondly, the Green Academy which is meant to enhance the public’s awareness and education by being committed to proving high quality education in green practices and processes in order to train professionals to develop, manage and successfully execute green projects. Jordan GBC builds these capacities through professional workshops and trainings realted to Green Buildings. Thirdly; Outreach activities and events where customized to serve di erent target groups to suit their awareness needs in order to send the message of Eco friendly buildings and build environment. The outreach events can target School student, universities, engineers of di erent elds. Lastly, Reserach and Innovation; we constantly work on developing the council through researching potential for projects and engaging di erent stakeholders from mutiple sectors. @ JordanGBC Jordan Green Building Council +962 6 464 8225 www.JordanGBC.org 2020 by Jordan Green Building Council. All rights reserved. ISBN: 978-9957-8751-1-4 The Deposit Number at The National Library: 2020/8/3097 Developed in cooperation with: Eng. Eman Sabbah Designed and Illustrated by: Razan Al-Sheikh Amman, Jordan