DEVELOPING AN ENERGY BENCHMARK FOR RESIDENTIAL APARTMENTS IN AMMAN “How much energy buildings use should matter to you. If you can measure it, you can control it. If you can control it, you can manage it.”

@2019 by Jordan Green Building Council. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any written, electronic, recording, or photo copying without written permission of the publisher or author. The exception would be in the case of taking brief quotations. The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan The Deposit Number at the National Library: 2019/9/4479 ISBN: 978-9957-8789-3-1 Author: Arch. Heba Nazer Reviewer: Eng. Shifa’a Al-Khatatbeh Designed and illustrated by: Razan Al-Sheikh Amman, Jordan Acknowledgment Jordan Green Building Council and all of its members would like to acknowledge the following individuals for their valuable contributions to the preparation of this booklet: Eng. Samer Takroury Jordan Green Building Council Team Executive Director: Eng. Alaa Abdalla Project Coordinator: Arch. Hala Shouha Green Academy Officer: Arch. Hind Hadidi The council would like to acknowledge Friedrich Ebert Foundationn(FES) for their cooperation and great support in the development of this Guide.

Table of Content 6 INTRODUCTION 8 CHAPTER ONE: JORDAN ENERGY PROFILE 9 SOURCES OF ENERGY IN JORDAN 11 ENERGY IMPORTS 12 ENERGY COST AND PRICES 13 ENERGY STRATEGY 14 ENERGY AND ELECTRICITY USE BY SECTOR 14 JORDAN BUILDING PROFILE 17 ENERGY IN RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS IN JORDAN 19 CHAPTER TWO: ENERGY IN BUILDINGS 20 ENERGY NEEDS IN BUILDINGS 22 HEAT TRANSFER THROUGH BUILDINGS 23 PATTERNS OF ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS 26 FACTORS THAT AFFECT ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN BUILDINGS 31 THERMAL COMFORT AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY 33 THE ENERGY PYRAMID 35 CHAPTER THREE: ENERGY BENCHMARKING 36 WHAT IS ENERGY BENCHMARKING? 38 BENCHMARKING BENEFITS(WHY?) 40 BENCHMARKING TOOLS 42 BENCHMARKING STANDARDS AROUND THE WORLD 44 CHAPTER FOUR: ENERGY CONSUMPTION SURVEY FOR RESIDENTIAL APARTMENTS IN AMMAN 45 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS 46 BUILDING CHARACTERISTICS 48 CONSTRUCTION CHARACTERISTICS 49 KITCHEN AND APPLIANCES 52 SPACE HEATING 53 SPACE COOLING 54 WATER HEATING 56 LIGHTING 57 THERMAL COMFORT 57 ENERGY USE INTENSITY 59 CHAPTER 5: 100 DESIGN STRATEGIES TO IMPROVE ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN HOMES 60 SITE AND LOCATION 63 THE CLIMATE 69 FORM, SHAPE AND LAYOUT 85 SHADING 87 THE BUILDING ENVELOPE 94 WINDOW PROPERTIES 99 BEHAVIOR 106 CONCLUSIONS 122 REFERENCES 5

INTRODUCTION Energy use in residential buildings is becoming an ever-growing sector, accounting for 21.5% of the total share of energy consumption 46% of the electricity use in Jordan It is necessary to understand the associated energy consumption patterns in this sector to prepare for the ever-growing energy demand in the future. The booklet targets engineers, designers, decision makers, and occupants and provides them with detailed information and breakdown of residential energy use in terms of heating, cooling, and electricity consumption. It develops an energy use benchmark for residential apartments and proposes energy efficient measures and strategies in order to enhance buildings’ performance and reduce energy consumption. To achieve this objective, an energy consumption survey was conducted on 400 apartments in Amman. The survey collected relevant data regarding the building general characteristics, building construction situation, heating and cooling methods, lighting, energy use from household appliances and usage patterns. The results of the survey were used to derive an Energy Use Intensity(EUI) of 91.4 kWh/ m 2 .a. ,which for the first time represents an energy benchmark of a typical residential apartment in Amman. The value of the benchmark characterizes the current energy consumption profiles and the occupants’ behavioral patterns regarding energy use.

Space heating accounts for: 53% and is responsible for most of the energy usage 4% Space cooling 16% 13% Kitchen and cooking Electrical appliances 10% Water heating 4% Lighting These values are important for occupants, designers, and decision makers in order to focus their attention on improving the current situation by implementing efficient strategies for energy upgrades and retrofits. Multiple design and retrofit strategies are proposed in the booklet, to improve energy performance and enhance the EUI value. These strategies form a guideline for energy saving measures that comply with the local codes in Jordan, regarding site and location, building envelope, passive design strategies, and occupant behavioral patterns. Adopting the 100 guidelines, rules and measures into buildings at the design or retrofitting stage, or during occupancy will lead to major energy savings all while reducing the total energy consumption. This booklet is in line with the sustainable development goals of increasing energy efficiency through integrating the use of clean renewable energy and technologies in buildings. As a result, it will provide energy saving opportunities for a more sustainable and inclusive community that can resist the upcoming energy challenges. Keywords: Energy benchmark, Energy consumption, Energy Use Intensity, Household Energy survey, Energy efficient buildings, Building optimization, Sustainable Design. INTRODUCTION 7

Chapter 1 JORDAN ENERGY PROFILE

JORDAN ENERGY PROFILE Dependent on 92% of energy imports along with the regional instability and major supply disruptions, Jordan has faced an energy crisis in the past few years[1]. This crisis is exacerbated by the tremendous increase in the population due to the high influx of refugees adding more pressure on the energy sector, especially in North of Jordan and in the capital Amman where 42% of the population is concentrated[2]. 42% 80% of the population is concentrated in the capital Amman(2). Urban population in Jordan constitutes for more than 80% of the total population(3). The population in Jordan increased from 5.3 million inhabitants in 2004 10.3 million inhabitants in 2018[2] SOURCES OF ENERGY IN JORDAN: The Jordanian government is developing and prospecting local domestic energy generation sources, however, they are still inadequete and are unable to satisfy the current demand. The local resources of energy used for domestic production are: Crude oil Natural gas Renewable energy Chapter 1 l JORDAN ENERGY PROFILE 9

Local production of energy using these sources did not exceed of Jordan’s total 6% the year 2017 energy needs for thus, Jordan depends highly on imports to cover its energy needs[1]. Jordan has a huge amount of OIL SHALE which exceeds 70 BILLION TONS Oil shale may be burned directly to generate electricity.The government has signed several investment agreements for the surface retorting for the mined oil shale, but they were delayed due to the decline of oil prices. 10 Domestic oil production has increased steadily from 500 tons in 2015 to 1000 tons in 2018 but is projected to decrease 4% by 2025. Domestic natural gas production fell from 4.3 Billion Cubic Feet(BCF) 3.3 Billion Cubic Feet over the same period It’s use is expected to reach 8% of the energy share in 2025 (Table 1)[1].

Jordan is consecrated with great amount of solar energy that ranges between 5-7kwh/m² of annual daily solar irradiance with 330 sunny days per year. This ranking is among the highest in the world and makes Jordan an excellent platform for investment in solar energy to meet the residential electricity demands[4]. Year 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Crude Oil(kt) 1 0.5 0.4 0.3 1 Natural Gas(BCF) 4.6 4.3 4.1 3.6 3.3 Table 1: Domestic Production of Crude Oil and Natural Gas(20142018). Source[1] ENERGY IMPORTS: Natural gas was the main source of generating electricity in Jordan. However, the huge drop in natural gas supply due to the redundancy and explosion of the gas pipes from Egypt needed to be replaced by crude oil. This replacement caused a significant increase in 82.2% in 2011 fuel oil consumption escalating the weight of oil share in the energy mix 64.9% from in 2010 In 2018, these values decreased The share of crude oil dropped to 54% Natural gas percentage increased from 35% in 2018 11% in 2013 Although no quantities of natural gas were imported from Egypt in 2017, LNG industries imported quantities by Floating Storage and Regasification Unit(FSRU) (Table 2). Chapter 1 l JORDAN ENERGY PROFILE 11

Year Crude Fuel Oil Liquefied Diesel Gasoline Jet Fuel Coal Pet Coke Total Oil(kt) Gas 2014 3221 1255 282 2373 552 51 474 130 8283 2015 3513 848 335 1121 670 34 230 203 6955 2016 2978 0 327 967 832 64 327 210 5705 2017 2795 0 368 1029 923 125 255 170 5665 2018 2366 0 357 1145 964 67 292 105 5296 Table 2: Imports of Crude Oil and Oil Products(2014-2018) Kt. Source[1] ENERGY COSTS & PRICES The total cost of crude oil and oil products, natural gas and coal imported by Jordan in 2017 Consequently, 26% The total demand for primary energy in 2017 increased by compared to 2016 4.1% compared to 2016 Electricity tariffs increased by 5-15% in all sectors, including high income households[5]. increase d by 12

ENERGY STRATEGY: Jordan’s top priority is achieving energy supply security eliminating its dependence on imports while meeting the growing demand for primary energy. Accordingly, the government has developed the National Energy Strategy which sets targets to Increase the contribution of renewables in the total energy mix from 1% in 2011 10% by 2020 Reduce the imported crude oil and products to around 50% by 2025 Maintain the use of coal at 3-5% Reduce the natural gas share to 8% in 2025 Start using the oil shale reserves up to 10% in 2025 (Table 3)[1]. In addition, the National Energy Efficiency Action Plan(NEEAP) was initiated in 2013 to implement energy saving measures for both, the demand side such as energy labels, lighting and saving energy consumption in all sectors by 20%, and the supply side such as solar water heaters, PVs, capacity building in wind energy, solar power and solar energy code[6]. Crude Oil and Products Coal and coke Renewable Energy Natural Gas Electricity Imports Oil Shale Nuclear 2018 54% 3% 8% 35% 0% 2020 51% 4% 10% 30% 0% 5% 2025 50% 4% 6% 8% 0% 10% 22% Table 3: Jordan Primary Energy Sources(2018-2025). Source: Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (MEMR) Energy 2019- Facts& Figures. Chapter 1 l JORDAN ENERGY PROFILE 13

ENERGY AND ELECTRICITY USE BY SECTOR: The distribution of final energy consumption varies according to different sectors in Jordan. The largest consumer is transportation followed by households with a share equal to 21.5% (Figure 1). Sector Distribution of Final Energy Consumption 2018 14% Industry 21.5% Household 15.5% Others* 49% Transport * Commercial and agricultural sectors along with street lights Figure 1: Sector Distribution of Final Energy Consumption(2018). Source:[1] 14 Households are the largest consumers of electricity in Jordan accounting for 46% of the electricity consumption Sector Distribution of Final Electricity Consumption 2018 46% Household 22% Industry 14% Commercial 16% Water Pumping 2% Street Lights Figure 2: Sector Distribution of Final Electricity Consumption(2018). Source:[1] JORDAN BUILDING PROFILE The building sector in Jordan is considered one of the most vital contributors of energy consumption, and a main driver for most of the national economic sectors.

Construction is moving rapidly, and the Jordanian authority is issuing construction permits adding 4-5% to the building stock in Jordan yearly. The largest share of this construction boom is taking place in Amman accounting for 46% of the total completed dwellings in 2019 as presented in figure 3. Ajloun Jerash Balqa Madaba Irbid Zarqa Amman Karak Tafileh Ma’an Mafraq Aqaba 46 15 12.6 8.1 2.6 2.8 3.7 3.5 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.0 Figure 3: Distribution of Buildings in Cities of Jordan. Buildings vary in function, areas, and design. They are also divided into standard apartment buildings, one story houses(Dar’s), villas and“low standard” apartments. Residential apartments are the most used type consisting of 83.8% in 2015(Figure 5). There has been an increase in residential buildings containing 3 floors to be 22% compared to 15% in 2004. Residential buildings make up 72% of the total share of buildings in Jordan and have increased 92.5% in the past decade due to the increased demand from the raise of population(Figure 4)[7]. 2,350,490 2015 2004 888,028 634,909 1,221,055 Buildings Residential Buildings Figure 4: Ratio of Buildings to Residential Buildings Chapter 1 l JORDAN ENERGY PROFILE 15

83.8 72.0 2015 2004 The total population of Jordan is expected to increase to reach 12.9 million inhabitants by 2030. Consequently, to meet the increase in population 12.8 25.0 0.7 0.7 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.1 1.6 0.2 0.2 0.7 1.6 Apartment House Villa Tent Shanty Caravan Institution Under construction Figure 5: Housing Types Distribution in Jordan The demand for apartments in Jordan grew from 900,000 households in 2004 to reach 2 million apartments in 2015 [8]. Despite the drop in completed dwellings in 2017 compared to 2016, the annual licenses granted for additions to existing buildings are increasing(Figure 6). 49,000 new households are required annually, to form over 220,000 new households by 2020 [8]. The high demand for housing is finding immense response from the real estate agencies and developers by providing a magnitude of market-oriented buildings to satisfy these prerequisites. 16

Most buildings are constructed with speed dissenting environmental and contextual attributes and transforming the look and feel of the city. This elevates the need for essential transcribes to evaluate building energy use and consumption, ensuring this rapid expansion doesn’t contribute to the energy crisis escalating any further. 5000 40000 30000 20000 10000 42072 41074 39986 36789 34066 36582 31826 25606 19693 25779 29258 22496 27597 23277 COMPLETED DWELLINGS LICENSING OF EXISTING BUILDINGS 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Figure 6: Number of completed dwellings and annual licenses for existing buildings. Source: Department of Statistics ENERGY IN RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS IN JORDAN Buildings are part of the problem …. Buildings can become part of the solution Residential buildings consume energy through their life cycle; including: planning, design, construction, and mostly in the building operation and maintenance. Residential buildings are major consumers of energy in Jordan consuming 21.5% of the total energy share 46% of the electricity consumption in 2018 [1]. The amount of electricity generated in 2017 has reached 20760 GWh with a growth of 7% comparing with 2016, while the electricity consumed for the same period reached 17574 GWh recording a growth of 5% approximately comparing with 2016[1]. The demand for electricity has increased in the household sector due to the increased population, high temperatures in summer, and the expansion in using air conditioning units. Chapter 1 l JORDAN ENERGY PROFILE 17

Year Household Industry Commercial Water Pumping 2014 43 25 15 15 2015 43 25 15 15 2016 45 23 15 15 2017 46 22 15 15 2018 46 22 14 16 Table 4: Distribution of electricity consumption according to sectors(2014-2018)% Street Lights 2 2 2 2 2 Sector Year Transport Industry Household Others* 2014 46 20 21 13 2015 48 17 22 13 2016 48 16 20 16 2017 49 14 23 14 2018 49 14 21.5 15.5 Table 5: Distribution of final energy consumption in sectors(2014-2018)% * Commercial and agricultural sectors along with street lights The residential sector consumes the greatest share of electricity and second greatest share of energy in Jordan, As the demand for electricity increases year after year, it is important to understand energy consumption in residential buildings as a main step towards energy efficiency. 18

Chapter 2 ENERGY IN BUILDINGS Chapter 2 l ENERGY IN BUILDINGS 19

ENERGY IN BUILDINGS: There is a growing concern about energy consumption in buildings due to their negative impact on natural resources and the environment. Globally, buildings account for around 35% 40% consume 12% produce 40% of Resources of Energy Use of the world’s of Global Carbon Potable Water Emissions[9] Therefore, improving energy efficiency in buildings is one of the most important approaches to eliminate major global problems and maintain natural resources. ENERGY NEEDS IN BUILDINGS: Buildings need energy through their whole life cycle, starting from construction, to occupancy, and demolition. Since the largest percentage of that energy is consumed during occupancy; this section will address the fundamentals of energy and heat flow through buildings to design energy efficient buildings that consume less energy during their occupancy and operation. Energy needs consist of internal gains, natural gains, and delivered energy as illustrated in the diagram below: Natural energy gains Renewable energy Building net energy use Delivered energy Building gross energy needs Internal heat gains Figure 6: Energy Flow in Buildings. Source:[10] 20

A. THE GROSS BUILDING ENERGY NEEDS: The building energy needs represent the required energy to keep occupants comfortable through: C. INTERNAL HEAT GAINS: Internal heat is the thermal energy from: Heating Ventilation Air Lighting Appliances conditioning Water pumping The indoor climate requirements, outdoor climatic conditions and the building properties are parameters that affect the energy needs of the building[10]. B. NATURAL ENERGY GAINS: Natural energy gains include solar gains through the building envelope. It is essential to control the access of natural energy to buildings taking into account climatic conditions, to control the amount of delivered energy required by the building. In hot climates, solar heat gain can increase the indoor temperatures and cause overheating. Therefore, it should be controlled by design strategies such as shading and natural ventilation. On the other hand, in cold climates, natural heat gains can reduce the amount of heating loads through strategies such as passive heating. People Lighting Appliances that give off heat to the indoor environment. Heat gain from people depends on multiple variables such as metabolic activity, age and gender. Similarly, lighting and appliances produce heat according to their quantity and efficiency. Internal heat gains need to be calculated because they can raise the indoor temperatures and require additional cooling loads in hot climates. Sleeping 40W/m 2 Seated 70W/m 2 Walking 150W/m 2 Exercise 235W/m 2 Figure 7: Occupancy heat gains according to their activity. Source:[11] Chapter 2 l ENERGY IN BUILDINGS 21

D. DELIVERED ENERGY: This is the amount of energy supplied to meet a building’s net energy demand(energy for heating, cooling, ventilation, hot water, lighting, pumping and appliances). It usually consists of electricity and/or fuel such as gas, oil and biomass. Delivered energy is expressed in kilowatt hours(kWh) and can be complemented by on-site renewable energy, such as solar PV, solar water heaters or wind. HEAT TRANSFER THROUGH BUILDINGS: Heat transfer is the process of thermal exchange between different systems, where heat transfers from the hotter system to the cooler system. It is important to understand the mechanism of heat gains and losses through the building envelope, to implement modifications that achieve the required thermal conditions with minimum use of energy resources. HEAT TRANSFER CAN BE ACHIEVED BY: Conduction: Transfer of heat between substances which are in direct contact with each other. This occurs through walls, windows, roof/ceiling, and floor slabs. Convection: The heat transfer caused by wind or air movement that causes heated air to move from a warmer to a cooler surface. Radiation: Electromagnetic waves, primarily from the sun, that travel through the space. Heat by radiation from the sun is transferred through glazing and windows in the building envelope. 22

Radiation Coduction Radiation Coduction Convection Figure 8: Heat Transfer in Buildings Convection Residential Buildings consume about 36% of the total electricity in Amman[12] which makes it essential to consider patterns of energy use as part of energy targets and savings. Energy uses in residential buildings are divided into seven main categories as illustrated below: PATTERNS OF ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS: Energy consumption in buildings refers to the total amount of energy used throughout the process from the production of building materials and construction, till the occupancy by inhabitants. Energy consumption in buildings is high and keeps increasing due to industrialization, the improvement of people’s living standards, and the rapid development of construction. Space Heating Space Cooling Water Heating Water Pumbing Lighting Cooking Appliances Figure 9: Patterns of energy consumption in homes Chapter 2 l ENERGY IN BUILDINGS 23

Space Heating: Heating spaces is essential for human comfort. In Jordan, it is mainly powered by electricity or petroleum products such as liquefied petroleum gas(LPG) and Kerosene. Commonly used heating systems in residential buildings can be divided to central heating and dedicated area/room heating. Central heating systems heat the entire home; they include hot water boilers with radiators, floor or wall heaters. Area-dedicated heating systems are fireplaces or stand-alone heating units by electricity, gas or kerosene, or split unit heat pump AC units. Central Heating Dedicated Room Heating 24 Space Cooling: Space cooling can be accomplished by central cooling systems or room-dedicated systems that mainly run on electricity in residential buildings. Evaporative coolers, ceiling fans, portable fans and split type ACs are all types of space cooling systems. The demand on air conditioning has increased in Jordan due to the rise in peak summer temperatures and inefficient natural ventilation in buildings. Water Heating: Heated water is used in residential buildings mostly for showers, bathing and washing. Water heating can be produced alone or in combination with space heating systems. The main energy sources used for water heating systems include: Gas(LPG) Electricity Solar thermal systems

Water Pumping: Water pumps are usually run by electricity to pump water from reservoirs to the dwelling unit or to tanks located on the roofs. Pumps are widely used to increase the water pressure flowing out of faucets and showers, and in the heating systems when using central heating. Lighting: Interior and exterior lighting of dwellings are mainly powered by electricity. Efficient lighting fixtures include compact fluorescent lamps and LEDs(light-emitting diodes). Off-grid solar applications for external lighting are increasing in popularity and use. Nevertheless, they are currently not yet widely used inside buildings. Cooking: The two energy sources used for cooking are electricity, and LPG. Beside stoves, ovens are also included in the energy consumption for cooking. Cooking appliances such as toasters and microwave ovens are reported under appliances. Appliances: Appliances encompass two main categories: Large appliances which include: Refrigerators, freezers, washing machines, clothes dryers and dishwashers Other appliances such as: TVs, computers, audio and video equipment, vacuum cleaners, microwave ovens and irons. Almost all appliances are powered by electricity. In addition to the electricity they consume, appliances also produce heat that is added to the internal heat gains of the building increasing cooling loads in hot climates. Chapter 2 l ENERGY IN BUILDINGS 25

FACTORS THAT AFFECT ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN BUILDINGS: Multiple factors, both internal and external, affect the amount of energy consumption in buildings. Factors that influence the total building energy consumption can be divided into the following categories: 1 23 4 56 Environment Building and Climate Site and Location Building Occupants’ Envelope& Behaviour Characteristics Building Systems& Operation Socio Economic & Legal Characteristics Figure 10: Factors That Affect Energy Consumption in Buildings. 1. ENVIRONMENT AND CLIMATE Climate is a key-factor for the energy consumption in buildings because it correlates directly to energy demand for heating and cooling[13]. To comply with the required energy needs, the design of a building should take into consideration the climatic characteristics of the site location such as: Temperature Solar Radiation Wind Speed/ Direction Humidity 26 Buildings correspond to the climatic situation by using different materials, shapes, and designs to provide occupants with indoor conditions that are comfortable and protect them against the outdoor environment[14]. 2. BUILDING SITE & LOCATION The location of a household may contribute to 46% of the variability in energy consumption[15]. The site characteristics, orientation, topography and setbacks between buildings affect solar access and air velocity around buildings which affect indoor thermal requirements. 3. BUILDING ENVELOPE& CHARACTERISTICS One of the essential factors that influences the amount of energy consumed in buildings, is the design of the building itself.

The building envelope acts as a thermal barrier between the indoor space and the outside environment where heat losses and gains occur[16]. The building envelope may be defined as the totality of(building) elements made up of components which separate the indoor environment of the building from the outdoor environment[17]. Heat Transmission Heat Storage Solar Heat Gains of the Building Thermal Bridges Infiltration are the fundamental properties of exterior envelopes that affect the indoor temperatures and consequently the energy consumed for heating and cooling[18]. In hot climates, poor design of the building envelope causes the increase in temperatures, which results in additional cooling loads. Similarly, in winter heat losses through thermal bridges and leakages in the envelope increase the heating loads required to achieve comfort temperatures indoor. Windows are responsible for almost 20% to 40% of energy losses in buildings The building envelope characteristics include: Design Parameters such as Building Shape Orientation Windowto-Wall Ratio Wall Color and Shading Construction Parameters such as the type, thermal properties, layers, thickness, and infiltration of materials and glazing[19][14]. Improving building envelope design can lead to Major Savings Reduction in Energy Consumption with the implementation of passive and active strategies either at the design stage or the renovation[20]. Chapter 2 l ENERGY IN BUILDINGS 27

4. OCCUPANTS’ BEHAVIOR Buildings don’t use energy, occupants do…80% of energy consumption is in the operation and use. Occupants’ behavior has a great impact on the building’s thermal energy usage and can change the heating 90% and cooling loads up to specially in hot climates, which consequently affects the total energy consumption and CO2 emissions of a building[21][22]. Occupants’behavior can be defined as“the presence of people in the building and the actions occupants take(or not) to influence the indoor environment”[19]. Occupants’ effect on their environment can be divided into two categories:[23][14]. Adaptive actions: Occupants engage in actions to adapt to the indoor environment according to their preferences and comfort, such as opening/closing windows, lowering 28 blinds, adjusting thermostats, turning lighting on/off, and the usage of plug-ins (such as personal heaters, fans, and electrical systems for space heating/cooling)[20][24]. Energy efficient buildings allow occupants to adapt to the indoor temperature with minimum dependency on mechanical heating and cooling methods. Non-adaptive actions: Non-adaptive actions include occupants’ presence, age, family size and composition[23][15]. Energy Consumption rises approximately 8% for every additional family member occupying the building as they demand more energy and increase internal heat gains. Similarly, energy use is affected by the age of the occupants; Residential electricity use rises by around 3% for occupants older than 50 years, and considerably when adults live with children.

The diversity in patterns of energy consumption in buildings offers multiple possibilities and opportunities to improve energy efficiency through different types of behavioral strategies that can further lead to great savings. 5. BUILDING SYSTEMS AND OPERATION (APPLIANCES, LIGHTING AND TECHNOLOGY): Building services and systems are strongly correlated to the amount of energy consumed in buildings. They consist of lighting, ventilation and air-conditioning, appliances, and service water heating systems. These services are related to multiple sub factors that affect their energy consumption such as specification, load, age, operation and maintenance schemes, efficiency and condition of the systems. Inefficient traditional large home appliances(freezers, refrigerators, washing machines and dishwashers) are still in use by around 35% of the houses in Jordan[25] Therefore, the National Energy Efficiency Action Plan (NEEAP) advertised the use of energy labels for electrical equipment and they were enacted by the Jordan Standards and Metrology Organization(JSMO) in 2014[26][27][31]. Lighting is also an essential factor to consider in terms of energy efficiency, as it accounts for about 5% of the households’ energy use globally. In Jordan, 84% still use at least one compact fluorescent lamp(CFL) 40.1% still use inefficient incandescent lamps that waste 90% of the electricity in the form of heat[25]. Therefore, the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources is replacing 150,000 lighting units with LED light bulbs in 30,000 houses in Jordan which aims to 80% reduce electricity consumption up to [31a]. Chapter 2 l ENERGY IN BUILDINGS 29

Upgrading traditional lighting systems to more energy efficient bulbs can reduce 70-90% and last up to 25 times longer In addition, the National Energy Efficiency Action Plan promoted energy efficient lighting by the replacement of 1.5 million incandescent lamps with compact fluorescent lamps[31]. Due to the long lifespan of buildings and high effect of equipment and systems on energy consumption, it is a viable approach to invest in the selection of energy efficient appliances and systems that can further reduce energy consumption and utility costs up to 20%, while guaranteeing comfort for the occupants[20][14]. 6. SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND LEGAL CHARACTERISTICS Socio-economic and legal characteristics that influence energy consumption are: Education Culture Household Energy Energy Use Income Market Prices Regulations [14][15]. 30 Some studies found that higher income households consume more electricity, since they own more appliances and the standard of comfort will increase accordingly. Occupants’ educational level and awareness of energy efficient measures define the acceptance and adoption of innovative and suggested energy behaviors that further reduce energy consumption. In addition, energy policies and building codes can be a great factor in decreasing the energy usage of appliances, machinery and buildings. This can be achieved by voluntary or mandatory regulations in the country, energy efficiency labels, standards and building codes. Studies have indicated that if electricity prices increase by 10%, occupants will reduce their demand by 4.5%[ 15]. Socio-economic factors are as important as the design of the building itself. Therefore, we need to focus on raising the awareness of occupants and educate citizens to understand how implementing energy saving measures in their buildings reduces energy consumption.

THERMAL COMFORT AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY Comfort conditions in the indoor environment are comprised of: Thermal Comfort Indoor Air Quality Visual and Acoustic Comfort Parameters Besides the benefits arising from achieving comfort on the occupants’ health, behavior and productivity, it affects the energy consumption in buildings. Buildings that were not designed to satisfy the thermal comfort of users will result with additional heating and cooling loads as a method of adaptation by occupants to obtain comfort, and thus produce more carbon emissions. Thermal comfort illustrates the relation between the human body and his thermal environment and is defined as‘the condition of mind which expresses satisfaction with the thermal environment (ASHRAE, 1966; ISO7730, 1984). Factors that define thermal comfort conditions are: Metabolic Rate Personal physical characteristics impact thermal comfort of the occupants, such as size, weight, age, fitness level and sex. Clothing Insulation: Clothes decrease heat losses from the body and resistance to the transfer of energy. The heat insulation value of clothes is expressed by the unit“Clo” and affected by fiber, fabric thickness, thread and weaving patterns. Air Temperature: The human body resembles heat balance by maintaining the internal temperature near to 37°C and the skin temperature between 31ºC and 34°C. There is an equilibrium between heat generation within the body from food consumption and heat loss from the body to the environment while performing activities [28]. Chapter 2 l ENERGY IN BUILDINGS 31

Evaporation 23% Conduction to Air (convection) 10% 90% Radiation 67% of Heat Loss Air 75 F Figure 11: Heat transfer from the human body into the surrounding environment. Source:[29]. Radiant Temperature: Radiant temperature is heat that radiates from hot surfaces to the surrounding. The thermal radiation of household appliances and equipment highly influence thermal comfort by increasing room temperatures. Air Speed: Air flow rate is the value of air movement in a certain direction measured in unit of time. Careful design strategies should 32 consider the volume of the space, the location of air inlets and outlets, the location and size of the windows and climatic properties to obtain comfortable conditions and maintain air speed around 0.15 m/sec[29]. Humidity: Humidity levels affect the work efficiency and productivity and contribute to energy consumption savings. The humidity ratio should be maintained to stay within 40% and 70% Values not within the range above can cause discomfort and health problem. Visual comfort conditions consist of light, color, view, while, acoustic comfort conditions consist of factors such as sound and noise (Fanger, 1973).

ADAPTIVE THERMAL COMFORT TO REDUCE ENERGY CONSUMPTION: “If a change occurs such as to produce discomfort, people react in ways which tend to restore their comfort[20]”. People have a natural tendency to adapt to changing conditions in their environment and is expressed in the adaptive approach to thermal comfort. This response to discomfort of temperature in buildings should be taken in consideration by architects and engineers during the design phase. It is the designers’challenge to minimize the period of the year when cooling and heating systems need to be used, and allow occupants to adapt passively to reach their comfort temperature with the minimum dependency on mechanical systems. The two key elements in the solution to this challenge are to design better buildings and to use an adaptive approach to achieving comfort. In Amman, the comfortable operative temperature ranges at 50% relative humidity are 20–23.5°C for the winter and 23.5–27°C(assuming 30% relative humidity) in summer[30]. It is important to achieve these comfort temperatures when designing the indoor environment in buildings to limit the reliance on mechanical heating and cooling. ENERGY PYRAMID The Energy Pyramid is a simple but effective diagram outlining how renewable energy, energy efficiency and energy conservation must work together to achieve our clean energy goals. While renewable energy is important, energy efficiency and energy conservation have the most opportunities and thus we should focus upon them. Chapter 2 l ENERGY IN BUILDINGS 33

ENERGY CONSERVATION is any behavior that results in the use of less energy. It is the base of the energy pyramid and can be achieved through behavioral and operational practices by the occupants: such as unplugging your computer or home appliances when they are not in use, or turning off the lights when you’re not in the room. ENERGY EFFICIENCY is using less energy to provide the same service. It is the foundation of‘sustainable energy’as it can deliver huge benefits by lowering energy consumption. Energy efficiency has two dimensions: efficiency in the use of primary energy such as natural gas and petroleum and efficiency in the use of secondary energy such as electricity. Replacing inefficient incandescent light bulbs with more efficient compact fluorescent bulbs and replacing older model appliances with newer, energy-efficient models are examples of energy efficiency. RENEWABLE ENERGY is energy that is collected from renewable resources, such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves, and geothermal heat. Tier 3 Renewable Energy When the system is modified to use efficiency, less renewable energy is needed Energy Efficiency Tier 2 Purchasing and installing efficient equipment and processes Energy Conservation Figure 12: The Energy Pyramid Tier 1 Largely based on behavioral& operational practices. Best return on investment 34

Chapter 3 ENERGY BENCHMARKING Chapter 3 l ENERGY BENCHMARKING 35

ENERGY BENCHMARKING In order to improve energy efficiency, it is essential to understand energy performance by quantifying the consumption in buildings. An energy benchmark is the baseline that indicates how much energy is consumed in buildings and it presents the energy use patterns to determine efficiency measures. This chapter will present the definition of energy benchmarking, methods and benefits to be implemented further in the following chapter in establishing a baseline for residential apartments in Amman. WHAT IS ENERGY BENCHMARKING Energy Benchmarking is a method used to determine how much energy the building is using comparing it to buildings that share similar characteristics. Benchmarking establishes a baseline to track each building’s energy use and set comparable energy reduction goals. Benchmarking helps building owners and managers understand their building energy use, adopt potential measures for improving efficiency motivating occupants to achieve energy savings through environmental behaviors. In order to compare energy consumption in multiple institutes or buildings, it is essential to have a mutual indicator and unit such as the Energy Use Intensity(EUI). Energy Use Intensity(EUI), is the most common indicator for energy benchmarking assessing building energy performance and energy saving possibilities Energy Use Intensity(EUI) varies according to: Building Weather Working Number of type conditions hours occupants 36

EUI= Annual building energy consumption Total gross floor area (presented in the units of kWh/m2/year or kBTU/feet2/year[32]) EUI determines whether your actual annual energy consumption exceeds the standard energy consumption required for the size of your building and its occupants. It can be used as a baseline to quantify the amount of energy reduction you should achieve; the lower the value of EUI, the more efficient your building is. Energy Use Intensity is divided into two types: Site The site type EUI measures the amount of energy used in a building. Site EUI is more common because it determines how much the energy use for an individual building has changed over time. Source The source type EUI represents the total amount of energy used to run the building and its systems including energy used in production, transmission, and delivery of energy to the building. It is recommended to use source EUI as it provides a complete assessment of energy efficiency in a building. Levels of Benchmarking: Energy benchmarking can be done on two levels: 1. Internal Benchmarking: Internal Benchmarking allows an organization to compare energy use of a building with others within the same organization. The results are used to compare energy performance among the organization and identify buildings with the greatest potential for energy improvement. They can also be used to examine the performance of a building over time to make sure the performance is not slipping. 2. External Benchmarking: In external benchmarking, buildings are compared to other similar buildings. The results can be used to determine methods of improvements, or to assess the performance relative to peers with similar characteristics against a national performance rating to identify highperforming buildings for recognition opportunities[33]. Chapter 3 l ENERGY BENCHMARKING 37

BENCHMARKING BENEFITS(WHY) In order to achieve energy efficiency in buildings, we should be able to quantify the energy consumed. With the increase of energy and electricity consumption in residential buildings in Jordan, it is essential to evaluate the consumption characteristics to promote conservation, efficiency, technology implementation and energy source switching, such as switching to on-site renewable energy[34]. Energy benchmarking in buildings has multiple benefits on the short and long term. These benefits are summarized as follow: 1. Energy Saving Benefits: Measuring the building’s energy performance and comparing it to itself and similar buildings, sheds the light on multiple energy efficiency measures and strategies that can be involved in the design phase for future buildings, or system retrofits. Benchmarking brings occupants’ attention to energy efficiency, resulting in behavioral and operational changes that conclude with immediate reductions in energy consumption. Energy benchmarking can result with an annual energy saving of 2.4% Buildings which have been benchmarked for three straight years saved an average of 7% over the course of that time[35]. 2. Market Competition Benefits: “Research has found that many owners believe their buildings to be more efficient than they actually are[35]”. Therefore, the availability of a benchmark for buildings gives tenants an indicator of the energy performance of buildings they aim to buy or rent. Recently, occupants are keener to rent spaces in energy-efficient buildings to demonstrate their commitment to sustainability, improve productivity, and reduce utility costs. Certified green buildings have proven to achieve higher rents than traditional buildings. 38

ENERGY STAR certified buildings experience 9.5% higher occupancy rates 2.5% higher rental rates than conventional buildings[35]. 3. Lower Operational Expenses The immediate benefit of energy-efficient buildings is lower utility bills. In addition, energy efficient installations and systems are known for longer lasting lives which reduces operational and maintenance costs. 4. Governmental Benefits: Public benchmarking data shares information about building characteristics and their effect on energy use, which gives an idea for companies to better understand their customers. Benchmarking information allows policy makers to understand where the most inefficient buildings are and design more effective methods of addressing them[35]. 5. Environmental and Health Benefits The main goal for developing benchmarks is to create a consistent and transparent yardstick to assess the environmental performance of buildings and reduce the amount of resources and relative environmental impacts in the building sector[13]. Energy benchmarking reduces energy use which consequently reduces greenhouse gas emissions associated with generating energy and improves energy security and independence[35]. Occupants of energy-efficient buildings benefit from: Indoor comfort Better health and well-being translating into an increase in productivity 23% From better lighting 11% From better ventilation 3% From individual temperature control 6. Design and Environmental Awareness Benchmarking raises environmental awareness for occupants when they understand the effect of their behavior on energy use and consumption. In addition, Chapter 3 l ENERGY BENCHMARKING 39

benchmarking provides designers, local authorities and project managers with guidance to take more informed decisions about siting, facilities, building techniques, materials, design options, affordability, social inclusion and other considerations that leads to energy efficiency[36]. BENCHMARKING TOOLS: A number of tools and methods are available worldwide to provide building operators and managers with a way to benchmark their buildings’ energy use and compare it to similar buildings. Although there are no available metrics applied in Jordan, they can be used as an indication about energy performance in buildings that share similar characteristics. ENERGY STAR FOR COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS Energy Star rating system is a voluntary program delivered by EPA(Environmental Protection Agency), to estimate how much energy commercial buildings would use based on multiple parameters such as size, location, climate, number of occupants, and appliances. The rating system determines where the building ranks relative to its peers and assigns a score that ranges between 1-100. Example: A score of 80 indicates that the building is better than 80% of its peers ENERGY STAR PORTFOLIO MANAGER AND TARGET FINDER: Target Finder is a free interactive online tool provided by the EPA that may be used during the design process to establish energy consumption goals and assess design performance. Target Finder estimates the allowed energy consumption during the preliminary design phase and compares the values to Energy Star limits in the schematic-design phase to apply for the ENERGY STAR certification. Portfolio Manager is an interactive online energy management tool that helps track and assess energy and water consumption within buildings against similar others in the US and identify strategic opportunities for savings and recognition opportunities through the Energy Star label[37]. 40

Using the data supplied by the building owner, the benchmarking software normalizes a building’s energy use for weather, building type, occupancy, and other factors that affect energy consumption[35]. THE ENERGY STAR HOME ADVISOR: The Energy Star Home Advisor is a tool designed to improve home’s energy efficiency while maintaining indoor comfort. It recommends energy saving measures regarding lighting, household appliances, building envelope as well as heating and cooling. HERS INDEX: The Home Energy Rating System(HERS) Index aims to assess and calculate homes’ energy performance and efficiency. The assessment is done by a certified Home Energy Rater that measures the energy efficiency of homes including building envelope, windows, doors, HVAC systems, water heating system, and thermostat, assigning it a relative performance score(the HERS Index Score). The HERS Index score given is then compared against a reference home that is similar to the size and shape of the assessed home. (Figure 13). A home with a HERS Index Score of 70 is 30% more energy efficient than the RESNET (Residential Energy Services Network) Reference Home while a home with a HERS Index Score of 130 is 30% less energy efficient than the RESNET Reference Home. More Energy A+ Existing Homes A Reference Home A47 As Designed B This Home 65 C Typical D Best 0 Net Zero Energy 25 Title 24 2008 ASHARE 50 90.1-2007 EPA Energy Star 75 In Operation 72 100 Median ASHARE 125 90.1-2001 150 E ASHARE 175 90.1-1999 Zero Energy Home Less Energy >200 Figure 13: HERS Index. Figure 14: The ASHRAE bEQ Scale. Source:[37] Chapter 3 l ENERGY BENCHMARKING 41

THE BUILDING ENERGY QUOTIENT (BEQ™) LABELING SYSTEM: The BEQ rating established by ASHRAE, offers two ratings: one for new designs and one of existing buildings. It represents the ratio of energy use of the rated building to the median energy use of its building type. Energy use in the index is expressed as source energy EUI, or source Btus per square foot per year. The best energy performance on the BEQ is Net Zero Energy with a rating of zero. The median of building performance for that building type is set at 100, whereas any score of 125 or greater is considered poor(Figure 14). BENCHMARKING STANDARDS AROUND THE WORLD: Many countries develop Energy Use Intensity values for buildings to set targets for designers and occupants to achieve in their buildings and understand energy use patterns. EUI values are important to assess energy performance and understand the consumption in different countries. Although these values cannot be compared in different countries and climatic zones, they are mentioned below for referencing. France 131 Figure 15: Household energy consumption for space heating per kWh/m2/year Source:https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-andmaps/daviz/unit-consumption-of-space-heating#tab-googlechartid_chart_11 Germany 145 Irland 97 United Kingdom 125 Netherlands 98 Bulgaria 80 Spain 52 Italy 59 Croatia 101 Cairo 26.6 Greece 105 Poland 172 Denmark 136 Cyprus 24 42

Improving the building envelope and thermal properties is an essential factor to reduce energy consumption. The table below represents values of a typical single-family house with different thermal properties and insulation, which leads to different benchmarks of heating and cooling loads. Passive houses with the tightest envelopes and strict thermal properties require values less than 15 kWh/m2 year. Heating (kWh/ m 2 /year) Cooling (kWh/m 2 year) Completely Insufficient Thermal Insulation 270-230 30-20 Insufficient Thermal Insulation 185-140 15-10 Low Passive Energy Houses Houses 80-55 Less than 15 10-5 Less than 5 Figure 16: Heating and Cooling Energy Demands of a Typical Single-Family House Source: ISOVER(2008). Multi Comfort House, Energy Efficient Living A Net Zero Energy building (NZEB) is a building with zero net energy consumption The total amount of energy used by the Net Zero Energy building annually is equal to the amount of renewable energy generated by the building. NZEB is the ideal case where the“net” EUI is zero. Advancing Net Zero is a long-term global project initiated by the World Green Building Council. It aims to promote and support the acceleration of net zero carbon buildings. Several organizations in different countries have signed a commitment to join this project by promoting the practices and regulations that will support the NZ concept. Jordan GBC has joined this global movement in a hope to create a significant step towards a more sustainable built environment in Jordan. This will improve the life of next generations, strengthen the green economy concept and create several opportunities in the leading sector. Chapter 2 l ENERGY IN BUILDINGS 43

Chapter 4 ENERGY CONSUMPTION SURVEY FOR RESIDENTIAL APARTMENTS IN AMMAN 44

It is essential to develop an energy benchmark to understand energy use in buildings offering opportunities for energy savings through design parameters and behavioral patterns. The most common methods to estimate energy use patterns in buildings and establish a benchmark are linear regression models, neural networks and surveys(52). This booklet will display the results of a survey that gathered information about physical characteristics and energy use in residential apartments in Amman. The outcomes of which will help derive a benchmark for Energy Use Intensity(EUI) ENERGY CONSUMPTION SURVEY FOR RESIDENTIAL APARTMENTS GENERAL CHARATERISTICS ENERGY CONSUMPTION HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS APARTMENT CHARACTERISTICS BUILDING CHARACTERISTICS COOKING APPLIANCES SPACE HEATING SPACE COOLING WATER HEATING LIGHTING The survey was distributed electronically through email and mobile applications to people living in residential apartments in Amman. The total number of respondents were 400, with a response rate of 90%. The survey contained 50 questions that varied in type from open ended questions to multiple choice, and Likert scale type questions depending on the required data. The questions were listed under 6 categories; household characteristics, building characteristic, heating and cooling characteristics, kitchen appliances, other appliances, and lighting as displayed in the figure. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS The survey consisted of information about the respondents in terms of: Age Gender Number of Occupancy Occupants Hours Chapter 4 l Energy Consumption Survey for Residential Apartments in Amman 45

Gender The survey achieved almost equal distributions between males and females: 47.54% 52.46% Occupancy Hours The occupancy hours are a major parameter that affect energy consumption in homes. From this survey 63.79% of the respondents are employed and occupy their apartments only during weekends and late evenings. Age In terms of age, 58.5% of the respondents are above 30 years old, while 41.5% are at the age of 30 or below. 41.53% Under 30 58.47% Above 30 Number of Occupants: According to the survey conducted by the Department of Statistics, the average number of family members in Jordan is 4.82. This is in line with the results of the survey where 43% of the respondents indicated that the number of occupants is between 4-5. 2.41% 14.78% 17.87% 21.65% 21.31% 12.71% 9.28% + 7.93% 28.28% 63.79% During Weekend and Evening Most of the Day Other BUILDING CHARACTERISTICS Building characteristics can directly impact the amount of energy consumed in buildings. These characteristics include the building age, number of floors, and the apartment layout. 46

Number of Floors The demand on vertical residential building blocks comprised of 3 floors or more has increased 46% in the last decade(DOS, 2015). This is reflected in the survey results where 48.1% of the buildings contain 4 floors. 13.75% 20.27% 48.11% 17.87% Building Age Most of the surveyed apartments are located in buildings that are more than 10 years old. 7.90% 1-3 14.43% 3-6 14.09% 6-9 63.57% 10+ Apartment Area The results show that apartments with areas between 150 200 m 2 are the most common. 3.79% 50-100 24.83% 100-150 43.79% 150-200 17.24% 200-250 10.34% 250+ 70% of the apartments surveyed contain 3 bedrooms and two full bathrooms and are located equally on the ground, first and second floors. Number of Full Bathrooms 10.65% 60.14% + 29.21% Apartment Floor Location 8.59% 8.59% 21.31% 20.96% 15.46% 23.71% 1.37% Number of Bedrooms 1.72% 11.38% 70.00% 16.90% Chapter 4 l Energy Consumption Survey for Residential Apartments in Amman 47

CONSTRUCTION CHARACTERISTICS Construction material and properties determine the consumption required for heating and cooling loads. The survey explored the condition of the buildings, assessing construction methods and properties in order to propose energy efficient measures accordingly. Thermal Insulation In terms of thermal insulation, 26.64% of the respondents have limited knowledge about the availability of wall insulation in their buildings, due to the fact that most residential apartments are not built by the owner but bought or rented from a developer. 35.29% 26.64% 38.06% Yes No I Have No Idea 35.29% of the target population believe they have insulation in the walls as oppose to 38%. Insulation Thickness Similarly, 47.39% of the people surveyed have no idea about the insulation thickness, while only 9% and 8% declared the insulation thickness is equal to 3cm and 5cm respectively. 34.15% 9.76% 8.71% 47.39% No insulation 3 CM 5 CM I Have No Idea Roof insulation is only noticed in 28.3% of the apartments that are located on the last floor of the building, and 50.8% do not have roof insulation Insulating doors and windows to prevent air leakage is essential in controlling heat losses during the winter season. 48

Half of the apartments suffer from windows’ air leakage and the lack of weather stripping on doors. Window Air Leakage 4.84% 40.83% 54.33% Weather Stripping on Doors 7.59% 51.38% 41.03% Type of Glazing Almost equal amount of apartment buildings have single glazing and double glazing with aluminum frame windows (38.9% and 40% respectively). Although double glazing windows with PVC frames are more energy efficient than the previously mentioned types, they are only found in 12% of the apartments. Yes No I Have No Idea Window Properties Sliding windows are found in 91.38% of the apartments, while only a few(6.2%) contain compressed windows although they are recommended for compact and energy efficient buildings. 91.38% Sliding 6.21% Compressed 0.34% Window 2.07% No Idea Single Galzed 38.97% Double Galzed -PVC12.76% Double Galzed -Aluminum40.34% I Have No Idea 7.93% KITCHEN& APPLIANCES Cooking and other kitchen appliances are major contributors to energy consumption in residential buildings. The type of appliances, their energy performance, and the hours of usage were all part of the survey to establish an energy benchmark and propose energy efficient measures in residential apartments. Chapter 4 l Energy Consumption Survey for Residential Apartments in Amman 49

Ovens 48.3% of the respondents use the oven four or more times a week for cooking Three Times a Week 15.68% Twice a Week 20.34% Less than Once a Week 15.68% The amount of gas cylinders used for cooking per year is more than 1-3 26.3% 3-6 19.83% 6-7 16.81% 7+ + 37.07% Number of Refrigerators Almost all occupants own at least one fridge, and 25.53% have two fridges. 71.91% 25.53% 2.55% 50 63.4% of the respondents are aware of energy efficient appliances and own an energy labeled fridge due to the high energy prices and their direct economic benefits on energy savings. Ownership of Kitchen Appliances 41.20% Toaster 38.46% Electrical Oven 93.59% Blender 73.93% Kitchen Hood 80.51% Water Cooler 88.56% Microwave 33.19% Coffee Maker 74.15% Kettle 34.62% Dishwasher (Energy Saver) 11.79% Dishwasher (Normal)

Regarding washing machines and laundry loads, 70.23% of the respondents own an energy labeled clothes washer. Laundry Loads Half of the respondents wash their clothes 2-4 times a week while 27.31% use their clothes washer 5-9 times per week. 1 Load or Less Each Week 2-4 5-9 10-15 15+ 11.11% 3.24% 4.63% 27.31% 53.70% Clothes Dryers Clothes dryers are not common in residential apartments and are only owned by 32.7% of the respondents whom mostly use it 1-3 hours weekly. Availability of Clothes Dryer Yes 32.71% No 67.29% Hours of Usage/ Week 1 Load or Less Each Week 2-4 5-9 10-15 Does not apply 35.79% 16.84% 14.74% 5.26% 27.37% Ownership of Electrical Appliances 96.28% 37.09% Tv Station- XBOX-WII86.92% Receiver 30.99% DVD Player 9.86% 3.32% HomeTheatre System Fax Machine 92.96% Laptop 24.17% Desktop Computer 94.84% 97.96% Vacuum Iron Other: 21.74% 90.19% Hair Dryer 93.46% Mobile Phone Energy Use Distribution from Electrical Appliances in Residential Apartments Washing Machine Energy Washing Machine Normal Mobile Phone Hair Dryer 343 8 Clothes Dryer TV 13 12 19 2 4 2 Iron Vacuum 2 19 9 TV Games Reciever Home Laptop PC Computer Chapter 4 l Energy Consumption Survey for Residential Apartments in Amman 51

SPACE HEATING All respondents turn on heating in December, January, and February which are the typical heating months in Jordan. However, 69% of the respondents turn on their heating in November, while 48% and 36% use space heating in March and April accordingly. 100% 100% 100% 0.69% 0.27% 0.48% 0.36% Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March Apr Figure 17: Heating months Duration of Space Heating Heating hours depend on the occupants’ thermal comfort and the building envelope properties. Turn on the main heating system 48% from 1-5 hours Turn on the main heating system 36% 5-10 hours daily Turn on the heating system 11.6% 10-15 hours Turn on the heating system 4.4% 15-24 hours 52 Space Heating Systems: Central heating systems that contain radiators with diesel boilers are the most common systems for heating residential apartments in Amman with a ratio of 34%. Gas heating units are widely used in 30% of the apartments Central heating radiators with gas boilers are used in new apartments as a source of heating but are still limited to 7% of the apartments The use of electrical heaters Has decreased by 2.5% compared to the household survey conducted in 2015 to reach 5%. Split unit ACs are widely spread and are used in 11% of the apartments Underfloor heating powered by gas or diesel is more common in single homes and only in 6% of the apartments

Additional Space Heating Systems: Due to the heat losses in the apartments, from insufficient thermal insulation, 85% of the occupants use additional heating sources. Gas heating units and AC split units are used in, 29% and 23% of the apartments respectively. Electrical heating units are used by 19% of the apartments to heat the rooms, whereas fire places and kerosene heating units are only found in 6% and 7% of the apartments respectively. No additional heating systems 16 6 Fire place Electrical Heater 19 2 3 Split unit/AC Kerosene Heating Unit Additional Heating Hours/ Day 29 7 Gas Heating Unit 54.23% 1-5 Hours 22.39% 5-10 Hours 3.48% 10-15 Hours 19.90% 15-24 Hours SPACE COOLING The hottest months in Amman are July and August where the temperatures reash as high as 40 O C. Therefore, 64-67% of people use cooling methods. 43% of the respondents use cooling in June, and 37.57% use cooling in September. Half of the respondents use cooling for less than 5 hours a day while 32.81% use the cooling from 5-10 hours a day. 64.09% 67.40% 43.09% 14.36% 37.57% May Jun Jul Aug Sep Duration of Space Cooling 54.17% 32.81% Less 5-10 than 5 7.81% 10-15 5.21% 15-24 Chapter 4 l Energy Consumption Survey for Residential Apartments in Amman 53

Space Cooling Systems: Cooling systems in residential apartments are based on electricity. The most common methods used in apartments are AC split units at 40% Followed by portable fans used in 31% of the apartments Natural ventilation is essential in reducing the energy demand required for cooling loads, especially in climates like Amman, it is only used in 19% of the apartments Central air conditioning units are not common in the residential sector and are used only in 4% of the apartments Air conditioning units vary in their size, power and efficiency. The inverter type adjusts the power consumption according to the demand which results in lower electricity consumption and thus energy savings. The most common AC units are 1 Ton capacity units where 26% are of the energy saving inverter units, and 21% are non-inverter. 2 Ton Inverter 1.5 Ton non Inverter 12 9 2 Ton non Inverter 1 Ton Inverter 1 6 6 26 2 1 1 1.5 Ton Inverter 1 Ton non Inverter WATER HEATING In Jordanian households, water is heated either by: Electrical Heaters Solar Thermal Heaters Gas Fueled Heaters Boiler Heating Systems 54

Electric water heaters are used by almost: Half of the apartments in winter 34% of the apartments in summer due to its low cost and efficiency. Boiler heating systems are used by 31% of the apartments when they already have their heating system on in winter as opposed to 9% in summer Gas heaters are used by 11% and 7% of the apartments in winter and summer respectively Solar water heaters are the main source of water heating in 50% of the apartments in summer The installation of solar water heaters has increased due to the mandatory requirements imposed on new residential buildings in Jordan, to reduce the primary energy demand by 145000 toe annually[1]. However, the law does not cover existing buildings which if enforced can result with major savings. Water Heating Sources in Winter Boiler Heating System 3 1 Other 1 11 Gas Heater Electrical Heater 9 Solar Water Heater 34 48 Water Heating Sources in Summer Boiler Heating System Other Gas Heater 9 7 Electrical Heater 4 9 Solar Water Heater Chapter 4 l Energy Consumption Survey for Residential Apartments in Amman 55

Energy consumption from water heating equals to 5124.90 MJ(1423.58 KWh), and has been calculated according to the following equation: E WH = Q S X C P X ΔT S ηWH X SD+ Q S X C P X ΔT W ηWH X WD Q S , Q W : Daily consumption of hot water during summer and winter, respectively(kg/day) C p : Specific heat of water(4.19 kJ/kgoC) ΔT S and ΔTW: The temperature increase of water for summer and winter SD and WD: Number of summer and winter days η WH : the energy efficiency of water heating unit. (According to the local code of water supply and sewage in the residential sector, the maximum total daily domestic hot water usage for a small family of 4 persons is 250 liters per day at temperature of not less than 55°C). LIGHTING Compact Fluorescent Lights(CFLs) are used in 35% of the apartments Incandescent light bulbs are used by 22% of the apartments CFLs use 20-30% less electric power than that used by incandescent bulbs and last 8 to 15 times longer[39]. Although CFLs are more expensive than incandescent bulbs, they save over 5 times their purchase price in electricity costs over their life time. In addition, 90% of the energy used in incandescent light bulbs generates heat which increases energy consumption and cooling loads in summer. LEDs which are known for their low power, high lumens per watt, longer lifespans, and higher prices, are found only in 19% of the apartments. Finally, fluorescent tubes and spot lights are used by 13% and 10% of the apartments respectively. Ownership of different types of light bulbs in apartments LED 5W Spot 40 Watt Fluorescent Tube 1 0 1 3 19 9 Incandescent Bulb 40-60 W Incandescent Bulb 75-100 W 1 14 7 1 8 Compact Fluorescent 11-18 W Compact Fluorescent 20-28 W 56

THERMAL COMFORT The design of the building envelope along with the incorporation of natural ventilation are major drivers for the level of comfort in the buildings. Consequently, energy consumption from heating and cooling loads varies according to the thermal comfort of the occupants indoors. In summer, 45.4% of the occupants stated that they are slightly comfortable with the indoor room temperatures, while in winter 34.6% were satisfied with indoor temperature, and that is due to the poor design of insulation in the building envelope. Thermal Comfort/ Summer 10.71% 45.41% Thermal Comfort/ Winter 35.71% 6.63% 1.53% 18.54% 34.63% 32.68% 11.71% 2.44% Extremely Comfortable Slightly Comfortable Neutral Not Comfortable Extremely Uncomfortable ENERGY USE INTENSITY The survey results demonstrate the patterns of energy use in residential apartments and the share of energy consumption in each sector. The annual Energy Use Intensity is calculated by dividing the total energy consumed by a typical apartment floor area and resulted with a value equal to: 91.4 kWh/m2.a. Space heating accounts for the highest share of the energy consumption in = res 5 id 3 en % tialbfollowed by cooking and kitchen appliances with a ratio of 16%. Although the number of split AC units for cooling is increasing, electricity from space cooling is only responsible for 4% of Chapter 4 l Energy Consumption Survey for Residential Apartments in Amman 57

the energy consumption because of the spread of energy saving ACs. Heating domestic water accounts for 10% of the total energy consumption while electrical appliances consume 13% of the total. Finally, lighting accounts for 3% of the total kWh annually in households which is a small percentage due to the wide spread of energy efficient light bulbs. Lighting 1829 Space Heating 26,153.12 5 3 44 1 TOTAL 49,333.60 MJ 13,703.78 KWh 6 13 Space Cooling 2,149.39 Kitchen and Cooking 7,861.83 Electrical Appliances 6215.4 0 1 Water Heating 5124.90 Figure 18: Energy Consumption in Residential Apartments These values set the scene for energy use patterns and the consumption of each sector in residential apartments. The EUI calculated acts as a base case representing the current situation of energy consumption. Implementing active and passive strategies, improving the building envelope, and adopting energy efficient measures in appliances and systems to qualify as a Net Zero Energy Building can result with an EUI value equal to 50 kWh/m 2 .a[52]. The energy benchmark is essential for designers, governmental institutions and decision makers to implement public awareness on behavioral changes and energy efficiency measures to reduce energy consumption in households. This information should be provided for building owners and occupants to better understand their buildings and the effect of their behavior on energy consumption, encouraging them to save energy and enhance EUI values. 58

Chapter 5 100 DESIGN STRATEGIES TO IMPROVE ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN HOMES Chapter 5 l 100 DESIGN STRATEGIES TO IMPROVE ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN HOMES 59

Developing the energy benchmark for residential buildings and understanding energy patterns from the previous chapter will help us define the challenges and problems that we need to overcome in our buildings. This chapter will present some design strategies and rules of thumb that can be used as a benchmark for designing and refurbishing buildings in order to reduce energy consumption, save electricity and energy bills. Although some decisions should be implemented during the early stages of the design, there are multiple design and behavioral strategies that can be incorporated during the occupancy of the building to obtain energy efficiency. 1. THINK BEFORE YOU BUILD: Buildings use energy throughout their lives. A decision to refurbish or reorganize an existing building rather than to build something new can reduce energy consumption, minimize resources, increase open spaces, and save the environment. Build Reorganize Rethink Retrofit Share SITE AND LOCATION The location and site of the building may contribute to 46% of the variability in consumption . This section will include some points and strategies to consider when selecting your building site to save energy on the long term and help protect the environment. Downsize Extend YOUR DECISION MATTERS! Relocate 60

2. CHOOSE YOUR SITE CAREFULLY Choose your site to be close to at least 5 amenities with a distance no more than 800 meters from your building. This will reduce travel destinations, costs and carbon emissions. Examples of Amenities are: shopping centers, banks, schools, religious buildings, public parks, pharmacies, restaurants, libraries, post offices, bakeries… 4. REDUCE THE BUILDING FOOTPRINT If you are designing your own building, make sure to increase the area of exterior open spaces on site to be: 800m Bank Hotel 3. STAY CLOSE TO PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION Choose your site to be no more than 800 meters far from at least one public transportation stop. This can ease accessibility to and from your building and give you the opportunity to save costs and carbon emissions. 800m 25% of the total site 40% of the total site area in urban areas area in the suburbs This can help Drop the surrounding temperature Reduce urban heat island effects Reduce surface water runoff Give you more space to enjoy nature! Chapter 5 l 100 DESIGN STRATEGIES TO IMPROVE ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN HOMES 61

5. RAIN WATER HARVESTING Collect rain water to be reused in irrigation, cleaning the garden, or flushing your toilets. Rain water harvesting systems should be present in all projects were the surface of collecting is 200m 2 or more. 6. USE PERMEABLE SURFACES OR OPEN GRID PAVEMENTS Permeable or pervious surfaces allow water to infiltrate through the surface and into the soil. They help to filter out pollutants, reduce surface water run-off, and store rain water. Use permeable tiling and techniques to cover your building site and save water. Permeable surface Infiltration into sub-grade Bedding layer Over flow 62

THE CLIMATE Buildings exist to respond to the climate and provide a comfortable thermal environment for the occupants. The climate is a form generator and the initial step to consider in energy efficient building design. Understanding the sun and wind movements contribute to multiple energy saving opportunities. 7. UNDERSTAND THE CLIMATE: There are three climatic zones in Jordan; each requires different design strategies. Amman, the capital is part of the Highlands Region with a moderate to hot and dry climate in summer, whereas the winters are cold and rainy. The average temperature ranges from 8°C to 25.1°C in January and July respectively. The coldest day in the year is in January with temperatures equal to 0ºC, and the hottest day is in July with an extreme temperature reaching 39ºC. C º W/m 2 40 1.0k 30 0.8k 20 0.6k 10 0.4k 0 0.2k -10 0.0k Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 8. HERE COMES THE SUN The sun path diagram is a great design tool that helps understand the sun movement in relation to the site on a certain latitude. It contains vertical sun angles(Altitudes) and horizontal sun angles(Azimuth) in different times throughout the year. In summer on the 21st of June, the sun is high in the sky reaching 82 o in Amman while in winter on the 21st of December it reaches around 35 o in midday. These angles are essential to consider when designing passively for solar access. N 360 330 15 30 1 June 315 10 45 1 Jul 20 300 285 1 Apr 5,00 6,00 30 40 50 18,00 60 17,00 7,00 8,00 9,00 10,00 70 16,00 80 13,00 14,00 15,00 11,00 12,00 60 75 1 Sep 255 105 240 1 Jan 225 120 1 Dec 135 210 150 195 180 165 Chapter 5 l 100 DESIGN STRATEGIES TO IMPROVE ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN HOMES 63

9. DESIGN FOR SOLAR ACCESS: IN OR OUT? It is important to prevent direct sunlight entering the building in summer because it causes overheating and additional cooling loads. However, in winter it is a free source of heat that can increase the temperature and reduce heating loads in the building. East and west sun is considered low, more intense, and more difficult to control. Southern solar access is perpendicular and higher in sky which makes it easier to block in summer by shading. 10. TREES CAN CONTROL SOLAR ACCESS Trees can help in shading our buildings. Deciduous trees can block up to 85% of the sun’s radiation in summer. In winter, when the leaves drop, they permit up to 70% of the sun’s energy to pass between their branches. A rule of thumb is to place the tree such that the canopy sits outside a line drawn at 45 o from the base of the building. Morning Sun N Summer 21/ Jun 82 O N Winter 21/Dec 35 O 64 Summer Winter 45 O

11. PLANT EASTERN AND WESTERN TREE BELTS Long east and west trees can provide shade and shelter from low sun angles and protect the building from the wind. In Amman, unprotected east and west façades with direct solar exposure can increase the indoor temperature up to 2 o C in summer. 12. PLANT SHORT TREES IN THE FRONT, LONG IN THE BACK Plant shorter trees and shrubs close to the building and increase the height of the trees as you move further away to provide adequate shading in summer as in the graph below. 13. IT COMES FROM THE TOP Solar radiation in Jordan is one of the highest values worldwide. Flat roofs experience the highest exposure to solar radiation throughout the day. Solar gain from the roof is transferred into the building and results with an increase in temperature and cooling loads in summer. In addition, 25% of heat losses are from the roof tops in winter, therefore, thermal insulation of the roof is essential to consider. N Shrubs 6m 6m trees 9m trees 12m trees 12m 18m 24m Chapter 5 l 100 DESIGN STRATEGIES TO IMPROVE ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN HOMES 65

14. PROTECT THE ROOFS: Paint the roof with light colors to reflect solar gains and reduce the heat transferred into the building with the following properties: Absorption Coefficient more than 0.30 Emissivity no less than 0.75 Solar Reflectance Coefficient not less than 0.70 Solar reflectance: is the percentage of solar energy reflected by a surface. Solar reflectance is measured from 0 to 1.0, where 0 indicates that the material absorbs all solar energy and a value of 1.0 indicates total reflectance. Emissivity is a measure of how well the roof surface emits thermal radiation, energy, and heat. 15. GREEN ROOFS PROTECT AGAINST HEAT LOSSES A green roof is a system that uses vegetation as roof covering. Planting on rooftops has multiple benefits; it protects against heat losses by providing insulation, reduces heat island effect, reduces solar intensity, and consequently decreases cooling loads and energy consumption. By implementing green roofs, 17% of the heating and cooling energy demand can be reduced[38]. Placing planting pots on the roof can be rewarding as well. Urban Heat Island Effect(UHI): is the increase in temperature in urban areas compared to the surrounding rural areas due to human activities. The annual mean air temperature of a city with 1 million people or more can be 1–3°C warmer than its surroundings and in the evening the difference can be as high as 12°C[43]. Absorption Coefficient more than 0.30 Emissivity no less than 0.75 Solar Reflectance Coefficient not less than 0.70 Traditional Roof Green Roof 66

16. MAKE YOUR ROOFS A BIT MORE COOL (COOL ROOFS) Cool roofs are designed to decrease the temperatures of the roof by: Reflecting more sunlight Absorbing less heat Reducing heat gains and energy consumption The most common solution for a Cool Roof is to use a High Solar Reflective Cool Roof Coating. The coating is usually light or white colored that creates a high reflective surface, blocking the incoming solar radiation, remaining cooler, and contributing to the energy savings in summer. Try to implement cool roof strategies on 80% to 100% of your building roofs. Cool Roofs reduce annual air conditioning energy use of a single-story building by up to 15%[ 39]. 34°C Ambient Temperature 17. SHADING THE ROOF Shading the roof is an important method to reduce heat gains. Roofs can be shaded by providing roof covers of concrete or plants or canvas. Shading the roof allows the warm air that builds up between the roof and structure to escape by enabling cooler air to pass through. A cover of deciduous plants and creepers is also an alternative to shading the roof. Evaporation from the leaf surfaces brings down the temperature of the roof. Another inexpensive and effective device is a removable canvas cover mounted close to the roof. During daytime it prevents the entry of heat, and its removal at night cools the building through radiation[40]. Evaporation Solar Radiation Plant Cover Part Shade Roof Shading by Plant Cover 80°C 50°C Conventional 34°C 27°C Cool Roof Indoor Air Indoor Air Roof Temperature Temperature Radadiation to Sky Solar Radiation Reflective Canvas Removable Roof Shades Chapter 5 l 100 DESIGN STRATEGIES TO IMPROVE ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN HOMES 67

18. CAN WE CATCH THE WIND? The wind is usually analyzed using Wind Rose diagrams specific for the climatic zone and season. The annual average wind speed in Jordan exceeds 7m/s at 10m height, and 3.16 m/s. Most of the wind is concentrated from west and south west orientations, with some autumn and spring wind from the south and east. It is important to orient the buildings and place the openings to capture cold breezes in summer and avoid direct wind in winter. Summer Wind Winter Wind 68 360 330 315 300 285 W N 50 km/h 15 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h 10 km/h 30 45 60 75 E 255 105 240 225 210 195 360 330 315 300 285 W 120 S 165 N 50 km/h 15 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h 10 km/h 135 150 30 45 60 75 E 255 105 240 225 210 195 S 120 135 150 165 19. CONTROL THE WIND SPEED WITH WIND BREAKS You can control the speed of the wind by windbreaks such as trees. Windbreaks reduce wind pressure and velocity by 75-85%. Height is the most important factor in the windbreak structures because the length of the protected area in front of, and behind the windbreak depends on its height. Controlling wind speed will eliminate pressure differences on the side of the buildings, so in winter warm air stays in the building and cold air stays out. As a result, windbreaks reduce energy use for heating by blocking cold winter winds. Windbreaks also reduce the cooling loads of buildings due to the reduced heat gains from convection and air infiltration created by the developed pressure. A windbreak placed at a distance five times its height can result with 15%- 20% energy savings[44]. H 5H

20. UNDERSTAND THE WIND DIRECTION: WINDWARD OR LEEWARD? Understanding the direction and movement of the wind is a key element in designing natural ventilation in buildings. The direction from which the wind is coming is called Windward(+), while the opposite is called Leeward (-). The greatest pressure on the wind ward side of the building is gained when it is perpendicular to the wind direction. However, rotating the building 45 o from the windward direction will create two windward facades and increase ventilation efficiency. + Windward _ + + Leeward Windward _ 45 o Leeward 21. COMPACT BUILDINGS USE LESS ENERGY: Buildings of similar areas but different external envelope areas vary in energy demand at their operation stage and the demand for building materials at the construction stage. Surface to volume ratio affects heat gains and losses; the greater the surface area of the building, the more energy needed to overcome heat losses. More compact forms such as vertical buildings are more energy efficient compared to single housing units. 100% 133% More Energy FORM, SHAPE, AND LAYOUT 142% The way we shape our buildings, orient the spaces, locate the functions and design the facades, contribute to the amount of energy consumption in the buildings and correlate 200% directly to the climatic characteristics of the region. Chapter 5 l 100 DESIGN STRATEGIES TO IMPROVE ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN HOMES 69

22. BUILDING LAYOUT AFFECTS ENERGY CONSUMPTION The shape of the building layout affects energy consumption because it relates to the amount of solar radiation falling on the building. Minimise the plan dimensions in east and west facades because they receive the most intense heat from the sun perpendicular to the surface. The rectangle shape is more suitable for hot climates The square shape with equal solar exposure from all sides is more suitable for cold climates 23. BUILDING ASPECT RATIO AND PROPORTION DETERMINE ENERGY EFFICIENCY The aspect ratio of a building is one of the most important determinants of energy efficiency. It defines the building surface area by which heat is transferred between the interior and exterior environment. It also defines the amount of building area that is subject to solar gain. In hot climates, the rectangular form with aspect ratio 1:1.3 or 1:1.7 performs the best. 1 1.3-1.7 70

24. ORIENTATION ORIENTATION ORIENTATION Orientation is considered a key sustainable design parameter that can result in 82% reduction in heating and cooling loads[45]. Multiple strategies rely on orienting the building in an optimum direction considering the sun and wind. In addition, good orientation is required to incorporate active systems and renewables such as PV and solar collectors. Orient your building to insure that the long axis is facing the south with a maximum inclination of 15 o . Southern facades have the longest solar exposure during the day but are easy to shade and control, while east and west facades pose a challenge in shading due to their low solar access. 25. OCCUPANCY MATTERS The zoning layout of your building should relate to the type of function, occupancy hours, and internal heat gains. Locate the most occupied zones towards the shaded southern orientation, the circulation cores and service areas towards the north and west to protect from the cold winter. Based on the occupancy hours and internal heat gains, it is recommended to place the living rooms towards the south, bedrooms to the east, and the kitchen to the north east to reduce energy consumption and insure thermal comfort[41]. W E 15 O 15 O S Chapter 5 l 100 DESIGN STRATEGIES TO IMPROVE ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN HOMES 71

26. DESIGN IN THERMAL ZONES A thermal zone is a space or collection of spaces that share similar heating and cooling conditions. When designing your building, make sure to separate the functions to be completely enclosed and compact in order to avoid heat losses between the rooms. If you have an indoor staircase, make sure it is closed when turning on the heating and cooling because warm air rises to the top and reduces the efficiency. 27. ROOM DIMENSIONS Room dimensions are important to consider when designing energy efficient buildings. Shallow plans are recommended because they receive adequate natural daylight and natural ventilation. The following equation can assist you in designing your room depths to ensure the implementation of optimum environmental strategies. 21 O C 21 O C 20 O C 19 O C 22 O C L h w To be successfully daylit from one side, the depth(L) of the room should be limited to meet the following condition: L L + W h 2 < (1-R b ) where: L= depth of room from window to back wall W= width of room measured aacross the window wall h= height of window head above floor R b = area-weighted average reflectance in the back half of the room(the value for a typical office is likely to be around 0.5) Source: BS Daylight Code 2 , p19 72

28. WINDOW TO WALL RATIOS(WWR) Window-to-Wall ratio is the measure of the overall area of all transparent facade openings excluding the frames, divided by the zone’s exterior wall area. WWR is important because: 29. DESIGN FOR NATURAL DAYLIGHT: Natural daylight has multiple benefits for the occupants; it increases: It affects the amount of solar gains Controls the Affects the efficiency quantity of daylight of natural ventilation According to the local codes, WWR should not be less than 15% in living areas, and 10% in the service areas. However, in Amman, WWR should be more specific to each orientation as illustrated in the graph, because each orientation differs in sun and wind exposure. WWR=15% N Productivity Health Visual comfort and reduces energy use of a building by reducing the artificial lighting energy demand from 20% to 30% Daylight should not be confused by direct sunlight and should be designed with a distribution within the space that is visually comfortable and does not create glare. Many factors affect the daylight distribution such as: E WWR=15% S WWR=20%- 30% W WWR=5% Room depth Height of the Shading window head devices Glazing type Chapter 5 l 100 DESIGN STRATEGIES TO IMPROVE ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN HOMES 73

30. DAYLIGHT RULE OF THUMB: A room will be darker at the back in deep plan rooms that are daylit from a single side. It is important to ensure that the windows provide effective lighting in the space by using the rule of thumb; the depth of daylight penetration in a room is twice and a half the height of the window. a Desk Height 2.5a 31. TAKE A DEEP FACADE APPROACH A facade with some depth creates a buffer zone that can create shading, diffuse direct sunlight, avoid glare and ensure uniform daylight distribution in the space. 32. WINDOW SHAPE AND POSITION AFFECT DAYLIGHT FACTOR The higher the window head, the deeper the daylight penetration in the space. However, it is important not to compromise good visual connection and views to the outside. The easiest way to provide adequate and uniform daylighting is with a nearly continuous strip window. Punched windows are also suitable, but the breaks between windows can create contrasts of light and dark areas. 74

33. LOOK AT THE SKY Visible sky angle is the vertical angle of the open sky, seen from the center of the window, level with the inside face of the window wall. If the window sees a large angle of open sky, that means that the visible sky angle is large. Larger sky angles give more visual comfort for occupants. The angle should not be less than 30 o . Visible sky angle Fixed external shade 34. WHAT IS THE DAYLIGHT FACTOR? The“Daylight Factor” is the relation between illuminance at a surface and the amount of daylight available outside from the overcast sky. Window openings, the size and proportion affect the amount of daylight entering the building and should be carefully designed to provide the required daylight factor according to the following equation. Visible sky angle W D= A TO (1-R 2 ) where: D= average daylight factor W= window are in m 2 A= area of all surfaces of the room in m 2 (floor, ceiling, and walls including windows) T= glass transmittance.(0.75 for clear double glazing) O= visible sky angle, in degrees R= average reflectance of area A(0.50 for light surfaces) Chapter 5 l 100 DESIGN STRATEGIES TO IMPROVE ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN HOMES 75

35. HOW MUCH DAYIGHT IS SUFFICIENT? There are certain daylight factor values that are required in the building to create adequate daylight and visual comfort. These values differ according to the function of the space and should be considered when designing the interior layout. Commercial/ Institutional Crridor 2 General Office 5 Classroom 5 Library 5 Gymnasium 5 0.6 2 2 1.5 3.5 36. LIGHT SHELVES TO PREVENT GLARE Glare is the visual discomfort of occupants created by the presence of bright light such as direct or reflected sunlight. Light shelves are one criterion to let daylight in the building while preventing glare and can be applied following the rule of thumb below. Light Shelf y h w=h At least 3 m w=y Residential Dining Room 5 2.5 Kitchen 2 0.6 Living Room 1.5 0.5 Bedroom 1 0.3 Average DF Minimum DF 76

37. DAYLIGHT FROM ABOVE Skylights should be carefully designed in hot climates because of their high exposure to solar heat gain in summer, and heat losses in winter. The glazing should have a high thermal performance and internal shading should be incorporated. A skylight with an area equal to 1% of the space below can provide adequate daylight. 1/2H H H 1/2H H 2H H 2H Diffuse incoming light for glare reduction H Skylight placement as a function of building height 38. CLERESTORIES: Clerestory window is a high section of wall that contains windows above eye level. The purpose is to allow light deeper into the room more than windows set at a standard height. They can also be designed to open allowing an exchange of the inside air, while breezes enter through lower openings in the house, they escape from the upper openings due to the difference in air temperature and density. 2 1/2H 4H 2 1/2H 1/2H H 2 1/2H 2 1/2H 2 1/2H 1/2H H Clerestory spacing as a function of building height Chapter 5 l 100 DESIGN STRATEGIES TO IMPROVE ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN HOMES 77

39. COURTYARDS ARE POWERFUL Courtyards are recommended for passive design in hot climates. Shaded courtyards are a good strategy for natural ventilation in summer, because the shaded air is lower in temperatures compared to the interior of the building which forces the air to enter through openings from the courtyard and moderate the indoor temperatures. The depth of the courtyard should be no more than three times the height of the adjacent building to ensure that it is fully shaded. 40. TRANSFER SHAFTS INTO LIGHT WELLS Light well is an internal space provided within the volume of a building to allow light and air to reach what would otherwise be a dark or unventilated area. A good strategy is to paint the interior walls of the shafts in your building with light colors to enable daylight reflection to enter deeper through the spaces. X X <3X X 78

41. SUN PIPE Sun pipe systems are used to bring natural daylight to areas that don’t have any windows without producing warmth or heat. The sun pipe systems comprise of a collector, a light tube and a diffuser. A collector is usually located at roof levels and is made of clear dome to collect sunlight from the whole sky hemisphere. The light tube acts as a light transport that will guide the light into the room to be daylit. Although not yet widely used in Jordan, sun pipes could provide 25% –50% of the work plane illuminance and reduce lighting energy consumption. 42. NATURAL VENTILATION: ONE STRATEGY, MULTIPLE BENEFITS Natural forces are utilized to drive natural ventilation such as wind and temperature differences(buoyancy), to circulate air to and from an indoor space. Natural ventilation: Reduces cooling loads in summer Removes heat Removes Moisture and carbon dioxide Improves air quality Improves the health and productivity of occupants Reduces carbon emissions Reduces energy and electricity bills Recommended Sun pipe Sizes for Different Rooms Tunnel diameter Room size Room type 15.5cm 0-4m2 Cupboards and short corridors 23-25cm 4-10m2 Hallways, small bathrooms 32-45cm 11-15m2 Large hallways, stairwell and bathrooms 52-55cm 16-22m2 Kitchens, bedrooms and living rooms Source: https://www.sterlingbuild.co.uk/info/5-things-you-need-to-know-about-sunlight-pipes If natural ventilation is properly incorporated in building designs, it can enhance the thermal performance in residential buildings in Amman and reduce energy consumption by up to 30%[41]. Chapter 5 l 100 DESIGN STRATEGIES TO IMPROVE ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN HOMES 79

43. HOW MUCH NATURAL VENTILATION DO WE NEED?: The objective of designing a ventilation system is to determine the ventilation rate, maintain an acceptable temperature as well as acceptable moisture and contaminant levels inside the building. In living areas and bedrooms, provide a minimum ventilation rate of 4 Liters/ second/person In kitchens and bathrooms, provide a minumum ventilation rate of 14 Liters/ second/person 44. MAINTAIN HUMIDITY VALUES BETWEEN 40-70% In order to provide thermal comfort indoors, humidity levels should be kept between 40-70%. Low humidity causes: Dry skin Itching and chapping High humidity: Stimulates the growth of molds Triggers allergic reactions Enhances the emission of chemicals from materials which affects interior furniture, walls, and indoor air quality 80

45. DOUBLE SIDED VENTILATION Cross ventilation is the most suitable technique for ventilating deep-plan spaces and is highly recommended in the climate of Amman. Double sided ventilation forces air to move from an inlet to the outlet carrying internal heat gains along the way. As a rule of the thumb, the depth of the room can be up to 5 times the height, and the opening area required is approximately 2% of the floor area(1% on each side of the space). max 5H H 46. SINGLE SIDED VENTILATION Single sided ventilation is generally effective for room depths not more than 2.5 times the height of the room. The ventilation opening area should be between 5% to 10% of the room’s floor area. This technique is more suitable for moderate climates and not effective in hot climates. W<2H H W Ventilation through a single opening h approx 1.5m W<2.5H H W Ventilation through two openings Chapter 5 l 100 DESIGN STRATEGIES TO IMPROVE ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN HOMES 81

47. STACK VENTILATION Stack ventilation depends on the temperature differences of air, as well as the stack height. The higher the temperature differences and the stack height, the higher performance of ventilation is achieved. This type of ventilation is effective across a width of 2.5 times the height of the room and a stack height twice as tall as the height of the tallest space it is ventilating. Free outlet area: twice the stack cross-sectional free area Opening height greater than W Outlet Hot Air Stack opening 2-3 m minimum above ridge of roof 48. PAIRING A LARGE OUTLET WITH A SMALL INLET INCREASES AIR SPEED Greatest flow per unit area of openings is obtained when the inlet is small, and the outlet is large by at least 25%. The pressure of air acting on the small window, forces air through the opening at a high pressure and faster speed towards the bigger outlet window. This is due to the Venturi Effect that accelerates airflow and reduces pressure within the designed passage of air between the two windows. Stack Height Space height as high as is Inlet reasonable 4-8 m is Cold useful Free area at‘throat’ Air twice the stack crosssectional area 82

49. THE HEIGHT OF THE OPENING AFFECTS THE INDOOR AIR CIRCULATION The height of the windows on the wall influence the air movement and direction in the space causing different building elements to be cooled. The higher inlets and outlets provide structural cooling, while lower inlets provide occupants’ cooling. block the airflow. Large, open spaces should always have large windows on opposite walls to force the air to move through the space. However, with the typical central corridor layout of residential apartments, natural ventilation may be improved by creating an open-air flow throughout the plan by opening doors and windows in summer. Shafts and staircases can be used to combine cross-ventilation with stack ventilation in multistory buildings. Occupant Cooling Structural Cooling 50. USE INDOOR PARTITIONS TO INCREASE EFFICIENCY OF NATURAL VENTILATION Interior partitions and furniture are important to ensure equal distribution of natural ventilation and should not A floor plan that provides effective and natural breeze paths is the basis for effective natural ventilation. Chapter 5 l 100 DESIGN STRATEGIES TO IMPROVE ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN HOMES 83

51. USE WIND TOWERS Wind towers passively cool hot dry outdoor air and circulate it through the building. The outlet openings are placed on the roof or high up on walls on the leeward side of the building structure where the pressure is less than the inside of the building. A cooling method, like placing water porous jars on the top can reduce the air temperature, and increase its density, causing it to move downwards to the building replacing the hot air inside. Inlet and outlet opening areas for wind towers are to be 3-5% of the floor area they serve. 52. TURN SHAFTS AND STAIRCASE CORES INTO COOLING ELEMENTS Design the staircase core in the building to serve as a cooling element by placing ventilation outlets at the top. Hot air will rise to the top due to its low density, and cooler air will be replaced to reduce the temperature on the lower levels. Openable window Solar gain rejected Louvres open Stack effect warm air rises cooler air Air flow induced by stack effect cooler air 84

53. NIGHT TIME VENTILATION With the high temperature differences between day and night in Amman during the summer, it is recommended to close the windows during the day and open them during the night. This will help release the stored heat in the building mass during the day. A building with sufficient thermal mass and nighttime ventilation, can reduce peak daytime temperatures by 2° to 3°[46]. SHADING 54. SHADING Shading can be implemented indoor or outdoor and can be moveable or fixed. Multiple methods are used for shading and differ according to orientation such as; Pergolas Canvas Canopies Brise Soleil Awnings Louvers Sun angles should be taken in consideration to block solar access in summer and allow it in winter. Shading can block up to 90% of the heat gain, reduce summer temperatures, improve comfort and save energy. Shading devices should be made of light and reflective materials with a low heat capacity storage and shading coefficient of less than 0.20 to comply with the Jordan Green Building Guide. Chapter 5 l 100 DESIGN STRATEGIES TO IMPROVE ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN HOMES 85

55. SOUTH SHADING For southern facades, when the sun is high, it is recommended to use horizontal shading. Adding external southern shading is a simple strategy and can reduce 25% of heating and cooling loads in Amman[47]. The design of southern shading should follow the rule of thumb in the drawing for optimum efficiency. Horizontal Panel Horizontal Louvres in Vertical Plane Vertical Plane 56. EAST AND WEST SHADING: Where sun is low and strong in east and west facades, vertical shading devices or eggcrates can effectively block the sun. Fixed horizontal louvres set to the noon mid-winter sun angle and spaced correctly allow winter heating and summer shading in locations with cooler winters. As a rule of thumb, the spacing(S) between fixed horizontal louvres should be 75% of their width(W). The louvres should be as thin as possible to avoid blocking out the winter sun[48]. 0.7 a a 86 a Summer 0.5a Winter Vertical Fin Slanted Vertical Fin Eggcrate Spacing(S) Width(W) Mid summer Set louvres to noon Mid winter mid winter sun angle

57. SPACING BETWEEN THE SHADING DEVICE AND THE BUILDING When designing moveable shading devices, make sure to leave 1-10 cm of air gap between the shading device and the building envelope. This will prevent solar gain below the device, reduce overheating and enable air movement in between. 1-10 cm THE BUILDING ENVELOPE The building envelope is the main link between the outdoor and indoor environment that directly influences heating and cooling loads. The design of the walls, ceilings and floors should correspond to the local climate to maintain comfort temperatures and reduce energy consumption from heating and cooling. 58. FABRIC FIRST Buildings loose and gain energy through their envelope: the walls, roofs, windows and floors. It is important to understand the materials’ thermal properties and design the envelope to limit heat losses and gains depending on the climatic characteristics. Wrap the building envelope continuously with insulation to eliminate heat losses and gains and prevent air infiltration through construction joints that are not airtight. Walls 35% 15% 15% 5% Infiltration Roof 25% 25% 15% 25% 10% Windows 15% Ground floor Chapter 5 l 100 DESIGN STRATEGIES TO IMPROVE ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN HOMES 87

59. WHAT IS THERMAL TRANSMITTANCE (U-Value) Thermal transmittance(U-Value) is the rate of heat flow through a unit area of building envelope per unit of temperature difference between the inside and outside air(W/m 2 K). The U-value gives an indication about the materials’ ability to transfer heat through the building. The lower the U-value, the better the thermal performance in letting heat in or out the building. The U-value of the wall is the reciprocal of the sum of the thermal resistances of each material making up the building element. Lower U-Values More Insulation Less Heat Loss 5 O C Outside Higher U-Values Less Insulation More Heat Loss 21 O C Inside 60. THERMAL RESISTANCE(R) Thermal resistance(R) is the ability of a material to resist heat flow. Thermal resistance connects with the thermal conductivity(k) and the fabric thickness as follow: Thermal Resistance = (m²K/W) Thickness(m) Conductivity(W/mK) Materials that have higher thermal resistance are better insulators and result with lower heat losses. Similarly, increasing the thickness of the material reduces the thermal conductivity(heat flows through the material). Thermal resistance is the converse of thermal transmittance (U-value) as in the following equation: Thermal Resistance(R)= 1/U-value. 88

61. THERMAL MASS KEEPS TEMPERATURES STEADY Thermal mass: is the ability of a material to absorb and store heat. Thermal mass is recommended in climates with a large diurnal temperature difference between day and night. The material stores the heat throughout the day for a duration(time lag) then radiates this heat indoors during the night when temperatures are low. Heat Stored 62. THERMAL MASS AND INSULATION ARE DIFFERENT BUT THEY WORK TOGETHER Thermal mass differs from insulation although they work together; insulation resists heat while thermal mass stores it. A 10 cm of insulation is 30 times the insulation value of brick with similar thickness, while brick is 300 times the thermal storage capacity of insulation. Buildings with heavy materials such as concrete and brick have high thermal mass; they heat up and cool down slowly. Whereas lightweight materials like timber frame and wood have low thermal mass and allow buildings to heat and cool quickly. Heat Released A. Light weight timber frame B. Heavy weight masonry A. and B. may have the same insulation value but B. will have many times the thermal mass[50]. Chapter 5 l 100 DESIGN STRATEGIES TO IMPROVE ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN HOMES 89

63. LEARN ABOUT THE INGREDIENTS Typical External Walls in Amman consist of the layers displayed in the figure below. This wall section, which is the most common, has a U-value equal to 0.75 W/m 2 K which is less efficient than the values set by the local codes. 30 3-7 7-10 3 10 External Stone Cladding 7 CM Concrete Layer(10-15 CM) Thermal Insulation Layer of extruded polystrene(3cm) Hollow Block 10 CM Plaster(2cm) OUT IN The roofs consist of water proofing rolls, light weight concrete(10cm), and a 30cm reinforced concrete slab, with a U-value equal to 1 W/m 2 K. Adding a layer of ceramic tiles (1cm), cement morter(2cm), and sand(7cm), will improve the U-value to 0.8 W/m 2 K. Yet, both values are less efficient than what is require by the local codes. Ceramic Tiles Sand and Mortar 10 cm Light Weight Concrete 30 cm Reinforced Concrete Slab Water Proofing Rolls 90 64. LESS VALUE, MORE EFFICIENCY In Jordan the U-value set by the local codes for external walls is equal to 0.57 W/m 2 K. Buildings that comply with the code can save 3% in energy used for heating and cooling compared to the base case. This can also be achieved after occupancy by adding a thermal insulation layer from the interior of the building. In the Jordan Green Building Guide, the recommended U-value is equal to 0.40 W/m 2 K which is more energy efficient and provides 30% more thermal comfort. However, an enhancement on the codes with a 10cm layer of extruded polystyrene insulation can achieve a U-value equal to 0.15 W/m 2 K and reduce 25% of the annual heating loads. Make sure to shade and ventilate your house properly in summer to avoid overheating from the additional insulation layer. 0.75 W/m 2 k 0.57 W/m 2 k 0.40 W/m 2 k 0.15 W/m 2 k Meets the Meets the Jordan Local Codes Green Building Guidelines

65. THERMAL INSULATION FOR ROOFS The thermal transmittance of the roofs should be equal to: 0.55 W/m 2 k to comply with the local codes and 0.40 W/ m 2 k to comply with the Jordan Green Building Guide. Additional improvement can reduce the U-values to 0.13 W/m 2 k and increase thermal efficiency. Adding a layer of Extruded Polystyrene thermal insulation to the internal surface of the roof and covering it with a layer of gypsum board or false ceiling panels can improve the U value of the roof to match the required values. Improving thermal properties of the roof to comply with the code can save up to 8% in heating and cooling loads. 66. THERMAL INSULATION FOR FLOORS Thermal transmittance of floors should be 0.8 W/m 2 k to comply with the local codes. However, the Jordan Green Building Guide proposes more efficient U-values equal to 0.75 W/m 2 k and 0.55 W/m 2 k. Ceramic Tiles Sand and Mortar 10 cm Light Weight Concrete 30 cm Reinforced Concrete Slab 3 cm Thermal Insulation (Extruded Polystyrene) Internal finish (15 mm Gypsum Board) Outdoor Water Proofing Rolls Indoor Chapter 5 l 100 DESIGN STRATEGIES TO IMPROVE ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN HOMES 91

67. THERMAL INSULATION FOR PARTITIONS Interior partitions between rooms influence heat transfer by convection. Partitions are usually constructed by a 10cm hollow concrete block with cement plastering on both sides. The local code requires a U-value equal to 2 W/m 2 k while the Green Building Guide requires improving the efficiency of the materials used to achieve 1.8 W/m 2 k of thermal transmittance. Internal Partitions 2 CM Plaster Hollow Block 2 CM Plaster IN IN 68. THERMAL INSULATION FOR SLABS BETWEEN DIFFERENT FLOORS Slabs between floors are comprised of a 30 cm reinforced concrete slab with plastering at one side, and ceramic tiles on the other side. The required U-value following the local codes is 1.2 W/m 2 k while the U-value required by the Jordan Green Building Guide is equal to 1 W/m 2 k. Ceramic Tiles Sand and Mortar Reinforced Concrete 3 cm Thermal Insulation (Extruded Polystyrene) Internal finish (15 mm Gypsum Board) Indoor- Different Unit Indoor- Different Unit 92

69. THERMAL BRIDGES Thermal bridges are junctions in the building envelope where insulation is not continuous causing these areas to be more vulnerable for heat losses. Thermal bridges are found adjacent to structural columns, around the shutter box, and around openings such as doors and windows. Thermal bridges can be avoided by continuous insulation during the construction, or some simple strategies during building retrofits(as mentioned below) which can result with 40% energy savings. B. Structural Columns at the Corners C. Roofs and Floor Slabs 2 cm Concrete Plaster 10 cm Concrete Hollow Block 8 cm Concrete 3-5 cm Insulation layer 5-7 cm Jordan Stone Outdoor Indoor Heat Heat Indoor 5-7 cm 5 cm 2 cm 10 cm 8 cm Outdoor A. Structural Columns Inside the Wall D. Windows’ Shutter Boxes Outdoor Indoor Source:[47]. Chapter 5 l 100 DESIGN STRATEGIES TO IMPROVE ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN HOMES 93

WINDOWS PROPERTIES 70. CASEMENT WINDOWS SAVE A LOT Casement windows are the most energy efficient style of window that can be opened. These windows have a strong seal on all four sides. When a casement window is closed, the sash presses tightly against the frame so air cannot pass through. Sliding windows, which are widely spread in Jordan, are less energy efficient because air can leak in between the sash and the frame. This can result with additional energy consumption and heating loads in winter. 71. GLASS: HANDLE WITH CARE Windows can be comprised of single, double or triple layers of glass. Double glazing is recommended in building designs in Amman and can results with 25% reduction in energy consumption from heating and cooling compared to single glazed windows. Single Pane Double Pane Triple Pane Casement Window Sliding Window 94

72. WINDOWS ARE THE WEAK POINT The U-value of windows differs according to the Window to Wall Ratios. According to the Jordan Green Building Guide, if the WWR was between: 10-40% The U value of the glazing in the exterior envelope should not exceed 3.00 W/m 2 .K 40-70% The U value of the glazing should not exceed 2.00 W/m2.K. More than 70% The U value of the glazing should not exceed 1.60 W/m 2 .K. Using lower U value windows will achieve higher thermal efficiency. A window with a U-value equal to 2.00 W/m 2 k can result with around 56% of energy savings 73. VISUAL LIGHTING TRANSMITTANCE(VLT)? Visual Lighting Transmittance is a glazing property that indicates the portion of visible light transmitted through the window. VLT values range between 0 and 1. The higher the VT, the more light is transmitted to the interior, and the less artificial lighting needed. The proportion of light transmitted by the glazing(VLT) in Jordan should be more than 0.45 Out In Incide Sunlig nt ht Reflected Transmitted WWR= 10-40% U value=<2.00 WWR= 40-70% U value=<3.00 WWR=>70% U value=<1.60 Chapter 5 l 100 DESIGN STRATEGIES TO IMPROVE ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN HOMES 95

74. SOLAR HEAT GAIN COEFFICIENT The Solar Heat Gain Coefficient(SHGC) measurement: is the amount of incident solar radiation admitted through the glazing into the interior space. SHGC is expressed as a value between 0 and 1. The lower a window’s solar heat gain coefficient, the less solar heat it transmits. The SHGC value in windows in Amman should not exceed 0.25, which means, only 20% of solar radiation is allowed to pass through the window from the outside to the inside. Solar heat gain should be highly considered in our climate because it can warm a room during the day in winter but it causes overheating in summer. Reflected radiation Absorbed radiation Solar transmittance SHGC<0.25 75. SHADING COEFFICIENT Shading coefficient(SC) is a measure of thermal performance of windows. It represents the ratio of solar gain from direct sunlight passing through a glass unit to the solar energy which passes through 3mm Clear Float Glass with a total solar heat transmittance of 0.87. The shading coefficient is calculated from the equation: SC= SHGC/ 0.87 The lower the shading coefficient, the less heat gain and thus more shading is provided by the glass. Shading coefficient in the glass you choose should be less than 0.30. 100% Shading Coefficient<0.30 96

76. WHAT’S IN BETWEEN? The spacing in between the glazing layers in windows affects the thermal performance. Heat transfer through windows can be reduced by using argon gas between the panes of double glazing instead of air. Argon gas is a low-cost, clear, non-toxic gas with a lower thermal conductance than air. Use of argon between glazing panes instead of air can improve the R-value of the glazing by 5–20%. Effect of modified windows on energy saving[51]: 77. THE WINDOW FRAME The window frame material is an important factor that affects the amount of heat entering through convection. Improving the thermal resistance of the frame can contribute to a window’s overall energy efficiency. There are multiple options of window frames such as: 0% Single Glazing U-Value= 5.6 58.42% Double Glazing(Air) U-Value= 2.328 67.55% Double Glazing (Argon) U-Value= 1.817 73.64% 80.73% Triple Glazing (Air) U-Value= 1.476 Triple Glazing (Argon) U-Value= 1.079 Aluminium Thermally Broken Aluminium UPVC Window are the most energy efficient windows to be used Aluminum window frames are the least efficient because they conduct heat and light. However, the low conductivity of uPVC as a material and the tight seals uPVC windows provide, make them the most energy efficient type to be used in buildings. Chapter 5 l 100 DESIGN STRATEGIES TO IMPROVE ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN HOMES 97

78. GLAZING PROPERTIES(LOW E) Low emissivity glass or Low-e glass minimizes the amount of infrared and ultraviolet light that comes through your glass, without minimizing the amount of light that enters. Low-E glass windows have a microscopically thin coating that is transparent and reflects heat. In a climate with heating dominant, low-e layer should be installed on the inside face of the inner pane to reflect heat inside the space, while if cooling is dominant low-e layer should be applied to the inner face of the external pane. Low-E-coat Out In Low-E-coat Out In 1 2 34 Cold Climate 1 2 34 Warm Climate 79. CAPTURE FREE HEAT WITH A SUN SPACE The sunspace is a glazed intermediate space between the inside and outside of the building. It acts as a thermal buffer to protect the interior environment from the external weather conditions and can be used for passive heating during winter. The sunspace should be in the south orientation and shaded properly to avoid solar gain in summer. The sun space has an inlet window towards the interior space that should be closed in summer and opened in winter to control heat that is entering the building. Make the area of the solar oriented glazing 10% of the floor area of the space to be heated, and combine the heat source with natural ventilation to distribute heat. Summer Winter 98

80. A TROMBE WALL, FREELY TRANSMITS HEAT TO THE INSIDE The trombe wall is a 20cm sun facing dark wall separated from the outdoor by glass and an air space which absorbs solar energy and releases it towards the interior. Solar radiation will heat the air gap and the vents on the top and bottom will allow heated air to flow via convection into the building interior for passive heating during winter. Usually these vents are closed in summer when heat gain is not desired. Air flow Air flow Summer sun Winter sun Air vent Thermal mass Black painted wall Air gap/stack Insulated glazing(or Air vent/damper transparent insulation) 81. ENERGY LABELED APPLIANCES Energy labelling is an indication of the annual power consumption of the appliances relative to a reference consumption. Labels are specified in terms of an energy efficiency index EEI indicating the efficiency of the appliance with a scale from A+++ (most efficient) to G(least efficient). Replacing your traditional appliances with energy efficient appliances and systems can reduce energy consumption and utility costs up to 20%. BEHAVIOR The way we use our homes can affect the amount of energy consumption. This section will present a few strategies that can reduce energy consumption and enhance the energy benchmark. It will include some behavioral patterns and characteristics of appliances and household equipment that can be adopted easily by occupants in their homes and result with major savings. Chapter 5 l 100 DESIGN STRATEGIES TO IMPROVE ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN HOMES 99

82. CONTROL THE TEMPERATURE Refrigerators and freezers consume more energy when the temperature is set to a low point; for every degree below 3°C, the unit consumes 5% more energy. Keep the fridge temperature between 3 o -5 o C Keep the freezer temperature between-15 o and-17°C to save more energy 84. VACUUM THE COILS The refrigerator coils, located both behind and underneath the fridge, are at the heart of the unit’s refrigerant system. The more dust, the less efficient the fan is at removing heat. Twice a year, use a vacuum cleaner with a long brush attachment to clean thoroughly around the coils. 83. ALWAYS CLOSE THE DOOR WITHOUT DELAY! Every time the refrigerator door is opened, cold air escapes and warm ambient air enters. To compensate for the temperature increase in its interior, the refrigerator consumes additional energy to lower the temperature back to the set point. Always avoid opening the door unnecessarily or for too long. Cold Air Warm Air 100

85. WASH IN COLD WATER, AND WASH LESS OFTEN Consider washing with less temperature because: 80-90% of the energy used by a washing machine is used to heat water In addition, only turn on the washing machine when it is fully loaded, this will save water and save energy. https://www.fix.com/blog/green-laundry-guide/ 86. TURN OFF THE APPLIANCES INSTEAD OF THE SLEEP MODE Standby power refers to electricity that is consumed by appliances left on standby mode. The appliances still use 40% of their energy when they are in sleep mode. APPLIANCE Television(LCD) Microwave DVD player Washing machine Clothes dryer Dishwasher Air conditioner Hourly Standby Usage 2.3W 2.4W 1.5W 1 – 6W 2.6W 3W 2W 87. SET THE RADIATOR TEMPERATURE TO 65 O C Setting the temperature to 65 o C will reduce the amount of fuel used, and reduce energy consumption. 65 O C 88. SET THE WATER HEATER TEMPERATURE TO 60 O C The amount of electricity consumed by water heater depends on the water temperature coming in the heater and the setting of the thermostat. If the difference between the two temperatures is high, the electricity consumption will increase. 60 O C Chapter 5 l 100 DESIGN STRATEGIES TO IMPROVE ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN HOMES 101

89. SAVE MONEY BY KEEPING YOUR AC FILTERS CLEAN Cleaning the filter of your airconditioning results with 5% energy saving, because it increases its efficiency and consumes less energy for cooling. A dirty filter clogs the system and reduces airflow. 91. CLOSE THE SHUTTERS Make sure you close the shutters of east rooms from 10am to 2pm, and the west shutters from 4pm in summer in order to prevent solar radiation from heating the rooms. 90. ELECTRICAL FANS USE LESS ENERGY THAN ACS Electrical fans use far less energy than split unit ACs which can result with energy savings and reduced energy bills. 92. WARM AIR WANTS TO BE COOL Warm air attains equilibrium by moving towards colder air because warm air molecules contain more energy. If the outside air is warmer than the air inside a building it can be a heat source, flowing into the cooler building. Thus, open the right window at the right time; east windows 102

during the evening, and west windows during the early morning when the sun is not at that orientation. South windows are critical if not shaded and can increase heat gains in summer. > 24 o C < 24 o C 94. SEAL AIR LEAKS TO SAVE ENERGY Reducing the amount of air that leaks in and out your home is an easy and cost-effective method to reduce heating and cooling costs, improve durability, increase comfort, and create a healthier indoor environment. Sealing the gaps can be achieved by caulking and applying weather stripping around doors, windows, and shutter boxes. Sealing air leaks can be easily implemented and result with up to 30% energy savings. www.energy.gov 93. USE WINDOW FILMS Window films should be used on west and south windows of your house. They can protect you from 40-80% of solar heat and reflect 80% of the solar radiation. Caulking Weather stripping Rubber or brush strip to seal doors and windows Chapter 5 l 100 DESIGN STRATEGIES TO IMPROVE ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN HOMES 103

95. REPLACE TRADITIONAL LIGHT BULBS WITH ENERGY SAVING Replacing conventional lighting fixtures with efficient fixtures can save 10% of energy costs in residential buildings in Jordan. In addition, 90% of the energy used by traditional light bulbs produces heat, which also increases the temperature in summer[42]. 97. TIMER LIGHTING METHODS USING SENSORS Motion sensor switches are light switches that turn on when they sense someone in the room and are turned off after a certain amount of inactivity. This type of lighting control can be used outdoors to reduce the possibility of lights being left on and wasting electricity. 96. USE SOLAR LIGHTS TO LIGHT YOUR GARDEN This can cut costs and offer you free source of lighting. 104

98. USE TANKLESS WATER HEATERS Tankless water heaters are mountable units that heat the water as soon as you turn the faucet. They work on demand to produce hot water when needed which makes them 12%-34% more efficient than traditional systems. Replacing your water heater can save 19% of the total energy consumption used for water heating. 99. REPLACE ELECTRIC HEATERS WITH SOLAR HEATERS Although electric heaters have low capital cost and better efficiency than fuel based water heaters, replacing electric water heaters with solar heaters can save 8% in energy consumption and 13% of the energy costs in Jordan. 100. GO ACTIVE AND SAVE ENERGY! Active systems such as Photovoltaic systems (PV) can be incorporated when retrofitting existing buildings to reduce electricity bills. PV systems use light from the sun to produce electricity. The system may be costly but the payback period correlates to your monthly electricity bills, the higher the electricity bill, the lower the payback period. Monthly Electric Bill(JD) PV System Cost Payback of PV System 15 1,800-2,500 10-14 yr 25 2,500-3,500 8.5-12 yr 50 4,000-5,400 6.6-9.0 yr 75 4,800-6,700 5.4-7.0 yr 100 5,700-7,800 4.7-6.5 yr 125 6,400-8,800 4.3-5.9 yr 150 7,000-9600 3.9-5.3 yr 200 8100-11200 3.4-4.7 yr 300 10,500-14,400 2.9-4.0 yr 500 15,100-20,800 2.5-3.5 yr * Note: Numbers above are estimated numbers based on Nov 2016 Electric Tariffs of Residential Sector Souce: Marji Group, Jordan, 2017 Chapter 5 l 100 DESIGN STRATEGIES TO IMPROVE ENERGY PERFORMANCE IN HOMES 105

CONCLUSIONS: Residential buildings are a major contributor to the total energy consumption in Jordan. The highest share of construction is concentrated in the capital Amman and is comprised mostly of residential apartment buildings. The booklet investigated how much energy these buildings consume and analyzed the patterns of energy use as a vital step towards energy efficiency. The booklet and accompanying survey set out to assess energy consumption in residential apartments establishing an Energy Use Intensity(EUI) which for the first time represents a benchmark of a typical residential apartment in Amman. The energy consumption survey targeted 400 apartments covering six categories; household characteristics, building characteristic, heating and cooling characteristics, kitchen appliances, electrical appliances, and lighting. The annual energy use intensity has been calculated from the survey by dividing the total energy consumed by the typical apartment floor area and is equal to: 91.4 kWh/m 2 .year. Space heating accounts for the highest share of energy consumption with a percentage of 53%. Central heating radiators using diesel are the most common used space heating methods followed by gas heating units. Due to heat losses in the apartments, and insufficient thermal insulation, of the occupants 85% use additional heating sources, such as gas and electrical heating units which adds on to the total of heating loads. The building envelope and its thermal properties correlate directly to the amount of heat losses in the buildings. Half of the apartments suffer from heat leaking out 106

through doors and windows which also requires additional heating loads. Only 35% of the buildings are thermally insulated which urges the need to enforce thermal insulation codes and ensure that all buildings apply the sufficient thickness of insulation in order to reduce the energy required for heating, and enhance human comfort. Space cooling in residential apartments is based on electricity and accounts for 4% of the total consumption in the apartments. AC split units are becoming more common and are used by 40% of the occupants Natural ventilation is only used by 19% Designers and architects need to incorporate natural ventilation in their designs to reduce the energy demand required for cooling. In addition, decision makers should inform occupants about the importance of using natural ventilation instead of mechanical methods of cooling to save energy costs and reduce cooling loads. Water heating accounts for 10% of the energy consumption Although solar water heater usage has increased due to the mandatory building codes enforcing their installation in new residential buildings, their usage is only limited to 50% of the apartments in Amman as the main source of water heating during the summer. CONCLUSION 107

Electrical home appliances are a major contributor for energy consumption and account for 13% of the total share. Replacing traditional household appliances with energy labeled appliances is an achievable measure that can save up to 20% of energy consumption and utility costs of the sector. Finally, lighting accounts for 4% of the energy consumption in the apartments Efficient light bulbs such as CFLs and LED light bulbs which are the most efficient are limited to 35% and 19% of the apartments respectively. This requires more efforts from policy makers to spread awareness about the benefits of energy efficient lighting and to assist consumers in making informed decisions when purchasing such products. The energy benchmark and the distribution of energy consumption in apartments are essential to determine which behavioral and building characteristics have the greatest impact on energy consumption, and suggest efficiency measures accordingly. The booklet presents 100 steps and strategies that comply with the local codes in Jordan and result with major savings. The recommendations are distributed in sections as follow: Site selection, building envelope, occupants’ behavior, and passive design strategies. These measures can be implemented in the early stages of the design, during the building retrofit, or during occupancy.Applying these strategies can reduce energy consumption, improve the thermal performance, and enhance the energy benchmark. 108

Spreading environmental awareness on how to use the buildings, the appliances and systems efficiently is an easy step towards energy saving. Minor changes in habits and the adoption of environmental behavior can reduce energy and electricity consumption in the apartments. It is recommended to provide building owners with a brief about energy use to motivate them to upgrade their apartments, and encourage future tenants to choose more efficient buildings. Designers and architects can lead major savings in energy and utility costs by applying simple strategies in the early stages of the design. Finally, policy makers are responsible to enforce local energy codes and green building guidelines that can improve the thermal properties of the building sector and further save energy and save the environment. This booklet developed a benchmark for residential apartments in Amman, however it is important to create benchmarks for all types of buildings in different climatic zones in Jordan to improve energy efficiency in all sectors. CONCLUSION 109

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Logistics and Shipping Aramex International Silver Membership Key Services: Independent voluntary organisation that is devoted to the conservation of Jordan’s natural resources Contact Information: Phone:(06) 5515111 Website: www.aramex.com Trading and Retail Companies Majid Al Futtaim Group Platinum Membership Key Services: Shopping malls, communities, retail and leisure. Contact Information: Dubai, United Arab Emirates. Website: www.majidalfuttaim.com Marketing and Advertising Jordan Land Magazine Silver Membership Key Services: Marketing services – Comprehensive economic magazine dealing with real estate and construction. It is the first magazine focused on the real estate sector through its coverage and distribution in the Arab world and MENA region. Contact Information: Phone:+962 6 5511680 Website: www.jordanland.net SADDA marketing& business solutions Silver Membership Key Services: Marketing services – marketing, branding, public relations, and online business solutions studio Contact Information: Mobile:+962 79 9088996 Website: www.sadda.jo 120

Inspection and Standardization TUV Silver Membership Key Services: Inspects validity of TUV AUSTRIA certificates in Jordan Contact Information: Phone:(06) 5686771 Website: www.tuvaustria-jo.com BDO Platinum Membership Key Services: Audit and assurance, tax services, business services and outsourcing, risk management and risk advisory services as well as wide range of advisory and consulting services Contact Information: Phone:(06) 5816033 Website: www.bdo.com.jo Hospitals and Medical Centers Specialty Hospital Silver Membership Key Services: Healthcare Contact Information: Phone:(06) 500 1111 Website: https://www.specialtyhospital.com/ Associations and Environmental Organisations The Royal Society for the Conservation of Nature(RSCN) Silver Membership Key Services: An independent voluntary organization that is devoted to the conservation of Jordan’s natural resources Contact Information: Phone:(06) 533 7931 Website: http://www.rscn.org.jo/ Horizons for Green Development Silver Membership Key Services: Empowering communities through sustainable development Contact Information: Phone: 962786543051 http://horizondge.org/ Jordan Cement Producers Association Silver Membership Key Services: Association, supervisors Contact Information: Phone:(06) 5850974 Website: https://www.facebook. com/JCPA.Jordn/ Members& Services 121

REFERENCES: 1. The Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources.(2018). Annual Report. Jordan. 2. Department of Statistics.(2018). Estimated population of 2018 and some of selected data. Retrieved from: http://dosweb.dos. gov.jo/DataBank/Population_Estimares/PopulationEstimates.pdf. 3. Jaber J., Jaber Q., Swalha S., Mohsen M. Evaluation of Conventional and Renewable Energy Sources for Space Heating in the Household Sector. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 12, pp. 278–289, 2008. 4. Qasaimeh, A.(2012). Solar energy optimization through seasons: case study in Jordan. Smart Grid and Renewable Energy, 3(04), 275. 5. Abdih Y., Gamba A., and Selim R.(2014). International Monetary Fund Report; Jordan. Selected Issue. International Monetary Fund 153(14); Washington, D.C. 6. Regional Center for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency(2013). National Energy Efficiency Action Plan. Amman, Jordan. Retrieved from: http://www.rcreee.org/sites/default/files/plans_neeap_jordan_2013_en.pdf 7. Department of Statistics(2017). Household and Family Characteristics. Amman, Jordan. 8. Hamilton E., Mints V., Acero V., Jose L., Ababsa M., Tammaa W., Xiao Y., Molfetas-Lygkiaris A., Wille J.(2018). Jordan- Housing Sector Assessment- Housing Sector Review(English). Washington, D.C.: World Bank Group. Retrieved from: http://documents. worldbank.org/curated/en/855101555960778525/Jordan-Housing-Sector-Assessment-Housing-Sector-Review 9. Saint Gobain(2017). How do buildings affect the environment? Retrieved at: https://multicomfort.saint-gobain.co.uk/ how-do-buildings-affect-the-environment/. 10. Energy Efficiency in Buildings. Sustainable Energy Regulation and Policymaking for Africa 11. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, Air-Conditioning Engineers,& American National Standards Institute.(2010). Thermal environmental conditions for human occupancy(Vol. 55, No. 2010). American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers. 12. Dar-Mousa, R. N.,& Makhamreh, Z.(2019). Analysis of the pattern of energy consumptions and its impact on urban environmental sustainability in Jordan: Amman City as a case study.Energy, Sustainability and Society,9(1), 15 13. Gervasio, H. and Dimova, S., Environmental benchmarks for buildings, EUR 29145 EN, Publications Office of the European Union, 2018, ISBN 978-92-79-80970-5; doi: 10.2760/073513, JRC110085. 14. De Silva, M. N. K.,& Sandanayake, Y. G.(2012). Building Energy Consumption Factors: A Literature Review And Future Research Agenda. In World Construction Conference 2012–Global Challenges in Construction Industry(pp. 90-98). 15. Laicāne, I., Blumberga, A., Rošā, M.,& Blumberga, D.(2014). Determinants of household electricity consumption savings: A Latvian case study. Agronomy Research, 12(2), 527-542. 122

16. Bano, Farheen& Kamal, Mohammad Arif.(2016). Examining the Role of Building Envelope for Energy Efficiency in Office Buildings in India. Architecture Research. 2016. 107-115. 10.5923/j.arch.20160605.01. 17. Oral, G. K., Yener, A. K.,& Bayazit, N. T.(2004). Building envelope design with the objective to ensure thermal, visual and acoustic comfort conditions. Building and Environment, 39(3), 281-287. 18. Koch-Nielsen, H.(2013). Stay cool: A design guide for the built environment in hot climates. Routledge. 19. Yousefi, F., Gholipour, Y.,& Yan, W.(2017). A study of the impact of occupant behaviors on energy performance of building envelopes using occupants’ data. Energy and Buildings, 148, 182-198. 20. Šujanová, P., Rychtáriková, M., Sotto Mayor, T.,& Hyder, A.(2019). A Healthy, Energy-Efficient and Comfortable Indoor Environment, a Review. Energies, 12(8), 1414. 21. Akadiri, P. O., Chinyio, E. A.,& Olomolaiye, P. O.(2012). Design of a sustainable building: A conceptual framework for implementing sustainability in the building sector. Buildings, 2(2), 126-152. 22. Janda, K. B.(2011). Buildings don’t use energy: people do. Architectural science review, 54(1), 15-22. 23. D’Oca, S., Hong, T.,& Langevin, J.(2018). The human dimensions of energy use in buildings: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 81, 731-742. 24. Yu, Z., Fung, B. C., Haghighat, F., Yoshino, H.,& Morofsky, E.(2011). A systematic procedure to study the influence of occupant behavior on building energy consumption. Energy and buildings, 43(6), 1409-1417. 25. NATIONAL HOUSEHOLD LOAD SURVEY REPORT(2015). Amman, Jordan 26. Zawaydeh, Samer.(2016). Development of Net Positive Buildings in Jordan. Conference: 5th Global Conference on Renewables and Energy Efficiency in Desert Regions(GCREEDER 2016), At Amman Jordan 27. National Energy Efficiency Action Plan(2013). 28. Haghighat, F.(2009). Sustainable Built Environment. Thermal Comfort and Thermal Environment, EOLSS Publishers Co Ltd. 29. Özdamar Seitablaiev, Melek& Umaroğulları, Filiz.(2018). THERMAL COMFORT AND INDOOR AIR QUALITY. international journal of scientific research and innovative technology. 5. 90-109. 30. Johansson, E., Ouahrani, D., Shaker Al-Asir, H., Awadallah, T., Blomsterberg, Å., Håkansson, H.,...& Kvist, H.(2009). Climate Conscious Architecture and Urban Design in Jordan-towards energy efficient buildings and improved urban microclimate. Report. 31. Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources.(2017). The Second National Energy Efficiency Action Plan(NEEAP) for the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. Amman: Jordan. 32. Yang, C.,& Choi, J. H.(2015). Energy Use Intensity Estimation Method Based on Façade Features. Procedia engineering, 118, 842-852. 33. United States Environmental Protection Agency(2008). Energy Star Building Manual, Benchmarking. USA. 34. Swan, L. G.,& Ugursal, V. I.(2009). Modeling of end-use energy consumption in the residential sector: A review of modeling techniques. Renewable and sustainable energy reviews, 13(8), 1819-1835. 123

35. Institute for Marketing Transformation(IMT) and Pacific Coast Collaborative(2015). The Benefits of Benchmarking Building Performance. USA. 36. Herda, G., Autio, V.,& Lalande, C.(2017). Building Sustainability Assessment and Benchmarking. United Nations Settlements Programme(UN-Habitat): Nairobi, Kenya. 37. Nelson, R.(2010). Building Energy Labeling: A Path to Improved Energy Performance for Commercial Buildings. 38. Goussous, Jawdat.(2015). prospects of green technology for energy and thermal benefits in Buildings: case of Jordan. Sustainable Cities and Society. 14. 425–440. 39. US Department of Energy,(2011).“Guide to Cool Roofs”. Retrieved at: https:// www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/guide_to_cool_ roofs.pdf 40. Kamal, M. A.(2012). An overview of passive cooling techniques in buildings: design concepts and architectural interventions. Acta Technica Napocensis: Civil Engineering& Architecture, 55(1), 84-97. 41. Nazer, H., Rodrigues, L.,(2015). Optimising Housing Design to Improve Energy Efficiency in Jordan. Sustainable Energy Technology Conference. Nottingham, United Kingdom. 42. Jarad H.,(2015). Modeling& Simulating of Energy Savings Solutions in the Jordanian Residential Sector. Hashemite University. Jordan. 43. Oke, T.R. 1997. Urban Climates and Global Environmental Change. In: Thompson, R.D. and A. Perry(eds.) Applied Climatology: Principles& Practices. New York, NY: Routledge. pp. 273-287. Retrieved at: https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/learn-about-heatislands 44. Asimakopoulos, D., Santamouris, M.,(1999). Passive Cooling of Buildings. 45. AlZyood, M., Harahsheh, H.,& Hammad, M.(2010, November). Thermal Economical Analysis of Renewable Energy Buildings, Towards Low Energy House in Jordan. In International Renewable Energy Congress November(pp. 5-7). 46. Passivnet, Natural Daylighting and Ventilation Solutions. Night Cooling. Retrieved at: http://www.passivent.com/night-cooling 47. Jordan Green Building Council, 2018. You Guide to Building Envelope Retrofits for Optimising Energy Efficiency& Thermal Comfort in Jordan 48. McGee, C.,(2013). Passive Design: Shading. Retrieved at: http://www.yourhome.gov.au/sites/prod.yourhome.gov.au/files/pdf/ YOURHOME-PassiveDesign-Shading_1.pdf 49. Jariry, H.(2016). Impact of Shading Strategies on Cooling and Heating Demands in Buildings in Jordan. Amman, Jordan: German Jordanian University. 50. O’Conner, J., Lee, E., Rubinstein, F.,& Selkowitz, S.(1997). Tips for daylighting with windows. 51. Hassouneh, K., Alshboul, A.,& Al-Salaymeh, A.(2010). Influence of windows on the energy balance of apartment buildings in Amman. 52. Attia, S.,& Al-Khuraissat, M.(2016). Life Cycle Costing for a Near Zero Energy Building in Jordan: Initial Study. In The 5th Architectural Jordanian International Conference. Jordan Engineers Association. 53. Heywood, H.,(2012). 101 Rules of Thumb for low energy architecture 54. Al-Sallami, H.,(2015). Analysis of Energy Use Intensity in Residential Buildings in Jordan. Master’s Thesis. German Jordanian University. 124

Getting Involved Established in 2009, the Jordan Green Building Council is a member-based Civil Society and cross-sector Non-profit, Non-Governmental organization registered at the Ministry of Social Development. It received its“Established Member” status after the formal acceptance of the World Green Building Council in April 2012. Its Mission is to: Promote and advocate for the adoption of the Green Built Environment Practices, leading towards making Green Buildings a widespread reality in Jordan. Our Council is part of a global network of more than 74 GBCs worldwide and holds the authority to represent the World Green Building Council(WGBC) in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. The Jordan Green Building Council is currently the Vice Chair of MENA(Middle East and Northern Africa) Regional Network. Jordan GBC has evolved to be a global leader in this field and will continue to serve and make the Kingdom proud. This representation has turned out to be a great opportunity to enhance the Kingdom’s position as a leader in this field and now the Jordan GBC can contribute effectively in the development, implementation and dissemination of the Green Built Environment policies globally. To become a member or a volunteer in Jordan Green Building Council, all you have to do is to visit our location in Amman and register. We offer training programs and awareness sessions all year long among many other services. So if you’re an individual, a professional, an organization, a start-up or a well-established company, please come and join our journey.

Established in 2009, Jordan Green Building Council is a member based, civil society and cross-sector non-pro t, non-Governmental organization registered at the Ministry of Social Development. Its Mission is to: Promote and advocate for adoptation of the Green Build environment, leading towards making the Green Build environment a widespread reality in Jordan. Our Council is part of a global network of more than 74 GBCs worldwide and holds the authority to represent the World Green Building Council(WGBC) in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. The Jordan Green Building Council is serving as the Vice Chair of MENA(Middle East and North Africa) Regional Network. Jordan GBC has evloved to be global leader in this eld and will continue to serve and make the Kingdom proud. The awareness process happens through four major processes: Firstly, and most importantly the membership and networking; where we seek potential members in the green sector of Jordan in order to shed the light on the most important services, products or internal processes that are Eco friendly though sharing their own experiences using our green promotion and networking platforms. Secondly, the Green Academy which is meant to enhance the public’s awareness and education by being committed to proving high quality education in green practices and processes in order to train professionals to develop, manage and successfully execute green projects. Jordan GBC builds these capacities through professional workshops and trainings realted to Green Buildings. Thirdly; Outreach activities and events where customized to serve di erent target groups to suit their awareness needs in order to send the message of Eco friendly buildings and build environment. The outreach events can target School student, universities, engineers of di erent elds. Lastly, Reserach and Innovation; we constantly work on developing the council through researching potential for projects and engaging di erent stakeholders from mutiple sectors. @ JordanGBC Jordan Green Building Council +962 6 55 20 893 www.JordanGBC.org 2019 by Jordan Green Building Council. All rights reserved. ISBN: 978-9957-8789-3-1 The Deposit Number at The National Library: 2019/9/4479 Developed in cooperation with: Arch. Heba Nazer Designed and Illustrated by: Razan Al-Sheikh Amman, Jordan