ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND THE FUTURE OF THE DIGITAL WORKORIENTED SOCIETY An outline for a holistic technology impact assessment Thorben Albrecht and Christian Kellermann October 2020 Factors for the use of AI at the work place: technological performance of AI, the regulatory framework and whether AI can be integrated into production and labour processes. An uncontrolled digitisation with AI on the top threatens to throw our work-oriented society off its current “balance”. A laissez-faire policy would not be a good path towards a digiti sed work-oriented society. An AI impact assessment should ac tion on a suitable political-regulatory framework, transparency about ob jectives and operating modes of AI, participation and qualification of em ployees in the use of AI.

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND THE FUTURE OF THE DIGITAL WORKORIENTED SOCIETY An outline for a holistic technology impact assessment

Content 1. Introduction 2 2. AI AND THE TECHNOLOGICAL 3 LIMITATIONS OF ITS APPLICABILITY 3. BUSINESS IMPLEMENTATION FOR FACING 5 THE TENSION BETWEEN PROFITABILITY AND REGULATION 4. GREATER POLARISATION IN 7 THE LABOUR MARKET 5. AN OUTLINE FOR A HOLISTIC 9 TECHNOLOGY IMPACT ASSESSMENT BIBLIOGRAPHY 12 1

FRIEDRICH-EBERT-STIFTUNG – ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND THE FUTURE OF THE DIGITAL WORK-ORIENTED SOCIETY 1 INTRODUCTION Digitisation has accelerated the transformation of labour. E D v ig en iti t s h a o ti u o g n h h w as or a k cc to e d le a r y at i e s d sti t l h l p e ro tr n a e ns t f o o c rm ha a n t g io e n s, o t f he la r b e o a u re r. c E e v r e t n ain tho p u e g ri h od w s o d rk ur t in o g day wh is ic s h till th p e ron ch e a t n o ge c s ha o n c g c e u s r , t m h o ere r a a r p e id ce ly r . tai I n p t e h r is od p s r d o u ce ri s n s g , w th h e ich im th p e le c m h e a nt g a e t s io o n cc o u f r m n o e r w e t r e a c p h id n l o y. lo I g n ie t s his p p la ro ys ces a s n , th im e p im or p ta le n m t en ro ta le t ; ion ho o w f e n v e e w r, te th ch is a n l o w lo a g ys ies ta p k la e y s s a p n la i c m e po w rt i a th n i t n ro t le h ; e ho c w on ev tex r, t th o is f al ( w an a d ys t i a n i k n e t s er p a l c a t c io e n wi w th it in h) th o e th c e o r nte so xt cia o l f(a a n n d d in cu in ltu erac l tio c n ha w ng it e h s ) a o n th d er c s i o rc c u ia m l s a t n a d nc c e u s l . tu D r i a g l it c i h sa a t n io g n es sh an o d uld cir a c l u so ms b t e an p c e e r s c . e D iv i e g d it in isat t io h n e sh m o i u li l e d u als o o f be n p ew erce f i o ve rm d s in the of milie g u lo o b f a n li e sa w tio fo n r , d m e s m o o f g g ra lo p b h a ic lisat d io ev n e , lo d p e me o n g t r , a c p h h a ic ng d e e s ve in lop e m du e c n a t t , io c n h , an a g n e d s , l i a n st ed b u u c t a n ti ot n, le a a n s d t, , a last hi b ft ut in n w o o t r l k e i a n s g t, p a eo s p h l i e f ’ t s i v n al w ue o s r . king people’s values. A qualitatively new technological stage has begun under A the qu l al b it e a l tiv o e f ly “a n r e t w ific t i e a c l h int o e lo lli g g i e c n a c l e s ” tag (A e I) ha a s s b p e a g r u t n o u f n t d h er t im he pl l e a m be e l n o ta f t “ io a n rt o if f ic c ia e l rt i a n i t n el d li i g g e it n a c l e t ” ec ( h A n I o ) l a o s gi p e a s r u t s o e f d t w he ith im in t p h lem la e b n o ta u t r io c n on o te f x c t er in ta s in oc d ie ig ty it . a A l I te is ch th n e ol c o o g l i l es ct u iv s e ed ter w m ith fo in r t a h lg e o l r a it b h o m u s r co w nt h e ic x h t in c s a o n ciet p y r . o A c I es is s th l e ar c g o e llec v t o iv l e um te e r s m f of r a d l a g t o a rit a h n m d s w w h h i i c c h h c a a r n e p c r a o p c a e b ss le la o rg f e le v a o r lu n m ing es a o n f d da f t i a nd a i nd g w co h m ic p h le a x re so c lu a t p io a n b s le au o t f o l n e o ar m n o in u g sly a . n A d I f h in a d s i t n h g e c a o b m ili p ty le t x o s s o e lu ft o io p n ti s m a is u e ton a o nd mo c u a s n ly. b A e I ha ch s a th ra e ct a e b r il s i e ty d to b s y elf a n opt im im m is a e n a e n n d t co an mp b lexi c ty ha a r n a d cte n r o is n e d tra b n y sp an ren im t ma a n p e p n r t oa c c o h m e p s lexi ( t “ y Bl a a n c d k B n ox n ” -t ) r . ansp T a h r i e s n d t is a ti p n p g r u o i a sh ch es es A ( I “B f l r a o c m k B o o th x” er ). in Th st i r s um di e s n ti t n s ( g in u c is lu h d es in A g I d fr i o g m ital oth o e o r ls i ) n t s h tr a u t m h e a n v t e s b (i e n e c n lud u i s n e g d d t i h g u it s al fa to r. o A ls t ) tha e t c h o a m ve pa b n e y e l n ev u e s l, ed AI th s u y s te fa m r. s A c t a t n he o c r o g m an p is a e n , y m le a v n el a , g A e, I s a y n s d tem co s n c tr a o n l o la rg b a o n u i r s . e, Th m e a s n e ag s e ys , t a e n m d s co c n a t n rol a la so bou cr . ea T t h e ese a s e ys lf t e o m rg s an ca is n in a g lso an c d re o a p te tim a isi e n lf g -o s r t g ru a c n t i u si r n e g o a f n b d u o si p n t e im ss is a ing d s la t b ru o c u t r ure re o la f ti b o u n si h n i e p s s s , a a n s d l i a s bo d u o r n rel , atio fo n r ship ex s, am as p i l s e, don o e n , f la o b r o e u x r am p p la le t , fo o rm n s la . bo T u h r e p a l p a p tf l o ic r a m ti s o . n T o h f e A a I pp sy li s c t a e t m io s n in of th A e I s la y b st o e u m r s co in nte h x e t l t a h b u o s u l r e c a o d n s t t e o xt q th u u a s lit l a e t a iv d e s t a o n q d ua q li u t an ti t v i e ta a ti n v d e c q h u a a n n g ti e t s ativ w e h c ic h h a , ng i e n s w tu h r i n c , h, r i e n q t u u ire n, a r n eq a u d ir a e p a t n at a io d n ap o t f at t io h n e r o e f g t u h l e at r o e r g y u f l r a a t m or e y w f o ra rk m a e s w w o e rk ll as o w f e l l a l b a o s u o r f re la la b t o io u n r s r h e i l p a s t . ionships. Particularly on the macroeconomic and industry-wide level, a Pa q r u ti e cu st l i a o r n ly h o a n s a th ri e se m n a – c i r n oe a c d o d n it o io m n ic to a t n h d e i i n ss d u u e st o ry f t w he id n e e l w ev q e u l a , l a ity qu of es w ti o o r n k h – a o s f a w ri h se a n t q – u i a n n a ti d ta d t i i t v io e n em to p t lo h y e m is e s n u t e im of p t a h c e t w ne o w uld qu o a c li c t u y r o i f f w A o I rk as – w o e f ll w a h s at o q th u e a r nt d it ig at it iv a e l t e e m ch p n lo o y lo m g e ie n s t in m c p re a a c s t in w g o ly ul p d e o n c e c t u ra r te if d A i I n a to s w bu e s ll in a e s s o s t p h r e o r c d e i s g s i e t s a . l H te o c w hn e o ve lo r, t g h ies d i i n scu re s a si s o in n gly abo p u e t ne t t h ra e te p d ote in n t t o ial b i u m si p n a e c s t s o p n roc o e v s e s r e a s ll . e H m ow pl e o v y e m r, en th t e is d v i e s r c y us v s a i r o ie n d a a b n o d u i t nc th o e ns p is o te te n n t t i i n al G i e m rm pa a c n t y o a n s w ov e e ll ra a ll s e in mp m lo a y n m y e o n th t e is r v c e o r u y n v tr a i r e i s e . d T a h n e d p i r n e c d o i n ct s i i o st n e s n o t f in w G h e a r t e m f a fe n c y ts as A w I e i l n l v a o s lv in em m e a n n t y w ot il h l e h r a c v o e un o t n ries e . m T p h l e oy p m re e d n i t cti v o a n ry s s o t f ro w n h g a ly t : e t f h f i e s c i t s s a A ls I o in re v l o a l t v e e d m t e o n th w e i p ll r h o a sp ve c o ts n o e f m p p u l t o t y in m g e A nt I v to ar u y se str a o n n d g i l t y s : p th o i t s en is tial. so related to the prospects of putting AI to use and its potential. In this paper, we would like to determine the main d In im th e i n s s p io a n p s er, w o e f wo a uld l w ik o e r t k o -f d o e cu te s r e m d ine a t s h s e es m sm ai e n n d t ime o n f s p i r o o n g s re o s f si a ve wor d k i g f i o ta c l use t d ec a h ss n e o s l s o m gi e e n s t of in progr e e n s e s r iv a e l di ( g a i n ta d l t s e p c e h c n if o ic l a o l g ly ies of in A ge I) n a e s ra t l h ( e a y nd ar s e pe u c s if e i d cal in ly o th f e A d I) ig a i s ta t l he w y o a r r k e o u r s i e e d nt i e n d t s h o e ci d e i t g y i . ta T l he wo g r o k a l or is ie t n o te de s fi o n c e ie th y. e T n h e e ce g s o si a t l y is an to d s d c e o fi p n e e th o e f ne a ce ti s v s i i t t ie y s and re s q c u o ir p e e d of f a o c r tivi a ties c r o e m q p u r ir e e h d en fo si r v a e t c e o c m hn p o re lo h g e y nsiv im e p t a e ct hno as lo se g s y sm im e p n a t. ct T a h s e ses f s ir m st ent. di T m h e e ns fi o rs n t i d n i c m lu e d n e s s ion t i h n e clud tec s h t n h o e lo te g c y hno it l s o e g lf y it a s n e d lf it a s nd te i c t h s n t i e c c a h l n a ic n a d l a ec n o d n e o c m o i n c o p m o ic te p nt o ia te l. nt A ia I l. is A p I a is rt pa o r f t d o i f gi d ti i s g a i tio sa n tio p n ro p ce ro ss c e e s s , s a e n s d , a t n h d e t t h w e o tw o o f o th f e th m em ar a e re ha h r a d rd to to s s e e p p a a r r a a t t e e . . T T h h e e r r e e f f o o r r e e , , we w w il i l ll fir f s ir t s l t oo lo k o a k t t a h t e d th e e vel d o e p v m el e o n p t m o e f n A t I a o n f d A t I he an te d ch t n h o e t lo e g ch ic n a o l l l o im gi i c t al tio li n m s it o a f ti i o t n s s ap o p f lic it a s bi a li p ty pl i i n ca o b r i d lit e y r t i o n m o a rd k er th to e m iss a u k e e m th o e re is t s a u n e gi m bl o e re for ta f n u g rt ib h l e e r f a o n r a f ly u s r e th s e in r a th n e al l y a s b e o s u in r c t o h n e t la e b x o t. u T r h c e o s n e t c e o x n t. d T d h im e e s n e s c i o o n n d is d t i h m e e w ns o io rk n pl i a s ce th i e tse w lf o . r H k o p w lac i e s A its I e u lf s . e H d o i w n p is ar A tic I u u la se r d sit i u n at p i a o r n t s icu a l n a d r s w it h u at io la n b s ou an rd rel w at h e a d t , l p a o b l o it u ic r a -r l, el an te d d, or p g o a li n tic s al t , io a n n a d l c o h rg a a n n g i e s s at d io o n e a s l i c t h af n f g e e ct s ? d T o h e e s t it hi a rd ffe d c i t m ? e T n h si e on th is ird ma d c im ro e e n c s o i n o o n m i i s c: m w a i c ll ro th ec e o a n u o t m o i m c: at w io i n ll t p h o e tent a ia u l to le m ad ati t o o n tech p n o o te lo n g ti i a c l al u le n a e d mplo to yme t n e t c , h o n r o w lo i g ll ic A a I l u b n ri e n m g p a lo b y o m ut en g t r , ow or th w a i n ll d A e I mp b l r o in y g me a n b t o f u o t r a g l r l ow an t d h a a t nd a e h m ig p h l e o r ym lev e e n l t ? O fo r r w a i l l l l i a t n h d eig a h t te a n h th ig e he p r ola le ri v s e a l t ? ion Or th w at ill th i e t f h ir e s ig t h w t a e v n es t o h f e aut p o o m la a r t is io a n tio a n nd d th ig a i t tisa th ti e on f h ir a s v t e a w lr a e v a e d s y s o e f t a in ut m o o m t a io ti n o ? n In an o d ur d v ig ie it w is , a th io e n se ha th v r e ee alr d e im ad e y nsi e o t ns in ar m e o fu ti n o d n a ? I m n en o t u a r l f v o ie r w th , e t c h o e n se tinu th a r t e io e n d o i f m t e h n e si t o e n c s hn a o r l e og fu y n im da p m ac e t nt a a s l s fo e r ss t m he en c t on in tin th u e at c io o n ur o s f e t o h f e o te n c g h o n in o g log d y ig im tis p a a t c io t n a , ss a e n s d sm th e e n y t i c n an th g e uid c e ou a rs e e as o o f f p o o n l g it o ic in a g l ac d t i i g o i n tis w at h io ic n h , w an ill d be th e e l y abo ca ra n t g e u d id o e n a i r n ea th s e las o t f secti p o o n l . itical action which will be elaborated on in the last section. 2

FRIEDRICH-EBERT-STIFTUNG – ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND THE FUTURE OF THE DIGITAL WORK-ORIENTED SOCIETY 2 AI AND THE TECHNOLOGICAL LIMITATIONS OF ITS APPLICABILITY The methods of AI were made possible by the connection T b h e e tw m e et n hod hi s g o h f -p A e I rf w or e m re an m c a e de h p a o rd s w sib a l r e e, by b t i h g e c d o a n ta n , ect a io n n d m be a t c w h e in e e n -l h ea ig r h ni n p g erf p o r r o m ce a d n u c r e e h s a ( r a d lg w o a r r i e th , m bi g ba d s a e t d a, a p n ro d c m es a se c s h ) i . W ne h -l i e le ar t n h i e ng te p r r m oce “ d ar u t r if e i s cia (a l lg in o t r e it ll h ig m e n b c a e s ” ed w p a r s oce o s in ses d ). i W n h th ile t 1 h 9 e 50 te s, rm th “ e ar m ti o fi s c t ial si i g n n te if l i l c ig a e n n t c p e r ” oc w e a d s ur c e o s in u e s d ed in to th d e ay 19 h 5 a 0 ve s, t b h e e en mo d s e t v s e i l g o n p i e fi d can o t nl p y ro i c n ed t u h r e es p u a s s e t d f t e o w day de h c a a v d e es b . ee T n he d s e e v d e e l v o e p lo e p d m o e n n ly ts in t w he r p e ast m f a e d w e de p c o a s d s e ib s. le The b s y e d a e d v v e a lo n p c m es en i t n s w ha e r r d e w m ar a e de ( p sm os a s l i l b er le b a y nd adv f a a n st c e e r s in ch h ip a s rdw a a n r d e(s t m hu a s ller m a o n r d e f p a r s o t c e e r s c s h in ip g s p a o n w d e th r) u a s n m d or s e of p t r w o a c r e e ssi ( n b g et p te o r w a e l r g ) o a r n it d hm so s f ) t . w T a h re ( c b u e rr t e te n r t a a lg p o p r lic th at m io s n ). o T f he A c I ur g re o n e t s ap be p y li o ca n t d ion th o e f A pr I ev g iou es f b o e r y m o s nd o t f he th p e re m vi a o c u h s in f e orm pr s oc o e f ss t i h n e g m o a f chine for p m ro a c t e io s n sing an o d f a in ll f o o w rm s at t i h o e n an co d m a p llo u w te s rt c h o e nt c r o o m lle p d ut a e n ra c l o ys n i t s ro o ll f ed in a c n re a a ly s s in is g o ly f c in o c m re p a l s e i x ng e ly nv c i o ro m n p m le e x nt e s nv a i n ro d nm pr e o n c t e s ss a e n s d . p T r h o e ce d ss e e v s e . lo T p h m e e d n e t v in elo s p t m or e a n g t e in te s c to h r n a o g lo e g t y e , ch p n roc lo e g ss y i , ng pro p c o es w si e n r g , p a o n w d er s , p a e n e d s h p a e v ed o h u a t v l e in o ed utli a ned qu a a q lit u a a t l i i v t e ativ a e dv a a d n v c a e n m cem nt ent fr f o r m om what used to to be b a e pr a edo p m re i d n o a m nt i l n y a t n h t e ly or t e h ti e c o a r l e a ti p c p al ro a a p c p h ro to ac a h pp t l o ia ca p t p io lic n a t o io ri n e n o t r e i d en A te I. d AI. Despit e the numerou s con tributions to the debate about “ “ g g e e n n e e ra ra ll p -p u u rp rp o o s s e e A A I” I” , , fo fo r r e e x x a a m m p p le le , , in in p p o o p p u u l l a a r r c c u u l l t t u u r r e e , , AI ha s a a lw lw a a y y s s rea re c a h c e h d e i d ts l i i t m s it l a im tio it n a s tio w n h s en w it h c e o n m i e t s t c o om au e t s on t o o a m u o t u o s no u m nd o e u r s st u a nde in rs g ta a n n d d in c g om an p d re c h o e m ns p io re n h , e t n h s a i t on is , , t “ h i a n t e i l s li , “ g i e n n t c e e ll ” ige a n s c o e p ” p a o s se o d pp to s p e a d tte o rn pa r t e t c e o rn gn re it c io o n g . n E it v io e n. t E h v e en m t o h s e t t m ri o vi s a t l t c r o iv r i r a e l la c t o io rr n e s la c ti a o n ns qu ca ic n kl q y u o ic v k e l r y lo o a v d er a lo n a A d I a s n ys A te I m sy . s E te v m en . w Ev i e th n m w a i n th ag m ea a b n le ag d e a a t b a le set d s a , ta the se e t n s, or t m he ous en d o a r t m a o c u o s mb d i a n t a a t c i om n b p in o a s t s io b n ili p ti o es si c b a il n itie q s u c i a c n kl q y u p ic r k o l d y u p c ro e duc n e co u n n t c r on lla tr b o l l e lab v l o e v lu o m lu e m s. es F . or Fo n r ow no , w su , ch su a ch data da e t x a plo ex si p o l n os p io h n en p o h m en en o o m n en c o an c o a n n ly o b n e ly ad b d e res a s d e d d re w ss it e h d th w e it a h id t o h f e he a u id ris o ti f cs h a e n u d ri t s h ti e cs ca a lc n u d t la h t e io c n alc o u f la p ti r o o n ba o b f il p it r ie o s b . ab T i h li i t s ies m . e T a h n is s, m h e o a w ns e , v h e o r, w t e h v a e t r, e t v h e a n t t e h v o e u n g t h h t o h u e g r h es t u h l e ts r o e f su su lt c s h o p f r s o u c c e h ss p es ro c c o e u s l s d es be co g u o l o d d b e e n g o o u o g d h t e o noug tp h er t f o orm ou h tp u e m rf a o n r s m , th h e u y m a a re ns n , ot h fl e a y wl a e r s e s a n n o d t so fl m aw e le u s n s a ce n r d tain so ty m a e bo u u n t c t e h r e ta ir in p t e y rfo a r b m o a u n t ce th w e i i l r l al p w e a rf y o s r r m em an a c in e . T w h il s l a d l o w e a s y n s ot re p m ri a n i c n i . pa T ll h y is co d n o t e ra s d n ic o t t th p e rinc o i t p io a n lly o c f o inte ra ll d ig ic e t nt th a e ct n ion ti , on be o ca f u in se te h lli u g m en a t n a a c c t t i i o o n n , i b s e a c l a so us u e n h c u e m rtai n n a b c y ti d o e n fi i n s it a i l o s n o u in nc th e a rt t a it n p b ro y d d u e ce fi s ni i t n io co n m i p n le th e a i t nfo it rm p a ro ti d o u n c . e In s t i u n r c n o , m th p i l s et i e s i o n n fo e r o m f a t t h io e n r . ea In so t n u s rn fo , r th th is e i l s im o it n e e d o p f ra t c h ti e ca r l e a a p so p n lic s ab fo il r ity th o e f l i i n m d it v e id d u p a r l a A c I ti s c y a s l t a e p m p s l . icability of individual AI systems. T T he re is is also al u so ncer u t n a c in er t t y ain w t h y en w p h r en dict p in re g d t ic h t e ing fu th r e ther fu d r e th v e e r d lo e p v m elo e p n m t e o n f t A o I f , A w I, hi w ch hic d h oe d s oe n s o n t o in t h in ib h i i t bi s t o s m om e e pe p o eo p p le le f f r r o o m gra a n n t t in in g g AI A t I oo m to u o ch p m o u te ch ntial p in ote th nt e ial work in envi t r h o e nm w e o n rk t e a nv d iro e n n m do en rs t ing an i d t w e i n th d ou rs t in r g est i r t ict w io it n h . ou A t s o re f s t r o ic d t a io y n , . g A e s nuin o e f A to I d a a p y, plica g t e io n n ui s ne in m A os I t bu a s p i p n l e ic s a s t e io s n a s re e in ither m v o e s r t y b lim us it n e e d ss o es r are e s i t h ill er bei v n e g ry pr l o im je i c te t d ed o fo r r i a m re ple s m til e l nt b a e ti n o g n p in roj t e h c e ted futu f r o e r , i a m lb p e le it m m en o ta st i l o y n for in onl t y he occ f a u s t i u o r n e, al an lb d eit p m ar o t s l t y ly ex f p o e r r o im nly ental use. Therefore, we are primarily interested in the develop occasional and partly experimental use. Therefore, we are p m r e im nt ar o il f y s in p t e e c r i e fi s c te a d re i a n s th o e f A de I v a e p lo p p lic m a e ti n o t n o i f n s r p e e c c e i n fi t c y a e re a a rs s t o o f A de I li a n p e p a l t i e ca t t h io e n pr i a n ct r ic e a c l e p n o t t y e e n a ti r a s l o to f t d h eli t n e e c a h t n e ol t o h g e y. practical potential of the technology. Machine learning is a relatively well-developed and signifi M ca a n c t h a in p e plic le a a ti r o n n ing are i a s o a f A re I la in tiv d e i l v y er w se el p lr d o e d v u e c lo ti p o e n d fie a l n d d s. W sig it n h ifi t c h a e nt ai a d p o p f lic m at a i c o h n in a e re le a ar o n f in A g, I c in ros d s i v s e e r c s t e ion p a ro l d ta u s c k t s io i n n f e i n e t ld e s rp . r W ise it s h ar t e he ea a s i i d er o t f o m co ac n h tr i o n l e u l s e i a n r g ni A ng I, , fo cro e s x sa s m ec p t l i e o : n ( a 1 l ) t h a ig sk h s erin lev e e n l t r e e r c p o r g is n e i s tio a n re of eas c i t e io r n t s o w c h o i n ch tro e l na u b s l i e n s g a A bs I, tra fo c r t e re x c a o m g p n l i e ti : on (1) of h c ig o h m e p ra l r e a v b e le r s e it c u o a g t n io it n io s n (pa o t f te a rn ct r io e n co s gn w it h io ic n h ) a e s na w b e le ll s as a (2 b ) st h r an ct dlin re g co f gn ex it t i r o e n me o ly f la c r o g m e p d a a r t a a b v le olu s m itu es a . ti T o h n is ( m p e a a tt n e s rn th re a c t o m gn a i c ti h o i n) e a l s ea w rn el i l ng as m (2 a ) k h e a s n i d t lin p g os o si f b e le xtr to em u e s l e y l e a x r a g m e p d le a s ta an v d ol o u b m ser s v . a T ti h o i n s s m to ea d n ra s w th c a o t nc m lu a s c io h n in s e an le d a m rn a in k g e m ge a n k e e r s alis t at p ion ss s ib w le hic to h, us n e lik e e x m am em pl o es ris a in n g d (i o m b m se e r d v i a a t t i e on st s or t a o d g r e a ), w ca c n on h c e l l u p si p o r n o s po an se d a m nd ak t e ra g n e sf n e e r r s a o li l s u a t t i i o o n n s s t w o h v i a c r h io , u u s n s lik tu e a m ti e o m ns o . ris T in y g pic ( a im l m p e ra d c ia ti t c e al st a o p ra p g li e c ) a , ti c o a n n a h r e e l a p s pr in o c p lu o d se e a t n a d r t g r e a t n s p fe e r ci s fi o c lu a t d io ve n r s tis t i o ng va a r n io d u m s a s r i k tu e a ti t n io g n , s lo . g T i y st p ic ic s a , l p p re r d ac ic t t ic iv a e l a m p a p in lic te a n ti a o n n ce a , r c e u a sto in m c e lu r d r e la t t a io rg n e s t h i s p pe m c a if n ic ag a e d m ve e r n t t is , in a g nd a p n e d m op a l r e ke a t n in al g y , tic l s o . g F is o t r ic e s x , am pr p e l d e i , c u ti s v e e r d m a a ta in s t u en ch an a c s e, pu c r u ch st a o s m e e o r s rel a a r t c io h n b s e h h ip avi m ou a r n ac g r e o m ss e d n i t f , fer a e n n d t p p la e t o fo p r l m e s a c n an aly h t e ic lp s. au F t o o r e m x a a t m ic p all e y , p u r s o e d r u d c a e ta sim su il c a h r o a f s fe p r u s r . c T h h a i s s e is o o r n s e a o rc f h th b e e r h e a a v s i on u s r w ac h ro y s t s he di d ff i e st r r e i n b t ut p io la n tf p o h rm as s e c o a f n th h e el s p up au p t ly om ch a a t in ca ( l a ly dv p e r r o t d is u in c g e , t s h im e i I la n r te o r f n f et r , s. a T n h d is c i u s s o t n o e m o e f r t r h e e la r t e io a n so sh n i s p w s) h a y n t d he m d a i c s h tr i i n b e ut le io a n rp ni h n a g se ar o e f in th a e n s in u t p e p rd ly ep c e h n a d in en (a t d r v e e la r tio si n n s g h , ip t . he Internet, and customer relationships) and machine learning are in an i I nte m rd a e n p y en ot d h e e n r t c re o l n a te io x n ts, hi A p. I methods currently mark the technological boundary of digitisation in the business and I la n b m ou a r ny en o v t i h ro e n r m co ent e s. xt T s, he A re I m is et s h t o ill ds a c b u i r g ren g t a ly p m be a t rk we t e h n e t a e p c p h r n e o ci l a o t g in ic g al th b e ou p n o d te a n ry tia o l f o d f ig th it e is t a e t c io h n no in lo t g h y e a b n u d si t n h e e ss p a e n c d if la ic bo ap u p r li e c n at v i i o ro n n o m f e A n I ts in . t T h h e er w e o i r s kp s l t a il c l e. a In bi s g pit g e ap of b th e i t s w , e it e i n s a co p n p c rec iv iat b in le g th t a h t e AI p – ot a e n n d tia a l lo o n f g w th i e th t it ec the no “ l i o n g te y llig an en d t” th d e i s g p it e is c a if t i i c on ap o p f lic th at e io l n ab o o f u A r I w in or t l h d e in wo th rk e pl f a o c r e. se In ea s b p l i e te f o u f tu t r h e is – , w it il s l c in o c n r c e e a i s v i a n b g le y t a h n a d t A es I s – en an ti d all a y lo c n h g an w g i e t . h ( i I t n th a e w ” a in y, te th llig s e is nt a ” ld re ig ad it y isa t t a i k o i n ng of p t l h ac e e l . a ) b T o h u e r re w h o a rl s d b in ee th n e e f v o id re e s n e t e d ab ev le el f o u p tu m r en – t w an il d l i a n p c p re li a ca si t n io g n ly p a o n t d ent e i s a s l e i n n ti t a h ll e y g c r h o a w ng in e g . p (I r n ed a ict w ab ay il , ity th o is f i p s roc a e lr s e s a e d s y in s t u a c k h in l g abo p u la rc r e. l ) ate T d h a e r r e e as h a a s s pro b d e u e c n tion e , vi s d e e r n vi t d ce e s v , el a o d p m m i e n n is t tr an ti d on, ap a p n l d ica a ti g o r n icu p lt o u t r e e n . ti T a h l e in pr t e h c e isio g n row le i v n e g l, p h r o e w d e ic v t e a r b , i h lit a y s o su f f p fe ro re c d es m se o s stl i y n fr s o u m ch the lab fa o c u t r t h re a l t at A e I d as a s r u e c a h s a is s hard p to ro g d a u u c g ti e o a n n , d m s e e a r s v u ic r es , , and m ad a m ny in b i u st s r i a n t e io ss n a , nd w a o n r d k a p g ro ri c c e u s l s tu es re ( . in T w h h e ich p A re I c c is o io u n ld l b e e ve in l, te h g o r w at e e v d e ) r, ar h e a s s im s i u la ff r e ly re d d if m fi o cu st lt ly to fro q m uan th ti e fy f , a w ct h t ic h h at re A s I u a lt s s in uc t h e i i s r h d a if r f d icu to lt g co au d g in e g. and measure, and many business and work processes(in w De h s ic p h ite A th I e c l o iv u e ld y d b e e bat i e nt a e b g o ra u t t e t d h ) e p ar o e te s n im tia il l a o rl f y A d I i t f o fic f u u l n t d t a o q m u e a n n t t a i l f l y, c w h h a i n c g h e re o s ur lts so in ci t e h ty eir a d n i d ffi t c h u e lt w co o d rk in in g g . world, the specific effects of AI on the labour context are still un der-researched, which is why the discourse tends to be 3

FRIEDRICH-EBERT-STIFTUNG – ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND THE FUTURE OF THE DIGITAL WORK-ORIENTED SOCIETY a D n e e s c p d it o e ta t l h . e So l m ively of d t e h b e a a te ne a c b d ou te t s t a h r e p p r o e t s e e n n t t i e a d l o b f y AI d t e o v fu e n lo d p a e m rs e , n w ta h ll o y s c e h a a i n m ge it o is ur to so f c u i l e ly ty m a e n c d h t a h n e ise wo h r u k m in a g n w in o t r e ld lli , t g h e e nce sp : e a c n ifi a c m e b f it f i e o c u ts a o n f d A d I esi o ra n bl t e he go l a a l b f o o u r r so c m on e t , e b xt ut a a r n e a st m ill b u iv n a d len rt re a s n e d ar d c y h s e to d p , i w an hi o ch bj i e s c w tiv h e y f t o h r e o d th is e c r o s u . r N se ils te N n il d sso t n o , a be p a io n n e e c e d r ot i a n l. A S I o a m nd e r o o f b t o h t e ics a , n d e e c f d in o e te d s th a i r s e g p o r a e l se a n s te “ d [th b e y ] A co I m d p e l v e e te lo a p u e t r o s, ma w ti h o o n s o e f e a c im onom it ic i a s lly t i o mp f o u r l t ly ant m jo e b ch s” an (N is i e l s h s u o m n a 2 n 0 i 0 n 5 te : ll 6 ig 9 e ). nc N e i : lss a o n n a p m ro b p it o io s u e s d a t n h d at d a e n sir “ a e b m le p g lo o y a m l e fo n r t t s e o s m t” e, co b u u ld t a h n elp a m m e b a iv su al r e e n w t h an t d sha d r y e s o to f p h i u an ma o n b w je o c r t k iv m e ig fo h r t o b t e h a e c rs c . ep N ta il b s l N y i p ls e so rf n o , rm a e p d io b n y ee a r n in AI A s I y a s n te d m r . ob A o I t s i y c s , te d m e s fin w e o d t u h ld is onl g y o n a e l ed a to s pa “ s [ s th th e e ] sam co e m qu p a le li t f e icatio a n uto e m sts at a io s n peop o le f e ar c e on re o q m u i i c re a d lly to i p m a p ss or t t o an b t e a jo ll b o s w ” ed ( t N o il d ss o on spec 2 ia 0 l 0 jo 5 b : s. 6 C 9 u ) r . N re i n ls t so ve n rsio p n ro s p o o f s s e u d ch th es a t t s h a a n v “ e c e o m m p e lo to ym th e e nt con te c s lu t” sion co th u a ld t h in el k p no m w e le a d su g r e e -ba w s h ed at ca s r h e a e r r e s, o A f I h is um be a c n om w in o g rk in m cr i e g a h s t ing b l e y a co cc m e pe ta ti b ti l v y e a p n e d rf h o a rm s a ed mo b re y ve a r n tica A l I ou sy tr s e te a m ch . in A e I nt s e y r s p t r e is m e s ( w W o e u b ld b 2 o 0 n 1 ly 9; n M e u e r d o e to t al p . a 2 s 0 s 19 t ) h . e same qualification tests as people are required to pass to be allowed to do T s h p es c e ial an jo d b o s t . h C er u t r e re s n ts t , h ve o r w si e o v n e s r, o su f ff s e u r ch fro t m est a s w h h a o ve le r c a o n m ge t o o f m th e e th c o o d n o c lo lu g s i i c o a n l r t e h s a tr t ict in ion k s no w w hi l c e h dg c e a n ba s s t e ro d n c g a ly ree re rs d , uc A e I t is he b ir e v c a o li m di i t n y g . In in p c a r r e t a ic s u in la g r l , y th c e o p m e p rf e o t r it m iv e e d a jo n b d s a h n a d s ta a sk m s o are f v r e e r q ti u c e a n l t o ly utr d e e a s c c h rib in ed en o t n e l r y pr in ses ke (W yw e o b r b ds 20 a 1 n 9 d ; M ar u e ro qu e i t ck a l l y . 2 d 0 u 1 b 9 b ) e . d as“redundant” when contrasted with the alleged capabilities of AI. Another factor is that not all adjustments a T r h e es i e mp a l n em d e o n t t h e e d r in tes b t u s, sin h e o s w se e s ve m r, er s e u ly ffe b r ec f a ro u m se t a he w y h c o a l n e t r e a c n h g n e ic o a f lly m b e e th d o o d n o e l . o P g u ic t a ti l ng re t s e tr c i h ct n ion lo s gi w ca h l ic in h no ca va n tio st n r s on in g t l o y r p e r d a u ct c i e ce, th in e c ir lud va in li g di t t h y. e a In rea pa o r f ti A cu I t la e r c , hn th o e log p y e , r n fo e r e m ds ed spe jo ci b a s l a co n n d si t d a e s r k a s tio ar n e s f a r n e d qu r en q t u ly ire d s e a scr t i u b a e l d lim on it l a y tio n n k s e t y o w b o e rd p s u a t n in d a p r la e c q e u . i T c h k e ly f d o u llo b w be in d g a se “ c r t e io d n un w d i a ll n p t r ” ov w id h e en a c s o ys n t t e r m as a te ti d c w ov i e th r v th ie e w al o le f g t e h d e c p a o p t a e b n i t lit a i l es im o p f le A m I. e A n n t o ati h o e n r ( f a a n c d to i r ts is b t o h u at nd n a o r t ie a s l ) l a o d f j A u I st in m a en sp ts eci a fi r c e wo im rk p p le a m ce e . n It te se d eks in to p b r u o s v i i n d e e ss a e n s es m se e n r t e ia ly l a b n e d ca p u r s o e gres t s h iv e e y view can of th tec d h i n ff i e ca re ll n y tiat b e e d un d d o e n r e s . tan P d u in tt g in o g f th ec e h p n u o r l p o o g s ic e a o l f in A n I o a v p at p io lic n a s tio n n to in pr t a h c e ti l c a e b , o i u n r cl e u n d v in ir g on t m he en a t re a a s a of wh A o I le t , e w ch h n ic o h lo t g a y r , get n s ee th d e s su sp b e s c ti i t a u l tio c n on o s f id l e a r b a o t u io r n o s nl a y n in d s req le u c i t r e e d s c ac se tu s a ( l see lim Se it c a t t i i o o n ns 4). to be put in place. The following section will provide a systematic overview of the potential implementation(and its boundaries) of AI in a specific workplace. It seeks to provide an essential and progressive view of the differentiated understanding of the purpose of AI application in the labour environment as a whole, which targets the substitution of labour only in selected cases(see Section 4). 4

FRIEDRICH-EBERT-STIFTUNG – ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND THE FUTURE OF THE DIGITAL WORK-ORIENTED SOCIETY 3 BUSINESS IMPLEMENTATION FOR FACING THE TENSION BETWEEN PROFITABILITY AND REGULATION S S e e v v e e r r a a l l f f a a c c t t o o r r s s i i n n f f l l u u e e n n c c e e w w h h e e th th e e r r a a n n d d t t o o w ha a t t ex ten n t t A I i i s s a a c c t t u u a a ll l y ly u u s s e e d d i i n n in n d d i i v v i i d d u u a a l l b b u u s s in in e e s s e se s. s.T he f f i i rs t f f a a cto r i i s s t t h h e e t t e e c c h h n n o o lo lo g g ic i a c l al p p er e f r o f r o m rm an a c n e c o e f o A f I. A T I. h T e he se s c e o c n o d nd fac fa to c r to is r i w s h w a h t a A t I i A s I a is llo a w llo ed we t d o t d o o do (w ( h w a h t a r t e r g e u g la u t l o a r t y or f y ra f m ra e m w e o w rk o s rk a s re ar i e n in pla p c la e: u c n e d : e u r nd w e h r a w t ha co t n c d o i n tio d n it s io , n f s o , r fo w r w ha h t at ta ta sk s s k , s, a a n n d d w w ith w w h h a a t t r r e e q q u u ir ir e e m m e e n n ts ts A A I I c c a a n n b b e e im im pl p e l m em en en te te d d ). ) T . he Th s e eco se n c d on p d oin p t o i nt i c n l c u lu d d e e s s et e h t i h c i a c l a a l n a d n r d eg r u e l g a u to la r t y or l y imi l t im at i i t o a n tio s n a s s w as ell w a e s ll th a e s qu th e e q s u ti e o s n tio o n f h of w m ho u w ch A m I u ca h n b A e I in c t a e n grat b e e d in in t t o eg p ra ro te d d uct in o t n o p a r n o d du la c b ti o n ur p an ro d ce l s a s b e o s u : r i.e p ., r i o t c s e “ s i s n e t s e : gr i. ati e o . n , cap its aci “ ty in ” t . e B g o r t a h tion f c t a h p e a s c e it f y a ” c . to Bo rs th es o ta f b t l h is e h se a f f a ra ct m or e s w e o s r t k ab f l o is r h a a bu fr s a i m ne e s w s o d r e k ci f s o io r n a b o u n si w ne h s e s t d h e e c r is a io n n in o v n es w tm he e t n h t er in an AI in w ve il s l t b m e e t n r t u i l n y b A e I n w e i f l i l c b ia e l t in ru a ly b g e iv n e e n fic c ia a l s i e n .T a h g e iv t e h n ir c d as f e a . c T to he r( t t h h ir e d i f s a s c u t e o o r f (th w e h i a ss t u t e h o e f w bu h s a i t ne th ss e b c u a s lc in u e la ss tio c n al o cu f l c a o tio st n s a o n f d c in os c t o s m a e n w d il i l n l c o o o m k e lik w e) il i l s lo p o a k rtic lik u e la ) rly is p h a a r r t d icu t l o arl a y dd h r a e r s d sin to th a e dd c r a e s s e s o in f A th I e . T c h a e se de o c f is A io I. n Th a e bo d u e t cis t i h o e n a a b c o tua t l im th p e lem a e ct n u t a a l tion im o p f le A m I e in t b at u io si n nes o se f s A t I hus in de b p u e s n in d e s s o se n s t w hu h s at d A e I p c e a n n ds do on an w d h w a h t a A t I it c is an all d o o we a d nd to w d h o a , t a i s t w is e a ll l a o s w w ed ha to t d it o c , a a n s w br e i l n l g as t w o h th at e it b c u a s n in b e r s i s ng in to qu th e e st b io u n si . ness in question. R R e e g g a a r r d d l l e e s s s s o o f f the framework s, many b b u u s s i i n n e e s s s s c c o o n n t t e e x x t t s s m m a a k k e e i i t t d d if i f f i f c ic u u lt lt to to ga g u a g u e g w e h w at h i a n t ve i s n t v m e e st n m ts en in ts AI in wi A ll I ac w tu il l a a c ll t y u m all e y an m f e o a r n pro fo d r uc p t r i od n u a c n t d io l n ab a o n u d r p la ro b c o e u s r se p s, ro a c n e d ss w e h s, et a h n e d r w th h e e y th co er uld th h e e y lp co a u c l h d ie h ve l t p he ac d h e i s e i v red t p he rog d r e e s s ir s e i d n p p ro o d g u re c s t s ion in . p B r e o c d a u u c s t e ion o . f B th e e cau fa s c e t o th f a t t he the fac a t pp th lic a a t ti t o h n e o a f pp te li ch at n ion log o y f t c e h c a h n n g o e lo s g a y s c m h u an ch ge a s s a te s c m hn u o ch log a y s c te h c a h n n g o e l s og it y se c lf h , a s n u g c e h s d i e ts c e is lf i , s o u n c s h a d re c h is a io rd ns to ar m e a h k a e rd fo t r o m m a a n k y e b f u o s r in m es a s n e y s. b Th u e sin s e p s e s e e d s. a T n h d e s s p c e o e p d e a o n f d AI sc d o e p v e lo o p f m A e I n d t e i v n el t o h p e m c e o n m t in in g t y h e e ar c s o i m s w ing ide ye o a p rs en is . w W id it e h o in p d e i n vi . du W a i l th im i p n l d e i m vid e u n a ta l t im on p s l , em it e is nt d a i t f i f o ic n u s, lt it o is es d t i i f m fic a u te lt t h o ow esti f m as a t te th h e ow op f e a r s a t ti t o h n e a o l p a e d r ap ti t o a n t a io l n ad t a o pt A at I io u n se to w A il I l u b s e e w ap il p l l b ie e d a a p n p d lie h d ow an lo d ng ho it w w l i o ll n l g ast it .M w o i r ll eo la v s e t r . , t M h o e r r e e o g v u e l r a , to th ry e r f e ra g m ul e a w to o ry rk f i r s am a e fa w s o tr c k ha is ng a in f g as v t a -c r h ia a b n le gin b g eca va u r s i e ab it le is b o e n c l a y u i s n e i i t ts is ini o ti n a l l y st i a n ge it s in in m itial ny st a a r g e e a s s.F in ina m lly a , n i y t is ar d e i a ff s i . cu F l i t n t a o lly a , ss it es i s s d w if h fi e c t u h lt er t t o he t a e s c s h e n ss olo w gy he c t a h n e b r e s th u e cces t s e f c u h l n ly o i l n o t g e y gra c te a d n in b to e s t u h c e c w es o sf r u k ll o y rg in a t n e i g sa ra ti t o e n d o i f n a to bu th si e ne w ss o a r n k d o w rg h a e n th is e a r ti i o t n ca o n f ac a b tu u a s l i l n y es im s p a r n o d ve w t h h e e th o e v r er it all ca p n ro a ce ct s u se a s lly in im p p ro ro d v u e ct t io h n e o o r ve t r h a e ll p p r r o o c v e isi s o e n s o i f n se p rv o i d ce u s c . t T io h n is d o e r p t e h n e ds pr v o e v r i y sio m n uc o h f o s n er “ vi s c o e f s t . ” T f h a i c s d to e r p s e , n n d a s m v e e ly r , y w m h u e c ther o t n he “ i s n o t f e t r ” ac f t a io c n to b rs e , tw n e a e m n el A y, I a w nd he p th eo er t p h l e (c i o n l t l er a a g c u ti e o s n , cu b s e t t o w m e er n s, a A n I d a so nd on p )w eo ill pl s e ucc ( e co ed lle an g d ue i s s , c s us f t f o ic m ie e n r t s ly , p a r n o d du s c o tive o . n If ) th w is il i l nt s e u r c a ce ti e o d n f a a n il d s, n is eg s a u t f i f v i e cie c n o t n ly p se ro q d u u e c n t c iv e e s . c I a f n t n h o is t b in e te ru ra le ct d io o n ut f . ails, negative consequences cannot be ruled out. The tension between moving technological boundaries, un T c h le e ar t r e e n g s u io la n tor b y et f w ra e m en ew m or o k v , in a g nd te o c p h e n ra o t lo io g n ic a a l l fu b n o c u ti n o d n a a r l i i e t s y , u m n a c k le e a s r t re h g e ul d a e to c r is y io f n ra m m e a w ki o n r g k, p a r n o d ce o s p s e c ra o t n io c n e a rn l i f n u g nc m tio a n k a in lit g y m ec a o k n e o s m t i h c e inv d e e st c m isi e o nt s m v a e k ry in u g nc p er o ta c i e n s . s If a co p n o c s e it r i n ve in d g ec m isi a o k n in i g s e n c o o n n e o t m he ic le i s n s v m e a s d tm e e a n n t d s v a e n ry in u v n es c t e m rt e a n in t . in If a AI p i o s s c it a iv rr e ie d d ec o i u si t o , n it i m s n ig o h n t e b th e el d e r s i s ve m n a b d y e a n g d en an er i a n l v t e e s c t h m n e o n l t og in ic A a I l i o s p c t a im rri i e s d m o ( u a t, d i e t m sir ig e h t t o p be res d e r n iv t e o n ne b s y elf a as g a en “ e f r r a o l nte r c u h n n n o e lo r” g ) i , ca o l r i o t p m ti i m gh is t m sim (a d p e ly sir b e e a t c o tin p g re u s p e o n n t th o e ne a s d e v lf ice a o s f o a fte “ n fr e o x n a tg r g un er n a e t r i ” n ) g , con r su it lm ta i n g c h y t in s s im tit p u l t y es b a e dvo a c c a t t in in g g f u o p r o a n tec t h e nolo ad g v ic ic a e l fu o tu f re o .A ft s en a e re xa su gg lt e , r e a v t e in n g exp c e o n n s s iv u e ltan n c d y disa in st s r t o it u t s e i s nves a t d m v e o n ca ts tin a g re qu f i o te r a po t s e s c ib h l n e o ( lo n g o i t c e a , l fo fu r t e u x r a e m . p A l s e, a the re e su x l p t, er e ie v n e c n e e w x i p th en t s h iv e e “C an IM d d R i u sa in st s r ” ou [C s om in p v u es t t e m re in n t t e s gra a t r e e d M qu a i n te ufa p c o tu s r s in b g le ]in (n th o e te, 197 fo 0 r s e a x n a d m 1 p 9 le 8 , 0 t s h ). e O e n xp th e e rie o n t c h e er w h it a h nd th , e th “ e C p IM rod R u u c in ti s v ” e p [C o o te m n p t u ia t l e o rf i A nt I e m gr ig at h e t d no M t a b n e u u fa t c il t is u e r d ing a ] t a in ll b t e h c e au 1 s 9 e 7 o 0 f s g a e n n d era 1 l 9 u 8 n 0 c s e ). rta O int t h y e an o d th s e c r ep h t a i n ci d s , m t . h In e b p o r t o h d c u a c s t e iv s e , a p n o i t n e f n o t r ia m l e o d f d A is I cu m s i s g io h n t a n n o d t b im e pa u c ti t lis a e s d ses a sm t e a n ll t o b f e t c h a e us a e pp o li f cat g io ene o ra f l AI u t n e c c e h rt n a o in lo ty gy a c n a d n s h c el p p tic r i e s d m u . ce In the bo u t n h cert c ai s n e t s i , es af n fect i i n n f g orm th e e d de d cisi c o u n s s m ion aa k n in d g pr i o m c p e a ss c e t sin as b s u ess in m e e s n se t s. of the application of AI technology can help reduce the uncertainties affecting t W he ha d t e a c r is e io t n h e m e a x k p in e g ct p e r d oc o e u ss t e c s o i m n b es us o in f e A ss I e a s. pplication in the working environment or directly in the workplace?In which W ar h eas t a d r o e es th ( e or e c x o p u e l c d t ) ed AI o p u l t a c y om a e ro s l o e? f U A lt I im ap a p te li l c y a , t s io u n ch in qu th e e sw tio o n rk s in ar g e rel n e v v i a ro n n t m if e w n e t ta o k r e in d t ir o ec o tl n y sid in era t t h io e n t w he or f k a p c l t a t c h e a ? t I A n I w im h p ic le h m a e re n a ta s ti d o o n e w s i ( l o l r af c f o e u ct ld o ) p A e I ra p t l i a o y na a l f r u o n le c ? tio U n lt a im lit a y t ( e t l h y e , “ s f u u c n h ct q io u n e a st lit o y n o s f a la re bo r u el r e ” v ) an d t i a f lt w er e th ta e k q e u i a n l t it o at c iv o e n c si o d n e d ra it t io io n n s t a h n e d f t a h c e t p th o a w t er AI re i l m at p io le n m sh e ip n s ta i t n io t n he w w ill or a k f p fe la c c t e o a p n e d ra a ti c o r n o a ss l f a u n n e c n t t io ir n e a c li o ty mp (t a h n e y. “functionality of labour”) and alter the qualitative conditions and the power relationships i B n a t s h e e d o w n o t r h k e pl c a u c r e re a n n t d (q a u c a ro lit s a s t a iv n e e ) n p t o ir t e en c t o ia m lp fo a c n u y s . ed analysis, it can be expected that AI implementation will likely affect B c a o s g e n d itive on rout t i h n e e ta c s u k r s r ; en in t th ( is qu s a e l n ita se ti , ve “ ) rou p ti o n t e” nti s a h lo fo u c ld use b d e a m na o l r y e sis b , ro i a t d c ly an for b m e ul e a x te p d ec to ed inc th lu a d t e A p I ro i g m r p e l s e s m iv e e n A ta I ti c o a n pa w bili l l t ik ie e s ly (s a e f e fe m ct o c r o e g o n n itiv t e his ro i u n ti S n ecti a o s n ks; 4) i . n At th p is res en n s t e , , su “ c ro h u t i a n s e k ” s s a h lr o e u a ld dy be n m co o m re p b a r s o s a s d u ly ch fo t r h m in ul g a s te a d s t t o he inc p lu ro d c e es p s r i o n g g re o ss f iv s e ta A n I c d a a p r a d bi c li a ti s e e s s ( i s n ee fin m a o n r c e e, o i n su th r i a s n i c n e, S m ec e ti d o i n cin 4 e ). , h A e t a p lt r h es c e a n r t e , , s a u n ch d t m as a k n s y a l r r e e as dy of e t n h c e om law pa . s In s th su e c s h e a t r h e i a n s g , s AI a p s lay th s e a pro o c le ss th in a g t o g f oes st b a e n y d o a n rd d m c e a r s e e l s y ev i a n luat f i i ng an d ce a , ta, i m ns a u k ra in n g ce, pre m d e i d ct ic io in n e s , , h a e n a d lth pro ca d r u e c , in a g nd dia m g a n n o y sti a c r s e : a i s t is of als t o he ac l t a i w ve . ly In in t v h o e l s v e ed a i r n ea r s e , A se I a p rc la h y . s Ho a w r e o v le er, th th at e d go is e c s us b si e o y n on a d bo m u e t re p l a y t e te va rn lua r t e in co g gn d it a i t o a n , m in a t k h in e g me p d r i e c d a i l ct fi o e n ld s, has a s n h d own pr t o h d a u t ci a ng ful d li s a c g a n l o e s r t e ic p s: lace it men is t a o ls f o hum ac a ti n ve d ly ecis n i v o o n lv e m d ak i i n ng r i e s s n e o a t rc (y h e . t H ) o p w o e s v s e ib r, le t . h A e t d th is e cu s s a s m ion e a ti b m ou e t , th pa e t r t e er h n as re b c e o e g n nit e io n n ou i g n h t e h v e id m en ed ce ica t l o f p ie ro ld ve h t a h s at s A ho I w co n t u h l a d t b a e f us ll e -s d ca i l n e a re n pl a a s c s e i m st e a n n t t o c f ap hu a m cit a y n p d r e o c v is i i d o e n d -m t a h k is ing is is do n n o e t ( w ye i t) hi p n o r s e si a b s le o . na A b t le t l h im e it sa . me time, there has been enough evidence to prove that AI could be used in an assistant c T a h p e ac s i o ty ci p a r l o a v n id d ed ca t r h e is se is r d vi o c n e e s w pr it o h v in id r e e d as t o o na p b e l o e p li l m e it a s r . e another field of potential AI implementation which demonstrates its T li h m e it s a o t c io ia n l s a .C n o d n c s a tr e ue s d erv a i s ce t s he pr p o h vi y d s e ic d al to ag p e e n o t p s le o a f r A e I a , n rob th o e t r s f a ie re ld o o ft f en po th te e n b ti ar l o A m I e i t m er p s le o m f e th n e ta d ti e o g n re w e h o ic f h th d e e a m u o to n m str a a t t is e a s i t t i s on lim of it a t p io r n o s d . uc C t o io n n st l r in u e d or a s s er t v h ic e e p a h s y a si co al ns a e g q e u n e t n s ce of of A d I, i5

FRIEDRICH-EBERT-STIFTUNG – ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND THE FUTURE OF THE DIGITAL WORK-ORIENTED SOCIETY r g o it b is o a t t s io a n r a e nd of t t h e e n re t l h a e ted ba im ro p m ac e t e o r n s la o b f o t u h r e an d d e e g m re p e lo o y f m t e h n e t ( a c u f. to D m au a th isa e t t io a n l. 20 o 1 f 7; a Bes p s r e o n du 20 ct 1 i 8 o) n.AI li c n a e n c or ntr s o e l r a vi r c o e bo a ti s c s a ys c t o e n m se w qu h e ic n h c i e n o th f e d o ig ry it c is o a u ti l o d n ca a r n ry d o t u h t e a r ll e k la in te d d s o im f a p s a s c is t ta o n n l c a e b a o c u t r ivi a t n ie d s i e n m a p c l om ym p e a nt y o (c r f. ho D u a s u e t h h ol e d t .Im al a . g 2 e 0 r 1 e 7 c ; og B n e i s t s io e n, s 2 e 0 n 1 s 8 o ). rs, A a I n c d an act c o o r n s t ( r t o h l at a is r , o a b l o l te ic ch s n y o st l e o m gica w ll h y ich om in ple th x e c o o r n y s c t o r ul c d ti c o a n rry un o i u ts t ) al a l r k e in t d h s u o s f i a n s c s r i e st a a s n in c g e ly ac c ti a v p it a ie b s le in o a f co fu m lf p ill a in n g y o d r iv h e o rs u e se h h u o m ld a . n Im -li a k g e e t r a e s c k o s g .N n e it v io er n t , h s e e le n ss o , rs p , e a r n s d on a a c l to s r e s rv (t i h ce a s t i m s, a a k l e l t i e t c p h a n r o ti l c o u g la ic r a ly lly ev c i o d m en p t le t x ha c t on re s a tr s u o c n t a io b n le u d n e it c s i ) si a o r n e s t a h n u d s i e n m cr o e t a io si n n a g l ly ta c s a k p s a w bl i e ll s o t f ill fu n l e fi e ll d ing to d b iv e er l s a e rg h e u ly m p a e n r f l o ik r e m t e a d sk b s y . N hu e m ve a r n th s. e O le n s e s, o p f e t r h s e on r a e l a se o r n v s ic f e o s r m th a is ke is it th p a a t rt A ic I u c l an rl n y o e t vi d d e e v n e t t lo h p at hu re m a a so n n e a m bl o e tio d n e s ci ( s s i i o m n u s la a t n io d ns e a m re ot p io o n ss a i l bl t e a , s b k u s t w ha il v l e st s i o ll f n a e r e b d ee to n q b u e ali a t r a g ti e v l e y ly p v e e r r fo y r l m im e i d ted by in h c u o m m a p n a s r . is O on e w o it f h t h h u e r m e an so e n m s o fo ti r o t n h a is l e is xp th re a s t s A io I n c s a ). n A n n o o t th d er ve re lo a p so h n u i m s t a h n at em hu o m ti a o ns, ( a s s im e u m la o t t io io n n s a a l re be p in o g ssi , bl w e, il b l u a t c h ce a p v t e s re o a f s a o r n b a e b e le n q in u f a o l r it m at a i t v i e o l n y v a e b r o y ut l t im he it m ed selv i e n s p c r o im m a p r a il r y is f o ro n m w o i t t h h er h p u e m op a l n e ra e t m he o r ti t o h n a a n l f e r x o p m res m sio a n ch s) i . n A es n .F o o th r e e r x r a e m as p o l n e, is in tha t t h h e um ins a u n r s a , n a c s e em bu o s t in o e n s a s l , w be h in er g e s, the w a i s ll ses a sm cc en p t of r i e n a s s u o r n an ab ce le cla in m f s or is m f a u t l i l o y n auto ab m o a u ti t s th ed em , t s h e e lve co s m p m rim un ar ic il a y ti f o r n om of o r t e h jec r t p ed eo c p la le im r s at i h s e n r o t r h m a a n lly fro ca m rm rie a d ch o i u n t es b . y Fo p r eo e p x l a e m .O p v l er , a i l n l, t w h e e h in a s v u e ra to nc a e ss b u u m si e ne t s h s a , t w a h ct e i r v e iti h e e s a w ss h e ic s h sm req n u t i o re f in em su o ra ti n o c n e al cl i a n i t m el s lig is e f n u c ll e y au n t d om em at p is a e th d y , , th a e s w co e m ll m as un th ic o a s t e io t n ha o t f in re vo je l c ve te m d a c k la in im g s et is hi n ca o l rm de a c ll i y sio c n a s rr , ie w d ill o la u r t b g y el p y e r o em pl a e i . n O in ve t r h a e ll, h w u e m h a a n v d e o to m as in su f m or e s t o h m at e a t c im tiv e i . ties which require emotional intelligence and empathy, as well as T tho e s a e ct t u h a a l t de in c v is o io lv n e s t m h ak t i a n r g e m et a h d ic e a a l b d o e u c t is A io I n a s p , pl w ic i a ll tio la n rg in el a y r c e o m m a p in an i y n t o h r e a h w um or a k n pl d a o c m e a c i o n n f s o e r q s u o e m nt e ly ti i m nf e lu . ence the pos sible quantitative impact of AI on employment in a business, T in h d e u a st c r t y u , a o l r d s e e c c is to io r n , s an th d a u t l a ti r m e a m te a l d y e th a e bou ve t r A al I l a e p c p o l n ic o a m ti y o . n Th in e f a ol c lo o w m in p g an s y ec o ti r on a d w is o cu rk s p se la s c t e he co q n u s a e n q t u it e a n ti t v l e y e in ff f e lu ct e s nc o e n e th m e po lo s y s m ib e le nt q b u a a s n e t d ita o t n ive var im iou p s ac a t ss o u f mp A t I ion o s n .Th e e m c p o lo n y c m lu e si n o t n i i n s a rea b c u h s e in d es th s, at in n d e u it s h tr e y r , t o h r e s t e h c r t e o a r t , e a n n in d g u s l c t e im nar t i e o ly o t f h t e ec o h v n e o ra lo ll e g c y o -d n r o iv m en y. u T n h e e m fo p ll o o y w m in e g nt s n e o ct r io a n n d ew isc “ u P ss a e re s t t o he f q fi u ci a e n n t c it y a ” t a iv re e lik ff e e ly c . t N s o o n n e e th m e p le lo ss y , m th e e nt id b e a a se th d a o t n A v I ar n io d u d s ig a i s t s is u a m tio p n tio w n i s ll . l T ea h d e t c o on a clu fu s r io th n e i r s r p e o a l c a h ri e sa d ti t o h n at o n f ei l t a h b e o r u t r h , e e t m h p re lo a y te m n e in n g t, s i c n e c n o a m ri e o , a o n f d te s c t h a n tu o s lo i g s y w -d o r r iv th e y n o u f n c e o m n p si l d o e ym rat e i n o t n: n t o h r e a le n ss ew con “ t P r a o r l e le t d o t e h f e fic m ie a n n c n y” er a i r n e w lik h e ic ly h . A N I o a n n e d th d el i e g s it s i , sa t t h io e n id e e n a te t r h t a h t e A la I b a o n u d r d en ig v i i t r i o sa n t m io e n nt w , t il h l e le g a r d ea to er a th f e u p rt o h l e aris p a o ti l o a n ri . sation of labour, employment, income, and status is worthy of consideration: the less controlled the manner in which AI and digitisation enter the labour environment, the greater the polarisation. 6

FRIEDRICH-EBERT-STIFTUNG – ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND THE FUTURE OF THE DIGITAL WORK-ORIENTED SOCIETY 4 GREATER POLARISATION IN THE LABOUR MARKET T T h h e e d d is i c sc u u ssi s o io n n ab a o b u o t u t t he th q e ua q n u t a it n a tit v a e tiv m e pa im ct p o a f ct dig o i f ta d l i t g e i c ta h l t n e o c l h o n g o y l i o m g p y le i m m e p n le ta m ti e o n n ta o t n io e n mp o l n oym em en p t lo h y a m s e b n e t en h g a o s in b g e o e n f g o o r in se g v o e n ra f l o y r e s a e r v s e n r o al w y . e Q ar u s it n e o a w. fe Q w ui n te ot a a f b e l w e s n tu o d ta ie b s le h s a t v u e di c e o s h m a e ve to c t o h m e e co t n o c t lu h s e io c n o t n h c a lu t s t i h o e n d t i h g a itis t a h t e ion di o g f iti t s h a e tio la n bo o u f r t e h n e v la ir b o o n u m r e e n n t v w iro il n l r m es e u n l t i w n i m ll a re s su iv l e t i u n p m he a a s v s a iv ls e in up the a fo va rm ls i o n f t jo h b e f los r s m es o . f T j h o i b s a lo ls s o se a s p . p Th lie is s a ( l p s e o rh ap aps lie m s o (p s e t r o h f a a p l s l) m to os A t I o a f n a d ll) th to e A gr I o a w n i d ng th u e s g e r o o f w m in a g ch u i s n e eo le f a m rn a i c n h g in s e y s l t e e a m rn s i . ng systems. Methodolog g i i c c a a l ll y y s s p p e e a a k k i i n n g g , , th h e e reasons for such results usually i i n n c c l l u u d d e e th th e e co co m m p p ar a i r s i o so n n of o p f ro p f r e o s f s e i s o s n ion pro p f r i o le f s ile in s l i a n l b a o b u o r u m r ar m ke a t rk s e t t atis s t t i a c t s is a t s ic w s el a l s as a w s e se ll ssm as ent a s ss o e f ss te m c e h n n t o s log o y f t p e o c t h e n n o ti l a o l g b y as p e o d te o n n tia A l I b d a e s v e e d lop o m n en A t I o d r e t v h e e lo n p u m m en b t ers or of th re e n g u is m te b re e d rs p o a f te re n g t i s s . te T r h e i d s p a a id t s en t t h s e . T a h r i g s u a m id e s n t t he th ar t g i u n m t e h n e t n th e a x t t in wo th d e e n ca e d xt es tw up o t d o e a ca h d a e lf s o u f p all to job a s h c a o l u f ld of b a e ll e j l o im b i s na co te u d ld du b e t e o lim d in g a it t i e sa d ti d o u n e , t p o ar d t i i g c i u ti l s a a r t ly ion as , p a ar c t o ic n u s la e r q ly ue a n s c a e c of ns u e s q in u g en A ce I. o Pr f ofe u ss s i i o n n g s in A t I r . ans P p r or f t e , ss lo io g n istics i , n ma t n r u a f n a s c p t o u r r t i , ng, lo an g d ist s ic e s r , v m ic a e n s uf a a r c e tu a ri m ng o , ng a t n h d e m se o rv st ice e s ndan re ger a e m d. on Lo g wth a e nd m m o i s d t e d n le d a in n c g o e m re e d. g L rou w p s a w nd ill m b i e d a d t le t h in e c c o e m n e tre gr o o f up th s e w jo ill b b -c e u a tt t in h g e c p e ro n c tr e e ss, of an th d e j t o h b is -cut is ting wh p y roce t s e s c , hn a o n lo d gic th al i l s y is dr w ive h n y t u e n c e h m no p lo o g y i m ca e l n ly t d fu ri r v t e h n er u c n a e t m al p y l s o e y d m b e y nt d f ig u i r t t i h sa e t r io c n at w aly o s u e l d b ac y d ce ig le it r i a sa te tio e n xist w in o g u p ld olar a is c a c t e i l o e n ra . t I e n ad ex d i i s t t i i o n n g to p m ol a a n ri u sat l i r o o n u . tin In e a d ct d iv it i i t o ie n s,m to ac m hi a n n e u l a e l ar r n o i u n t g in a e nd ac m tiv o it b ie il s e , (l m ig a h c t h w in e e igh l t e ) arn o i b n o g t a i n cs d c m ou o l b d ile pe (l r ig fo h r t m we c ig o h g t n ) it r i o ve bo t t a ic s s ks co w u i l t d ho p u e t rf f o irm s c p o e g c n i i f t i i c v a e ti a o s n k s a w n i d th t o h u u t s f b ir r m ing sp a e b c o if u ic t a u ti p o h n e s av a a n l d s in thu th s e b m rin id g dle ab a o n u d t uph p ea r v s a t l r s ata in of th th e e m wo id r d k l f e orc a e n ( d Frey u / p O p s e b r orn st e ra 2 ta 013 o ; f 20 t 1 h 7 e ; w M o u r r k o fo e r t c a e l. ( 2 Fr 0 e 1 y 9 /O ). sborne 2013; 2017; Muro et al. 2019). T T h h e er r e e i i s s a a co co n n s s e e n n s s u u s s th th a a t t d d ig ig it it is is a a t t i i o on n c c a a n n p p o o t t e e n n t ti i a a l l l l y y l le e a a d d t t o o t th h e e s s u u b b s s t t it i u tu ti t o io n n of of la l b a o b u o r u . r T . h T e h o e n o ly n q ly ue q s u ti e o s n tio is n h i o s w ho g w rea g t r t e h a is t t p h o i t s e p nt o ia te l n is tia a l n i d s a w n h d a w t h co a u t n c t o e u rf n o t r e ce rf s o t r h ce er s e th w e i r ll e b w e ill if b t e he if y th a e re y n ar e e ce n s e sa c r e y s . sa T ry h . e Th d e if d fe if r f e e n r c e e nce be b t e w tw ee e n en a a d d ir i e re c c t t d d is is r r u u p p t t i i o on n i i n n t th h e e la la b b o o u u r r m m ar a k r e k t e a t n a d nd mo m d o er d a e ti r n a g tin e g ffe e c f t f s e i c s t u s su is al u ly su m a a ll d y e m b a y de a “ b n y et a c “ a n lc e u t lat c io a n lc ” ula ac ti r o o n ss ” so ac ci r e o ty ss (A so rn c t i z et e y t ( a A l. rn 20 tz 17 e ; t A a rn l. tz 2 e 0 t 1 a 7 l. ; A 20 rn 18 tz ; e D t a a u l t . h 2 e 0 t 18 a ; l. D 2 a 0 u 1 t 7 h ; e F t uc a h l. s 2 e 0 t 1 a 7 l ; . F 2 u 0 c 1 h 8 s ). e J t o a b l s . 2 o 0 r 1 a 8 c ). tiv Jo iti b e s s e o l r im a in ct a i t v e i d tie b s y e d l i i g m iti i s n a a ti t o e n d a b re y c d o i n g t i r t a is s a te t d io w n it a h re ne c w on jo t b ra s st i e n d o w th it e h r a n r e e w as. job G s ro in w o in t g her p a ro re d a u s c . tiv G it r y ow p i r n o g pe p ll r e o d du b c y tiv d it ig y it p is r a o ti p o e n ll b e r d in b g y s m di a g c it ro is e a c t o io n n om br ic ing co s m m p a e c ti r t o iv e e co a n d o va m n i t c ag c e o s m , a p d e d t e it d ive a va d l v u a e n , tag an e d s, u a l d ti d m e a d te v ly alue e , m an p d loy u m lt e im nt atel e y f e fe m ct p s lo (M ym cK e in n s t e e y ffe G c lo ts ba (M l c In K s i t n it s u e te y G 20 lo 1 b 8; al W In o s r t l i d tu E t c e o 2 n 0 o 1 m 8 ic ; W Fo o ru rl m d E 2 c 0 o 1 n 8 o ). mic Forum 2018). A A c c o o m m m m o o n n a a s s su su m m p p ti t o io n n in in th t e he sce sc n e a n ri a o rio of o te f ch te n c o h l n o o g l y o g d y ri v d e ri n ve u n ne u m ne p m lo p ym loy e m nt e i n s t th is at th p a r t im p a r r im ily a v ri e ly ry v s e i r m y p s l i e m t p a l s e ks ta c s a k n s c b a e n au b t e om au a to ed m . a N te o d n . et N h o e n le e s t s h , e th le e ss h , ig the r h th ig e h r e o r u th in e e r d o e u g t r in ee d o e f g a r n ee act o i f vit a y n , th a e ct g iv r i e ty a , te t r h t e he gr p e o a t t e e n r ti t a h li e s f p o o r t it e s n s t u ia b li stit f u o t r io it n s . s P u ro b f s o ti u tu n t d io r n e . se P a ro rc f h ou h n a d s c re le s a e r a ly rc s h h h o a w s n cl t e h a a r t ly n s o ho ro w u n tin th e a is t n lik o e a ro n u y tin o e th is er li ; ke af a t n e y r o a t ll h , e e r; ve af n te t r h a e ll, s e im ve p n le th st e r s o im ut p i l n e e st t r a o s u k ti s ne ar t e as i k n s a c r o e rp i o n r c a o t r e p d ora in te to d w in o to rk w pr o o rk ces p s r e o s ce a s s e w s e a ll s a w s e t l h l e a w s h th o e le w o h rg ol a e o n r is g a a t n io is n ati a o nd an c d an c n a o n t no b t e b s e im s p im ly pl b y ro b k ro e k n en up up an a d nd st s r t u ru c c t t u u r r e e d ane e w w . . M M a a n n y y of of the th s ese sim s p im le p r le out ro in u e tin ta e sk t s as a k r s e v a a r l e ua v b a le lua p b r l e e p ci r s e e c l i y se b ly eca b u ec s a e u t s h e ey th req y ui re e q p u r ir a e cti p ca ra l c k ti n ca o l wl k e n d o g w e le a d n g d e ex a p n e d e ri x e p n e c r e ien th ce at t is ha h t ar i d s t h o a t rd ran t s o fe t r ra a n n s d fe f r or a m nd alis f e o . rm In al o is t e h . er In w o o t r h d e s r , w it o is rd s s o , m i e t th is ing so t m ha e t th A in I g ha t s h n at ot A b I ee h n as abl n e o to b su ee ff n icie a n b t le ly r t e o s p u r f o fi d c u ie c n e tly so f r a e r p . r A od s u t c a e tic, so isola fa te r. d, a A nd s s t e at p ic a , rab is le ola u t n e de , rst a a n n d s d e in pa g ra o b f le ro un ti d n e e rs w ta o n r d k in o g ft o e f n r d o o u e ti s ne no w t o d r o k ju o s fte ic n e d to oe t s he no ta t s d k o s j i u n st q ic u e est t ion a th n e d in ta t s u k r s n o in nly q e u x e a s g t g io e n rate a s nd the in real t i u st rn ic ca o p n a ly e b x il a it g ie g s er o at f e A s I. th T e he re c a a li p st a ic cit c y ap o a f b h il u it m ies an of lab A o I. ur Th is e , o c n ap t a h c e ity co o n f t h r u a m ry a , n de la t b e o rm ur in is e , d on by th m e e c a o n n s tra th ry a , t d a e r t e erm qu in a e li d ta b ti y ve m a e n an d s c th o a n t t a e re xt-d qu e a p l e it n at d iv e e nt a a n n d d c c o o n v t e e r xta de b p r e o n a d d en s t pe a c n tr d um co o ve f r a a cti b v r i o ti a e d s ( s P p f e e c i t f r f u e m r/Su o p f ha a n ct 2 iv 0 it 1 ie 5 s ). K (P n f o ei w ffe le r/ d S g u e ph t a h n at 2 is 01 n 5 o ) t . f K o n r o m w a l l e is d e g d e t b h u a t t “ is ta n c o it” fo (A rm u a to lis r e 2 d 0 b 1 u 5 t ) “ go ta e c s it b ” e ( y A o u n t d or fo 2 r 0 m 15 a ) l q go u e a s lific b a e t y i on n d s f a o n r d ma in l vo q l u ve al s ifi s c u a c ti h on h s um an a d n se in n v s o e lv s es as s in u t c u h it h io u n m , a g n ut se f n e s el s in a g s , i a n n tu d iti e o m n, oti g o u n t s. f I e t e a lin ls g o , co an m d pri e s m es ot g io e n n s e . ra It l kn a o ls w o le c d o g m e pr a is n e d s g co en m e m ral on k s n e o n w se le , d i. g e e ., p a r n e d cise c ly om th m e o d n eg se r n e s e e, of i u . nd e e ., rst p a re n c d is in el g y w th h e ich d A eg I r a e n e d m of ach u in n e de l r e s a ta rni d n in g g st w ill h h ic a h ve A g I rea a t nd len m gt a h ch s in to e l r e e a a r c n h in . g If t s h ti e ll la h b av o e ur g c r a e p at ab l i e li n ti g e t s h a s re to no r t ea p c a h r . t o If f th th is e p l e a r b c o e u p r t c i a o p n ab (i i f liti h e a s t i a s re ve n n ot po p s a s r ib t le o ), f it th w is ill p q e u rc ic e k p l t y io t n ran (if sp t i h re at th is at e t v h e e n po e s n s d ib u le lu ), m it h w a i s ll n q o u t ic y k e ly t t s r w an u s n p g ire to th t a h t e t A he I si p d e e nd a u n l d um tha h t as the n r o e t y is et stil s l w a u l n o g ng to jou t r h n e ey A a I he s a id d e to an a d ch t i h e a v t e s th im er p e le is an s d till in a for l m on a g l j h o u u m rn a e n y ca h p e a a b d iliti t e o s in ac t h h i e v l e ab s o im ur pl c e ont a e n x d t. informal human capabilities in the labour context. The binary opposition between routine and non-routine t T a h s e ks bi i n s a t ry he o r p e p fo s r i e tio v n er b y e l t i w m e i e te n d ro a u n t d ine en a c n o d ur n a o g n e -r s ou a tin p e re t m ask a s tur i e s t d h e e f r i e n fo it r i e on o v f er d y igita lim l t it e e c d hno a lo n g d ies e (i n n c c o lu r d a i g n e g s AI a too p l r s e ) m a a s tu i r n e s d t e r f u in m itio e n nts o o f f h d u ig m ita a l n r tec p h l n a o c l e o m gie e s nt. (i I n t cl i u s di e n v g id A en I t, t h ool w s) eve a r s , t in h s a tr t um th e e nts exi o st f ing hum pr a o n ces re s p e l s ac a em nd en o t. rg I a t ni i s s at e i v o id n en o t f , w h o o r w k e a ve r r e , t b h e a c t om th in e g m ex o is r t e ing effic p i r e o n c t es o se w s ing an t d o o A r I g : a d n r is i a v t e io r n les o s f t w ra o n rk spo are t s b y e s c t o e m m in s g , mo a r n e -r e o ff b ic o ie t n t co o l w la i b ng ora to tion A ( I c : obo d t r s iv ), erl s e m ss art t g ra l n a sp s o e r s t , 3 sy D st e p m ri s n , t an m d a a n d -r d ob it o iv te co m lla a b n o u ra f t a io c n turin (c g o , b d ot ig s), ital s a m ss a i r s t tan g c l e as s e y s s , t 3 e D m -p s r , in e t nte a rp nd rise ad re d s it o iv u e rce m pl a a n n u n fa in ct g u , rin d g ig , ital d t i w git i a n l s, an as d sis o ta th nc e e r s in ys n te o m va s, ti e o n n te s rp a r r is e e in r c e r s e o a ur s c in e gl p y la b n e ni c n o g m , in di g git p al art w o in f s, the an c d om oth p e a r i n n y n o le va v t e io l n a s nd i a n r d e ustr in y c r w ea id sin e g d ly ivisio be n co o m f i l n a g bour p . a S rt uch o s f ystem the s c h o a m ve pa f n a y r le ra ve n l g a ing d e in f d fe us c t t r s y-w on ide in d d i i v v is i i d o u n a o l f jo l b ab s o a u n r. d S a u r c e h a sy c s c t o em m s h p a a v n e ied, fa in r-ra m n a g n in y g cas e e f s fe , c b ts y a c o o n nce ind tr iv a id ti u o a n l of jo w b o s rkf a lo nd w a a n r d e w ac o co r m kl p o a a n d ie ( d D , ispan in /Schw m ar a z n y Koche c r as 2 e 0 s, 18).In by additio a n c t o o nc t e h n e t q ra u t a io li n tativ o e f as w p o e r c k t fl s ow of t a h n e d se w al o te rk r l a o t a i d ons (D in isp l an b / o Sc u h r w , t a h rz i s K d oc e h v e e r 2 lo 0 p 1 m 8). ent In als a o dd le it a io d n s to to po t s h s e ible q q ua u l a ita n t t iv it e ati a v s e pe ch ts an o g f es. th B e u se t a d l r te a r w at in on g s co i nclu la s b io u n r s , b t a h s is ed d o e n ve s lo p p e m ci e f n ic t (n a e ls g o at le iv a e d ) s qu to a p n o t s i s t i a b t le i v q e ua e n m tit p at l i o ve ym c e h n an t g im es. pac B t u s t doe d s ra n w o in t g do co ju nc s l t u ic si e on t s o th b e as in ed here o n n t s c p o e m cif p ic le ( x n it e y ga o ti f ve ro ) u q t u in a e nt t it a a s ti k v s e . employment impacts does not do justice to the inherent complexity of routine tasks. 7

FRIEDRICH-EBERT-STIFTUNG – ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND THE FUTURE OF THE DIGITAL WORK-ORIENTED SOCIETY On th th e e ot o h t e h r e h r an h d a , n t d h , e t p h o e ten p t o ia te l n fo ti r al su f b o s r tit s u u ti b o s n tit is ut a io cc n om is a p c a c n o ie m d p b an y ie p d ositi b v y e qu p a o n s t it it iv a e tive q e u m an p t lo it y a m tiv e e nt e e x m p p ec lo t y a m tio e n n s t . U ex p pe to cta th ti e on in s. di U vi p du t a o l b th u e rnin o d u i t vi l d im ua it l ,w b o u r r k ni o n u te t ns li i m fic it a , ti w on or i k s i c n o t n e ne si c fi t c e a d ti w on ith is a co g n r n o e w c t t h ed in w p it r h od a u g ct r i o v w ity t . h D in ig p iti r s o a d ti u o c n tiv a i n ty d . t D h i e git im isa p t l i e o m n en a ta n t d ion th o e f A i I m re p q le u m ire en in ta ve ti s o t n men o t f s t A o I be re m q a u d ir e, a in n v d es t t h m e e se nt i s n t v o es b t e m m en a t d s e c , a a n nd m t e h a e n se eit n h v e e r st m m o e r n e ts o c r a l n es m s e e a m n e p i l t o h y e m r e m n o t. r I e n a o n r l o e p ss tim em is p ti l c o s y c m en e a n r t i . o I , n th a e n im op p t l i e m m is e t n ic te s d ce d n i a g r it io a , l te h c e hno im lo p g l y em w e ill n l t e e a d d to d a ig t i e ta c l hno te lo c g h i n c o al o u g p y gra w de ill and le c a h d ang to e t a h t e ec c h a n p o it lo al gic s a tr l u u c p tu g r r e ad i e n a a nd b c u h s a in n e g s e s. th R e is c in a g pita o l ve st r r a u ll ct e u m re i p n loy a men b t u i s s in th e u ss s . a c R o is n i s n e g que o n v c e e ra o ll f th e e m g p r l o o w ym in e g n d t em is and th f u o s r a c c o o n n s c e re q t u e en ty c p e e o o f f th c e ap g i r t o a w l. in Th g e de in m cr a e n a d se fo in r a p c rod n u cr c e t t io e n ty d p e e o m f a c n a d pit n al i . n T d h u e st i r n ie c s re p a r s o e v in di p ng ro t d h u e ct in io p n u d ts em fo a r n th d is in ty in p d e u o st f ri c e a s pr it o a v l id le in a g ds th t e o in g p ro u w ts in fo g r t e h m is p t l y o p y e m o e f n c t a i p n it t a h l e lea e d c s on to o g m r y ow as ing a w em ho p le o . yment in the economy as a whole. Fu rthermore, investm ents in digitisation technology alter the cost structure and thus also the relative competitiven ess of c c o o m m p p a a n n ie ie s s . . Bu B s u i s n i e n s e s s e s s es th t a h t a c t ut cu th t ei t r h c e o ir st c s o t s h t a s nk th s a t n o k d s ig t i o t d is ig a i t t i i o sa n ti c o a n n c lo an we lo r w th e e r ir th p e r i i r ce p s ri a ce n s d a inc d re in a c s r e ea th se t d h e e m d a e n m d a f n o d r t f h o e r ir th p e r i o r d p u r c o t d s u a c n t d s s a e n r d vic s e e s rv c i o c r e r s es c p o o rr n e d s i p n o g n ly d , i p n r g o ly v , id p e r d ov th id e e r d e t is he c r o e ns i t s an c t on d s e t m an a t nd de fr m om and oth fr e o r m sec o t t o h r e s r o s f e t c h to e rs ec of no t m he y ( e A co rn n t o z m e y t a (A l. r 2 n 0 tz 18 e ) t . a C l o . n 2 s 0 e 1 q 8 u ). e C nt o ly n , s t e h q e ue o n u t t l p y, u th o e f o th u e tp i u n t ve o s f ti h n e g b in u v s e in s e ti s n s g es b in u c s r i e n a e s s e s s es an i d nc p re ro a d se u s ces an n d ew p i r n o c d o u m ce e s in n t e h w e f in o c rm om o e f i w n a t g h es, fo p r r m ofi o t f s, w a a n g d e c s a , p p i r t o a f l it in s, co a m nd e. ca A p n ita im l i p n o co rt m an e t . a A s n pe im ct p i o n rta h n is t s a c s e p n e a c r t io in is th th is e s co en m a p ri e o ti i t s iv t e h n e e c s o s m ef p fec ti t ti a v s en w e e s l s l a e s ffe th c e t a d s iv w isi e o l n l a o s f t e h a e rn d i i n v g is s io i n t of c e a a p r i n ta in lg a s n in d to lab c o ap u i r t a re lla a t n ed l i a n b com ur e -r .R el i a si t n e g d pr in o c d o u m ct e iv . ity Ri r s e in d g uce p s ro th d e uc p t r i o vi d ty uct r i e o d n u c c o e sts t f h o e r a p u ro to d m uc a t t i e o d n a c c o t s i t v s iti f e o s r , a w u h to ic m h a c t a e n d l a ea ct d iv t i o tie a s, g w ro h w ic t h h c in a p n ro le f a it d s t o o r a n g i r n o c w re t a h se in d pr d o e f m its an o d r a fo n r i w nc o r r e k as in ed no d n em -a a u n to d m f a o t r e w d o a r c k tiv in it n ie o s n . C au o t r o re m sp at o e n d di a n c g tiv s it m ie u s l . a C tion rr s es h p a o v n e d s i h n o g w si n m t u h l at io th n i s h is a o ve ft s e h n ow fo n llo t w ha e t d t b h y is lo is ng o f ter n m fo su llo rg w e e s d in b t y he lo o n v g e r t a e l r l m de s m u a rg n e d s fo in r the w o o ve rk ra fo ll rc d e e i m n a th n e d e f c o o r no th m e y w (F o u r c k h f s o e rc t e al. in 20 t 1 h 8 e ). economy (Fuchs et al. 2018). Looking at these and similar considerations more closely, it L b o e o co k m ing es at a t p h p e a s r e en an t d th si a m t il t a h r e c y on s s t i r d o e n r g a l t y ion re s ly mo o r n e c s l p o i s ll e -o ly v , e it r b ef e f c e o c m ts e f s rom ap o p n a e re s n e t ct t o h r a t t o t a h n e o y th s e t r r . o H n o g w ly ev rel r y , th o e n y a sp re ill m -o u v c e h r e m f o fe r c e t c s o f m ro p m lex o t n h e an s i e s c c t om r m to on a l n y o a t s h s e u r m . H ed o . w M ev a e n r y , p th ro e b y le a m re s m em u e ch rge m ; o if r c e ap c i o ta m l p p l r e o x du th c a ti n vit i y s in c c o r m ea m se o s n i l n y r a e s la su ti m on ed to . w M o a r n k y , t p e r c o h b n le o m lo s g e ic m al e i r n g n e o ; v if a c ti a o p n i s ta a l r p e ro g d e u n c e t r iv a i l t ly i l n a c b r o e u a r s e s s av in in r g e , l m at e io a n t n o ing wo th rk a , t i t t e i c s h r n a o th lo e g r ic u a n l lik in e n ly o t v h a a ti t o g n r s ow ar i e ng g p en ro e d ra u l c ly tiv la it b y o w u o ru sa ld vin re g s , ul m t i e n a i n n i c n r g ea t s h e a d t a i v t er is ag r e at w h a e g r e u s n . l I i f ke la l b y o t u h r a i t s r g e r p o l w ac in ed g p b r y o t d e u ch ct n iv o i l t o y gy w f o a u s l t d er r t e h s a u n lt n i e n w in la cr b e o a u s r ed is c a r v e e a r t a e g d e , t w he a n ge t s e . ch If l n a o b l ou g r y i r s e r p e la p c la e c s e w d o b r y k; te a c n h d n n o o lo i g n y cr f e a a s s t e er in th la a b n o n u e r w de l m ab a o n u d r i i n s c o r t e h a e t r ed se , c t t h o e r n s t is ec n h e n c o e l s o s g ar y il r y ep cr la ea ce te s d w . o U r l k ti ; m a a n t d el n y, o d in ig c i r t e is a a s t e io i n l d a e b c o is u io r n d s e m m a a d n e d by in a o b t u h s e in r e se s c w to il r l s alw is a n ys ec b e e ss t a h r e ily res c u re lt a o te f d a . U ca lt lc im ul a a t t e io ly n , o d f ig r i e t l i a sa ti t v i e on fac d t e o c r is p io ri n ce s s m , i. a e d ., e re b la y ti a ve b p u r s i i c n e e s s f s or w a ill a n l e w ce a s y sar b y e p t r h o e du r c e t s io u n lt f o a f cto a rs c . a I l t cu is lat t i h o e n re o fo f re re n la o t t ive un f l a ik c e t l o y r t p h r a ic t es d , ig i i . ti e sa . ti , on rel w at i i l v l e be pr a ic c e c s om fo p r an a i l e l d ne b c y es s s i a n r k y in p g ro a d ve u r c a t g io e n w fa a c g to e r s s , . b It ec is au t s h e er t e h f e o s r u e b n s o ti t u u ti n o l n ikel f y fe t c h t a l t ea d d ig s i to isa a ti d o e n cr w ea il s l e b d e a la c b c o o u m r p d a e n m ie a d nd b ( y Ac s e i m nk o in g g lu/R a e ve st r r a e g p e o 2 w 0 a 1 g 8 e ). s, Ult b im ec a a t u e s ly e , t t h h e e s o u u b tc s o ti m tu e tio w n ill ef b f e ec a t g le r a o d w s in t g o in a e d q e u c a r li e t a y se fi d rst la o b n ou th r e de la m bo an u d r ( m A a c r e k m et og a l n u d /Re th s e tr n ep in o t 2 h 0 e 18 w ). ho U le ltim ec a o t n e o ly m , y th ( e Ko o r u in t e c k o / m St e igl w itz ill 2 b 0 e 17 a ). g T r h o i w s c in o g nte in x e t q a u ls a o lit h y ig f h ir li s g t h o ts n th t e he ne la e b d o f u o r a m r a e r g k u e la t to an ry d f t r h a e m n e i w n o t r h k e o w r h a o r le d e is c t o ri n b o u m tio y n (K o o f r p in r e o k fi / t S s ti f g r l o it m z i 2 n 0 n 1 o 7 v ) a . tio T n h s is , c b o e n ca te u x s t e o a t ls h o erw h is ig e hl t i h g e hts ove t r h a e ll o n u ee tc d om f e or fro a m r t e e g c u h l n a o to lo ry f g r y a m dr e iv w e o n rk inno o va r tion a can re b d e is n tr e ib g u ativ o e n for o s f ocie p t r y o a fi s ts a wh fr o o l m e w in h n e o n va c ti o o m ns p , are b d ec w au it s h e th o e th si e tu rw at is io e n b th e e fore ov t e h r e al i l nn o o u v t a c t o io m n e ( f A ro c m emo t g e l c u h 2 n 0 o 1 lo 9 g ). y-driven innovation can be negative for society as a whole when compared with the situation before the innovation(Acemoglu 2019). Ev e n if if h h ig ig h h er er wa w g a e g s e b s e b co e m co e m a e re a al r it e y al a it s y a a r s es a ult re o s f u d lt igi o ti f s d a ig ti i o ti n sa i t n io a n n in d a u n str in y d o u r s t t h ry e e o c r o t n h o e m e y c a o s n s o u m ch y , a th s is su d c o h e , s t n h o is t d m o e e a s n n th o a t t m po e t a e n nti t a h l a p t ur p c o h t a e s n in ti g al p p o u w r e c r ha w sin ll g ma p t o e w ria e l r ise w i i n ll m ne a w te p ri u al r i c s h e a i s n ing ne a w ctivi p t u ie r s ch in as e in it g her a t c h ti e vit s i a e m s e in or e o i ther b t u h s e is n a e m ss e are o a ro s. th A e l r ot b d u e s p in e e n s d s s a o r n ea o s t . he A r f l a o c t to d r e s, p s e u n c d h s as on the ot w h a e y r f d a ig ct it o is rs a , tio su n c c h re a a s te t s h a e n w ew ay st d ru ig c i t t u is r a e ti o o f n ec c o r n e o a m te i s c d a em n a e n w d s (f t o ru r c i t n u s r t e anc o e f , v e ia co n n e o w mi p c u d rc e h m a a si n n d g ( p fo at r te in rn s s ta ), n h ce o , w vi h a ig n h e o w r p lo u w rc e h a a r s n in e g rs p p a r t o t f e it rn f s ro ), m ho it w , a h n i d gh w o h r at lo s w av e in a g rn s e ra rs te p s ro cu fi r t r f e r n o t m ly s it h , a a p n e d t w he ha e t c s o a n v o in m g y s . r U at n e t s il c n u o rr w en it ly ha sh b a e p e e n t e h m e pi e ri c c o a n ll o y m o y b . s U e n r t v i e l d t n h o a w t hig it her h q a u s alif b ie e d en lab e o m ur p p ir r ic o a fi ll t y s fr o o b m se d r i v g e i d tisa th io a n t h an ig d h h er um q a u n al a if c ie ti d vit l y ab a o re u m r o p s r t o ly fi c ts om fro p m lemen d t i e g d iti b sa y t it o . n Ther a e n i d s f h le u x m ib a l n e dem a a c n ti d vit f y or the ar c e o m rr o e s s t p ly on c d o in m g p p le r m od e u n c te ts d and by ser i v t i . T ce h s er p e rovid s ed fl b e y xi t b h le wo d r e k m fo a r n c d e; at fo th r e s t a h m e e t c i o m rr e e , s h p o o w nd e i v n e g r, t p h r e o r d e u i c s ts inf a le n x d ible se l r a v b ic o e u s r s p u r p o p v l i y de in d th b e y se t a h r e ea w s o ( r i. k e f . o , r a ce s ; ho a r t ta h g e e sa o m f e sk t il i l m ed e, w h o o r w ke e r v s e ). r, A t c h t e iv re itie is s i p n e fl r e f x o ib rm le e l d ab b o y ur w s o u r p ke p r ly s w in ith the lo s w e e a r r q ea u s ali ( fi . ca e ti . on , p a ro s f h il o es rta p g a e int o a f d sk if i f ll e e r d en w t o p r ic k t e u rs re ). . T A h c e tiv d it e i m es and p f e o r r fo m rm an e u d al ac b t y ivities w i o s rk re e l r a s tivel w y it n h flexib lo le w a e s r f q a u r a a li s fi t c h a e tio r n pric p e ro is fi c le o s nce p r a n in ed t ; i a f th d e if p fe ri r c e e n o t f m pi a ct n u u r a e l . ac T t h iv e it d ies m d a r n o d ps fo d r ue m t a o n d u i a g l iti a s c a t t i i v o it n ie , s th i e s d r e e m la a ti n ve d ly fo i r n t f h le e x m ible doe as f n a o r t a r s ise th c e o ir re p s ri p c o e nd is in c g o ly n . ce W rn e ed a ; re if n t o h w e e p x ri p c erie o n f ci m ng an t u h a e l a p c re ti l v im iti i e n s ary dro st p a s ge du o e f“ t P o ola d r i i g s i a t t is io a n tio 4 n . , 0” th ( e cf. d A e u m t a o n r d et fo al r . 2 th 0 e 1 m 7; Au d t o o e r s /Sa n lo o m t on ri s se 201 c 7 o ) r . respondingly. We are now experiencing the preliminary stage of“Polarisation 4. T 0 h ” e ( a c u f. to A m u a to ti r c e in t te a r l. co 2 n 0 n 1 e 7 c ; ti A o u n t b o e r/ t S w a e lo e m n o d n ig s it 2 is 0 a 1 t 7 io ) n . , boosts to productivity, and a growing(macroeconomic) demand f T o h r e lab a o u u t r o , m as a i t m ic pli i e n d te b r y co se n v n e e r c a t l io in n volv b e e d tw a e ct e o n rs, d tu ig rn it s is o a u ti t o t n o , bo e o r s a t t s he to r d p u r b o io d us c . ti I v t it s y t , ill a r n em d a a ins gr t ow b i e ng see (m n a w cr h o e e t c h o e n r o d m ig ic ti ) s d a e t m io a n n a d n f d o t r h l e ab in o c u r r e , a a si s ng im u p s l e ied of b A y I s w e i v ll e h ra a l v i e nv p o o l s v i e ti d ve a o ct r o n rs e , t g u a r t n iv s e o e u ff t ec t t o s o b n e la r b a o th u e r r an d d u e b m io p u l s o . ym It en st t i . ll A r l e o m t d a e in p s en t d o s o b n e w se h e a n t w d h ir et c h ti e o r n di i g s it t is a a k t e io n n a a n n d d the i r n e c le re v as n in t g re u g s u e la o t f o A ry I w fr i a ll h m a e v w e or p k o . s A itiv la e iss o e r z-fa n ir e e ga p t o iv li e cy w ef o f u ec ld ts no o t n be a lab g o o u o r d p a a n th d t e o m w p a l r o d y s m a en d t ig . iti A sed l w ot or d k e -o p r e ie n n d t s ed o s n ocie w ty h . a O t n d th ir e ec c t o io n n trar i y s , t u a n k c e o n ntr a o n ll d ed th d e igit r i e s l a e t v io ant w re it g h ul A at I o o ry n f t r h am e e to w p or t k h . re A at la e i n s s e t z o t f h ai r r o e w pol u ic r y w w o o rk u ld ori n e o n t te b d e s a oc g i o e o ty d o p f a f t i h ts to cu w r a re rd n s t a “b d a ig la i n ti c se ” d . w In o t r h k e -o e r n ie d n , te th d ere so w ci i e ll ty b . e O (to n o) t f h e e w w co inn tr e a r r s y, and un (t c o o o n ) tr m ol a le n d y d lo ig se it r i s. ation with AI on the top threatens to throw our work-oriented society off its current“balance”. In the end, there will be(too) few winners and(too) many losers. 8

FRIEDRICH-EBERT-STIFTUNG – ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND THE FUTURE OF THE DIGITAL WORK-ORIENTED SOCIETY 5 AN OUTLINE FOR A HOLISTIC TECHNOLOGY IMPACT ASSESSMENT In t t h h e e fo fo re re s s e e e e a a b b le le fu fu tu t r u e r , e h , o h w ow ev e e v r e , r it , s it ee s m ee s m th s a t t h w at e w w e ill w no il t l n b o e t a b d e dr a e d ss d in re g ss t i h n e g f t u h n e d f a u m n e d n a t m al e q n u ta e l st q io u n est o i f on wh o e f t w he h r e p th e e o r pe le o w p i l l e l be w w il o l rk b in e g o w r n o o r t k . i T n e g chn o o r log n y o t d . riv T e e n c u h ne o m lo p g l y o y d m riv e e n n t, u b n ei e n m g p a lo p y o m te e n n t t ia , ll b y e c i o n m g p a reh p e o n te si n v t e ia a ll n y d c lon m g p r la e s h t e in n g si s v t e at a e n o d f l a o f n fa g ir s la , s p t r in in g ci s p t a a l t l e y i o n f vo a l f v f e a s irs a , s p c r e inc a i r p io al t ly ha in t v is ol i v ts e e s lf a ro sc o e t n e a d rio n te h c a h t n i o s lo it g s i e ca lf l p ro rog te r d ess i , n ju t s e t ch li n ke olo a g n ic e a w l p “ r P o a g re re to ss, ef j f u ic s i t en li c k y e ” f a o n r e la w bo “ u P r a a re n t d o e e m ff p ic l i o e y n m cy e ” nt f . or labour and employment. Nonetheles s s s , , i i n n o o r r d d e e r r t t o o a a c c h h i i e e v v e e a a n n d d m m a a i i n n t t a a i i n n a a s s o o c c i i a a lly ly , , economically y , and environment ally balance d work-oriente d s ociety within n such a highly dynamic c proc c e e s s s s a a s s d d i i g g i i t t i i s s a a t t i i o o n n , , it w w i i l ll n n o o t t su su ff f i f c i e ce to to ev e a v lu a a lu te at t e he th i e mp im ac p t a o ct f t o e f ch t n e o ch lo n g o y lo i g m y i p m le p m le e m n e ta n t t i a o t n io a n n a d n f d ine fi n t e u n tu e n t e he th c e or c re o s rr p e o s n p d o i n n d g in m g e m as e u a r s e u s r b e y s b m y ea m n e s a o n f s re o g f u r la e t g io u n la . t T io h n e . r T a h p e id r d a e p v id elo d p e m ve e l n o t pm of e c n o t re of dig co it r a e l t d e ig ch it n al ol t o e g ch ie n s o , l w og it i h es A , I w a it n h d A m I a a c n h d ine m l a e c a h r i n n i e ng le a a t rn th in e g c a u t rr t e h n e t t c e u c r h re n n o t lo t g e i c c h a n l o f l r o o g n i t c i a e l r, fr r o e n q t u ie ir r e , s re a qu co ir n es tin a uo c u o s nt a in n u d ou h s ol a is n t d ic h ap o p lis r t o ic ach ap to pr l o a a b c o h ur t a o nd la t b h o e u s r oci a o n d eco t n h o e mi s c oc d i i o m -e e c n o s n io o n m o ic f t d e im ch e n n o s l i og n y o ( f K t e e l c le h r n m o a lo n g n y /O (K b e e l r le m rm au a e n r n 2 /O 02 b 0 e ) r . mauer 2020). A s was mentio ned a bove, t he rele vant as pect t s s of such an a pproac c h h h h a a v v e e ye y t e to t b o e b d e ef d in e e f d in . e T d h . is T is hi h s ar is de h r a t r h d a e n r it h m a i n gh i t s m e i e g m ht s a e t em firs a t t f s i i r g s h t t s , ig s h i t n , ce sinc th e e th d e e d vel v o e p lo m p e m nt ent – – b b e e it tec hnolog g i i c c a a l l , , c c o o r r p p o o r r a a t t e e , , or o m r a m cr a o c e r c o o e n c o n m o ic m – ic is – ver i y s d v y e n r a y d m y i n c. am D i e c f . in D in e g fin t i h n e g f t ir h s e t d fi i r s s c t u d ss is e c d us a s s e p d ec a t sp – ec te t c – hn t o e l c o h g n y ol a o n g d y t a h n e d pr t e h d e ic p ti r o e n di o ct f io it n s p o o f te i n ts tia p l o – te is n d ti i a f l fic – ult i , s if d n if o fi t c i u m lt p , o i s f si n b o le t , i e m ve p n os f s o ib r le A , I d e e ve ve n lo f p o e r rs. A B I o d th ev s e o lo ft p w er a s r . e B a o n t d h ha so rd ft w w a a r r e e ke an ep d h o a n rd h w it a ti r n e g s k e e v e e p re o b n arri h e i r t s tin o g f fu s r e t v h e e r r e de b v a e r l r o ie p r m s e o n f t. D fu e r v t e h l e o r d p e in v g elo th p e m m en b t e . y D o e n v d e t lo h p e i s n e g b t a h r e ri m ers be is y n o o n t d im th p e o se ss b ib a l r e r , ie b r u s t is su n c o h t i a m d p va o n ss c i e b m le, en b t u i t s a su k c i h nd ad o v f a w n i c ld em c e a n rd t w is h a ich ki c n a d lls o f f or w a ild wh ca o r l d e w nu h m ich ber ca o ll f s d fo e r tai a led wh so le uti n o u n m s b in er d o iv f er d se ta a i r led as s a o n lu d tio la n b s ou in r d co iv n e t r e se xt a s r . e B a e s s a id n e d s l , a i b t o c u a r n c n o o n t te b x e ts r . u B l es d id o e u s, t it h c a a t nn m o a t n b y e in ru d le iv d io d ut al t t h y a p t e m s o a f n a y rt in if d ic i i v a id l i u n a t l el t l y ig p e e n s c o e f w a il r l ti e f s ic t i a a b l l in sh te a lli f g o e r n m ce of w A il I l t e h s a ta t b w lis i h ll b a e fo c r a m pa o b f le A o I f th p a e t rf w or il m l i b n e g c a a c p t a iv b it le ies of ai p m e e rf d or a m t in it g s a in c i ti i v a i l t l i y es de a f i i m ned p a u t rp it o s se in a it s ia a lly so d r e t f o in f e g d en p e u r r a p lo p s u e rp a o s se a in so te r l t o lig fg e e n n c e e ra (R lu p s u s r e p l o 2 s 0 e 19 in ). te A l t lig p e re n s c ent ( , R h u o ss w el ev 2 e 0 r, 1 t 9 h ) i . s s A e t em p s re t s o en b t e , h a o r w at e h v e e r r, u t n h lik s e s l e y e s m ce s n to ar b io e . a rather unlikely scenario. It i i s s im im p p o o r r ta nt t t o o c c o o n n t t i i n n u u ous ly a a n n d c c a a r r e e f f ull y o o b b se rve e all te chn n o o lo lo g g ic ic a a l l d d e e ve lopm m e e n n t t s s in in so s c o ie c t ie y t . y A . n A o n pen op a e n n d in a d n e d i p n e d n e d pend t e t n e t ch te n c o h l n o o g l y og im y i p m a p c a t c a t s a s s e s s e s s m sm en en t t w w h h ic ic h h is is f f o o c c u u s s ed on s s p p e e ci fic c u u s s es a a s s w w e e ll ll as as so s c o ia c l ia i l m i p m a p c a t ct hu th s u r s em re a m in a s in a s f a un fu d n a d m am en e t n a t l al pr p e re re re q q u u is is i i t t e e for th t e h t e an t g a ib n l g e ib e l v e al e u v a a ti l o u n at o io f n th o e f t p h o e te p n o tia te l o n f ti t a e l ch o n f o te lo c g h y n , i o n l c o lu g d y i , n i g nc it l s u s d o i c n ia g l im ts p s a o c c t. ia In l t im his p r a e c g t a . rd In , t he is e r s e t g ab a l r i d sh , m th e e nt e o s f ta a b n li A sh I m ob e s n e t rv o a f to a r n y b A y I t o h b e s G er e v rm at a o n ry M b in y is t t h r e y G fo e r r L m ab a o n u M r a i nd ist S r o y ci f a o l r A L ff a a b ir o s u is r a a s n t d ep S i o n c t i h a e l A rig ff h a t ir d s ir i e s ct a io s n t 1 e . p in the right direction 1 . In addition to technological advances, the ongoing t In ran a s d f d o i r t m io a n tio to n o te f c l h ab n ou lo r, g in ca d l us a t d ry v , a a n n c d es i , nd th iv e id o u n al g w oi o n r g kp t l r a a c n e s s f a o n r d ma l t a i b o o n ur of c l o a n b t o e u xt r, s in h d a u s st t r o y, a b n e d c i o n n d t i i v n id uo u u al sly wo a r s k s p e l s a s c e e d s . R an ep d re la se b n o t u a r tiv c e on e te v x a t lu s a h ti a o s ns to o b f e A c I on i t m in p u le o m us e l n y tat s i s o e n sse in d. t R h e e l p a r b e o s u e r nt c a o ti n v t e ex e t va h lu av a e tio b n e s e o n f s A c I a i r m ce p in lem G e r n m ta a t n io y n a i s n t w h e e ll la a b s ou in r E co ur n o t p e e xt . O ha n v e e e b xc e e e p n tio sc n a i r s ce a j i o n in G t e r r e m se a a n rc y h a p s r w ojec ll t a b s e i t n we E e u n ro t p h e e . A O m ne er e ic x a c n ep IT tio c n or i p s o a ra jo ti i o n n t r IB e M sea a r n c d h p th ro e je G c e t rm be a t n w s e e e r n vic t e h s e u A n m io e n V ric e a r. n I d T i, co w rp h o ic r h atio h n as IBM be a e nd t c h o e m G m e is r s m io a n n ed ser t v o ice e s n u a n b io le n V th e e r. a d p i, p w lic h a i t c i h on ha o s f b W e a e t n so c n o m AI m fo is r si I o B n M ed cu to sto e m na e b rs le (I t B h M e a 2 p 0 p 1 l 9 ic ) a . t T io h n e p o r f o W jec a t ts s o p n ec -A ifi I ca fo lly r I p B u M rsu c e u s st t o h m e e q r u s e ( s I t B io M n 2 o 0 f 1 w 9) h . a T t h e e ff p ec ro ts je A ct I s im pe p c le if m ic e a n ll t y at p io u n rs c u o e u s ld th h e av q e u f e o s r ti s o e n rv o ic f es w a h c a ti t vi e ty f . fects AI imple mentation could have for services activity. In order to make a broadly defined and labour-focused t In ech o n rd o e lo r g t y o im m p a a k c e t ass b e r s o s a m d e ly nt, de it fi i n s e n d ec a e n ss d ar l y ab to u c r a -f t o eg cu o s ri e s d e t a e n c d hn c ol n o t g in y u i o m u p s a ly ct g as u s g e e ss t m he n a t p , p it li i c s a n ti e o c n es f s o a r r m y s to of ca A t I eg in or t i h s e a la n b d ou c r on co ti nt u e o x u t. sl I y n g t a h u e g p e ro th cess a , p t p h li e ca p t r io im n a f r o y rm aim s o s f h A ou I l i d n n th o e t o la n b l o y ur be con to tex o t. b I s n er t v h e e p th ro e ce t s e s c , h t n h ic e a p l ri d m if a fe ry re a n im ces sh b o e u t l w d e n e o n t v o a n r l i y ou b s e A t I o sy o st b e s m er s ve or t d h ete t r e m ch in n e ic t a h l e d d if e fe g ren e c o e f s te b c e h tw no e l e o n gic v al a ri d o v u a s n A ce I m sy e s n te t, m b s u o t r a d l e so ter t m o in u e nd th er e st d a e n g d re t e he of r t o e le ch w no h l i o c g h ic A al I a p d la v y a s nc (o e r m s e h n o t, ul b d ut play ls ) o in to a u c n o d m er p s a ta n n y. d T t hi e s role wh ill ich the A n I d p e la f y in s e (or d sh if o fe u r l e d n p t lay d ) e in m a n c d o s mp o a n y. T the is ro r l e e g w ul i a ll ti t o h n en d a e n f d i t n r e an d s i p ff a e r r e e n n c t y d o e f m A a I n a d s s w o e n ll t a h s e fra e m gu e l w at o io rk n c a o n n d di t t r i a o n n s s p f a o r r en th c e y r o e f q A u I ir a e s d w p e a ll rt a ic s ip fr a a t m ion ew a o n rk d c c o o n m di p ti e o t n e s nc fo e r o th f e w re o q r u ke ir r e s d a p n a d rti h c e ip ir a r t e io p n re a s n en d t c a o ti m on pe in te t n h c e e b o u f si w ne o s r s k . ers and their representation in the business. Such a technology assessment impact needs adequate S ca u t c e h go a ri t s e a c ti h o n n o a lo n g d y to a o ss ls es w sm hic e h nt ca im n p b a e c u t s n e e d e o d n s a th d e eq co u m at p e a c n a y t lev g e o l r a is s at w io e n ll a a n s d a t c o ros ls w th h e ic i h nd c u a s n tr b y. e T u h s e ed ca o t n eg t o h r e isa co tio m n pa w n i y ll i l n ev it e ia l ll a y s r w eq e u ll ir a e s th a e cro u s e s t o h f e tw in o du a s s t p r e y. ct T s h o e f c A a I te im go p r le is m at e i n o t n at w io i n ll in it t i h a e lly w re o q rk u p ir l e ac t e he in us o e rd o e f r tw to o s a e s t p u e p ct a s o m f a A tr I i i x m d p e le sc m ri e b n in t g ati t o h n e c in on th se e q w ue o n r c k e p s lac o e f in im o p r l d em er e t n o tin se g t u A p I a as m p at a r r i t x d o e f sc th ri e bin la g b t o h u e r o co rg n a s n e i q sa u t e io n n ces (A o l f br im ec p h l t em 2 e 0 n 2 t 0 in ). g T A h I e as p p ro a c rt es o s f t w h i e ll la h b a o v u e r o to rd g i a s n ti i n s g a u ti i o sh n(A be lb tw re e c e h n t 20 a 20 “ ) h . o T r h iz e on p t r a o l c ” ess di w m i e ll n h si a o v n e , to i. di e s . tin , w gu h i e sh the b r et A w I e s e h n ou a ld “ s h e o rv ri e zo a n s tal” to d o i l m to en s s u io p n p , or i t .e o ., r w re h p e la th ce r th A e I s w h o o r u k ld o s f erv em a p s lo a ye t e o s ol t ( o A), sup o p r ort w o h r et r h e e p r lac i e t th sh e o w ul o d rk b o e f i e m m p p le lo m y en e t s e ( d A), a o s r w a h n eth in e s r tr it um sh e o n u t ld o b f e im hu p m le a m n ent r ed so a u s rc a e n s m ins a t n r a u g m e e m n e t n o t f hu (B m ). an r E e x s a o m ur p c l es ma i nage t m he ent( A B). E c x at m eg p o le ry s incl t u h d e e A ch c a a tb te o g ts or u y se in d c t l o ud c e om ch m a u tb n o ic t a s te u w se i d th t c o us c t o o m m m er u s n o i r ca to te 1 1 https:/ // w w w w w w . . d d en en k k fa f b ab ri r k i k b -b m m as a . s d . e d / e p / r p o r j o ek je t k e t / e k / ik o ib o s b e s r e v r a v t a o t r o iu r m ium 9

FRIEDRICH-EBERT-STIFTUNG – ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND THE FUTURE OF THE DIGITAL WORK-ORIENTED SOCIETY w ev i a th lu c a u te sto a m n e in rs su o ra t n o c e e va c lu a a im te. a E n xa in m su p r l a e n s c i e n c t la h i e m B. E c x a a t m eg p o le ry s m in a t y he in B cl c u a d t e g t o h r e y u m se ay o i f nc A lu I d to e t p h r e od u u se ce o s f h A if I t to sc p h r e o d d u u l c e e s, s p h u if t s te ch am ed s u t le o s g, e p th u e t r t, e a a s m se s ss to p g e e r t f h o e r r m, an ss c e e s, s o p r e s r e fo le r c m t a a n p c p e l, ic o a r nt s s e. T le h c e t r a e p i p s li a c l a so nt a s. “ T v h e e r r t e ica is l” al d so im a en “ s v i e o r n tic t a o l” th d e im p e ro n c s e io s n sin to w t ho e m pr a o k c es s th in e f w in h a o l d m ec a is k i e o s n. th H e er f e in , i a t l is d i e m c p is o io r n ta . n H t e to re d , if it fe is re i n m ti p a o te r t w a h nt et t h o er di t f h fe e re d n e ti c a i t s e ion w h m e a th ki e n r g th s e ho d u e l c d isi r o e n m -m ain ak w ing ith s in ho t u h ld e c re o m m a p in et w en it c h e in o t f h p e e c o o p m le p ( e 1 t ) e o n r ce be of sh p i e ft o e p d le to (1) A o I r (2 b ) e . shifted to AI(2). As far as the role that could be assumed by AI on A a s co fa rp r o a r s a th e e le r v o e le l is th c a o t n c c o e u rn ld ed b , e th a e ss r u e m ar e e d th b e y f A o I ll on w a ing co f r o p u o r i r m at p e le le m vel n i t s at c i onc m er o n d ed es , : t T h h e e re te a c re hn t o h l e og fo y ll c o a w n in b g e f a ou to r o im l t p h l a e t w m i e ll n e ta it t h io e n r s m up o p d o es rt : T e h m e p t lo e y c e h e n s ol ( o A g 1 y ) c o a r n pa b r e tly a r t e o p o l l ac th e a th w em ill ( e A it 2 h ) e . r A su d p d p it o io r n t a e ll m y, pl t o h y e ee t s ec ( h A n 1 o ) l o o r g p y a c rt a ly n re a p ls l o ace su t p h p e o m rt (A th 2 e ). A de d c d is it io io n n s al m ly, a t d h e e i t n ec h h u n m ol a o n gy re c s a o n u a rc ls e o s s m up an p a o g rt em th e e n d t e ( c B i 1 si ) on o s r a m u a t d on e o i m n o h u u sl m y a ta n ke re o s v o e u r r t c h e e s p m ro a c n e a s g s e (B m 2 e ). nt(B1) or autono mously take over the process(B2). oriented society as a whole. Four action levels are of particular importance:(1) a suitable F p o o u li r tic a a ct lio re n g l u e l v a e t l o s r a y re fra o m f p e a w rt o ic rk u , la ( r 2 i ) m tr p a o n r s ta p n a c ren : c (1 y ) a a b s o u u it t a o bl b e p je o c l t it iv ic e a s l-r a e n g d ul o a p to e r r y atin fr g am m e o w d o e r s k o , f A (2 I ) or tr t a e n c s h p n a o re lo n g c y ap a p b l o ic u a t t o io bj n ec in tiv s e p s ec a if n ic d ca o s p e e s r , a ( t 3 in ) g par m ti o ci d p e a s tio o n f of A e I m o p r loy tec e h s n in olo th g e y a im ppli e c m at e io n n ta in tio sp n e a ci n fi d c c u a s s e es o , f (3 t ) h p e a t r e ti ch ip n a o ti l on gi o e f s, e a m n p d lo ( y 4 e ) e e s m in t p h lo e ye im e p c l o eme p n e ta e t n io c n e t a o n dea u l se wi o th f A th I e co te n c s h tr n u o c l t o iv g e ie ly s, a a n n d d cr ( i 4 ti ) e ca m ll p y. loyee competence to deal with AI constructively and critically. (1) As far as AI implementation in numerous areas of the ( l 1 a ) bo A u s r f w ar or a ld s i A s I co im n p ce le r m ne e d n , ta it ti w on ill i b n e n n u e m ce e s r s o a u r s y a to re c a a s rr o y f o t u h t e l i a n b sp o e u c r t w io o n r s ld (a i n s d co e n n c s e u r r n e ed fu , r i th w er ill d b e e ve n lo e p ce m ss e a n r t y ) t o o f c th ar e ry ex o i u st t in in s g pe r c e t g io u n la s t ( i a o n n d s e a ns d ur in e s f t u it r u th ti e o r n d s. ev A e n lo e p s m senti ) a o l f ar th ea e i e s xi d s a ti t n a g r p e r g o u te la c t t io io n n s . T a h n e d Eu in ro st p it e u a t n io G ns e . ne A r n al D e a ss ta en P t r ia o l te a ct re io a n R is eg d u a la ta t p io ro n te (G ct D io P n R . ) T i h n e tr E o u d r u o c p e e s an su G ch en im era p l o D rt a a t n a t P p ro ri t n e ci t p io le n s R a e s g “ u p la r t iv io a n ( c G y D b P y R d ) e in si t g ro n d ” u a c n e d s s “ u p c r h iva im cy po b r y ta d n e t fa p u r l in t” c , ip a l n es d a it s d “ e p fi r n iv e a s cy th b e y d ru e l s e ig s n t ” ha a t n s d ha “ ll p a ri l v s a o cy ap b p y ly d f e o f r au a l l t l ” c , a a te n g d o it rie d s ef o in f e A s I t s h y e ste ru m le s s t a h n a d t s th al t l a sh ls a o ll a b p e ply pu fo t r in al t l o ca p t r e a g c o ti r c ie e s . o In f A ad I d sy it s i t o e n m , s it an m d a t k h e a s t s r h o a o ll m be fo p r u m t o in r t e o sp r e a c c i t f i i c c e. re In gu a l d a d ti t o io n n s , f i o t r m n a a k t e io s n r a o l o l m aw f m or a m ke o r r s e w sp h e e ci n fic it re c g o u m la e t s ion to s f e o m r n p a lo ti y o e n e al d law ta m p a r k o e t r e s c w tio h n en d i u t e co t m o e t s h t e o s e p m e p c l i o a y l e i e nt d e a rd ta e pr e o n t d ec e t n io c n e d o u f e e t m o p th lo e y s e p e e s c . ia S l u in c t h er s d p e e p c e i n al de p n ro ce t o e f c e ti m on plo ri y g e h e t s s . s S h u o c u h ld sp b e e c c ia o l m p e ro a te n c e ti c o e n ss r a ig r h y t o s p sh ti ou n l , d e b sp e e co ci m al e a ly n fo e r ce A s I sa im ry pl o e p m ti e o nt , a e ti s o p n ec w ia i l t l h y in fo t r h A e I B i 1 m a p n le d m B e 2 nt m at a io tr n ixe w s i . th O in f t c h o e ur B s 1 e, a t n h d e B r 2 eg m u a la tr t ix o e n s. a O ls f o c a o f u fe rs c e t , s t o h t e h r e e r g a u r l e a a ti s o , n su al c s h o as ff t e h c e ts o ad th a e p r ta a t r i e o a n s, of su la c b h ou a r s p t r h o e te a c d ti a o p n t , a l t a io b n ou o r f la la w b , o a u n r d p th ro e te ri c g ti h o t n s , l o a f b t o h u e r p la a w rt , ic a ip n a d ti t n h g e w ri o g r h k t e s rs o . f A t n he ex p a a m rti p c l i e pa o t f in r g eg w ul o a r t k in e g rs. th A is n e a x re a a m w pl o e u o ld f r b e e g t u h la e ti p n r g oh th ib is it a io re n a o w f f o u u lly d a b u e to t m he at p e r d oh d ib ec it is o i n on o s f f m u a lly de au a t b o o m u a t te la d yo d f e f c s i . sions made about layoffs. T T he d d i i f f fere nt c c ate gori i e e s s can hel p c c l l ear ly d d efi ne the v v a a r r i i ous requ u i i r r e e m m e e n n ts ts fo fo r r th t e he fra fr m am ew e o w r o k r c k o c n o d n it d io i n ti s o u n n s d u e n r d w e h r i w ch h A ic I h ca A n I b ca e n im be pl i e m m p e l n e t m ed en f t o e r d u f s o e r u in se su in ch su a ch w a ay wa th y a t t h d at oe d s oe ju s s j t u ic s e tic to e t s o c s ia o l c ly ia a ll n y d a e n c d on e o c m on ic o a m lly ic s a u l s ly ta s in u a s b ta le in w ab or le k w de o s r ig k n d ( e b s e i s g t n la ( b b o e u s r t p la r b ac o t u ic r e p ). r I a t c c t a ic n e) b . e It a c s a su n m b e e d a t s h s a u t m th e e d ( th ec a h t n t o h l e og (t ic e a c l h ) n re o g lo u g la i t c o a r l y ) d re e g m u a la n t d or in y A de 1 m is a r n a d th i e n r s A m 1 a i l s l, w ra h th ile r it s i m s a q l u l, ite w hig le h i i t n is B2 q . u F i o te r e h x ig a h mp in le, B2 w . o F r o k r p e la x t a fo m rm pl s e, p w re o se rk nt p a la n tf e o x r t m re s m p e re c s a e s n e t o a f n th e e xt B re 2 c m a e teg ca o s ry e , o b f ec t a h u e se B u 2 lt c im at a e t g el o y r t y h , e b e e n c t a ir u e se “b u u l s t in m e a ss te o ly rg t a h n e isa e t n io t n ir ” e “ w b i u ll s b in e e m ss o o re rg o a r n le isa s t t i a o k n e ” n w ov il e l r b a e ut m on o o r m e ou r s l l e y s b s y t A ak I. en over au tonomously by AI. This categorisation can contribute to the establishment of T te h c is hn ca o t l e o g g o y risa i t m io p n act an c a o s n se tr s i s b m ut e e nt o t p he rac e t s i t c a e b s lish f m o e r nt A of I t im ec p h l n e o m lo e g n y ta im tio p n ac a t t a t s h sess w m o e r n k t p p la r c a e c . tic T e h s is fo s r e A em I i s m n p e le c m es e s n a t r a y t b io e n ca a u t se th t e he wo a r d k v p a l n a cem . T e h n i t s o s f ee s m oc s ia n l e in ce st s i s tu a t r i y on b s e , c i a n u c s lu e d t in h g e t a h d e va w n o c r e k m pl e a n c t es o i f n s q o u ci e a s l tio n n st , it s u h t o io u n ld s, n in o c t lu b d e in d g riv t e h n e s w o o le r l k y p b la y t c e e c s h i n n o q lo u g e ic s a ti l o ly n, sh d o i u sr ld up n ti o v t e be dr d iv e e v n el s o o p l m ely en b t y s. techn M olog re ii c n a s l t ly itu d t is o r n u s ptiv s e ho d u e l v d elo b p e m e e s n ta ts b . li M sh o ed re w in h s e ti r t e ut t io h n e s a s p h p o li u c l a d tio b n e o es f t n ab ew lish t ed ch w no h l e o r g e ie t s he ca a n pp b l e icat lig o n n e o d f w ne it w h s te o ch ia n l o n l or g m ie s s a c n an d d b em a a lig n n ds ed a w s i w th e s ll o a ci s al w n i o th rm in s d a i n vi d du d a e l m w an o d rk s p a la s c w es ell a a n s d w t i h th e r in o d le iv o id f u l a a l bo w u o r r i k n pl t a h c e es wo a r n k d the role of labour in the work-oriented society as a whole. (2) A A n n o o t t h h e e r r m m at a te tt r er of o e f ssen es t s ia e l n i t m ial por im ta p n o c r e ta f n o c r e the fo i r mp t l h e e i m m e p n le t m at e io n n ta o ti f o A n I o is f th A e I t i r s an th sp e a t r r e a n n c s y pa o r f e i n ts cy go o a f ls it a s nd go f a u l n s c a ti n o d f n u a n li c t t ie io s n , a s l o itie fa s, r a s s o th fa is r is as po t s h s is ibl i e s w p i o th ssi s b e le lf-l w ea it r h nin se g lf s -l y e s a t r e n m in s g . S sy u s c te h m a s t . ra S n u s c p h ar a en t c ra y n p sp ri a m re a n ri c ly r p e r q im ui a re ri s ly th req s u e i t re ti s ng th u e p s o e f tt c in ri g t u e p ria of f c o r r ite u r s ia e f i o n r d u a se ta in co d l a le ta ct c ion llec a t n io d n e a v n a d lu e a v t a io lu n at a io s n w a e s ll w a e s ll a e s t e a s b ta li b sh lis in h g in w g h w a h t a d t e d c e is c io si n o s ns w w ou ou ld ld b b e e ta ta k k e e n n o o n n th th e e b b a a s s is is o o f f t his d ata(categ g o o r r i i e e s s A A 1 1 and d B1) or made by it( ( A2 and B B 2). T T he m m o o s s t t im im p p o o r r t t ant q q u u e e s s tio n h h e e re is is w w h h e e t t h h e e r r p p e e o o p p le le w w o o u u ld ld contr r o o l l tech h n n o o l l o o g g y y o o r r vice e ve rsa. . I t i i s n n o o t t im im p p e e r r a a t t i i v v e t t o o fu fu lly ly exclu u d d e e d ecis s i i o o n n s s made e by A A I I ; ; how ever, i i t t is is n n e e c c e e s s s s a a r r y y t t o o create e a sys tem in w w hich h h u u mans d d o o n n o o t t b b e e c c o o m m e e a a m m e e r r e e “ “ a a p p p p e e n n d d a a g g e e ” ” t t o o a a machi ne-m m a a d d e e o o r r d d e e r r a a n n d d w w ill ill al a w lw ay a s ys ke k e e p t e h p e the ig hi e g r h d e e r c d is e io ci n sio co n m co m m a m nd an in d b in o b th ot t h he th o e v o e v ra e l r l a p ll ro p c ro es c s es a s s w as e w ll a e s ll i a n s c in riti c c r a it l ic in a d l iv in id d u iv a i l d s u it a u l a s t i i t o u n a s t . io T n h s is . T is h su is e is is u p e ar i t s ic p u a la r r t l i y s c e u n la s r it l i y ve se in si c t a iv s e s in w c h a e s n es A w I i h s e u n se A d I in s u p s r e o d ces in ses pr of ce p s e s r e s s on o a f l m pe a r n s a o g n e a m l m en a t na (B g 1 em an e d nt B ( 2 B ) 1 . E a v n e d n B t 2 h ) o . u E g v h en th th es o e ug d h ec t i h si e o s n e s d a e re m cis a i d o e ns b ar y e m (h a u d m e a b n y( r h es u o m u a rc n es r ) eso m u a r n ce ag s) e ma e na t ge “ m on e ly n ” t“o u n p l o y n ” r u e p c on mm re e c n o d m a m tio e n n s d m at a io d n e s b m y a A d I e (B b 1 y ), A th I e (B p 1 r ) o , b t l h e e m p is ro t b h l a e t m it is is t fr h e a q t u i e t n is tl f y re i q m u p e o n s t s l i y bl i e mp for ss t ib h l e e f m or an th a e ge m m a e n n a t ge it m se e lf nt o its f e o lf llo to w f t o he llo A w It m he ad A e Ir m ec a o d m e m re e c n o d m a m tio e n n . d T a h ti i o s n i . s T p h a is rt i l s y p b a e r c tl a y u b se c m au a s n e y A m I a p n r y ov A id I e p rs ro d v o ide n r o s t d a o llo n w ot an a y llo in w sig a h n t y in in t s o ig t ht ei i r n s to yst t e h m ei s r . s It ys is t a e ls m o s. b It ec is au a s l e so s b e e lf c a le u a s r e nin se g lf-l s e y a st r e n m in s g s m ys a t k e e ms it ma d k if e fic it ul d t iff t i o u cu n l d t e t r o sta u n n d d a e n rs d ta f n o d llo a w nd the fo ir ll r o e w com th m ei e r n r d e a c t o io m n m s e a n s d lo a n ti g on a s s a n s o “ lo e n x g plan s a n t o ion “e f x u p n l c a t n io a n t ” io i n s m fu a n d c e tio av n a ” ila is b m le. ade available. ( ( 3 3 ) ) T T h h e e i i m m p p l l e e m m e e n n t t a a t t io io n n o o f f A A I I s s y y s s t t e e m m s s i i n n s s p p e e c c i i f f i i c c n n a a t t io io n n a a l l busines s s s and d labo o u u r r conte e x x t t s s a a l l s s o o m m e e a a n n s s t t h h a a t t A A I I h h a a s s to o be integrated d into the r r e e spec tive st akeholder struct t u u r r e e s s . . In n Germany, th t i h s is me m an e s an th s at t t h h a e t em th p e loy e e m es p a lo n y d ee t s he a re n p d res t e h n e t re a p ti r v e e s s en o t f ati h v e s ir o in f te th re e s ir ts in s t h e o re u s ld ts p s a h r o t u ic l i d pa p t a e rt i i n cip th at is e p in roc th e i s s s from early on(in other European countries, different AI-re10

FRIEDRICH-EBERT-STIFTUNG – ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND THE FUTURE OF THE DIGITAL WORK-ORIENTED SOCIETY p la r t o e c d es p s a f r r t o ic m ip e a a ti r o ly n o r n ul ( e in s o a t r h e er in Eu p r l o a p ce) a . n It co is un a tr c ie h s a , ll d e i n ff g e e re t n o t A m I a -r k e e la s t u e r d e p th ar a t t ic s ip u a ch tio a n n r e u a le rl s y a f r o e rm in o p f la p ce a ) r . ti I c t i i p s a a ti c o h n a w lle i n ll g a e ct t u o a m ll a y k a e n s d ur t e ra th n a s t p s a u re ch nt a ly n t e a a k r e ly p fo la rm ce. of In pa p r r t a ici t p ic a e ti , o e n m w p ill o a y c e t r u s a o lly ft a e n n d la tr c a k ns a p c a c r e e s n s tly to ta t k h e e p n l e a ce . ss I a n ry pr i a n c fo ti r c m e, a e ti m on plo w y h e i r c s h o t f h te e n y l o a u ck gh a t cc t e o ss m t a o k t e he ac n c e e c s e s s ib sa le ry fo in r fo th rm ei a r t e io m n p w lo h y i e c e h s th a e n y d o t u h g e h ir t r t e o m pr a e k s e n a t c a c t e iv s e si s bl b e e fo ca r u th se ir t e h m e p A lo I y p e r e o s v a id n e d rs th d e o ir r n e o p t re m se a n k t e ati t v h e e s b in e f c o a r u m s a e tio th n e tra A n I sp p a ro re v n id t e . r F s ur d th o er n d o e t m m an ak d e fo t r h r e eg in u f la o t r i m on at h io a n s a tr r a is n e s n pa f re o n m t. t F h u e rt f h a e c r t d th e a m t a A n I d sy fo st r e r m eg s u a l r a e tio le n ar h n a in s g ar in ise t n he fr b o u m s th in e ess fa e c n t vir th o a n t m A e I nt s a ys n t d e , m a s s o a p re pos lea d rn to ing non in -lea th rn e ing bu IT sin s e ys s t e e n m vi s ro , n a m re en co t n an st d a , n a t s ly op al p te o r s i e n d g to th n e o t n e c le h a n r o n l i o n gic IT al sy b s a te s m is. s, T a h r i e s c d o y ns a t m an ic tly ch al r t a e c ri t n e g r o t f h l e ar te n c in h g no sy lo s g te ic m al s i b s a o s f is g . re T a h t is sig d n yn if a ic m an ic ch e a t r o ac a t l e l r st o a f ke le h a o rn ld in e g rs s a y n st d em ha s s is o of a g r r b ea e t en sig u n n i d fi e ca re n s c t e im to ate a d ll s a t s ak fa e r ho a l s de re rs gu an la d tio h n as is so co f n ar ce b r e n e e n d. u A nd g e re res m tim en a t t s ed co a n s cl f u a d r e a d s r b e e g t u w la e t e io n n so is ci c a o l n a c n e d rn b ed u . sin A e g s r s ee p m ar e t n n t e s rs co c n o c n lu ce d r e n d ing be A tw I e s e y n st s e o m cia s l w an ill d n b e u e s d in t e o ss c p h a a r n tn g ers th c e o i n r c n e a r t n u in re g : A in I s t y h s e te p m la s c w e i o ll f n c e o e n d s to tan ch tl a y n a g p e pl t i h e e d ir ru n l a e t s u , r r e e : g in ula t r he co p n la su ce lta o ti f on co s n b s e ta tw nt e ly en ap s p o l c ie ia d l r p u a l r e t s n , e re rs gu a l n a d r c n o e n w su c lt e a n ti t o ra n l s is b e e d tw an e d en de so ce ci n a t l r p a a li r s t e n d er c s o a n n fl d ic n t e s w o c lu e t n io tr n al m ise e d ch a a n n d ism de s c w en il t l r n al e is e e d d to co b n e fli p c l t an so n l e u d ti . on mechanisms will need to be planned. (4) Such“process agreements” may not be completely ( n 4 e ) w Su f c o h r t “ r p a r d o e ce u s n s io a n g s re a e n m d en w t o s” rk m er a s y ’ r n e o p t re b s e en c t o a m ti p ve le s t ; e h ly o n w e e w v fo e r , t i r n ad o e rd u e n r i t o o ns ad a d n r d es w s t o h rk e e s r p s’ ec re if p ic re c s h e a n l t l a e t n iv g e e s s ; o h f o A w I e i v m er p , le in o m r e d n er ta to tio a n d , d i r t es w s i t l h l e be sp co ec m if e ic n ch e a ce lle ss n a g r e y s t o o f A co I n im ti p n l u e o m u e s n ly ta e ti d o u n , i c t a w te ill w b o ec rk o e m rs e n in ec t e e s c s h ar n y ic t a o l, co le n g t a in l, uo a u n s d ly es d p u e c c a i t a e lly wo c r u k l e tu rs ra in l t is e s c u h e n s ic . a T l, hi l s eg m al a , k a e n s d it e p sp o e s c s ia b l le y f c o u r ltu tr r ad l e iss u u n e i s o . n T s h t is o m en a t k e e r s a it p n o e s w sib fi le ld fo : r in tr d a u d s e tr u y n -w io i n d s e t k o n e o n w te r ho a w ne f w oc f u ie se ld d : i o n n du A st I r i y s s w u i e d s e k co no u w ld -ho e w lp f t o ra c i u n se a d nd on su A p I p is o s r u t e w s o co rk u e ld rs’ he re lp pr t e ra s i e n n a ta n t d iv s e u s p a p n o d rt w em or p k l e o r y s e ’ e r s e . p T r h e e se y n c t o a u tiv ld e , s fo a r n i d nst e a m n p c l e o , y p e a e r s t . ic T ip h a e t y e i c n ou th ld e , ce fo r r t in if s ic ta a n ti c o e n , o pa f r A tic I ip a a p t p e lic in ati t o h n e s c reg rt a if r ic d a in ti g on be o h f av A i I ou a r pp a l n ic d at p io e n r s f r o eg rm ar a d n in c g e b co eh n a tr v o io l u f r un a c n t d io p n e s, rfo a r t m le a a n s c t e w c i o t n h tr s o t l an fu d n a c r t d io a n p s, pl a it l c e a a t s i t on w s. ith Su s c t h an a d c a e rd rti a fi p c p a l t i i c o a n tio c n o s u . ld Su h c e h lp a av c o er id tifi a c n at in o h n ib c i o te u d ld h im el p p le a m vo en id ta a ti n on in o h f ibi A te I d sy im ste p m lem s e b n y ta f t a io c n ilit o a f tin A g I t s h ys e te a m b s ov b e y f p a r c o il c it e a s t s ing of th em e p a l b o o y v e e e p re ro p c r e e s s s en o t f at e iv m e p s l ’ oy in e v e ol r v e e p m re e s n en t, ta e t v iv e e n s’ t in h v o o u lv g e h m i e t n c t o , u e l v d en no th t o r u e g p h lac it e c i o t u d ld ue no to t r t e h p e la m ce en it ti d o u n e ed to p t e h r e me a nt e io n n t e c d ha p n e g rm eab n i e li n ty t c o h f a t n h g e ea sy b s il t it e y m o s f . the systems. a d t a e n r g p e o r la th ri a s t at t i h o e n i w n o in rk c o o m rien g t r e o d up so s c , i a e n ty d w th i u ll s s a uf m fe u r c a h greater polarisat t i i o o n n i i n n so in c c i o et m y e as g a ro w u h p o s, le. an Sh d o t u h ld us w a e f m ail u t c o h re g g re u a la t t e e r p d o ig la it r i i z s a a t t i i o o n in t s h o e cie co ty nt a e s x a t o w f h w ol o e r . k Sh o o n u t l h d e w a e bo fa v i e l m to e r n e t g io u n la e t d e d le i v g e it l i s z , a th io e n re in w t i h ll e b c e o a nt s e u x b t s o ta f n w ti o a r l k th o r n ea t t he to a t b h o e ve w m o e rk n i t n io g n s e o d l c e ie ve ty ls, a t s he a re w w h i o ll l b e. e T a h s e ub t s e t c a h n n ti o a l l o t g h i r c e a a l t d to yn th a e m w ic o n rk e i e n d g s so to cie b t e y a m s e a rg w e h d o w le i . th Th t e he te n ch o n rm ol a o t g iv ic e a i l s d su yn e a o m f ic ho n w ee , d b s y to w b ha e t m m e e rg a e n d s, a w n it d h w th h e y n w o e rm han ti g ve o i n ss t u o e a o d f i h v o is w io , n b o y f w la h b a o t u m r – ea a n n s d , a w n o d rk w f h o y r w ea e ch ha o n th g er o ’ n s e t n o d a s. division of labour – and work for each other’s ends. Finally, e e m m p p lo lo y y e e e e qu q a u l a if l ic fi a c t a i t o io n n s s wi w ll il b l e b c e ruc c i r a u l c f ia o l r t f h o e r s t u h c e s c u e c ss c f e u s l sf i u n l tr i o n d tr u o c d t u io c n tio a n d an u d se u o s f e A o I f s A ys I t s e y m st s e . m It s h . a It s h to as b t e o e b n e s e u n r s e u d re t d ha th t a e t m e p m lo p y lo e y e e s e a s r a e re qu q a u l a if l i i e fi d ed to to o o p p e e ra ra te te A A I I s s y y s s t t e e m m s s a nd are r r e e ady t t o o a a s s s s u u m m e e n n e e w w t t a a s s k k s s , , if if n n e e c c e e s s s s a a r r y y , , w w h h e e n n t t h h e e task s th ey have been perfo rming thus far are r r e e p p l l aced b b y y A A I I . . T T h h e e qualifica a t t i i o o n n m m e e a a s s u u r r e e s s o o u u g g h h t t to to ex e t x e t n e d nd to t t o he th o e pe o r p a e ti r o a n t o io f n bu o s f in b e u s s s in e a s n s d - a a n c d tiv a i c ty ti v f i o t c y u -f s o e c d us s e y d st s e y m st s em as s a w s e w ll e a ll s a t s o to a a fu f n u d n a d m am en e t n al tal u u n n d d e e r r s s t t a a n n d d in in g g o o f f the th s e yst s e y m ste in m pla in ce, p in la c c lu e , i d n i c n l g ud t i h n e g lo th g e ic lo b g eh ic in b d eh it i . n T d h i e t. y T sho ey ul s d h a o l u so ld m a e ls d o ia m te ed th ia e te ne t w he n ca e p w abi c li a t p ie a s b w ilit h ie ic s h w w h il i l ch aris w e il t l hr a o r u is g e h th h r e ou a g lt h ere t d he act a i l v t i e ti r e e s d a d c u t r i i v n it g ie t s h d e u u ri s n e g o t f h A e I u s s y e st o e f m A s I . systems. T T he f f o o u u r r a a c c t t io io n n le le v v e e ls ls d d e e s s c c r r ib ib e e d d a a b b o o v v e e c c o o n n t t r r ib ib u u t t e e to to a a ne n w ew s ocia a l l f f r r a a m m e e w w o o r r k k , w w h h ic ic h h co c u o ld uld set s t e le tt t le he t d h i e sru d p is t r iv u e pt a iv n e d d a y n d d n y a n m a i m c ic tec te h c n h o n log lo y gy de d v e e v lo el p o m pm en e t nt w w ith it i h n in a a pr p e r d e i d ct ic a t b a l b e le an a d nd tra nspa a r r e e n n t t in in s s ti t t i u tu ti t o io n n al a c l o c n o t n e t x e t. xt T . h T e h s e oc s ia o l c o ia b l je o c b ti j v e e ct i i s ve to is ap t p o ly s a u p c p h ly a s n uc in h st a it n ut i i n o s n t a it l u f t r io am na e l w fr o a r m k e to wo p r r k ev t e o nt pr a ev l e o n ss t a of lo c s o s n o tr f ol o co ve n r tr t o h l e o t v e e c r h t n h o e lo t g e y c . h I n t o als o o gy a . im It s a t l o so g a iv im e A s I to an g d iv d e ig A it I is a a n t d ion dig th ie t n is e a c t e i s o s n ary th r e oo n m ece f s o s r ar a y dv ro an o c m em fo en r t ad a v n a d n a ce p m pli e c n atio a n n , d w ap h p il l e ica a t ti h o e n, s w a h m il e e a t t im th e e s a a ll m ow e in ti g me o a n l e low t i o ng ca o lc n u e la t t o e c t a h l e cu im lat p e ac th t e of t im ec p h a n c o t lo o g f y te o c n hn a ol w o o g r y kp o l n ac a e, w t o h r e kp a l f a fe ce ct , e t d he p a r f o fe fe c s t s e i d on p s, rofe an sd s th io e ns, a o n ve d ra t l h l e o e v c e o r n al o l m e y c , onom an y d , and to to e e s s t t a a b b li l s is h h re r l e ia li b a l b e le con n t t r r o o l l m ech h a a n n is is m m s s on n v v a a rio us l l e e v v els . O O t t h h e e rw rw ise is , e t , he th re er is e th is e the danger that the work-oriented society will suffer a gre11

FRIEDRICH-EBERT-STIFTUNG – ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND THE FUTURE OF THE DIGITAL WORK-ORIENTED SOCIETY BIBLIOGRAPHY Acemoglu, D.(2019) : Elizabeth Warren’s Bold Ideas Don’t Go Far Enough. Project Syndicate. Cited from:(https://www. project-syndicate.org/commentary/good-jobs-agenda-us-bydaron-acemoglu-2019-12). Acemoglu, D./ Restrepo, P. (2018). Artificial Intelligence, Automation and Work. NBER Working Paper No. 24196. Cited from:(https://www.nber.org/papers/w24196.pdf). Albrecht, T. (2020): Regulation, Transparenz, Beteiligung und Befähigung – Voraussetzungen für den erfolgreichen Einsatz Künstlicher Intelligenz am Arbeitsplatz.(Regulation, Transparency, Participation, and Competence: Prerequisites for theSuccessful Implementation of AI in the Workplace). In: Jens Nachtwei& Antonia Sureth(2020). Sonderband “Zukunft der Arbeit”, HR Consulting Band 12, Berlin: Veröffentlichungsreihe für Qualitätssicherung in Personalauswahl und-entwicklung(in Vorbereitung). Arntz, M./ Gregory, T./ Zierahn, U. (2017). Revisiting the Risk of Automation. In: Economics Letters, No. 159, pp. 157– 160. Arntz, M./ Gregory, T./ Zierahn, U. (2018). Digitalisierung und die Zukunft der Arbeit: Makroökonomische Auswirkungen auf Beschäftigung, Arbeitslosigkeit und Löhne von morgen.(Digitisation and the Future of Labour: Macroeconomic Impacts on Employment, Unemployment, and the Wages of Tomorrow). Bundesministerium für Forschung und Entwicklung(BMBF), Mannheim. Citedfrom:(http://ftp.zew.de/pub/zew-docs/ gutachten/DigitalisierungundZukunftderArbeit2018.pdf). Autor, D. (2015). Why Are There Still So Many Jobs? The History and Future of Workplace Automation. In: Journal of Economic Perspectives, No. 29(3), pp. 3–30. Cited from: (https://economics.mit.edu/files/11563). Autor, D./ Salomons, A. (2017). Robocalypse Now – Does Productivity Growth Threaten Employment? In: ECB Forum on Central Banking – Investment and Growth in Advanced Economies – Conference Proceedings. Frankfurt am Main: European Central Bank, pp. 119–128. Cited from: (https://www.ecb.europa.eu/pub/pdf/other/ecb. ecbforumcentralbanking2017.en.pdf). Bessen, J .(2018). AI and Jobs: The Role of Demand.In: NBER Working Paper Series, No. 24235. Cited from:(https://www. nber.org/papers/w24235.pdf). Dauth, W./ Findeisen, S./ Südekum, J. /Wößner, N. (2017). German Robots – The Impact of Industrial Robots on Workers. In: IAB-Discussion Paper, 30/2017. Cited from: (http://doku.iab.de/discussionpapers/2017/dp3017.pdf). Dispan, J./ Schwarz-Kocher, M. (2018). Digitalisierung im Maschinenbau. Entwicklungstrends, Herausforderungen, Beschäftigungswirkungen, Gestaltungsfelder im Maschinenund Anlagenbau.(Digitisation in Machine Engineering: Development Trends, Challenges, Employment Impact, and Design Fields in Machine and Equipment Construction).In: Working Paper Forschungsfo ̈ rderung, No. 094. Cited from: (https://www.boeckler.de/pdf/p_fofoe_ WP_094_2018.pdf). Frey, C.B./ Osborne, M.A. (2013). The Future of Employment: How Susceptible are Jobs to Computerisation? Oxford Martin School(OMS) Working Paper.University of Oxford. Cited from:(https://www. oxfordmartin.ox.ac.uk/ downloads/academic/The_Future_ of_Employment.pdf). Frey, C.B./ Osborne, M.A. (2017). The Future of Employment: How Susceptible are Jobs to Computerisation? In: Technological Forecasting& Social Change. No. 114, pp. 254–280. Autor, D./ Dorn, D./ Katz L.F./ Patterson, C./ Van Reenen, J .(2017). Concentrating on the Fall of the Labor Share. In: American Economic Review Papers& Proceedings, No. 107(5). pp. 180–185. Cited from:(https://economics.mit. edu/files/12544). 12

FRIEDRICH-EBERT-STIFTUNG – ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND THE FUTURE OF THE DIGITAL WORK-ORIENTED SOCIETY Fuchs et al. (2019): Zuwanderung und Digitalisierung. Wie viel Migration aus Drittstaaten benötigt der deutsche Arbeitsmarkt künftig?(Immigration and Digitisation. How Much Migration from Third Countries will the German Labour Market Need in the Future?). Bertelsmann Stiftung. Cited from:(https://www.bertelsmann-stiftung.de/fileadmin/ files/Projekte/Migration_fair_gestalten/IB_Studie_ Zuwanderung_und_Digitalisierung_2019.pdf). IBM (2019): KI-Studie über die Folgen für Arbeitnehmende und Arbeit.(An AI Study on the Consequences for Employees and Labour). Cited from:(https://www.ibm.com/de-de/blogs/ think/2019/09/17/watson-ki-studie/). Kellermann, C./ Obermauer, R. (2020). Von der Würde der Arbeit in digitaler und klimaneutraler Zukunft.(On the Dignity of Work in a Digital and Climate-neutral Future). spw 238 Korinek, A./ Stiglitz, J.E. (2017). Artificial Intelligence and Its Implications for Income Distribution and Unemployment. In: National Bureau of Economic Research. Cited from: (https://www.nber.org/papers/w24174.pdf). McKinsey Global Institute[MGI] (2018). Notes from the AI Frontier: Modeling the Impact of AI on the World Economy. Cited from:(https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/ artificial-intelligence/notes-from-the-ai-frontier-modeling-theimpact-of-ai-on-the-world-economy). Muro, M./ Maxim, R./ Whiton, J. (2019). Automation and Artificial Intelligence: How Machines are Affecting People and Places. Metropolitical Policy Program. Cited from: (https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/ uploads/2019/01/2019.01_BrookingsMetro_AutomationAI_Report_Muro-Maxim-Whiton-FINAL-version.pdf). Nilsson, N. (2005). Human-level Artificial Intelligence? Be Serious!American Association for Artificial Intelligence. Cited from:(http://ai.stanford.edu/~nilsson/OnlinePubs-Nils/ General%20Essays/AIMag26-04-HLAI.pdf). Pfeiffer, S.,/ Suphan, A. (2015). Der AV-Index. Lebendiges Arbeitsvermögen und Erfahrung als Ressourcen auf dem Weg zu Industrie 4.0(The AV Index: Living Work Capacity and Experience as Resources on the Way to Industry 4.0). Working Paper 2015 No. 1(final version of adraft originally published on 13 April 2015). Cited from:(https://www. sabine-pfeiffer.de/files/downloads/2015-Pfeiffer-Suphanfinal.pdf). Russell, S. (2019). Human Compatible: AI and the Problem of Control. Allen Lane. Webb, M. (2019). The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on the Labour Market. Stanford University Working Paper. World Economic Forum (2018). The Future of Jobs Report (2018). Cited from:(http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_ Future_of_Jobs_2018.pdf). 13

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IMPRESSUM ABOUT THE AUTORS IMPRESSUM T h orbe n A lbr e cht is former State Secretary of the German Mi nistry of Labour and Social Affairs. He was a member of ILO’s s G G l l o o b b al Co o m m m m i i s s s s i i o o n n o o n n t t h h e e F F u u t t u u r r e e o o f f W W o o r r k k . Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, Regional Project on Labour Relations and Social Dialogue Christ t i i a a n n Kelle e r r m m a a n n n n i i s a a ssista nt profe ssor at t t h h e e H H T T W W – – Un U iv n e iv r e s r it s y ity of o A f pp A li p e p d li S e c d ien S ce ie s n i c n es Be i r n lin B a e n r d lin is t a h n e d ge is ne t r h a e l g m e a n n e a ra g l e m r o a f n D ag e e n r kw o e f rk D D e e n m kw ok e r r a k tie D . e W m e o w kr o a u tie ld . lik W e e to w th o a u n l k d l K ik a e jsa t B o or t g h n an äs k fo K r aj v s alu B a o b r l g e n c ä o s m f m or en v t a s lu a a n b d le re c f o e m re m nc e e n s t . s and references Responsible: Matthias Weber, Director Regional Project www.fes-socialdialogue.org A commercial use of the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung (FES) published media is without written approval by the FES not permitted. The views expressed in this publication are notnecessarily that of the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung.

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND THE FUTURE OF THE DIGITAL WORK-ORIENTED SOCIETY An outline for a holistic technology impact assessment S ever r a a l l fa f c a t c o t r o s r i s nfl i u n e f n lu c en w ce het w h h er et a h n e d r t a o n w d h to at w e h xt a e t n e t x A te I n is t a A ct I u is al a ly ct u u s a e l d ly a u t s t e h d e w at ork t p h l e ace w a o n r d kp w la h c ethe a r nd inve w st h m e e th n e ts r i p n a v y e o st f m : T e h n e ts te p c a h y n o o f l : o T g h ic e a t l e p c e h r n fo o r l m og an ic c a e l o p f er A fo I, r t m he an re ce gul o a f tor A y I, fra th m e ew re o g rk ul i a n to p r la y f c r e am an e d wo w r h k et in he p r la A c I e can nd be w i h n e te th g e ra r te A d I c in a t n o p b ro e du in c t t e io g n ra a t n e d d la i b n o to ur p roc d e u s c s t e i s o . n and labour processes. The a a u u t t o o m m a a t t ic ic in i t n e t r e c r o c n o ne n c e t c io ti n on be b tw et e w e e n e d n igit d is ig a i t t i i o s n at , io b n o , os b t o s o to sts pr t o o du p c ro tiv d i u ty c , ti a v n it d y, an g d row a in g g ro (m w a in c g roe (m co a n c o ro m e ic) o d n e o m m a ic n ) d d fo e r m lab a o n u d r f i o s r r l a a t b h o e u r r d i u s b ra io th u e s. r A du l b ot io d u e s p . A en l d o s t o d n epe w n h d a s t on di w re h ct a i t o d n ire is cti t o a n ke is n ta a k n e d n a t n h d e t r h el e eva r n e t leva r n eg t ul r a e to g r u y lato f r r y am f e r w am or e k w . or A k. A lai l s a s i e s z s e f z a i f r a e ir p e o p lic o y lic w y o w u o ld ul n d o n t o b t e b a e g a o g o o d p o a d th pa t t o h w t a o r w d a s r a ds d a ig d it ig se it d ise w d o w rk o -o rk ri e o n r t ien d t s e o d cie s t o y. cie O t n y. t O he n c t o h n e tra c r o y n , t u ra n r c y o , n u tr n o c ll o e n d t d r i o g l i l t e is d at d io ig n it w is i a th tio A n I o w n it t h he A t I o o p n th t r h e e at t e o n p s to hre th a r t o e w ns o t u o r t w hr o o r w k-o o ri u e r nt w ed or s k o -o ci r e ie ty nt o e f d f s it o s c c ie u t r y re o n f t f “ it b s a c la u n rr c e e n ” t . “ In ba th la e nc e e n ” d . , In th t e h re w en il d l b , t e h ( e to re o) w f i e ll w be w ( i t n o n o e ) r f s e a w nd w ( i t n o n o e ) r m s a a n n d y ( lo to s o er ) s m . any losers. An AI impact assess ment s hould look a t two d d im im en en si s o io n n s: s: Fir F st ir , st w , he w ther th A e I r sh A o I s u h ld ou se ld rve se a r s ve a t a o s ol a to to su o p l p to rt su o p r p re o p r l t ac o e r t r h ep e l w ac o e rk th o e f e w m o p rk loy o e f es em (A p ) l or ye w e h s e ( t A he ) r o it r w sh h o e u t l h d er b it e sh im ou p ld em be en im te p d lem as en a t n ed in a st a ru n m ins e t n ru t m of e h n u t ma o n f reso h u u r m ce a s n man r a e g so em ur e ce n s t ( m B) a . n S a e g c e o m n e d n , t w (B h ) e . t S h ec r o A nd I , su w p h p e o t r h t e s r h A u I s m u a p n po d r e ts ci h si u o m na m n a d k e in c g isio (1 n ) o m r a t k a in ke g s (1 o ) v o e r t d a e k c e ision ve -m r d a e k c in is g ion (2 ) m . I a t k s in h g ou (2 ld ). g It u s i h d o e u a ld ct g io u n ide on ac a tio s n uita o b n le a po su lit it ic a a b l l e reg p u o l l a iti o ca ry lf r r e a g m ul e a w to o r r y k, f t ram ns e p w ar o e r n k c , y t a r b an o s u p t a o re b n je cy ct a i b ve o s ut an o d bje o c p ti e v r e a s tin an g d m o o p d e e ra s ti o n f g A m I, od th e e s p of ar A ti I c , i t p h a e ti p o a n rt a ic n ip d at q io u n al a if n ic d a q ti u o a n lif o ic f at e io m n p of lo e y m ee p s lo in ye t e h s e in us t e he of u A se I. of AI.