ზიგმუნტ ბაუმანი ზიგმუნტ ბაუმანი თხევა დ ი მ დ ე რ ნუ ლ ბა © ფრიდრიხ ებერტის ფონდი © Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung თხევა დ ი მ დ ე რ ნუ ლ ბა © fridrix ebertis fondi publikacia daibeWda fridrix ebertis fondis iniciativiT. publikaciaSi gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi SesaZloa ar emTxveodes fridrix ebertis fondis mosazrebebs. fridrix ebertis fondis mier mxardaWerili nebismieri publikaciis komerciuli miznebiT gamoyeneba, ikrZaleba fondis werilobiTi nebarTvis gareSe. fridrix ebertis fondi samxreT kavkasiis regionaluri ofisi ramiSvilis Cixi № 1 , 0179 Tbilisi, saqarTvelo zigmunt baumani Txevadi modernuloba Copyright © Zygmunt Bauman 2000 The right of Zygmunt Bauman to be identified as author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published in 2000 by Polity Press
in association with Blackwell Publishing Ltd Reprinted 2000, 2001, 2003, 2004(twice), 2005, 2006 Editorial office: Polity Press
65 Bridge Street Cambridge CB2 1UR, UK Polity Press
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Malden, MA 02148, USA ISBN 0-7456-2409-X ISBN 0-7456-2410-3(pbk) A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library and has been applied for from the Library of Congress. Typeset in 11 on 13 pt Sabon
by Ace Filmsetting Ltd, Frome, Somerset
Printed in Great Britain by T.J. International, Padstow, Cornwall publikacia momzadda fridrix ebertis fondis finansuri mxardaWeriT. publikacia arakomerciuli xasiaTisaa da vrceldeba ufasod. publikaciaSi gamoTqmuli mosazrebebze pasuxismgebloba ar ekisreba fridrix ebertis fonds. proeqtis avtorebi da gamocemaze pasuxismgebeli pirebi: Temo beJaniZe naTia qarCilaZe mTargmnelTa jgufi: naTia qarCilaZe Temo beJaniZe Tamara meWurWliSvili nino zarandia samecniero redaqtori: laSa qavTaraZe winasityvaobis avtori:  revaz qoiava ydis dizaini: salome lacabiZe dakabadoneba: viola tuRuSi ISBN 978-9941-8-1803-5 tiraJi 200 daibeWda gamomcemloba`inteleqtSi~ sarCevi zigmunt baumani da postmodernis samyaro 7 1 emansipacia 18 Tavisuflebis Sereuli sikeTeebi 21 kritikis SemTxveviTobebi da cvalebadi warmatebebi 30 individi moqalaqesTan brZolaSi 42 kritikuli Teoriis sirTuleebi individTa sazogadoebaSi 55 kritikuli Teoriis gadaxedva 60 cxovrebiseuli politikis kritika 72 2 individualuroba 79 msubuqi da mZime kapitalizmi. 82 gyavs manqana, SegiZlia imogzauro 89 nuRar miyvebi, miCvene! 96 damokidebulad gardaqmnili iZuleba 111 momxmareblis sxeuli 118 sayidlebze siaruli, rogorc egzorcizmis rituali 125 Tavisufleba sayidlebSi, Tu ubralod ase Cans 128 danawevrebulni vvaWrobT 139 3 dro/sivrce 143 roca ucnobebi xvdebian ucnobebs 150 emikuri adgilebi, fagiuri adgilebi, ara-adgilebi, carieli sivrceebi 156 ar esaubro ucnobebs 168 modernuloba, rogorc drois istoria 178 mZime modernulobidan msubuq modernulobamde 185 yofis momxibvleli simsubuqe 194 momentaluri cxovreba 203 4 Sroma 214 progresi da rwmena istoriisadmi 217 Sromis aRmasvla da daRmasvla 232 qorwinebidan Tanacxovrebamde 246 eqskursi: prokrastinaciis mokle istoria 260 adamianuri kavSirebi Txevad samyaroSi 269 undoblobis TviTgadarCena 278 5 Temi 283 nacionalizmi, niSani 2 291 gaerTianeba – msgavsebiT Tu gansxvavebulobiT? 297 usafrTxoebis fasi 306 eri saxelmwifos Semdeg 311 carieli adgilis Sevseba 324 garderobi Temebi 337 zigmunt baumani da postmodernis samyaro zigmunt baumani da postmodernis samyaro Sesavali 2019 wlis 9 ianvars ori weli gavida SesaniSnavi filosofosis, sociologis da politologis, postmodernis epoqis erT-erTi gamorCeuli mecnieris da mravalferovani figuris, zigmunt baumanis gardacvalebidan. `Txevadi modernis~ misma koncefciam Zireulad Secvala Cveni warmodgenebi Tanamedrove socialur da kulturul realobaze. misi weris stili gansxvavdeboda `klasikosebis~ da`avtoritetebis~ mSrali akademiuri stilisgan. igi axerxebda rTuli azrebis lamazad da damajereblad gadmocemas, romlis gacnobisas geqmneba STabeWdileba, rom avtori ubralod gesaubreba. mravalricxovan publikaciebSi, leqciebSi, interviuebSi baumani gvTavazobs istoriuli cvlilebebis Rrma analizs, romelic samyaroSi bolo asi wlis ganmavlobaSi mimdinareobda da pirvel rigSi yuradRebas amaxvilebs iseT opoziciebze, rogoricaa myofadoba – moZraoba, tradicia – novacia, mdgradoba – cvalebadoba, kosmosi – qaosi, valdebuleba – Tavisufleba. mas pirvel rigSi ainteresebda samyaros globaluri deformaciis 6| Txevadi modernuloba problemebi, cvlilebebi, Zveli socialuri, politikuri, kulturuli formebis ngreva da axali, moulodneli, ucxo, zogjer Sokismomgvrelis gaCena. myari da Txevadi moderni zigmunt baumani sakuTar naSromebSi yuradRebas amaxvilebda im faqtze, rom mravali saukunis ganmavlobaSi adamianebi cxovrobdnen tradiciuli, agraruli, feodaluri, industriamdeli sazogadoebis pirobebSi da dakavebuli iyvnen soflis meurneobiT. Semdeg isini gadavidnen modernizaciis epoqaSi, gaxdnen moqalaqeebi, daiwyes muSaoba qarxnebsa da fabrikebSi, aRmoaCines sakuTari Tavi kapitalizmis, modernis, industriuli sazogadoebis pirobebSi. tradiciulma sazogadoebam, romelic individebis cxovrebas mkafiod gansazRvravda, rRveva daiwyo. mis nacvlad mosulma klasikurma modernma gamoacxada dinamiuri Rirebulebebis prioriteti. Tumca aucilebelia aRvniSnoT, rom es moZraoba mkacrad gansazRvruli mimarTulebiT xorcieldeboda. ase warmoiqmna Tanamedroveobis `myari~,`mZime~,`mkacri~( solid ) modifikacia – moderni, industriuli sazogadoeba. moderni igeboda mkacri discipliniT: SeimuSavebda ra axal`disciplinarul praqtikebs~, igi`Zvel wesrigs~ axali, realiebisadmi ufro SesaferisiT cvlida. XX saukunis 70 -iani wlebidan adamianebma daiwyes saubari postindustriul sazogadoebaze, postmodernze, globalizaciaze, moxmarebis sazogadoebaze. zogierTi zigmunt baumani da postmodernis samyaro| 7 sociologi, magaliTad iurgen habermasi miiCnevs, rom modernis proeqti dRemde ar dasrulebula da postmoderns`dausrulebel moderns~ uwodebs. maTi azriT, tendenciebi, romlebic XXI saukunis dasawyisis civilizaciis saxes qmnian, warmoadgens modernis TviTganviTarebis produqts da modernizaciis evoluciuri programis zogad konteqstSi ewereba. sxvebi ki Tvlian, rom klasikuri modernis sazogadoeba, aRzrdili protestantizmze, ganmanaTleblobaze, samecniero-teqnikur revoluciaze, istoriaSi darCa. axla adamianebi cxovroben sruliad sxva samyaroSi, romelsac axali midgoma, analizi da interpretacia sWirdeba. baumani ambobda, rom`postmoderni ar aris warmavali gadaxra modernis normaluri mdgomareobidan~. igi modernisgan Tvisebrivad gansxvavebuli sazogadoebaa, romelic arcerT manamde arsebul sazogadoebas ar hgavs. baumani sazogadoebis am formas`Txevad modernulobas~ uwodebs( liquid modernity ). aRwerda ra solid modernity -s, zigmunt baumani aRniSnavda, rom`myari modernis~ epoqa warmoadgenda kapitalis da Sromis`qorwinebis~ xanas. mSromelebi damokidebuli iyvnen TavianT samuSaoze, romelic maT arsebobis saSualebas aZlevda. Tavis mxriv kapitalic damokidebuli iyo mSromelebis daqiravebaze, romlis gareSec mas ar SeeZlo zrda.`myari modernis~ tipiuri modelia fordis qarxana, romelSic adamianebi`saerTo saqmes~ emsaxurebodnen da yvela Tavis funqcias asrulebda. individebi CarTuli iyvnen Sromis gadanawilebis sistemaSi, xolo maTi saqmianoba eqvemdebareboda reglaments da kontrols. koleqtiuri qmedebis mizani dasaxuli iyo`garedan~ da`zemodan~. socialuri mar- 8| Txevadi modernuloba Tvis, dagegmarebis da normebis formirebis mTavar subieqts saxelmwifo warmoadgenda. adamianTa Sroma aseT sazogadoebaSi iyo monotonuri da rutinuli, Tumca stabiluri da xangrZlivvadiani. adamianebi agebdnen cxovrebis gegmebs xangrZliv perspeqtivaze gaTvliT, xangrZlivvadiani iyo maTi valdebulebebic da sxva adamianebTan urTierTobac. mSromelebi, romlebic qarxnebsa da fabrikebSi muSaobdnen, darwmunebuli iyvnen, rom maTi mTeli profesiuli cxovreba am sawarmoebSi gaivlida. dafasebuli iyo, Tu adamiani erTi da igive sawarmoSi muSaobda, hqonda uwyveti samuSao staJi, iTvleboda sakuTari saqmis ostatad, gadioda pensiaze imave sawarmodan, romelSic axalgazrdobaSi daiwyo muSaoba. iqmneboda SromiTi dinastiebi, kultivirdeboda koleqtivizmi. dRes, baumanis azriT, situacia radikalurad Seicvala. Sromis pirobebi icvleba moulodnelad, ar misdevs myar logikas an gasageb sqemebs. devizad iqca `moqniloba~, rac Sromis bazarTan mimarTebiT niSnavs Cveuli SromiTi saqmianobis dasasruls, moklevadian samuSao kontraqtebze gadasvlas an yovelgvari SeTanxmebuli garantiebis gareSe muSaobas. SromiTi cxovreba datvirTulia ganusazRvrelobiT. moulodnelad qreba profesiebi, specialobebi, sawarmoebi, warmoebis seqtorebi. Tanamedrove axalgazrda adamiani karieris ganmavlobaSi iZulebulia mravaljer Seicvalos samuSao adgili. baumani aseT postmoderns uwodebs`moderns iluziis gareSe~. postmodernis epoqaSi xelmZRvaneli da makontrolebeli darCa warsulSi da pasuxismgeblobis mTeli tvirTi Tavad atomizirebul individebs daekisraT. zigmunt baumani da postmodernis samyaro| 9 dRes, rogorc baumani aRniSnavs, ubralo, rigiTi adamiani Tavisufalia, Tumca es ar aRmoCnda misi bednierebis sawindari. mis cxovrebaSi problemebi ar Semcirebula, xolo gamosavlis Zieba individebs marto uwevT. warumateblobas ki mxolod sakuTar Tavs Tu daabraleben. sociumi gaxda individualizebuli, [2] xolo Tanamedrove sazogadoba – riskis sazogadoeba. [3] XXI saukunis dasawyisis sazogadoebaSi sameurneo saqmianobebis avtarqiuloba imarjvebs, maSin rodesac socialuri sawyisi sul ufro kargavs mniSvnelobas: eTnikuri, erovnuli, politikuri da ojaxuri kavSirebi efemerulad iqceva. swored am mizezis gamo aris Tanamedrove sazogadoeba gaJRenTili antihumanizmiT, xolo adamiani ki sul ufro dezorientirebuli, SezRuduli da uunaro. baumanis azriT, modernis saxelmwifo ukeTesi cxovrebisTvis brZolis sayrdens warmoadgenda. moderni warmoCindeboda gonier da humanur civilizaciad. civilizebuli arsebobis mniSvnelovan niSnebad iTvleboda tanjvisa da sxva ubedurebebisgan gaTavisufleba. tanjvisgan, misi SiSisgan gaTavisuflebas unda moexdina pirovnebis formireba Tavisuflebis pirobebSi, xolo damoukideblobas adamiani sakuTari bedisweris patronad gadaeqcia. moqmedebis suverenuli ufleba ekuTvnoda saxelmwifos, xelisuflebis sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebel organoebs. mogvianebiT moxda modernis sazogadoebis struqturebis etapobrivi`galRoba~. sistemam Seamcira zewola individze. axal Taobas ukve ar eSinia`didi Zmis~ da sjera, rom metanarativebi samudamod damarcxebulia, xolo saxelmwifos totalitaruli ambicie- 10| Txevadi modernuloba bi warsulSi darCa. Tumca paralelurad Seirya rwmena samarTlebrivi wyobilebis damyarebaSi. demokratiuli iluziis kraxi ganpirobebulia rogorc adamianis TviTdamkvidrebis SeuZleblobiT, aseve Zalauflebis vnebiT Sepyrobili mmarTvelebis gamo. baumani aRniSnavda, rom sazogadoebis mxsnel misiaSi rwmena dRes dangreulia. misi azriT, myari modernidan( solid modernity ) Txevad modernulobamde( liquid modernity ) gadasvlaSi mTavar rols TamaSobs adamianebis, fulis, saxe-xatebis da informaciis moZraobis siswrafe.`Txevadi modernulobis~ traeqtoriis gaTvla TiTqmis SeuZlebelia. biografiis da karieris xangrZlivvadian dagegmvas azri ar aqvs. dRes moqmedi`warmatebis formula~ savaraudod xval ar imuSavebs. am viTarebaSi unda moaxerxo swrafad gadawyoba, garemo pirobebze da mis moTxovnilebebze reagireba, axali codnebis da unarebis aTviseba, nebismieri cvlilebebisadmi mzaoba. rodesac uaxloesi momavali ganusazRvrelia, Soreulze fiqris dro ar aris. cxovreba mimdinareobs awmyoSi. globalizacia, mobiluroba, migracia `Txevadi modernuloba~ gamoirCeoda`uZravi~ tipis gigantomaniiT. saxelmwifos siZlieres didwilad misi teritoria gansazRvravda. sivrcisa da resursebisTvis mimdinareobda omebi, ipyrobdnen koloniebs, iqmneboda imperiebi, xdeboda teritoriebis`SemosazRvra~, igeboda uzarmazari qarxnebi, caTambjenebi da a.S. dedamiwis zedapiri erovnul saxelmwifoebs Soris gavlenis zigmunt baumani da postmodernis samyaro| 11 da kontrolis zonebad iyofoda. sazRvrebi Caketili iyo da realur winaRobas warmoadgenda aqtualuri Tu potenciuri socialuri komunikaciebisTvis. baumani Tvlis, rom istoriis es furceli XX XXI saukuneebis mijnaze SegviZlia gadavfurcloT. misi azriT momavali ekuTvnis globalizaciis Zalebs, romlebic TavianTi bunebiT eqsteritoriulia. vinc adgilze darCeba, yvelafris dakargviT riskavs. moigebs is, vinc swrafad gadaadgildeba. ideebi, inovaciebi da finansuri saSualebebi samyaroSi eleqtronuli werilis da sabanko gadaricxvis siswrafiT moZraoben. kapitals ar aqvs samSoblo, igi midis iq, sadac ukeTesi pirobebi da zrdis saSualebaa. lider poziciebs racionalur qceviT strategiebSi ikavebs`cxovrebis momTabare wesi~, xolo lokalur sivrceze damokidebuleba, myari socialuri kavSirebi da valdebulebebi araaqtualuri xdeba. Zalauflebis mniSvnelovani nawili eqsteritoriul subieqtebs da organizaciebs gadaecema. zigmunt baumani(iseve rogorc entoni gidensi, riCard seneti, manuel kastelsi da sxvebi) Tvlida, rom Tanamedrove samyaroSi safuZvlianad Seicvala kapitalis, Sromis da politikuri institutebis urTierToba. kapitali gaxda eqsteritoriuli,`msubuqi~, kompaqturi, xolo mis mier miRweuli sivrciTi mobilobis unari garkveul teritoriaze mibmuli, pretenziebis wayenebis msurveli politikuri institutebis SantaJisTvis sakmarisia. moiSora ra aRWurvilobis da mravalricxovani personalis tvirTi, kapitali mogzaurobs msubuqad – CemodniT, portatuli kompiuteriT da mobiluri telefoniT. 12| Txevadi modernuloba Txevadi modernulobis omi Tanamedrove omebis specifikaze saubrisas baumani aRniSnavda, rom dRes Seicvala Tavad omis warmoebis arsi, moxda Zveli samxedro paradigmis ngreva: teritoriis dakaveba, rogorc samxedro monapovari, aravis ainteresebs. Tavisufali postmoderni cdilobs moarRvios barierebi, izolacia, kedlebi. qveyana, romelic dRes Tavs icavs`rkinis fardiT~,`importis CanacvlebiT~,`sanqciebiT sanqciebis wil~ msoflios TvalSi mxolod qiliks iwvevs, xolo agresiuli politika saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis mxridan erovnul ekonomikaze, sabanko sferoze, sainvesticio sivrceze zusti dartymebiT isjeba.`progresuli proeqti~ – globaluri proeqtia, xolo eqspansiis SezRudva Tavad progresTan dapirispirebad iTvleba. amitomac, baumanis azriT, nebismieri Tanmimdevruli izolacionisturi politika damarcxebisTvis ganwirulia. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, ganviTarebisTvis dRevandel samyaroSi aucilebelia Tanamedrove komunikaciebi da finansuri institutebi, mdidari mosaxleoba, saqonlis SeZenis SesaZlebloba, ganaTlebuli da kvalificiuri adamianebi, romelTac warmoebis axali sferoebis aTvisebis unari aqvT. baumani aRniSnavda, rom postmodernis epoqaSi aqtiurad viTardeba politikidan CamoSorebis procesi: iklebs interesi politikuri moZraobebisadmi, politikuri partiebisadmi, xelisuflebaTa Semadgenlobisa da programebisadmi, idRabneba politikuri ideologiebi, mcirdeba moqalaqeTa monawileobis masStabi politikur RonisZiebebSi. iTvleba, rom`moqalaqes~ unda aRelvebdes mxo- zigmunt baumani da postmodernis samyaro| 13 lod moklevadiani miznebi – gadasaxadebis Semcireba an pensiis zrda, quCaSi kriminalTan brZola an sakvebi produqtebis xarisxis gaumjobeseba. xangrZlivvadiani gegmebi`samarTliani sazogadoebis~ Sesaxeb popularobiT ar sargeblobs. sazogadoebaSi moxmarebaze orientaciis gaZlierebiT socialuri integracia sul ufro xdeba bazris mimzidveli efeqtis xarjze, maSin rodesac saxelmwifos mier moqalaqeTa politikaSi Cabmis done mcirdeba. politikuri batonobis miRweva xdeba kulturuli hegemoniis gareSe. kulturis saxelmwifosgan gamoyofiT kulturuli elitebi kargaven yofil politikur gavlenas. mmarTveli bazari ki ar aRiarebs ierarqiebs, mas mxolod saqonlis gayidva awuxebs. baumani aRniSnavda, rom Zalaufleba dRes sul ufro mowyda politikas. Zalaufleba globaluri da eqsteritoriulia. politika teritoriuli da lokaluri. Zalaufleba miedineba – politikuri institutebi adgilze rCeba. `kerZo~ SeiWra sazogadoebrivis teritoriaze, Tumca ara masTan TanamSromlobis mizniT.`ubralo adamianebis~ satelevizio aRiarebebi, Sou-biznesis varskvlavebis, politikosebis da sxva cnobili pirebis piradi cxovrebis Sesaxeb`eqskluziuri~ sagazeTo Worebi iqca sajaro gakveTilebad, romelic sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis sicarieles aCvenebs. dRes martosuli adamianebi midian agoraze imisTvis, rom maTi msgavsi martosulebis kompaniaSi iyvnen da saxlSi sakuTar martosulobaSi kidev ufro darwmunebulebi dabrundnen. Tanamedrove Zalaufleba sakuTari miznebisTvis iyenebs qaoss, racionaluri mmarTvelobis ararsebo- 14| Txevadi modernuloba bas. igi xelqveiTebs gadawyvetilebebis individualurad miRebis saSualebas aZlevs. Sesabamisad sasurveli Sedegebis miuRwevlobaSi maT mxolod sakuTari Tavis dadanaSauleba SeuZliaT. rac ufro moicavs adamians momavlis SiSi, miT ufro ukeT igrZnobs Tavs saxelmwifo. individs STaagoneben, rom yofiereba uimedoa da mxolod Zlieri imarjvebs. am pirobebSi adamiani cxovrobs mxolod axla, maradiul awmyoSi, yvelaferi trialebs sakuTari`mes~ da piradi cxovrebis irgvliv. Tanamedrove samyaros moqalaqeebi arian individebi bedisweris gamo. baumani amtkicebda, rom maTi individualuroba ar aris maTi arCevanis Sedegi. dRevandeli adamiani amodis iqidan, rom Tu cxovrebis sakuTari Sexedulebisamebr mowyoba SeiZleba, maSin sazogadoebis kanonebi safuZvlian reformirebas moiTxovs. msgavsi gancda iqmneba erTi mxriv problemebis, gegmebis da miswrafebebis Zlieri individualizaciiT, xolo meore mxriv erovnuli saxelmwifos uflebamosilebebis SemcirebiT. Tanamedrove politikuri suvereniteti mxolod aCrdilia warsulis saxelmwifoebis mravalwaxnagovani avtonomiis. dRevandel saxelmwifoebs iSviaTad SeuZliaT globalizebul kapitals winaaRmdegoba gauwion. Sedegad, erTi mxriv saxeze gvaqvs adamianTa interesis kleba saerTo saqmis mimarT. amas xels uwyobs saxelmwifo, romelic mzadaa sul ufro meti valdebuleba gadaabaros kerZo interesebis sferos. meore mxriv, izrdeba saxelmwifos uunaroba gadaWras problemebi sakuTar sazRvrebSic ki. mas ar SeuZlia daamkvidros daculobis normebi, koleqtiuri garantiebi, eTikuri principebi, romlebic daucvelobis da ganu- zigmunt baumani da postmodernis samyaro| 15 sazRvrelobis gancdebs Seamsubuqeben. am procesebis Sedegia mzardi ufskruli`sazogadoebrivs~ da`kerZos~ Soris, maT Soris dialogis Sewyveta, romelic politikisTvis cxovrebiseul Zalas warmoadgens. globalizaciis pirobebSi saxelmwifo da erovnuli winaRobebi azrs kargaven. iqmneba adamianTa erTobis axali formebi, romlebic efuZneba ara ojaxur, eTnikur, erovnul safuZvels, aramed profesiul, megobrul, komunalur da sxva kavSirebs. umciresobaTa avtonomiuri da TviTmyofadi arsebobis safuZvelze formirdeba sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis axali meTodi –`axali traibalizmi~, diasporebis kaleidoskopi. axal pirobebSi sazogadoeba araprognozirebadad viTardeba. baumans xSirad uwodebdnen globalizaciis kritikoss, Tumca Cemi azriT, es sinamdviles srulad ar Seefereba. igi globalizacias ganixilavda mocemulobad, moZraobad, obieqtur procesad. es procesi SeiZleba gakritikdes, mas ar daeTanxmo, ar gaiTvaliswino, dainaxo masSi negatiuri, uaryofiTi, saSiSi. Tumca SeuZlebelia ar aRiaro, rom globalizacia viTardeba stiqiurad. winasityvaoba moamzada revaz qoiavam zigmunt baumani Txevadi modernuloba 1 emansipacia `didebuli sami aTwleulis~ miwuruls, romelic meo­re msoflio omis dasrulebas mohyva – am sami aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi, dasavleTSi, simdidrisa da ekonomikuri usafrTxoebis warmoudgeneli zrda da ganviTareba aRiniSneboda – herbert markuzem aRniSna: rac Seexeba dRevandelobas da Cvens mdgomareobas, vfiqrob, rom axal istoriul situaciaSi varT, radgan dRes Cven unda gavTavisufldeT SedarebiT kargad funqcionirebadi, Zlieri, mdidari sazogadoebisagan. problema, romelic Cven winaSe dgas, sazogadoebisgan gaTavisuflebis aucileblobaa, romelic didwilad ganapirobebs adamianis materialur da kulturul saWiroebebs – sazogadoeba, Tu gamoviyenebT slogans, awvdis saqonels mosaxleobis did nawils. da es gulisxmobs imas, rom Cven winaSea sazogadoebisgan gaTavisuflebis sakiTxi, sadac gaTavisufleba masis survils moklebulia. markuzesaTvis problemas ar warmoadgenda is Tu ra` unda~ gavakeToT an risi gakeTeba` gvmarTebs~ eman- 20| Txevadi modernuloba sipaciisTvis,`sazogadoebisgan gasaTavisufleblad~. problemas – specifikurad im sazogadoebisTvis, romelic`iZleva saqonels~ – warmoadgenda is, rom gaTavisufleba ar iyo`masebze dafuZnebuli~. martivad rom vTqvaT, Zalian cotas surda gaTavisufleba, kidev ufro nakleb adamians surda, emoqmeda am survilis Sesabamisad da praqtikulad, aravin ar iyo bolomde darwmunebuli Tu riT gansxvavdeba`sazogadoebisgan gaTavisufleba~ ukve arsebuli mdgomareobisgan. `gaTavisuflde~ sityvasityviT niSnavs, rom moiSoro borkilebi, romlebic xels uSlis moZraobas; daiwyos Tavisufali gadaadgileba an moqmedeba.`iyo Tavisufali~ niSnavs, rom ar arsebobs raime saxis dabrkoleba, winaaRmdegoba an sxva xelisSemSleli faqtori sasurveli moZraobisTvis. rogorc artur Sopenhaueri aRniSnavda,`realoba~ iqmneba survilis aqtiT; esaa msoflios jiuti gulgriloba Cemi ganzraxvis mimarT, survili, rom ar daemorCilos Cems nebas, rac gvaiZulebs, rom msoflio aRviqvaT`realobad~, Tuki is gvzRudavs da daumorCilebelia. survilisamebr moqmedeba da SezRudvebisgan gaTavisufleba gulisxmobs balansis dacvas survilebs, warmosaxvasa da moqmedebis unars Soris: adamiani Tavisuflad grZnobs Tavs maSin, rodesac warmosaxva ar aRemateba mis realur survilebs, xolo orive maTgans aqvs moqmedebis SesaZlebloba. amdenad, balansi SeiZleba miRweuli da SenarCunebul iqnas ori gansxvavebuli xerxiT: survilis dakmayofilebis an / da warmosaxvis Semcirebis, an moqmedebis unaris gafarToebis gziT. rogorc ki balansi miiRweva da vidre is ucvleli rCeba,`gaTavisufleba~ emansipacia| 21 umniSvnelo lozungad rCeba, romelic daclilia samotivacio Zalisgan. sityvaTa aseTi gamoyeneba saSualebas gvaZlevs, ganvsazRvroT`subieqturi~ da`obieqturi~ Tavisufleba – aseve, subieqturisa da obieqturis`gaTavisuflebis saWiroeba~. SesaZloa, saqme is aris, rom gaumjobesebis survili amao aRmoCnda an SesaZloa saerTodac ar gaCenila(magaliTad, froidis mixedviT,`sinamdvilis principis~ zewoliT adamianis miswrafebaze siamovnebisa da bednierebisken); ganzraxvebi, realurad gamocdili Tu ubralod warmosaxviTi, davida moqmedebis SesaZleblobamde, kerZod gonivrulad moqmedebis unaramde – warmatebis SansiT. meore mxriv, SeiZleba ise moxdes, rom ganzraxvaTa pirdapiri manipulirebis gziT – erTgvari`tvinis gamorecxviT~ – adamianma verasodes moaxerxos moqmedebis`obieqturi~ SesaZleblobis gancda, aRarafers vambobT sinamdvileSi imis gagebaze Tu ra xdeba da amitomac, ambiciebi`obieqturi~ Tavisuflebis donis qveviT daayenos. `subieqtur~ da`obieqtur~ Tavisuflebebs Soris gansxvavebam Tavi axada namdvil pandoras yuTs, romelic savsea iseTi usiamovno sakiTxebiT, rogoricaa`fenomeni arsis winaaRmdeg~. es sakiTxebi icvleba, Tumca, saerTo jamSi, maT mniSvnelovani filosofiuri da potenciurad didi politikuri datvirTva aqvT. erT-erTi aseTi sakiTxi aris imis daSveba, rom Tavisuflebis SegrZneba, sinamdvileSi, SeiZleba sulac ar niSnavdes Tavisuflebas; rom adamianebi SesaZloa kmayofilebi iyvnen TavianTi bediT, miuxedavad imisa, rom maTi yofa sakmaod Sors iyos`obieqturad~ damakmayofilebelisgan; rom monobaSi cxovrebisas isini Tavs Tavisuflad 22| Txevadi modernuloba grZnoben da ar uCndebaT gaTavisuflebis survili, riTac kargaven SesaZleblobas, gaxdnen WeSmaritad Tavisuflebi. am daSvebebis Sedegad, SegviZlia, vivaraudoT, rom adamianebi SeiZleba sakuTari mdgomareobis arakompetenturi msajulebi iyvnen. Sesabamisad, maT unda vaiZuloT, davarwmunoT, nebismier SemTxvevaSi, unda davexmaroT`obieqturi Tavisuflebis~ aucileblobis gaazrebaSi da unda mivceT gambedaoba, rom am Tavisuflebis mosapoveblad ibrZolos. filosofosebs kidev ufro Sav-bneli winaTgrZoba uRrRnidaT guls: SeiZleba, adamianebs ubralod ar moswondeT Tavisuflad yofna da aRaSfoTebdeT emansipaciis perspeqtiva, im sirTuleebis gaTvaliswinebiT, rac SeiZleba mohyves mas Tavisuflebis mopovebis periodSi. Tavisuflebis Sereuli sikeTeebi odiseas cnobili epizodis apokriful versiaSi ( ‘Odysseus und die Schweine : das Unbehagen an der Kultur’ ), lion feixtvangerma aRniSna, rom rodesac kirkem mezRvaurebi moajadova da Rorebad gadaaqcia, isini Seeguen TavianT axal mdgomareobas da mTeli ZaliT SeewinaaRmdegnen odisevs, roca igi Seecada maTTvis wyevlis moxsnasa da adamianuri saxis dabrunebas. rodesac odisevsma Tqva, rom man miagno jadosnur mcenares, romelic maT wyevlas mouxsnida da male isini isev adamianebad gadaiqceodnen, Rorebad qceuli mezRvaurebi saswrafod gaiqcnen TavSesafarSi, raTa mxsneli ver dasweoda maT. bolos, odisevsma moaxerxa emansipacia| 23 erT-erTi Roris daWera; rogorc ki mas jadosnuri balaxi wausva, jagriani kani adamianis kanad iqca da elpenori dabrunda – yovlad Cveulebrivi mezRvauri, romelic, rogorc feixtvangeri amtkicebs, sxvebisgan ar gansxvavdeboda arc ZaliT da arc WkuiT. gaTavisuflebuli elpenori ar iyo madlieri gaTavisuflebis gamo da gabrazebulma Tavis`ganmaTavisuflebels~ Seutia: ukan damabrune, Sen naZirala ? isev ginda, gavbrazde da isev ginda, Cems sxeuls safrTxe Sevuqmna da Cemi guli vaiZulo, axal-axali gadawyvetilebebi miiRos ? iseTi bednieri viyavi, SemeZlo, megorava talaxSi da mivficxebodi mzes, SemeZlo, meWama da meRrutuna da vyofiliyavi Tavisufali fiqrisa da eWvebisgan:`ra vqna, ra gavakeTo axla amiT ? ~ ratom moxvedi ?! imisTvis, rom dagebrunebine im saZulvel cxovrebaSi, romelic adre mqonda ? gaTavisufleba kurTxevaa Tu wyevla ? kurTxeviT SeniRbuli wyevla, Tu kurTxeva, romlisac wyevlasaviT eSiniaT ? aseTi kiTxvebi mudmivad awuxebdaT moazrovne adamianebs modernis epoqaSi, ramac`gaTavisufleba~ daayena politikuri reformis dRis wesrigSi, xolo`Tavisufleba~ moeqca ZiriTadi Rirebulebebis siis saTaveSi – rogorc ki gairkva, rom Tavisufleba rTulad misaRwevi iyo da isini, vinc unda datkbnen misiT, ar miesalmebodnen mas. orgvari pasuxi iqna moZebnili. pirveli, eWvqveS ayenebs`ubralo xalxis~ mzaobas TavisuflebisTvis. rogorc amerikelma mwe- 24| Txevadi modernuloba ralma herbert sebastian agarma Tqva( In Time for Great ness , 1942 ):`WeSmariteba, romelic adamianebs aTavisuflebs, umeteswilad aris WeSmariteba, romlis mosmenac adamianebs ar surT~. meore, Tanxmdeba imaze, rom adamianebs aqvT momenti, roca isini eWvqveS ayeneben im sargebels, rac SeiZleba Tavisuflebam moutanos maT. pirveli tipis pasuxebi periodulad iwvevs sibraluls SecdomaSi Seyvanili, motyuebuli`xalxis~ mimarT, romelTac uari Tqves Tavisuflebis mopovebis Sansze an zizRsa da aRSfoTebas Tavisuflebis mimarT `masebSi~, romelTac ar surT, rom gariskon da aiRon pasuxismgeblobebi, romelic Tan axlavs namdvil avtonomias da TviTmpyrobelobas. markuze pretenzias gamoTqvams orives misamarTiT da cdilobs, TavisuflebaCamorTmeulebi daadanaSaulos imaSi, rom isini ase aSkarad Seeguen Tavisuflebis warTmevas, roca ase axlos dganan keTildReobis karTan. msgavsi sibralulis sxvagvari saxalxo gamoxatuleba gaxlavT marginalebis`gaburJueba~(`flobis~`yofniT~ da`yofnis~ `qmedebiT~ rogorc umaRlesi faseulobiT Canacvleba) da`maskultura~(tvinis koleqtiuri gamorecxva, romelsac iwvevs`kulturis industria~ garTobis wyurvilis danergviT iq – rogorc meTiu arnoldi ityoda – sadac`sayovelTao sitkboebasa da sinaTlisken swrafva unda iyos gabatonebuli~). meore tipis pasuxebi cxadyofs, rom Tavgadadebul libertarianelTa mier gandidebuli Tavisufleba, maTi mosazrebis miuxedavad, sulac ar warmoadgens bednierebis garantias. mas ufro meti mwuxarebis motana SeuZlia, vidre bednierebis. libertarianelebi cdebian, rodesac amtkiceben(iseve, rogorc devid emansipacia| 25 konvei henri siduikis principis gadaazrebisas), rom zogad bednierebas zrdasrulebi yvelaze efeqturad maSin miaRweven, rodesac maT molodini eqnebaT, rom `survilebis dakmayofileba yvelas sakuTari resursebiT mouwevs~; iseve, rogorc Carlz murei, romelic lirikulad aRwers bednierebas, rogorc martoxelobisaTvis endemurad damaxasiaTebels:`garkveul movlenas damakmayofileblad aqcevs is, rom Sen is sakuTar Tavze aRebuli didi pasuxismgeblobiT Seasrule da keTili saqmis gakeTebaSi Sen didi wvlili Seitane~. `sakuTari resursebis imedad~ yofna moaswavebs fsiqikur tanjvasa da gadawyvetilebis miRebasTan dakavSirebul agoniaze, xolo`sakuTar Tavze aRebuli pasuxismgebloba~ moaswavebs riskisa da warumateblobis paralizur SiSs, romelic garTmevs gasaCivrebisa da gamosworebis Sanss. es ar SeiZleba iyos`Tavisufleba~; da Tu`namdvilad arsebuli~ Tavisufleba am yovelives gulisxmobs, maSin, is ver iqneba verc bednierebis garantia da verc mizani, risTvisac Rirs brZola. meore tipis pasuxi, umTavresad, hobsiseuli`adamianis fuWad(Tavisuflad)~ yofnis saSinelebisgan gamomdinareobs. TavianT sandoobas isini afuZneben varaudze, rom aucilebeli socialuri SezRudvebisgan gaTavisuflebuli adamiani(an adamiani, romelic manamde arasdros eqvemdebareboda maT) ufro mxecia, vidre Tavisufali individi; xolo maT mier gamowveuli saSineleba gamomdinareobs sxva daSvebidan, rom efeqturi SezRudvebis ararsebobiT cxovreba gaxdeba –`saZageli, sastiki da xanmokle~ – Sesabamisad, is iqneba yvelaferi, garda bednierisa. swored es hobsiseuli Sexeduleba ganavrco emil diurkemma yovlis- 26| Txevadi modernuloba momcvel socialur filosofiad, romlis Tanaxmadac, swored`norma~, romelic ganisazRvreba saSualo ariTmetikuliT an imiT, rac yvelaze gavrcelebulia da romelic iTvaliswinebs mkacr sadamsjelo sanqciebs, aTavisuflebs potenciur adamianebs monobisgan, rac yvelaze saSinelebaa da risic yvelaze metad eSiniaT; monobisagan, romelic imaleba ara raime tipis gare, aramed Sinagan zewolaSi, adamianis pre-socialur da antisocialur bunebaSi. am filosofiaSi socialuri iZuleba aris ganmaTavisuflebeli Zala, Tavisuflebis erTaderTi imedi, romliTac adamians SeuZlia gaazrebulad datkbes. individi emorCileba sazogadoebas da es morCileba warmoadgens misi gaTavisuflebis pirobas. adamianisTvis Tavisufleba gulisxmobs brma, daufiqrebeli fizikuri Zalebisgan Tavis daxsnas. amas igi aRwevs im sazogadoebis did da inteleqtualur ZalasTan dapirispirebiT, romlis mfarvelobis qveSac imyofeba. sakuTari Tavis sazogadoebis frTis qveS moqceviT, is sakuTar Tavsac, garkveulwilad, masze damokidebuls xdis. magram es aris ganmaTavisuflebeli damokidebuleba; masSi araviTari winaaRmdegoba ar arsebobs. ara mxolod winaaRmdegoba ar arsebobs damokidebulebasa da gaTavisuflebas Soris, aramed, aseve ar arsebobs gaTavisuflebis miRwevis sxva gzac,`sazogadoebisadmi morCilebisa~ da misi normebis dacvis garda. Tavisufleba ver miiRweva sazogadoebasTan winaaRmdegobaSi. normebis winaaRmdeg ajanyebis Sedegi, maSi- emansipacia| 27 nac ki, Tu ajanyebulebi dauyovnebliv ar gadaiqcevian mxecebad da amiT ar dakargaven TavianTi mdgomareobis gansjis Zalas, aris mudmivi gaubedaobis agonia, romelic dakavSirebulia gaurkvevlobis mdgomareobasTan – cxovrebis jojoxeTad qcevasTan. socialuri zewoliT dakisrebuli modelebi da rutinebi adamians aTavisuflebs am agoniisgan: rekomendebuli, aucileblad Sesasrulebeli da Semowmebuli qcevis normebis erTferovani regularulobis wyalobiT, umetes SemTxvevaSi, adamianebma ician, rogor imoqmedon. isini iSviaTad vardebian iseT situaciaSi, romlis mogvarebac ar SeuZliaT – situaciebSi, sadac gadawyvetilebebis miReba maTi pasuxismgeblobis sagania da miRebuli Sedegebis gadamowmebis gareSe riskebis gamoTvla rTulia TiToeuli qmedebisTvis. normebis an ubralod maTi sicxadis ararseboba – anomia – esaa yvelaze uaresi ram, rac SeiZleba adamianebs daemarToT, rodesac isini umklavdebian cxovrebiseul gamowvevebs. anomia moaswavebs uZlurebas. mas Semdeg, rac normatiuli regulirebis baza gadis adamianis arsebobis brZolis velidan, rCeba mxolod eWvi da SiSi. rogorc erix formma Tqva,`gacurvisas Tu CaZirvisas, yovelma adamianma unda scados Tavisi bedi~, Tumca adamiani iwyebs gansazRvrulisken iZulebiT swrafvas, imeddakaruli eZebs`gamosavals~, cdilobs eWvebis daZlevas – aseT dros, is miesalmeba yvelafers, rac`gansazRvrulobaze~ pasuxismgeblobis aRebas dapirdeba. `rutinas SeuZlia dagamciros, magram mas aseve SeuZlia dagicvas~; amtkicebs riCard seneti da mkiTxvels Seaxsenebs adam smitisa da denis didros Soris arsebul polemikas. im dros, roca smiti gvafrTxi- 28| Txevadi modernuloba lebda samuSao rutinis damamcirebel da SemaZrwunebel efeqtze,`didros ar sjeroda, rom rutinuli Sroma mis udides Tanamedrove memkvidres amcirebda~. sociologi entoni gidensi, Seecada, SeenarCunebina didroseuli xedva, miuTiTebda ra Cvevebis pirvelxarisxovan mniSvnelobaze, rogorc socialur praqtikaSi, ise TviTgamorkvevaSic~. senetis mosazreba martivia:`cxovrebis warmodgena momentaluri impulsebiT, mokledvadiani moqmedebebiT, mdgradi rutinebisa da Cvevebis gareSe, niSnavs, rom warmovidginoT marTlac uazro arseboba~. cxovrebas jerac ar miuRwevia im ukiduresobamde, rac mas azrdakargulad aqcevda, Tumca uamravi ram ukve dazianda. sicxadis yvela momavali saSualeba, axlad SemuSavebuli rutinebis CaTvliT(naklebad savaraudoa, rom didxans gagrZeldeba maTi Cvevebad Camoyalibeba da albaT, winaaRmdegobasac gauweven, Tuki maTze damokidebulebis niSnebi gaCndeba) SeuZlebelia aRviqvaT raime sxvad, garda rogorc sayrdeni, rogorc adamianuri gonebis maqinacia, romlebic realobas hgavs, manam, sanam adamiani safuZvlianad ar Seiswavlis maT. nebismieri saxis Tavdajerebuloba, rac`pirveli codvis~ rutinuli da refleqsiiT savse, materialuri samyaros dangrevis Semdeg modis, unda ganxorcieldes yalbi(SeTiTxnili) TavdajerebiT, aSkara da unamusod `mogonili~ TavdajerebiT, damZimebuli adamianis mier gadawyvetilebis miRebis Tandayolili sisustiT. zustad ise, rogorc amas daJinebiT gvidastureben Jil deliozi da feliqs guatari. emansipacia| 29 Cven aRar gvjera fragmentebis arsebobis miTis Sesaxeb, romlebic antikuri qandakebis msgavsad, ubralod moelian Tu rodis aRmoaCenen, ase rom, yvela maTgani SeiZleba erTmaneTTan Sewebdes, raTa Seqmnan originalis msgavsi mTlianoba. Cven aRar gvjera im primordialuri(pirvelyofiluri) totalobis, romelic odesRac arsebobda da arc saboloo mTlianobis, romelic momavalSi gvelodeba. rodesac erTxel raRac gatydeba, is veRar Sewebdeba. samyaros Txevad modernulobaSi SesvliT, Tqven uari TqviT mTlianobis nebismier ideaze, warsulsa Tu momavalSi. movida dro, rom gacnoboT, rogorc axlaxan ganacxada alen turenma,`dasrulda adamianis, rogorc socialuri arsebis gageba, romelic ganisazRvreboda sazogadoebaSi misi adgiliT, rac ganapirobebda mis qcevebsa da moqmedebebs~. amis nacvlad, iseTi principebis erToblioba, rogoricaa`socialuri moqmedebis imgvarad ganszRvra, romelic ar aris orientirebuli socialur normebze~ da`yvela socialuri subieqtis kulturuli da fsiqologiuri maxasiaTeblebis dacva~, SesaZloa veZeboT individSi da ara socialur institutebsa Tu sxva tipis universalistur principebSi. aSkara varaudi, romelic amgvari radikaluri poziciis safuZvels warmoadgens, gulisxmobs, rom Tavisufleba ukve miRweulia, miuxedavad imisa, rogor iqneba is warmodgenili. sxva araferia gasakeTebeli, garda ramdenime darCenili gasawmendi kuTxisa da ramdenime carieli adgilis Sevsebisa – samuSao ki axlo momavalSi unda dasruldes. kacebi da qalebi srulad da WeSma- 30| Txevadi modernuloba ritad Tavisuflebi arian, amitom, emansipaciis sakiTxi dRis wesrigSi TiTqmis aRar dgas. markuzes pretenzia da komunis CarTuloba dakargul sazogadoebaSi SeiZleba urTierTsawinaaRmdego faseulobebis gamovlineba iyos, magram isini erTnairad anaqronulia. arc amoZirkvuli fesvebis gamagreba da arc`adamianebis gamoRviZeba~ gaTavisuflebis daumTavrebeli amocanis Sesasruleblad, ar dgas erT adgilze. markuzes problema moZvelebulia, ramdenadac`individs~ ukve srulad mieca is Tavisufleba, razec SeeZlo eocneba da imedi daemyarebina; socialuri institutebi xalisiT Tmoben imas, rac saWiroa individualuri iniciativebis gansamartad an saxeldebisTvis, miuxedavad imisa, rom rTulia universaluri principebis winaaRmdeg wasvla. rac Seexeba komunalur ocnebas`gancalkevebulebis xelaxla gaerTianebis~ Sesaxeb, arafers SeuZlia Secvalos faqti, rom arsebobs mxolod motelis sawolebi, saZile tomrebi da analitikosebis divnebi, romlebic xelmisawvdomia xelmeored Casadgmelad, amieridan ki komunebi – ufro postulaturi, vidre`warmosaxviTi~ – SeiZleba mxolod individualobis mimdinare TamaSis efemeruli gamovlineba ufro iyos, vidre identurobis ganmsazRvreli Zalebi. emansipacia| 31 kritikis SemTxveviTobebi da cvalebadi warmatebebi kornelius kastoriadisi ambobda, rom sazogadoeba, romelSic vcxovrobT, mcdaria, radgan man Sewyvita kiTxvebis dasma. es aris erTgvari sazogadoeba, romelic Tavis TavTan aRar scnobs raime saxis alternativas, riTac Tavisufldeba valdebulebisagan aCvenos, Seiswavlos(rom aRaraferi vTqvaT damtkicebaze) da daasabuTos Tavisi Ria Tu faruli varaudebi. es ar niSnavs imas, rom Cveni sazogadoeba Trgunavs (an, axSobs mniSvnelovan ajanyebas) kritikul azrs, rogorc aseTs. is arc Tavis wevrebs aiZulebs, Tavi Seikavon(rom aRaraferi vTqvaT SiSze) misi gaxmovanebisgan. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, piriqiT: Cveni sazogadoeba –`Tavisufali individebis~ sazogadoeba – akritikebs realobas, gamoTqvams ukmayofilebas da gamoxatavs gulgatexilobas arsebulis mimarT, iseve, rogorc yvela wevris cxovrebisa Tu saqmianobis valdebulebaze. rogorc entoni gidensi gvaxsenebs, Cven yvelani dakavebulebi varT`cxovrebiseuli politikiT~; Cven varT`refleqsuri arsebebi~, romlebic yuradRebiT vakvirdebiT Cvens yvela nabijs, romelTa SedegebiTac iSviaTad varT kmayofilni da yovelTvis gvsurs maTi gamosworeba. ratomRac, es refleqsia ar aris sakmarisi imisTvis, rom moicvas is rTuli meqanizmebi, romlebic akavSirebs Cvens qmedebebs da gansazRvravs maT mier gamowveul Sedegebs, rom aRaraferi vTqvaT im pirobebze, romlebic aseT meqanizmebs srulad inarCunebs. Cven, albaT, ufro`kritikulad ganwyobilebi~ varT, bevrad ufro gabeduli da gamWriaxebi Cvens 32| Txevadi modernuloba kritikaSi, vidre Cveni winaprebi iyvnen TavianT yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi. magram, Cveni kritika aris, ase vTqvaT,`ukbilo~, romelic ver axdens gavlenas Cveni cxovrebis dRis wesrigsa da politikur arCevanze. is uprecedento Tavisufleba, romelsac Cveni sazogadoeba Tavis wevrebs sTavazobs, ukve dadga, rogorc amas didi xnis win gviwinaswarmetyvelebda leo Strausi, uprecedento uZlurebasTan erTad. zogjer ismis mosazreba, rom Tanamedrove sazogadoeba(romelic Cndeba gvian modernuli an postmodernistuli sazogadoebis, an ulrix bekis`meore modernulobis~ sazogadoebis, an rogorc me mirCevnia mas vuwodo,`Txevadi modernulobis sazogadoebis saxeliT~) ver iRebs kritikas. es mosazreba, rogorc Cans, ar iTvaliswinebs Tanamedroveobis Secvlil bunebas, miT ufro, Tu vivaraudebT, rom`mimReblobis~ mniSvneloba mudmivad ucvleli rCeboda istoriul etapebze. saqme isaa, rom Tanamedrove sazogadoebam`kritikis mimReblobas~ mianiWa sruliad axali mniSvneloba da gamoigona kritikul azrsa da moqmedebaze Seguebis saSualeba. amavdroulad, man gamoimuSava imuniteti am Seguebis mier gamowveul Sedegebze, ris gamoc, is rCeba xeluxlebeli da uvnebeli – ufro gaZlierebuli, vidre dasustebuli – Ria karis politikiT Semowmebisa da gamocdis miuxedavad. modernuli sazogadoebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli `kri­tikis mimRebloba~ Tanamedrove formiT SeiZleba mivams­gavsoT furgonebis parkirebis adgils. adgili yvelasaTvis Riaa, visac sakuTari furgoni da sakmarisi Tanxa aqvs qiris gadasaxdelad. stumrebi modian da midian; aravis ar ainteresebs, Tu rogor muSaobs emansipacia| 33 es adgili, mTavaria, rom momxmareblebisTvis gamoyofilia miwis nakveTebi sakmaod didi zomis furgonebis dasayeneblad, Stefselebi da wylis onkanebi karg mdgomareobaSia, iqve myofi furgonebis mepatroneebi ar xmauroben da arc maTi portatuli televizorebi Tu hi fi dinamikebi aris CarTuli Sebindebis Semdeg. mZRolebs obieqtze sakuTari saxlebi moaqvT, romlebic mibmulia maT manqanebze da aRWurvilia cxovrebisTvis saWiro yvela teqnikiT, yovel SemTxvevaSi, darCenas didi xniT ar apireben. TiToeul mZRols aqvs sakuTari marSruti da grafiki. erTaderTi, rac mZRolebs surT sivrcis menejerebisgan, marto darCena da xelis ar SeSlaa. sanacvlod, mZRolebi pirdebian, rom pretenzias ar gamoTqvamen menejerebis uflebamosilebaze da qirasac daTqmul dros gadaixdian. vinaidan isini ixdian, iTxoven kidec. Seudrekelni xdebian, roca jeri dapirebul momsaxurebaze maTi uflebebis dacvas exeba, TavianTi survilisamebr undaT moqceva da brazdebian Tu amis uflebas ar miscemen. zogjer, isini ukeTes momsaxurebas iTxoven; Tu isini sakmarisad xmamaRla da zustad gamoxataven survils, SeiZleba miiRon kidec is. da Tu Tavs motyuebulad CaTvlian an igrZnoben, rom menejerebi danapirebs ar asruleben, SeuZliaT iCivlon da moiTxovon kuTvnili Tanxa – magram maT TavSi azradac ar mouvaT, rom dasvan kiTxvebi da gadaxedon sivrcis marTvis filosofias, miT umetes, pasuxismgebloba aiRon am adgilis marTvaze. isini maqsimalurad ecdebian, rom am teritoriaze aRar dabrundnen da arc rekomendacia gauwion megobrebTan. wasvlisas, roca TavianT gzas gauyvebian, obieqti zustad igive da iseTive xeluxlebeli rCeba, 34| Txevadi modernuloba rac maT mosvlamde iyo da axali turistebis molodinSia. Tumca, Tu saCivrebi isev Semova furgonebis sxva mZRolebisganac, maSin miwodebuli momsaxureba SeiZleba Seicvalos, raTa samomavlod Tavidan aicilon ukmayofileba. Txevadi modernulobis xanaSi sazogadoebis mimRebloba kritikisadmi hgavs furgonebis parkirebis adgils. maSin, rodesac adornom da horkhaimerma klasikuri kritikuli Teoria Camoayalibes, romelic ganviTarda sxva, wesrigiT Sepyrobili modernulobis gamocdilebiT da Sesabamisad, mimarTuli iyo emansipaciis telosze(mizanze) da missave informaciul gavlenas ganicdida, es modeli Zalze gansxvavebuli iyo. igi gulisxmobda, rom saerTo sacxovrebelSi, sadac arsebobs institucionalizebuli normebi da Cvevad qceuli wesebi, movaleobaTa ganawileba da saqmianobis zedamxedveloba, kritikis idea imTaviTve Cadebuli iyo, empiriuli miznebidan gamomdinare. miuxedavad Cveni sazogadoebis Semgueblobisa kritikis mimarT, furgonebis parkirebis adgilis magaliTze, is namdvilad ar aris Semguebluri im kritikis mimarT, rac kritikis skolis damfuZneblebs axasiaTebdaT. gansxvavebuli, magram Sesabamisi terminebT rom vTqvaT,`samomxmareblo stilis kritikam~ Seicvala misi`mwarmoeblis stilis~ winamorbedi. gavrcelebuli azris sawinaaRmdegod, es sabediswero Zvra ar SeiZleba aixsnas mxolod sazogadoebrivi ganwyobis cvlilebiT, socialuri reformebisadmi moTxovnilebiT, politikuri aqtivobis popularobis dacemiT an hedonisturi`pirvel rigSi, me~ sentimentebis zrdiT – Tumca, calsaxaa, yvela aseTi movlena emansipacia| 35 marTlac damaxasiaTebelia Cveni droisTvis. aRniSnuli Zvris mizezebi ki ufro Rrmaa; maT fesvi aqvT gadgmuli sazogadoebrivi sivrcis Rrma transformaciaSi da ufro zogadad, im stilSi, romliTac modernuli sazogadoeba muSaobs da Tavs imkvidrebs. modernulobis tipi, romelic iyo mizani, magram aseve warmoadgenda klasikuri kritikuli Teoriis kognitur struqturasac, retrospeqtivaSi analitikosis gakvirvebas iwvevs, ramdenadac gansxvavdeba imisgan, rac dRevandeli Taobebis cxovrebas gansazRvravs. is`mZime~ Cans,(gansxvavebiT Tanamedrove`msubuqi~ modernulobisa); aseve Cans, rom`myaria~(`denadi~, `Txevadi~, an`gaTxevadebulisagan~ gansxvavebiT); da kondensirebuli(gansxvavebiT`difuzuri~ Tu`kapilarulisgan~); da bolos, is sistemuria(gansxvavebuli qselurisgan). `kritikuli Teoriis~ epoqis mZime / myari / kondensirebuli / sistemuri modernuloba endemurad aRsavse iyo totalitarizmisken midrekilebebiT. yovlismomcveli, iZulebiTi da Zaladobrivad homogenuri totalitaruli sazogadoeba mudmivad da iZulebiT arsebobda horizontze – rogorc saboloo daniSnulebis punqti, rogorc bolomde-arasdros-ganmuxtuli Senelebuli moqmedebis bombi anda gandevnili moCveneba. modernulobis es forma iyo SemTxveviTobis, mravalferovnebis, orazrovnebis, Tavnebobisa da idiosinkreziis dauZinebeli mteri, romelmac yvela aseT`anomalias~ wminda omi gamoucxada; da sakuTriv individualuri Tavisufleba da avtonomia, rogorc mosalodneli iyo, gaxda jvarosnuli laSqrobis mTavari msxverpli. modernulobis am mTavar simboloebs 36| Txevadi modernuloba Sorisaa fordis qarxana, romelmac adamianis saqmianoba daiyvana martiv, rutinul da meqanikur samuSaomde, yovelgvari gonebrivi SesaZleblobebis gamoricxviT; aseve, moulodnelobebisa da individualurobis gamoxatvis SezRudviT; biurokratia, maqs veberis idealuri modelisadmi Tandayolili midrekilebiT, sadac identobebi da socialuri kavSirebi qudebTan, qolgebTan da qurTukebTan erTad garderobSi rCeba da SigniT myofebis qmedebebis marTva mxolod brZanebasa da wesdebas SeuZliaT. panoptikoni, Tavisi saguSago koSkebiTa da patimrebiT, arasodes yofila Tavisi meTvalyureebis wamieri sifxizlis imedze.`didi Zma~, romelsac arasodes sZinavs, swrafia da gulmodgined ajildovebs erTgulebs da samagaliTod sjis moRalateebs; dabolos – konclageri, adgili, sadac laboratoriul pirobebSi Semowmda adamianis damyolobis sazRvrebi da is, vinc sakmarisad damyoli ar aRmoCnda, ganwiruli iyo SimSilisTvis, an gazis kamerebsa da krematoriumebSi sikvdilisTvis. retrospeqtivaSi, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom kritikuli Teoria miznad isaxavda mudmivad da endemurad gajerebuli totalitaruli sazogadoebis ganadgurebasa da ganeitralebas. adamianis avtonomia, arCevanis Tavisufleba, TviTdamkvidrebis ufleba da aseve ufleba, yofiliyvnen gansxvavebulni warmoadgenda kritikuli Teoriis mTavar mizans. adreul holivudur melodramebSi rodesac Seyvarebulebi kvlav Sexvdebodnen erTmaneTs da qorwinebis fics dadebdnen, igulisxmeboda, rom drama sruldeboda da iwyeboda`cxovrobdnen didxans da bednierad~ xana. amis msgavsad, adreulma kritikulma Teoriam pirovnebis Tavisuflebis daxsna emansipacia| 37 rutinis autaneli marwuxebisagan da individis gamoyvana mkacri garsacmiT dafaruli sazogadoebisgan, romelic itanjeboda totalitaruli, homogenizebuli da uniformizebuli madiT, emansipaciis ukidures wertilad da jacobriobis ubedurebis dasasrulad dainaxa – momentad, rodesac SegviZlia vTqvaT`misia Sesrulebulia~; kritikas swored es mizani unda Seesrulebina; mas aRar sWirdeboda Sors, misi miRwevis iqiT yureba – da amisTvis arc dro hqonda. jorj oruelis wigni` 1984 ~ , misi daweris periodSi, yvelaze srulyofili da kanonikuri iyo – CamonaTvali im SiSebisa da saSiSroebebisa, romlebic Tan dahyveboda modernulobas mis mZime etapze. Tanamedrove problemebis diagnozirebisa da tanjvis mizezebis dadgenis Semdeg, amgvari SiSebi asaxavs im periodis emansipatoruli programebis horizonts. dadga realuri 1984 weli da oruelis xedva maSinve gaixsenes. isev ganaxlda sajaro debatebi da kidev erTxel(SesaZloa bolojer) safuZvlianad gamouSves orTqli. mweralTa umravlesobam, rogorc mosalodneli iyo, alesa Tavisi kalami, raTa oruelis winaswarmetyvelebaSi WeSmariteba sicruisgan gamoeyo, rac dromac gamoscada da am xnis ganmavlobaSi sinamdviledac unda qceuliyo. gasakviri ar aris, rom Cvens droSi, rodesac kacobriobis kulturuli istoriis umniSvnelovanesi nabijebisa da Zeglebis ukvdavebac ki uwyvet gadamuSavebas eqvemdebareba, saWiro xdeba periodulad, rom adamianma maT yuradReba miaqcios, Tundac saiubileo TariRebis, an retrospeqtuli gamofenebis SeqmniT(rac TvalTaxedvidan gaqreba Semdeg gamofenamde an momdevno iubilemde, vidre presas da televizias isev gaaxsendeba 38| Txevadi modernuloba isini),`oruelis SemTxvevis~ dadgma didad ar gansxvavdeboda im dadgmebisgan, rac periodulad xdeba tutanxamonTan, inkebis oqrosTan, vermeerTan, pikasosTan an monesTan dakavSirebiT. miuxedavad amisa, 1984 wlis iubiles xanmokleoba, interesis swrafi Caqroba da is siswrafe, romliTac oruelis Sedevri daviwyebas mieca, mas Semdeg, rac aurzauri damTavrda mediaSi, dafiqrebas gvaiZulebs. bolos da bolos, es wigni mravali aTeuli wlis ganmavlobaSi(sul ramdenime aTeuli wlis win) warmoadgenda sazogadoebrivi SiSebis, winaswarmetyvelebisa da koSmarebis yvelaze avtoritetul katalogs; maS, ratom daimsaxura aseTi xanmokle interesi ? erTaderTi gonivruli axsna is aris, rom adamianebi, romlebic 1984 wels am wigns ganixilavdnen, aRar iRgznbodnen da Tavs indiferentulad grZnobdnen im Temisadmi, romelzec unda efiqraT da ganexilaT, radganac isini aRar cnobdnen sakuTar SfoTvasa Tu agonias, arc TavianTi karis mezoblebis koSmarebs, rac oruelis distopiaSia asaxuli. wigni kvlavac aRmoCnda sazogadoebis yuradRebis centrSi, magram cota xniT da sadRac plinius ufrosis`bunebis istoriasa~ da nostradamusis winaswarmetyvelebebs Soris daikava adgili. SeiZleba uaresic gavakeToT, vidre istoriuli epoqebis gansazRvraa`Sinagani demonebis~ mixedviT, romlebic Tan sdeven da stanjaven maT. mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi, swored oruelis distopiiT, adornosa da horkhaimeris mier gamoqveynebuli ganmanaTleblobis proeqtis avismomaswavebel potencialTan erTad, bentamis / fukos panoptikonisa an totalitaruli talRis ganmeorebiTi simptomebis gamovleniT ganisazRvra`mo- emansipacia| 39 dernulobis~ idea. gasakviri ar aris, rom rodesac sazogadoebrivi scenidan Zveli SiSebi axlebma gandevnes, sakmaod bevrma damkvirvebelma gamoacxada`modernulobis dasasruli~(an ufro Tamamad, TviT istoriis dasasrulic ki, amtkicebdnen ra, rom man ukve miaRwia teloss Tavisuflebis miRweviT, yovel SemTxvevaSi, im Tavisuflebis miRweviT, romelic gamoixateba Tavisufali bazriTa da momxmareblebis arCevaniT, romelic imunia yovelgvari Semdgomi safrTeebis mimarT). da mainc(madloba mark tvens), cnobebi modernulobis gardacvalebis Sesaxeb, xmebic ki mis mier gedis simReris Sesrulebis Sesaxeb, Zalzed gazviadebulia. rogorc Cans, sazogadoeba, romelic kritikuli Teoriis Semqmnelebma datestes da diagnozi dausves(an, am sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi, oruelis distopiiT) mxolod erT-erTi formaa, romelic mravalmxriv da cvalebad modernul sazogadoebas unda mieRo. misi daSla ar iwvevs modernulobis dasasruls. es ar moaswavebs adamianis tanjvis dasasrulsac ki. es yvelaze naklebad moaswavebs kritikis rogorc inteleqtualuri amocanisa da mowodebis dasasruls; da es amgvar kritikas araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar aqcevs zedmetad. sazogadoeba, romelic XXI saukuneSi Sedis, aranakleb`modernulia~, vidre XX saukuneSi Sesuli sazogadoeba; maqsimum, risi Tqmac SeiZleba, aris is, rom es sazogadoeba sxvagvarad modernulia. is, rac mas iseTive modernul sazogadoebad aqcevs, rogorc es erTi saukunis win iyo – aris is, rac modernulobas ganasxvavebs adamianis Tanacxovrebis yvela sxva istoriuli formisagan: iqneba es iZulebiTi da akviatebuli, uwyveti, SeuCerebeli, Tu samudamod dausrule- 40| Txevadi modernuloba beli modernizacia, dauZleveli da gaunadgurebeli, SemoqmedebiTi ganadgurebis dauZleveli wyurviliT (an damangreveli Semoqmedebis, gaaCnia mdgomareobas: `adgilis gasufTaveba~`axali da gaumjobesebuli~ konstruqciis saxeliT;`demontaJi~,`amoWra~,`Semcireba~, yvelaferi imisTvis, rom momavalSi yvelaferi isev ise gavakeToT – produqtiulobis an konkurentunarianobis gazrdiT). rogorc lesingma aRniSna didi xnis win, Tanamedrove epoqis zRurblze Cven gavTavisufldiT Seqmnis aqtis, gamocxadebisa da maradiuli dasjis rwmenisgan. amgvari rwmenis gareSe, adamianebi aRmovCndiT`sakuTar Tavze damokidebulebi~ – rac niSnavs, rom am droidan moyolebuli, Cven ar vcnobT gaumjobesebisa da TviTgajansaRebis aranair SezRudvas, garda sakuTari memkvidreobiTi an SeZenili niWis, moxerxebulobis, nervebis, nebisa da simtkicis naklovanebebisa. rac ar unda Seqmnas adamianma, mas misi daSlac da ganadgurebac SeuZlia. dRevandeli gagebiT, iyo modernuli, niSnavs, ar SegeZlos SeCereba da kidev ufro naklebad SegeZlos erT adgilas gaCereba. Cven vmoZraobT da valdebuli varT, vimoZraoT ara`kmayofilebis dayovnebis~ gamo, rogorc amas maqs veberi varaudobda, aramed kmayofilebis SeuZleblobis gamo: kmayofilebis horizonti, Zalisxmevis dasrulebis xazi da sakuTari TavisaTvis milocvis simSvidis momgvreli momenti ufro swrafad moZravia, vidre yvelaze swrafi morbenali. kmayofilebis grZnoba yovelTvis momavalSia, xolo miRwevebi kargaven mimzidvelobas da potencials, rom dagvakmayofilon, rogorc ki maT mivaRwevT, Tu ufro adre ara. modernulad yofna niSnavs, iyo mudmivad sakuTar emansipacia| 41 Tavze win, transgresiis mdgomareobaSi(nicSes azriT, ar arsebobs adamiani, romelic ar cdilobs iyos zeadamiani). es aseve gulisxmobs identobis qonas, romelic mxolod dausrulebeli proeqti SeiZleba iyos. am mxriv, bevriT ar gansxvavdeba Cveni babuebis savalalo mdgomareoba Cveni mdgomareobisagan. miuxedavad amisa, Cveni mdgomareoba – modernulobis Cveneul forma – axali da gansxvavebulia ori maxasiaTeblis gamo. pirveli, es aris adreuli modernulobis iluziis TandaTanobiTi Camongreva da swrafi dacema: rwmenisa, rom dasasruli gzisa, romelsac vadgavarT warmoadgens istoriuli cvlilebis teloss, srulyofilebis mdgomareobas, romelsac xval, Semdeg wels an Semdeg aTaswleulSi unda mivaRwioT, erTgvarad kargi, samarTliani da arakonfliqturi sazogadoeba misi yvela an zogierTi postulatiT: mudmivi wonasworobis SenarCuneba moTxovnasa da miwodebas da yvela moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebas Soris; srulyofili wesrigi, romelSic yvelaferi Tavis adgilasaa; adamianis saqmianoba gamWvirvale gaxdeba imis wyalobiT, rom yvelaferi gvecodineba, risi codnac saWiroa; sruli batonoba momavalze – imdenad srulyofili, rom igi pativs miagebs yvela gauTvaliswinebel mdgomareobas, winaaRmdegobas, ambivalenturobas da adamianis wamowyebebis gauTvaliswinebel Sedegebs. meore fundamenturi cvlilebaa modernizaciis amocanebisa da movaleobebis deregulacia da privatizacia. is, rac adamianTa gonebis Seqmnilad iTvleboda da ganixileboda adamianTa saxeobis koleqtiur Tvisebad da niWad, danawevrda(individualuri gaxda). 42| Txevadi modernuloba miuxedavad imisa, rom sazogadoebis rogorc mTlianobis sakanonmdeblo moqmedebis gziT, gaumjobesebis(an saerTod, status kvos modernizaciis) idea mTlianad ar iqna ugulebelyofili, aqcenti(pasuxismgeblobis tvirTTan erTad) individualurobasa da pirovnebis damkvidrebaze gadavida. es sabediswero gadaxra aisaxa eTikuri / politikuri diskursis`samarTliani sazogadoebidan~`adamianis uflebebis~ CarCoebze gadatanaSi, rac diskursis xelaxal fokusirebas axdens individTa uflebaze, darCnen gansxvavebulebad da sakuTari nebis mixedviT gansazRvron TavianTi bednierebisa da cxovrebis wesis sasurveli modelebi. saxelmwifo xazinaSi fulis gazrdis nacvlad, yuradReba gamaxvilda gadasaxadis gadamxdelTa jibeebis mcirediT gaumjobesebaze. Tuki Tavdapirveli modernuloba mZime iyo sazogadoebis zeda fenisaTvis, dRevandeli modernuloba yvelaze msubuqi maTTvisa, gaTavisuflda ra Tavisi`emansipatoruli~ movaleobebisagan, garda erTisa, gadaitanos emansipaciis tvirTi saSualo da dabal fenebze. fenebze, romlebsac mudmivi modernizaciis tvirTis udidesi nawilis tareba uwevT.`aRaraviTari xsna ar arsebobs sazogadoebisagan~, – ganacxada piter drakerma.`sazogadoeba rogorc aseTi ar arsebobs~, – mkafiod Tqva margaret tetCerma. nu iyurebiT win an ukan; CaixedeT Tqvens TavebSi, sadac Tqveni moxerxebuloba, neba da Zala – yvela is instrumenti, rac cxovrebis gaumjobesebisTvisaa saWiro – aris ganTavsebuli. cneba`didi Zma giyurebs~ aRar arsebobs; axla, Tqveni valia, uyuroT did Zmebsa da debs, yuradRebiT adevnoT maT Tval-yuri, imis imedad, rom TqvenTvis emansipacia| 43 raime sasikeTos povnas SeZlebT, misabaZi magaliTis an rCevis, Tu rogor unda gaumklavdeT Tqvens problemebs individualurad. aRar arseboben diadi liderebi, romlebic getyvian ra unda akeToT, riTac gagaTavisufleben Tqveni qmedebebis Sedegebis pasuxismgeblobisgan; individTa samyaroSi, arseboben mxolod sxva pirebi, romlebisganac SegiZliaT aiRoT magaliTebi imisa, Tu rogor icxovroT. Sedegebze sruli pasuxismgebloba ki Tqven gekisrebaT – rac ar unda mohyves ama Tu im magaliTis ndobasa da ganxorcielebas. individi moqalaqesTan brZolaSi norbert eliasis ukanaskneli, sikvdilis Semdeg gamoqveynebuli kvlevis saTauri,`individTa sazogadoeba~, Seucdomlad aRwers im problemas, romelic warmoSobis dRidan Tan sdevs socialur Teorias. tradiciebis darRveviT, romelic jer kidev hobsis dros gaCnda da jon stiuart milis, herbert spenseris da liberali orTodoqsebis mier Cveni saukunis saerTo rwmenad( doxa ) Camoyalibda, eliasma`da~ an`winaaRmdeg~ Caanacvla naTesaobiTi brunviT`-is~( of ); da amiT man diskusia ori warmosaxviTi Zalisagan, romlebic Tavisuflebisa da batonobis sasikvdilo, usasrulo orTabrZolaSi imyofebian,`sapasuxo koncefciaze~ gadaitana: sazogadoeba ayalibebs sakuTari wevrebis individualurobas, xolo individebi qmnian sazogadoebas TavianTi cxovrebiseuli qmedebebiT, iyeneben strategiebs, romlebic sarwmuno da ganxorcielebadia socialuri qsovilis farglebSi. 44| Txevadi modernuloba sazogadoebis wevrebis, rogorc individebisadmi mopyroba modernuli sazogadoebis savaWro niSania. amasTan, es mopyroba ar aris erTjeradi: es yoveldRiuri, mudmivad ganmeorebadi aqtivobaa. modernul sazogadoebaSi`individualizacia~ mudmivi saqmianobaa, iseve, rogorc calkeuli individebis saqmianoba yoveldRiurad gulisxmobs axali formebis miRebasa da arsebulis gadaxedvis urTierTdakavSirebul qsels, rasac`sazogadoeba~ ewodeba. ori partnioridan arcerTi rCeba didxans. Sesabamisad,`individualizaciis~ mniSvneloba cvalebadia da iRebs axal formebs – radgan istoriis dagrovili Sedegebi Zirs uTxris memkvidreobiT miRebul wesebs, adgens qcevis axal principebs da mudmivad debs axal fsonebs TamaSSi.`individualizaciis~ axlandeli mniSvneloba Zalian gansxvavdeba imisgan, rac masSi asi wlis win igulisxmeboda da rasac modernuli epoqis adreul periodSi warmoadgenda. ulrix bekma naSromSi` Jenseits von Klasse und Stand? ~ ramdenime wlis Semdeg ki` Risikogesellschaft : auf dem Weg in eine andere Moderne ~-Si(elizabet bek-gernsxaimis` Ein Stuck eigenes Leben : Frauen im Individualisierung Prozes ~-sTan erTad) Seqmna axali Tavi`individualizaciis procesis~ Cveneuli gagebisTvis. am naSromebma es procesi warmogvidgina, rogorc mimdinare da daumTavrebeli istoria, misi sxvadasxva etapiT – Tumca, moZravi horizontiTa da ararealuri logikis monacvleobiT, nacvlad gansxvavebuli telosisa an winaswar gansazRvruli daniSnulebis adgilisa. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom eliasma`civilizebuli individis~ Sesaxeb zigmund froidis Teoriis istorizeba moaxdina, romelic ikvlevda civilizacias, rogorc movlenas(Tanamedrove) is- emansipacia| 45 toriaSi, xolo bekma individis dabadebis Sesaxeb eliasis gadmocemis istorizeba moaxdina, xelaxla warmoaCina ra es dabadeba, rogorc uwyveti da gangrZobiTi, iZulebiTi da akviatebuli modernizaciis mudmivi aspeqti. amrigad, bekma individualurobis portreti gaaTavisufla Tavisi droze damokidebuli, gardamavali atributebisagan, risi wyalobiTac gamosaxuleba kidev ufro bundovnad aqcia, nacvlad misTvis meti sicxadis SeZenisa(upirveles yovlisa, gaaTavisufla sworxazovani ganviTarebis xedvebisgan, emansipaciis RerZebis gaswvriv Seqmnili winsvlisgan, gazrdili avtonomiisa da TviTganmtkicebis Tavisuflebisagan), rac imas niSnavs, rom individualizaciis istoriuli tendenciebis mravalferovneba da maTi produqtebi Riaa sakvlevad da saSualeba gveZleva, ukeT gavigoT amJamindeli etapis ganmasxvavebeli Tvisebebi. mokled rom vTqvaT,`individualizacia~ gulisxmobs adamianis`identobis~, rogorc`mocemulobis~ gardaqmnas`amocanad~, riTac monawileebs pasuxismgeblobas akisrebs am davalebis Sesrulebasa da misgan gamowveul Sedegebze(agreTve, mis gverdiT movlenebzec). sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, igi moicavs de iure avtonomiis damkvidrebas(miuxedavad imisa, arsebobda Tu ara de faqto avtonomia). roca es xdeba, adamianebi aRar ibadebian TavianT `identobaSi~. rogorc es erTmniSvnelovnad Camoayaliba Jan-pol sartrma: burJuaziaSi dabadeba sakmarisi ar aris – adamiani unda cxovrobdes burJuaziuli cxovrebiT.(gaiTvaliswineT, rom igive ar SeiZleba iTqvas premodernuli periodis ufliswulebze, raindebze, batonebsa Tu qalaqelebze; amasTanave, aseTive 46| Txevadi modernuloba gadaWriT ver visaubrebT memkvidreobiT mdidarsa da Raribze modernulobaSi). saWiroa gaxde is, rac xar – es Tanamedrove cxovrebis Tvisebaa – da icxovro marto(aq ar igulisxmeba`modernuli individualizacia~, es gamoTqma aSkarad sadavoa; individualurobasa da modernulobaze saubari, niSnavs erTsa da imave socialur mdgomareobaze saubars). modernuloba socialuri mdgomareobis heteronormul gansazRvrebas anacvlebs iZulebiTi da savaldebulo TviTgansazRvrebiT. da ase grZeldeba`individualizaciis~ SemTxvevaSi mTeli modernuli epoqis ganmavlobaSi – yvela periodsa da sazogadoebis yvela seqtorSi. miuxedavad amisa, saerTo midgomis pirobebSic arsebobs mniSvnelovani gansxvavebebi, romlebic erTmaneTisagan mijnavs momaval Taobebs, iseve, rogorc aqtorTa sxvadasxva kategorias, romlebic erTsa da imave istoriul safexurze imyofebian. adreuli modernuloba`daiSala~ imisaTvis, rom `xelaxla gaerTianebuliyo~. miuxedavad imisa, rom es daSla socialurad sanqcirebuli iyo, misi xelaxali danergva adamianebis winaSe arsebul amocanaze miuTiTebda. mas Semdeg, rac sakuTrebis mkacri CarCoebi moiSala, adreuli modernulobis periodSi qalebisa da kacebis`TviTidentifikaciis~ davaleba, gulisxmobda `Rirseulad cxovrebas~(`sxvebs rom ar CamorCenodi~), rom aqtiurad damorCilebodi warmoqmnil socialur tipebsa da qcevis modelebs, romlebic kavSirSi iyo klasTan, imitirebas,`akulturizacias~, normis farglebSi darCenas.`qoneba~, rogorc memkvidreobiTi sakuTrebis ganmsazRvreli, Caanacvla`klasebma~, rogorc gamogonili wevrobis mizanma. Tuki pirveli miku- emansipacia| 47 Tvnebis sakiTxi iyo, meoris wevroba miRwevebis did CamonaTvals moicavda; klasebs, qonebisgan gansxvavebiT, unda`SeerTebodi~, wevroba mudmivad unda ganaxlebuliyo, xelaxla da yoveldRiurad unda dagemtkicebina masSi yofnis ufleba. retrospeqtivaSi SeiZleba iTqvas, rom klasobrivi dayofa(an am sakiTxisTvis genderuli dayofa) im resursebze araTanabar xelmisawvdomobas ganapirobebda, rac saWiro iyo efeqturad Tavis damkvidrebisTvis. klasebi gansxvavdeboda arsebuli identobebis diapazoniTa da maTi arCevisa da miRebis SesaZleblobis gaTvaliswinebiT. xalxs, romelsac naklebi resursi hqonda da, Sesabamisad, ufro naklebi arCevanic, sakuTari individualuri sisusteebis anazRaureba`ricxvebis ZaliT~ uxdebodaT – rangis uaryofiTa da koleqtiur moqmedebebSi CarTviT. rogorc klaus ofem aRniSna, koleqtiuri, klasze orientirebuli moqmedeba socialuri safexuris qvemoT myofi adamianebisTvis bunebrivi maxasiaTebeli iyo, ramdenadac maTi individualuri swrafva cxovrebis miznebis misaRwevad Tavs iyrida maT damsaqmeblebTan. CamorTmeva, ase rom vTqvaT,`grovdeboda~; dagrovebis Semdeg, isini Tavs iyridnen`saerTo interesebSi~ da ganixilebodnen mxolod da mxolod, rogorc koleqtiuri saSualeba.`koleqtivizmi~ pirveladi arCevanis strategia iyo maTTvis, vinc individualizaciis zRvarze imyofeboda da ver SeZlo pirovnebad TviTdamkvidreba, mxolod sakuTari, individualur sakuTrebaSi myofi, aSkarad arasakmarisi resursebiT. mdidrebis klasobrivi orientacia ki, Tavis mxriv, nawilobrivi da garkveulwilad, meoreuli iyo; 48| Txevadi modernuloba umeteswilad, es cxadi gaxda, rodesac resursebis araTanabari gadanawileba dRis wesrigSi daayenes da misi problematizacia moxda. nebismier SemTxvevaSi,`klasikuri~ modernulobis individebma, romlebic`daiSalnen~ qonebaze orientirebuli wesrigis CamoSliT, axali uflebamosilebebi da avtonomiuri agentobebi Seqmnes`xelaxali CarTulobis~ Ziebisas. garda amisa, ar arsebobda araviTari niSaTa(`sawolebis~) deficiti, rom maTTvis`emaspinZla~. klasi, romelic formirebadi da molaparakebebis sagani iyo da ara memkvidreobiTi an ubralod`masSi dabadeba~ rom SeiZleboda, rogorc es manamde xdeboda, midrekili iyo, rom Tavisi wevrebi iseve swrafad da mtkiced mieRo da SeenarCunebina, rogorc es premodernul periodSi memkvidreobiTi sakuTrebis miRebisas xdeboda. klasi da sqesi mniSvnelovnad iyo damokidebuli individualur arCevanTa wyebaze; maTi SezRudvebisagan Tavis arideba iseTive rTuli iyo, rogorc sakuTari adgilis Sesaxeb ukmayofilebis gamoTqma modernulobamdel`yofierebis RvTiur jaWvSi~. arsebiTad, klasi da sqesi warmodgenili iyo rogorc`bunebrivi mocemuloba~ da individTa umetesobisaTvis TviTdamkvidrebis saSualebas warmoadgenda maTTvis gamoyofil niSaze yofaqcevis meSveobiT`morgeba~, rogorc amas sxvebi akeTebdnen. swored es ganasxvavebs adrindel`individualizacias~ im formisgan, romelic man miiRo`riskis sazogadoebaSi~,`refleqsuri Tanamedroveobis~ an`meore Tanamedroveobis~ xanaSi(romelsac ulrix beki sxvadasxvanairad moixseniebs).`sawolebi~ xelaxla veRar SekeTdeba, xolo iseTi sawolebi, romlebic myifea da emansipacia| 49 gaqrobiskenaa mimarTuli, xSirad`xelaxla SeerTebis~ procesamde qreba. arsebobs sxvadasxva zomisa da stilis`musikaluri skamebi~(niSebi), cvalebadi raodenobiTa da adgilmdebareobiT, rac qalebsa da mamakacebs aiZulebs, mudmivad imoZraon da ar pirdebian arc `Sesrulebas~, arc`dasvenebas~, arc`kmayofilebas~ da arc modunebasa da dasvenebas, rodesac daniSnulebis adgils miaRweven. gzis bolos,(amjerad ukve qronikulad) pirovneba warTmeuli xalxisTvis xelaxla integrirebis perspeqtiva ar arsebobs. rom ar SevcdeT: axla, rogorc adre – modernulobis Txevad da msubuq, aseve myar da mZime etapze – individualizacia bedisweraa da ara arCevani. individualuri Tavisuflebis qveyanaSi individualuri arCevani, individualizaciisagan Tavis daRweva da masSi monawileobaze uaris Tqmis SesaZlebloba, dRis wesrigSi calsaxad ar dgas. individis damoukidebloba da TviTkmaroba SeiZleba kidev erTi iluzia iyos: mamakacebsa da qalebs aravin hyavT, rom daadanaSaulon sakuTar imedgacruebebsa da problemebSi. axla, maT ician, rom TviTonve SeuZliaT daicvan TavianTi Tavebi imedgacruebisgan sakuTari yofa-cxovrebis meSveobiT an dauZvren problemebs arsebuli resursebis gamoyenebiT, baron miunhauzenis msgavsad. da mainc, Tu isini avad gaxdebian, amis mizezi is aris, rom sakmarisad mtkiceebi da Sromismoyvareebi ar iyvnen janmrTelobasTan dakavSirebuli reJimis dacvaSi. Tu isini darCebian umuSevrebi, es imitom, rom maT ver SeZles gasaubrebisTvis saWiro unarebis dagroveba, an imitom, rom sakmarisad ar Seecadnen samuSaos povnas, an ubralod eridebian muSaobas. Tu isini ar arian darwmune- 50| Txevadi modernuloba bulni TavianT karierul perspeqtivebSi da urTuldebaT momavlis Seqmna, es imitom, rom isini ar arian sakmarisad kargebi megobrebis SeZenasa da adamianebze gavlenis moxdenaSi da ver iswavles / ver daeuflnen TviTgamoxatvisa da sxvebze STabeWdilebis moxdenis xelovnebas. yovel SemTxvevaSi, es aris is, rasac maT dRes eubnebian da raSic maT arwmuneben da isinic ise iqcevian, TiTqos es WeSmariteba iyos. rogorc bekma Zalian moswrebulad Tqva,`is, Tu rogor cxovrobs adamiani, iqceva sistemuri winaaRmdegobebis biografiul gadawyvetad~. grZeldeba riskebisa da winaaRmdegobebis warmoqmna sazogadoebaSi; maTTan brZola da gamklaveba ki ubralod individualizebuli movaleobaa. mokled rom vTqvaT: izrdeba ufskruli individualobas, rogorc bediswerasa da individualobas, rogorc TviTdamkvidrebisTvis praqtikul da realur SesaZleblobas Soris.(umjobesia, gamovyoT`miwerili individualizmi~, rogorc`individualizacia~: bekis mier SerCeuli termini, romliTac is ganasxvavebs TviTkmar da TviTgamorkveul individs adamianisagan, romelsac sxva arCevani ar aqvs, garda moqmedebisa, Tundac es ar Seesabamebodes sinamdviles, TiTqos individualizmi miiRweodes.) rac mTavaria, am ufskrulis gadalaxva SeuZlebelia. gaindividualizebuli kacebisa da qalebis unari da­ikmayofilon interesebi, rogorc wesi, ver aRweves im mizans, rac realurad saWiroa namdvili TviTmpyrobelobisaTvis. rogorc leo Strausma aRniSna, SeuzRudavi Tavisuflebis meore mxare warmoadgens arCevanis umniSvnelobas, orive mxare ki erTmaneTs ganapirobebs: emansipacia| 51 ratom unda avkrZaloT is, rac nebismier SemTxvevaSi umniSvneloa ? cinikuri damkvirvebeli ityoda, rom Tavisufleba maSin modis, rodesac is kargavs mniSvnelobas. individualizaciis qvabSi moxarSuli Tavisuflebis gemriel fafaSi uZlurebis sazizRari buzia Cavardnili; es uZlureba ufro odiozuri, arakomfortuli da SemaSfoTebeli xdeba im SesaZleblobebis gaTvaliswinebiT, rac Tavisuflebas unda moetana. albaT, warsulis msgavsad, SesaZloa, mxardamxar dgoma da erTad siaruli iyos gamosavali ? Tuki calkeuli Zalebi, rogori sustebi an uZlurebic ar unda iyvnen isini damoukideblad, Sejerdebian erTobliv poziciasa da qmedebebze, erToblivad iseTi ramis miRweva SeuZliaT, razec verc erTi kaci da qali verc ki iocnebebda damoukideblad ? albaT... Tumca, saqme isaa, rom individualuri wuxilebis amgvari Tanxvedra da saerTo interesebis dajgufeba da Semdgom erToblivi moqmedeba erTob rTul amocanas warmoadgens, radganac calkeul adamianTa yvelaze gavrcelebuli problemebi dResdReobiT problemaTa ubralo jams ar warmoadgenen. maT ar surT`dajgufeba~`saerTo saqmisTvis~. SesaZloa isini erTmaneTis gverdigverd movaTavsoT, magram isini ar dajgufdebian. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom isini imTaviTve ise yalibdebian, rom ar hyofniT Sexebis wertilebi, rac maT saSualebas miscemda, rom sxva adamianebis problemebs gamklavebodnen. problemebi SeiZleba msgavsi iyos(popularuli toq Souebi yvelafers akeTeben maTi msgavsebis demonstrirebisTvis, Tumca, amavdroulad, avrceleben ideas, rom maTi msgavseba umTavresad is aris, rom TiToeuli 52| Txevadi modernuloba dazaralebuli Tavad agvarebs sakuTar problemas), magram isini ar qmnian`mTlianobas~; isini arc raime axal Tvisebas iZenen da arc ufro advilad umklavdebian mas. erTaderTi upiratesoba, rac problemis mqoneTa kompaniis arsebobam SeiZleba moitanos, aris is, rom daarwmunos TiToeuli maTgani, rom usiamovnebasTan brZola aris is, rasac yvela danarCeni yoveldRiurad akeTebs – ase rom, unda ibrZoloT. SesaZloa, sxva adamianebis gamocdilebidan gavigoT, Tu rogor unda gavumklavdeT`Semcirebis~ morig raunds, rogor unda gavumklavdeT bavSvebs, romlebic mozardad Tvlian Tavs, rogor gavumklavdeT simsuqnes da sxva arasasurvel`ucxo sxeulebs~, rogor unda moviSoroT damokidebuleba, romelic aRar aris sasiamovno da rogor moviSoroT partniorebi, romlebic aRar gvakmayofileben. magram adamiani, pirvel rigSi, sxvebisgan Seityobs imas, Tu rogor unda gadarCes sakuTar Seuqcevad martosulobaSi da rom yvelas cxovreba savsea riskebiT, romelTa dasaZlevadac saWiroa brZola, mxolod da mxolod brZola. da amgvarad, morigi problema iCens Tavs: rogorc de tokvili didi xania eWvobs, gaTavisuflebam SesaZloa xalxi gulgrili gaxados. de tokvili aRniSnavda, rom individi moqalaqis yvelaze didi mteria.`moqalaqe~ aris adamiani, romelic miiswrafis sakuTari keTildReobisken qalaqis keTildReobis meSveobiT – maSin, rodesac individi gamoirCeva ufro rbili, skeptikuri an`saerTo saqmis~,`saerTo sikeTis~,`kargi sazogadoebis~ an `samarTliani sazogadoebisadmi~ ufro frTxili damokidebulebiT. raSi mdgomareobs`saerTo interesebis~ qonis arsi, garda imisa, rom TiToulma adamianma daik- emansipacia| 53 mayofilos sakuTari interesebi ? rac ar unda gaakeTon individebma, rodesac isini Seikribebian da rac ginda sargebeli moitanos saerTo Sromam, es yovelive moaswavebs maTi Tavisuflebis SezRudvas, ganaxorcielon is, ris gakeTebasac TiToeuli maTgani cal-calke Tvlis saWirod da arasgzis ar Seuwyobs xels am saqmianobas. arsebobs mxolod ori sasargeblo ram, rasac`sazogadoebrivi Zalisgan~ moelian, pirveli, es aris`adamianis uflebebis~ dacva, rac gulisxmobs, rom yvelas mieces sakuTari gziT siarulis saSualeba da amisi keTeba SeZlon usafrTxo qveyanaSi. uzrunvelyofili iyos maTi sxeulisa da sakuTrebis usafrTxoeba, faqtobrivi an savaraudo borotmoqmedebis cixeebSi CaketviT da quCebis gaTavisuflebiT quCis mZarcvelebisgan, garyvnilebisgan, maTxovrebisa da yvela sxva saxis ugunuri da borotmoqmedi adamianebisgan. vudi aleni Cveuli, ganumeorebeli maxvilgonierebiT Seucdomlad iWers Tanamedrove adamianebis ucnaurobebsa da sisusteebs, aTvalierebs warmosaxviT sareklamo broSurebs`zrdasrulTa sazafxulo kursebis Sesaxeb~, romlebzec amerikelebs surT daswreba. ekonomikis Teoriis kursi moicavs punqts:`inflacia da depresia – rogor CavicvaT TiToeuli maTganis dros~; eTikis kursi gulisxmobs`kategoriul imperativsa da Tqvens sasikeTod misi gamoyenebis eqvs gzas~, xolo astronomiis kursidan irkveva, rom`mze, romelic airebisgan Sedgeba, SeiZleba afeTqdes nebismier momentSi, rac Cvens planetaTa sistemas ganadgurebiT emuqreba; studentebs aswavlian, Tu rogor unda moiqces rigiTi moqalaqe aseT situaciaSi~. 54| Txevadi modernuloba Sejameba: rogorc Cans, individualizaciis meore mxare aris moqalaqeobis korozia da neli daSla. joel romani, Esprit -is TanadamfuZnebeli, Tavis bolo wignSi( La Democratie des individualus , 1998 ) aRniSnavs, rom `sifxizle degradirda saqonlis zedamxedvelobamde, maSin, roca zogadi interesi aris egoizmis, koleqtiuri emociebis CarTulobisa da mezoblisadmi SiSis sindikati~. romani mkiTxvels mouwodebs, moiZion`gadawyvetilebis erTad miRebis ganaxlebuli SesaZlebloba~. Tuki individi moqalaqis yvelaze didi mteria da Tu individualizacia uqmnis problemas moqalaqeobas da masze dafuZnebul politikas, es imiT aixsneba, rom individTa sazrunavi srulad avsebs sazogadoebriv sivrces da amtkicebs, rom is aris mxolod misi legitimuri macxovrebeli da yvelafer sxvas ukuagdebs sajaro diskursidan.`sajaro~ kolonizebulia `kerZos~ mier;`sazogadoebrivi interesi~ daiyvaneba sazogado moRvaweebis piradi cxovrebisadmi cnobismoyvareobamde, xolo sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis xelovneba daviwroebulia pirad saqmeebsa da piradi sentimentebis sajaro aRiarebebamde(rac ufro intimuria, miT ukeTesi).`sazogadoebrivi sakiTxebi~, romlebic ewinaaRmdegeba amgvar reducirebas, gaugebari xdeba. individualuri subieqtebis moqalaqeobis respublikur sxeulSi`xelaxali CarTvis~ perspeqtivebi gaurkvevelia. is, rac maT sazogadoebriv asparezze gamosvlas aiZulebs, aris ara saerTo mizezebis Zieba an saerTo sikeTeze Tu cxovrebis saerTo principebze SeTanxmebis gzebi, aramed`qselis Seqmnis~ uimedo moTxovnileba. intimuri urTierTobebis gaziareba, rogorc riCard seneti aRniSnavs,`sazogadoebis mSe- emansipacia| 55 neblobis~, albaT, erTaderTi darCenili meTodia. mSeneblobis am teqnikas SeuZlia mxolod myife da xanmokle`sazogadoebebis~ Camoyalibeba, gafantuli da moxetiale emociebis msgavsad, mudam erTi miznidan meoreze gadanacvlebiT usafrTxo TavSesafris warumatebel ZiebaSi rom arian: saerTo wuxilebis, SfoTis an zizRis gamomxatveli sazogadoebis – Tumca, TiToeul SemTxvevaSi,`sakidis~ funqciis matarebeli sazogadoebebi uzrunvelyofs momentalur Sekrebebs lursmnis garSemo, romelzec martoxela adamianebi kideben TavianT individualur SiSebs. rogorc amas ulrix beki ambobs(eseiSi`samrewvelo sazogadoebis masobrivi sikvdilis Sesaxeb~), is, rac gacveTili socialuri normebidan gamomdinareobs, siyvarulisa da daxmarebis ZiebaSi myofi, SiSveli, SeSinebuli da agresiuli egoa. sakuTari Tavisa da mosiyvarule socialurobis ZiebaSi, is martivad ikargeba sakuTar junglebSi. is, vinc sakuTari Tavis burusSi trialebs, veRar amCnevs, rom es izolacia, es `egos martooba~ masobriv sasjels warmoadgens. individualizacia niSnavs, rom am mdgomareobaSi darCe; fiqri imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor unda moipovo gavlena imaze, raSic mTel cxovrebas vatarebT, aucileblad unda daviwyoT am faqtis aRiarebiT. individualizacias qalebisTvis da mamakacebisTvis uprecendento raodenobis Tavisuflebis gamocdileba moaqvs – magram( timeo danaos et dona ferentes ...) mas aseve Tan sdevs am Tavisuflebebis Sedegebis dasaZlevad uprecedento odenobis amocanebi. rogorc Cans, TviTdamkvidrebis uflebasa da socialuri pirobebis gakontrolebis SesaZleblobas Soris arsebuli ufskruli, romelic 56| Txevadi modernuloba Tavis damkvidrebas SesaZleblad anda ararealurad aqcevs, Txevadi modernulobis mTavari winaaRmdegobriobaa – im winaaRmdegobriobad, romelis koleqtiurad gadalaxvisTvisac koleqtiurad unda SeviswavloT cdebisa da Secdomebis, kritikuli fiqrisa da Tamami eqsperimentebis saSualebiT. kritikuli Teoriis sirTuleebi individTa sazogadoebaSi modernizaciis impulsis nebismieri gamovlineba niSnavs realobis daJinebul kritikas. impulsebis privatizacia ki gulisxmobs daJinebul TviTkritikas, romelic ibadeba sakuTari Tavisadmi mudmivi ukmayofilebis Sedegad: individad yofna de iure niSnavs imas, rom sakuTar ubedurebaSi Sen garda aravinaa damnaSave, sakuTari marcxis mizezi mxolod Sens sizarmacesa da sibriyveSi unda eZebo. Sesabamisad, gamosavalic erTaderTia – ecado ufro da ufro metad. TviTuaryofisa da sakuTari Tavis upativcemulobis riskis qveS yovel dRe cxovreba ar aris ioli. socialuri sivrcidan yuradRebis sakuTar moqmedebebze koncentrirebiT, sadac individualuri arsebobis winaaRmdegobebi koleqtiurad warmoiqmneba, qalebi da kacebi cdiloben, TavianTi rTuli mdgomareobis Semsubuqebas, raTa gasagebi da martivad asaxsneli gaxdes tanjvis mizezi, rac Semdeg, SesaZloa, gamoswordes. es ar niSnavs imas, rom`biografiuli gadawyvetilebebis~ miReba saSineli tvirTia: ubralod, ar arsebobs efeq- emansipacia| 57 turi`biografiuli gadawyvetilebebi sistemuri winaaRmdegobebisTvis.~ Sesabamisad, gansaxorcielebuli gadawyvetilebebis ukmarisobis kompensireba warmosaxviTi gziT xdeba. miuxedavad amisa, imisaTvis, rom yvela`gadawyvetileba~ – warmosaxviTi Tu namdvili – gonivruli da sicocxlisunariani iyos, unda Seesabamebodes amocanebisa da pasuxismgeblobebis`individualurobas~. amrigad, arsebobs moTxovna calkeul `sakidebze~, romelzec SeSinebul individebs SeeZlebaT koleqtiurad Camokideba, Tundac cota xniT, TavianTi individualuri SiSebidan gamomdinare. Cveni dro xelsayrelia gantevebis vacebis ZiebisaTvis – iqnebian esini, politikosebi, romlebic TavianTi pirad cxovrebas ingreven, kriminalebi, romlebic saSiSi quCebidan da ubnebidan gamodian, Tu`Cvens Soris myofi ucxoelebi~. Cveni droeba savsea dapatentebuli saketebiT, qurdebisgan damcavi signalizaciiT, mavTulxlarTebiT, ubnis meTvalyureobiT da sxva damcavi saSualebebiT; iseve, rogorc`gamomZiebeli~ tabloidi JurnalistebiT, romlebic SeTqmulebebze nadiroben, raTa fantomebiT gaavson avismomaswaveblad dacarielebuli sazogadoebrivi sivrce da axali, damajerebeli mizezebi moZebnon`moraluri panikis~ dasaTesad, romelic sakmarisad sastiki iqneba, raTa sazogadoeba mniSvnelovnad gamoTavisufldes masSi dagrovili SiSisa da brazisagan. erTxelac gavimeoreb: arsebobs farTo da mzardi ufskruli individis de iure mdgomareobasa da de faqtod gaxdomis Sansebs Soris – anu, moipovon kontroli sakuTar bedze da gaakeTon is arCevani, romelic namdvilad surT. zustad am ufskrulidan warmoiSoba 58| Txevadi modernuloba yvelaze Sxamiani gamonadeni, romelic Tanamedrove adamianebs cxovrebas uwamlavs. Tumca, am ufskrulis gadalaxva mxolod individualuri ZalisxmeviT ver xerxdeba. saWiroa is saSualebebi da resursebi, rac xelmisawvdomia TviTmarTvadi cxovrebiseuli politikisTvis. am ufskrulis aRmofxvra politikis sakiTxia – politikis, didi ‘P’ asoTi. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ufskruli aRmocenda da gaizarda zustad sazogadoebrivi sivrcis, gansakuTrebiT ki`agoras~ daclis gamo, Suamavlis, sajaro / kerZo sivrcis meSveobiT, sadac cxovrebiseuli politika xvdeba politikas didi P asoTi, sadac piradi problemebi iTargmneba sazogadoebriv enaze, xolo sazogadoebrivi gadawyvetilebebi ganixileba da Tanxmdeba kerZo problemebis gadasaWrelad. uremi ukve gadabrunda: kritikuli Teoriis amocana Seicvala. rogor wesi, es amocana gaxldaT is, rom piradi avtonomia daecva`sajaro sferos~ mowinave jarebisgan, upirovno saxelmwifosa da misi mravali biurokratiuli sacecis an maTi ufro momcro aslebis mkacri mmarTvelobisgan. axla ki amocana aris, rom daicvas gauCinarebuli sazogadoebrivi sfero; ufro swored, aRadginos da xelaxla Seavsos sazogadoebrivi sivrce, romelic dacarielebulia orive mxridan dezertirobis gamo, raSic igulisxmeba:`dainteresebuli moqalaqis~ gasvla da realuri Zalauflebis gaqceva im teritoriaze, romelsac, miuxedavad Tanamedrove demokratiuli institutebis miRwevebisa, erTaderTi `kosmosur sivrces~ Tu vuwodebT. simarTles aRar Seesabameba mtkiceba, rom`sazogadoeba~ momarTulia, moaxdinos`kerZos~ kolonizacia. saqme sul sxvagvaradaa: kerZo axdens sazogadoebrivi emansipacia| 59 sivrcis kolonizebas, sdevnis da aZevebs yvelafers, rac ver gamoixateba pirad sazrunavsa da miswrafebebSi. araerTgzis gviTqvams, rom is aris sakuTari bedis patroni, individs ar aqvs mizezi,`aqtualuri mniSvneloba~ mianiWos(alfred Sucis termini rom gamoviyenoT) im yvelafers, rac winaaRmdegobas uwevs sakuTari Tavis STanTqmas. nacvlad amisa is ganixilavs sakuTar SesaZleblobebs; aseTi mizezis qona da masTan SesabamisobaSi moqmedeba warmoadgens moqalaqis savaWro niSans. individisTvis, sazogadoebrivi sivrce sxva araferia, Tu ara giganturi ekrani, sadac kerZoze wuxilebis proecireba xdeba, ise, rom isini kerZo xasiaTs ar kargaven da ar iZenen axal koleqtiur maxasiaTeblebs gafarToebisas: sajaro sivrce aris adgili, sadac xdeba piradi saidumloebebisa da intimuri urTierTobebis aRiareba.`sajaro~ sivrceSi yoveldRiurad dagegmili turebis Semdeg, individebi brundebian ufro gaZlierebulebi TavianT de iure individualurobaSi da amtkiceben, rom maTi martoxela cxovrebis stili aris is, rac xdis yvela danarCens`maTnairs~, xolo – maTnairebi – itanjebian damarcxebis procesSi. rac Seexeba Zalauflebas, is quCidan, bazrobidan, asambleis darbazebidan da parlamentebidan gadadis adgilobriv da erovnul saxelmwifo organoebze da rCeba moqalaqeebis kontrols miRma, eleqtronuli qselebis eqsteritoriulobaSi. xelisuflebis rCeuli strategiuli principebi dRes aris gaqceva, Tavidan acileba da dayofa, xolo maTTvis idealuri piroba uxilavoba gaxlavT. maTi svlebisa da am svlebis gauTvaliswinebeli Sedegebis winaswar ganWvretis mcde- 60| Txevadi modernuloba lobas praqtikuli Sedegi aqvs, romelic ar hgavs`amindis cvlilebis Tavidan acilebis ligis~ moqmedebebs. amitomac, sajaro sivrce sul ufro dacarielda sazogadoebrivi sakiTxebisgan. igi ver asrulebs Tavis pirvandel rols, uzrunvelyos Sexvedrebisa da dialogis adgili piradi problemebisa da sazogadoebrivi sakiTxebis gansaxilvelad. individualizaciis zewolis dasrulebisas, individebs TandaTanobiT, magram Tanmimdevrulad, CamoerTvaT moqalaqeobis damcavi javSnebi da dakarges moqalaqeobis unarebi da interesebi. am pirobebSi, de iure individis de faqto individad gadaqcevis perspeqtiva(anu imad, romelic gankargavs TviTdamkvidrebisTvis saWiro resursebs), rogorc Cans, jer kidev Sorsaa. de iure individi ar SeiZleba gadaiqces de faqto individad, sanam moqalaqe ar gaxdeba. ar arsebobs avtonomiuri individi avtonomiuri sazogadoebis gareSe, xolo sazogadoebis avtonomia moiTxovs mizanmimarTul da mudmiv TviTganaTlebas, rac SeiZleba mxolod saerTo miRwevad CaiTvalos. `sazogadoeba~ yovelTvis orazrovan kavSirSi iyo individualur avtonomiasTan: igi erTdroulad iyo misi mteric da misi TviTmyofadi mdgomareobac. magram, safrTxeebis da Sansebis proporciebi imasTan mimarTebaSi, rac ambivalentur urTierTobad unda darCes, radikalurad Seicvala Tanamedrove istoriis ganmavlobaSi. marTalia, masze yuradRebiT dakvirvebis mizezi ar gamqrala, Tumca sazogadoeba axla aris is umTavresi piroba, romelic individebs gansakuTrebiT sWirdebaT, magram amavdroulad Zalian enatrebaT – de iure statusidan gadasvlis TavianT amao da imedga- emansipacia| 61 cruebul brZolaSi, raTa miaRwion namdvil avtonomias da SeZlon Tavis damkvidreba. Soridan Tu SevxedavT, es gaxlavT dilema, romelic gansazRvravs kritikuli Teoriis – da ufro zogadad Tu vityviT, socialuri kritikis – Tanamedrove amocanebs. es amocanebi sabolood iqamde midian, rom cdiloben, kvlavac erT mTlianobad aqcion is, rac formalurma individualizaciam da Zalauflebisa da politikebis erTmaneTisagan daSorebam daanawevra. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, iwyeben dacarielebuli agoris xelTavidan mowyobasa da xalxiT Sevsebas – individualuri da saerTo, piradi da sazogadoebrivi Sexvedris, debatebis da molaparakebebis adgilis Seqmnis mizniT. Tuki kritikuli Teoriis Zveli mizani – adamianis emansipacia – dRes raimes niSnavs, esaa ufskrulis im ori kidis SeerTeba, romelic gaixsna de iure individualur realobasa da de faqto individualur perspeqtivas Soris. xolo individebi, romlebmac Tavidan Seiswavles moqalaqeobis daviwyebuli unarebi da xelaxla aiTvises moqalaqeobis dakarguli instrumentebi, am xidis mSeneblobisTvis erTaderT samSeneblo masalas warmoadgens. kritikuli Teoriis gadaxedva `fiqris saWiroeba aris is, rac gvaiZulebs vifiq­ roT~, – Tqva adornom. misi negatiuri dialeqtika, romlis mixedviTac kacobriobisTvis arastumarTmoyvare samyaroSi adamianad yofnis gzebis xangrZlivi da mtanjveli gamokvleva mTavrdeba am mkvaxe, Tumca 62| Txevadi modernuloba arafrismTqmeli fraziT: asobiT gverdis Semdeg, araferi axsnila, ar gamomJRavnebula arcerTi saidumlo da arc raimes mtkicebuleba. adamianis yofis saidumloeba iseTive gaugebaria, rogorc es mogzaurobis dasawyisSi iyo. azrovneba gvaqcevs Cven adamianad, magram zustad adamianad yofnaa is, rac fiqris saSualebas gvaZlevs. azrovneba ver aixsneba; magram mas axsna ar sWirdeba. azrovnebas ar sWirdeba gamarTleba; magram romc vecadoT, ver gavamarTlebT. es rTuli situacia, isev da isev gvetyoda adorno, arc azrovnebis sisusteze miuTiTebs da arc moazrovne adamianis sircxvilze. albaT ufro piriqiT. adornos kalmis qveS, mkacri aucilebloba privilegiad iqceva. rac ufro naklebad SeiZleba aixsnas azri nacnobi da gasagebi terminebiT yoveldRiur TviTgadarCenaSi Cabmuli qalebisa da kacebisaTvis, miT ufro uaxlovdeba is kacobriobis standartebs; rac ufro naklebad SeiZleba gamarTldes xelSesaxebi miRwevebisa da sargeblobis TvalsazrisiT, an supermarketSi Tu safondo birJaze masze mimagrebuli fasis niSani, miT ufro maRalia misi humanitaruli Rirebuleba. swored sabazro Rirebulebis aqtiuri Zieba da dauyovnebeli moxmarebis moTxovnileba aris is, rac safrTxes uqmnis azrovnebis namdvil Rirebulebas.`arcerTi azri ar aris daculi~, wers adorno, komunikaciis winaSe, da araswor adgilas da araswor SeTanxmebaSi misi gamoyeneba, sakmarisia misi WeSmaritebis gasabaTileblad. inteleqtualuri, xelSeuxebeli izolaciisTvis erTaderTi gza axla solidarobis garkveuli zomebis Cvene- emansipacia| 63 baa. ganyenebuli damkvirvebelic iseTive dabneulia, rogorc aqtiuri monawile; pirvelis erTaderTi upiratesoba imis codnaa, rom igi rTul situaciaSi da rom usasrulod mcire Tavisufleba, romelic codnidan, rogorc aseTidan, momdinareobs. cxadi xdeba, rom gageba Tavisuflebis dasawyisia, rogorc ki gavixsenebT, rom`subieqti, romelic gulubryvilod moqmedebs, sakuTar Tavs gaumWvirvale mdgomareobaSi agdebs~, xolo gaumWvirvaloba mudmivi gulubryvilobis garantia xdeba. iseve, rogorc azrs sxva araferi sWirdeba Tavis Tavis garda damkvidrebisaTvis, gulubryvilobac TviTkmaria. manam, sanam ar Sewuxdeba gagebiT, is ucvleli darCeba. `nu SewuxdebiT~; sinamdvileSi, arsis gagebas iSviaTad egebebian sixaruliT isini, vinc miCveulia cxovrebas misi, rogorc gareSe gaTavisuflebis tkbili perspeqtivis gareSe. gulubryvilobis gamo yvelaze mRelvare da veraguli mdgomareobac ki misTvis nacnobi da usafrTxoa da masze nebismieri saeWvo ramis Tqma iwvevs eWvsa da undoblobas, rasac Zalzed cota adamiani Tu miesalmeba. rogorc Cans, adorno dadebiTad afasebs am farTod gavrcelebul guliswyromas gagebis mimarT, Tumca, es arafrismomcemia. gulubryvilos ara-Tavisufleba moazrovne adamianis Tavisuflebaa. es aadvilebs`xelSeuxebel izolacias~.`is, vinc gasayidad gvTavazobs raRac unikalurs, risi yidvac aravis surs, survilis miuxedavad, warmoadgens gacvlisgan Tavisuflebas~. am azrs, meore azrisagan mxolod erTi nabiji aSorebs: gadasaxleba, rogorc arqetipu- 64| Txevadi modernuloba li piroba, gacvlisgan gasaTavisufleblad. produqtebi, romlebic gadasaxlebas gvTavazoben, iseTia, rom aravis moundeba maTi mciredi raodenobiT SeZenac ki~. `emigraciaSi myofi inteligencia, gamonaklisis gareSe, yvela dasaxiCrebulia~, – wers adorno, amerikeli, gadasaxlebuli.`is cxovrobs garemoSi, romelic misTvis gaugebrad unda darCes~. gasakviri ar aris, rom is dazRveulia adgilobriv bazarze raime Rirebulebis Seqmnis riskisgan. aqedan gamomdinare,`Tuki evropaSi ezoTeruli Jesti xSirad mxolod da mxolod sababi iyo yvelaze brma piradi interesebisTvis, mkacri ekonomikis koncefcia … emigraciaSi yvelaze metad misaRebi gveCveneba~. gadasaxleba moazrovneebisTvis igivea, rac saxli gulubryvilosTvis. swored gadasaxlebaSi myofi moazrovne adamianis gaucxoeba misi Cveuli cxovrebis wesidan iZens gadarCenis mniSvnelobas. dosenis redaqciiT`upaniSadis~ kiTxvisas, adornom da hokhaimerma gamkenwlavi komentarebi gaakeTes imis Sesaxeb, rom WeSmaritebas, silamazesa da samarTlianobas Soris kavSiris maZiebelTa Teoriuli da praqtikuli sistemebi(`istoriis autsaiderebis~)`arc ise mkacri da centralizebulia; warmatebuli sistemebisgan isini gansxvavdebian anarqiis elementebiT. isini ideasa da individualizms ufro met mniSvnelobas aniWeben, vidre marTvasa da koleqtivs. amitomac iwveven brazs~. imisTvis, rom ideebi warmatebuli iyos, raTa CavwvdeT gamoqvabulSi mcxovrebTa warmosaxvas, eleganturma vedurma ritualma Tavis Tavze unda aiRos upaniSadebis bundovan fiqrebze pasuxismgebloba, nakleb emociurma da gulkeTilma stoikosebma unda Caanacvlon impulsuri da ampartavani cinikosebi da ukiduresad emansipacia| 65 praqtikulma wm. pavlem unda Caanacvlos daxvewilad arapraqtikuli wm. ioane naTlismcemeli. Tumca, mTavari kiTxva isaa, SeuZlia Tu ara am ideebis emansipatorul Zalas gadaurCes miwier warmatebas. adornos pasuxi am kiTxvaze melanqoliuria:`Zveli regionebisa da skolebis istoria, Tanamedrove partiebisa da revoluciebis msgavsad, gvaswavlis, rom gadarCenis fasi praqtikuli monawileobaa, ideebis dominantad gadaqcevaa~. am bolo winadadebaSi mTavari strategiuli dilema, mudmivad atarebs originaluri`kritikuli skolis~ yvelaze cnobili damfuZnebelis varauds: is, vinc fiqrobs da zrunavs, ganwirulia imoZraos sufTa, Tumca umaqnisi gonis scilasa da batonobaze efeqturi, Tumca binZuri pretenziis mqone qaribdas Soris. Tertium non datur . arc praqtikisadmi swrafva da arc praqtikis uaryofa ar gvTavazobs karg gamosavals. pirvels axasiaTebs tendencia, gadaiqces dominantad – axali SezRudvebis mimarT misi yvela Tanxmlebi saSinelebiT, Tavsmoxveuli TavisuflebiT, efeqtebis utilitaruli pragmatizmiT, romlebic prioritetulia eTikuri principebis mizezebze da romelsac mosdevs Tavisuflebis ambiciis Sesusteba da Semdgomi damaxinjeba. meorem, SeiZleba daakmayofilos narcisuli miswrafeba ukompromiso siwmindisaken, magram azrovnebas sabolood araefeqturad da unayofod aqcevs: filosofia, rogorc ludvig vitgenStaini sevdianad SeniSnavda, yvelafers datovebda ise, rogorc iyo; azrovnebas, romelic adamianis arahumanuri mdgomareobis zizRisgan warmoiSveba, Zalian cota ramis an saerTod arafris gakeTeba SeuZlia imisTvis, rom es 66| Txevadi modernuloba mdgomareoba ufro humanuri gaxados. Vita contemplativa (mWvreteli cxovrebisa) da vita activa (aqtiuri cxovrebis) dilema gvaiZulebs, arCevani gavakeToT or erTnairad arakompetentur perspeqtivas Soris. rac ufro ukeTesadaa azrovnebaSi faseulobebi daculi dabinZurebisgan, miT ufro nakleb mniSvnelovani iqneba maTTvis, visTvisac arian gankuTvnilni. rac ufro didi iqneba maTi gavlena am cxovrebaze, miT ufro naklebad mogvagonebs cxovreba im reformirebul faseulobebs, ramac ganapiroba da STaagona es reforma. adornos wuxils didi istoria aqvs, romelic modis platonis dasmuli problemidan`gamoqvabulSi dabrunebis~ sibrZnisa da mizanSewonilobis Sesaxeb. es problema warmoiSva platonis mowodebidan filosofosebisadmi, rom maT daetovebinaT banalurobis bneli gamoqvabuli da – azrovnebis siwmindis saxeliT – uari eTqvaT gamoqvabulis mobinadreebTan nebismier kavSirze cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi da amgvarad, yofiliyvnen naTeli ideis samyaroSi. problema isaa, rom filosofosebs TavianTi monapovari unda gaeziarebinaT gamoqvabulSi darCenilebisTvis da Tu isini amas moisurveben, ramdenad mousmendnen SigniT darCenilebi maT. Tavisi epoqis stilis Sesabamisad, platoni eloda, rom kontaqtebis SesaZlo darRveva macneTa mkvlelobas gamoiwvevda. platonis dasmuli problemis adornoseuli versia post-ganmanaTleblur samyaroSi Camoyalibda, sadac eretikosebis koconze dawva sabolood gadavida modidan. axal samyaroSi gamoqvabulis macxovreblebs, romlebic amJamad biurgerebad iqcnen, aRar hqondaT WeSmaritebisa da umaRlesi faseulobebisadmi Tandayoli- emansipacia| 67 li enTuziazmi, rogorc platonis dros iyo; mosalodneli iyo, rom isini mkveTrad daupirispirdebodnen imgvar mesijebs, romlebic maT yoveldRiur simSvides daarRvevda. Tumca, axal stilTan Sesabamisad, komunikaciis gafuWebis Sedegi gansxvavebuli formiT iyo gaTvaliswinebuli. kavSiri codnasa da Zalauflebas Soris, rac ubralo fantazias warmoadgenda platonis xanaSi, gadaiqca filosofiis rutinul da praqtikulad aqsiomatur postulatad da politikis saerTo da yoveldRiurad saWiroebad. mizezidan, ris gamoc SeiZleba adamiani moeklaT, simarTle iqca mkvlevlobis karg safuZvlad.(cot-cota orive iyo xolme, magram am nazavSi arsebuli proporciebi mkveTrad Seicvala). amrigad, bunebrivi da gonivruli iyo molodini, rom adornos xanaSi, keTili sityvis uaryofili mociqulebi SesaZleblobis SemTxvevaSi, Zalas gamoiyenebdnen; isini aucileblad ecdebodnen mbrZaneblobas winaaRmdegobis damarcxebis mizniT da aiZulebdnen an moisyiddnen TavianT oponentebs, raTa gaegrZelebiaT TavianTi dawyebuli gza. Zvel rTul mdgomareobas – anu imas, Tu rogor vipoviT iseT sityvebs, romlebsac vetyviT informaciis ar mqone yurebs ise, rom safrTxis qveS ar davayenebT Setyobinebis arss da rogor gamovxatavT simarTles ise, rom martivad gaTavisebadi da sakmarisad mimzidveli gaxdes, raTa SesaZlebeli iyos misi gageba Sinaarsis damaxinjebis gareSe – daemata axali sirTule, gansakuTrebiT mwvave da SemaSfoTebeli im SemTxvevaSi, Tu gzavnili savsea gaTavisuflebis, ganmaTavisuflebeli ambiciebiT: rogor aviciloT Tavidan an rogor daviyvanoT minimumamde mainc, Zalauflebasa da mbrZaneblobaze korufciis gavlena, 68| Txevadi modernuloba romelic ukve ganixileba, rogorc mTavari saSualeba Setyobinebis gadasacemad ? es ori problema erTmaneTSia gadaxlarTuli, rac kargad Cans leo Strausisa da aleqsandre koJevis Soris arsebul mwvave davaSi. `filosofia~, – amtkicebda Strausi, es aris –`maradiuli da ucvleli wesrigis Zieba, romelSic, erTi mxriv, mimdinareobs istoria da romelic, meore mxriv, ar aris damokidebuli istoriaze~. is rac maradiuli da ucvlelia, aseve flobs universalurobis Tvisebas; magram am`maradiuli da ucvleli wesrigis~ universalurobis miRweva SeiZleba`namdvili codnis an sibrZnis safuZvelze~ – da ara Serigebisa da azrTa SeTanxmebis gziT. mosazrebaze dafuZnebuli SeTanxmeba verasodes gaxdeba universaluri SeTanxmeba. nebismieri rwmena, romelsac pretenzia aqvs universalurobaze, anu imaze, rom iyos sayovelTaod gaziarebuli, aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi ki, provocirebas uwevs kontrrwmenas, romelsac igive pretenziebi aqvs. brZenTa mier SeZenili WeSmariti codnis gavrceleba ucodinarTa Soris ar iqneba sasargeblo, radgan misTvis damaxasiaTebeli difuzoruli gavrcelebiT, codna gardauvalad gardaiqmneba sakuTar azrad, crurwmenad an ubralod rwmenad, StrausisTvis, iseve rogorc koJevisTvis, ufskruli sibrZnesa da`ubralo rwmenas~ Soris da maT Soris komunikaciis sirTule, avtomaturad miuTiTebda Zalauflebisa da politikis problemaze. ori tipis cod- emansipacia| 69 nas Soris SeuTavsebloba orive polemikosis SemTxvevaSi, warmodgeba rogorc`sibrZnis mqoneTa~ wesrigis, aRsrulebisa da politikuri CarTulobis sakiTxi, anda pirdapir rom vTqvaT, rogorc filosofiasa da saxelmwifos Soris urTierTobis problema, rac politikis ZiriTad aqcentad ganixileba. problema dadis arCevanis gakeTebaze politikur monawileobasa da politikuri praqtikisgan radikalur distancirebas Soris da aseve, TiToeul SemTxvevaSi, SesaZlo mogebis, riskebisa da naklovanebebis frTxil gaangariSebamde. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom maradiul wesrigze, filosofosTa zrunvis WeSmarit saganze,`istoria saerTod ar axdens gavlenas~, ra gziT SeiZleba moaxdinos gavlena istoriis mmarTvelebTan, ZalauflebebTan urTierTobam Tavad filosofiis am sakiTxze ? StrausisTvis es ufro ritorikuli kiTxva iyo, radgan`aseTi gza ar arsebobs~ – es aris erTaderTi gonivruli da aSkara pasuxi. filosofiis WeSmaritebaze SeiZleba marTlac ar axdens gavlenas istoria, upasuxa koJevma, magram is gulisxmobs, rom mas SeuZlia istoriisgan Sors yofna: es WeSmariteba gulisxmobs istoriaSi Sesvlas, raTa misi reformireba gaxdes SesaZlebeli – da amitom, urTierToba Zalauflebis mflobelebTan, bunebriv mcvelebTan, romlebic meTvalyureoben am Sesasvlels da blokaven an Sesvlis nebas iZlevian, filosofiuri saqmianobis ganuyofeli da mniSvnelovani nawilia. istoria es aris filosofiis realizacia; filosofiis WeSmariteba Tavis saboloo gamocdasa da dadasturebas poulobs mis miRebasa da aRiarebaSi. filosofosebis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, rodesac saxelmwifos 70| Txevadi modernuloba sxeuli xdeba. aRiareba ki umaRlesi telosi da filosofiis damowmebaa. ase rom, filosofosTa moqmedebebis obieqti aris ara mxolod filosofia an Tavad filosofosebi, rac maTi azriT, filosofosobis`Sida saqmea~, aramed es aris samyaro da sabolood, am orTa Soris harmonia, ufro sworad, samyaros mimsgavseba WeSmaritebasTan, sadac filosofosebi mcvelebad gvevlinebian. amitomac, is, rom mas`kavSiri ar aqvs~ politikasTan, pasuxi araa. amas ara mxolod`am samyaros~, aramed filosofiis Ralatis sunic dahkravs. gverds ver avuvliT msofliosTan arsebuli`politikuri xidis~ sakiTxs. da vinaidan am xids ar emsaxurebian saxelmwifo moxeleebi, kiTxva imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor unda daakavSiros am xidma filosofia samyarosTan, arsad gaqreba da pasuxis gacemas saWiroebs. aseve, gverds ver avuvliT, yovel SemTxvevaSi, Tavidanve, sanam WeSmarit filosofiasa da samyaros realobis Soris ufskruli arsebobs, im sastik faqtsac, rom saxelmwifo iRebs tiraniis formas. tirania(koJevi jiutad amtkicebs, rom xelisuflebis es forma SeiZleba ganisazRvros moralurad neitraluri TvalsazrisiT) myaradeba maSin, rodesac moqalaqeTa garkveuli nawili(mniSvneloba ar aqvs umravlesoba iqneba es, Tu umciresoba) yvela sxva moqalaqes akisrebs sakuTar ideebsa da moqmedebebze pasuxs, rasac xelmZRvanelobs avtoriteti, romelsac adamianTa es jgufi spontanurad cnobs, Tumca misi cnoba sxvebs ver aiZules; da sadac es jgufi sxvebs Tavs axvevs yvelafers yovelgvari SeTanxmebis, raime tipis kompromisis emansipacia| 71 miRwevis mcdelobis da maTi ideebisa da survilebis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe(gansazRvruli sxva avtoritetis mier, romelsac es sxvebi spontanurad aRiareben). vinaidan da radganac sxvisi ideebis da survilebis ugulebelyofaa is, rac tiranias tiraniad aqcevs, amocana ki mdgomareobs sqizmogenetikuri jaWvis gawyvetaSi(rogorc gregori beitsoni ityoda), erTi mxriv, uzomo ugulebelyofasa da, meore mxriv, gansxvavebul azrovnebas Soris. unda moiZebnos raime saxis safuZveli, romelze dayrdnobiTac orive mxare Sexvdeba da moaxerxebs nayofier saubars. es safuZveli ki (amis Sesaxeb koJevi da Strausi erTsulovnebi arian) mxolod WeSmariti filosofia SeiZleba iyos, romelsac kavSiri aqvs – rogorc es Cveulebriv xdeba – rogorc maradiul da absolutur, ise sayovelTaod validur sagnebTan.(yvela sxva safuZveli, romelic SeiZleba SemogvTavazon`ubralod rwmeniT~, mxolod brZolis velad Tu gamogvadgeba). koJevs swamda, rom amis gakeTeba SeiZleboda, magram Strauss ara:`me ar mjera sokrates xalxTan saubris SesaZleblobis~. vinc aseT saubarSia CarTuli, filosofosi ki ar aris, aramed`garkveuli ritorikis~ warmomadgeneli, romelsac afiqrebs ara im gzis gagrZeleba, romliTac WeSmariteba unda mivides xalxamde, aramed imisadmi morCileba, rac SeiZleba Zalauflebebs dasWirdebaT an rasac ubrZaneben. filosofosebs metis gakeTeba SeuZliaT, vidre ritorikisTvis rCevis micemaa, xolo Sansi imisa, rom filosofia da sazogadoeba odesme Serigdebian da gaerTiandebian, Zalian minimaluria. 72| Txevadi modernuloba Sstrausi da koJevi SeTanxmdnen, rom kavSiri universalur faseulobebsa da socialuri cxovrebis istoriulad Camoyalibebul realobas Soris aris politika; mZime modernulobis gadmosaxedidan werisas, maT miaCniaT, rom politika ikveTeba saxelmwifos moqmedebebTan. amitomac, Semdegomi ganxilvebis gareSe igulisxmeba, rom filosofosebis winaSe mdgari dilema martiv arCevnamde dadioda`aReba~ Tu`datoveba~: an unda gamoiyeno kavSiri, yovelgvari riskebis miuxedavad, an(azrovnebis siwmindis gulisTvis) misgan Tavi Sors unda daiWiro da SeinarCuno distancia Zalauflebisa da Zalauflebis ganmkargvelebisagan. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, arCevani unda gaakeTo uZlurad darCenaze mibmul WeSmaritebasa da WeSmaritebisadmi orgulad yofnas mibmul Zalas Soris. mZime modernuloba, bolos da bolos, realobis Camoyalibebis xana iyo, arqiteqturis an mebaReobis stilSi; gonivrul ganaCenTan dakavSirebuli sinamdvile xarisxis mkacri kontroliTa da mkacri proceduruli wesebis dacviT unda`aSenebuliyo~ da upirvelesyovlisa, samuSaoebis dawyebamde unda SemuSavebuliyo. es iyo xatvisa da xazvis epoqa – ara imdenad socialuri teritoriis rukaze dasatanad, aramed am teritoriis sicxadisa da logikis doneze asayvanad, riTic mxolod rukebi daikvexnian. es iyo epoqa, sadac gonis realobaSi dakanonebis imedi hqondaT, sadac fsonebi ise gadalagdeboda, rom racionalur qcevas waaxalisebda, xolo gonierebis sawinaaRmdego nebismieri qceva Zalian Zvirad daujdeboda nebismiers. dakanonebis mizeziT, kanonmdeblebisa da samarTaldamcavi organoebis ugulebelyofa, cxadia, SesaZlebeli emansipacia| 73 ar iyo. misi xelis Semwyobi dilema Seexeboda saxelmwifosTan urTierTgagebis sakiTxs, TanamSromlobis saxes miiRebda is Tu konkurenciis: rac, marTlac, sikvdil-sicocxlis sakiTxi iyo. cxovrebiseuli politikis kritika roca aRar arsebobs iseTi saxelmwifos imedi, romelic gpirdeba an moqmedebs rogorc gonis sruluflebiani warmomadgenli da racionaluri sazogadoebis Semqneli, kargi sazogadoebis ofisebSi mdgari dafebiT, mrCevlTa, TarjimanTa da brokerTa mravalferovani brbos garemocviT, romlebic valdebulebas iReben, kanonmdeblebze adre Seasrulon amocana, gasakviri aRar aris, rom kritikul Teoretikosebs, romelTac surT emansipaciis saqmianobaSi mniSvnelovani rolis Sesruleba, glovoben TavianT uzarmazar danakliss. iSleba ara mxolod savaraudo gadamtani da amavdroulad mizanic ganmaTavisuflebeli brZolisa; aramed, aseve naklebad savaraudoa, rom kritikuli Teoriis centraluri, ganmsazRvreli dilema, is RerZi, romlis garSemoc trialebda kritikuli diskusia, gadaitans am satransporto saSualebis moSlas. bevri grZnobs, rom kritikuli diskusia, SeiZleba Temis gareSe darCes. da bevri cdilobs, sasowarkveTili CaeWidos kritikis orTodoqsul strategias mxolod imis dasadastureblad, rom dirskurs namdvilad gamoecala xelSesaxebi sagani, radgan diagnozi sul ufro gadis mimdinare realobis sazRvrebidan da winadadebebi ufro da ufro 74| Txevadi modernuloba bundovani xdeba; bevri daJinebiT iTxovs Zvel omebSi brZolas, romlebSic maT gamocdileba SeiZines da am sando, sabrZolo vels amjobineben axal, jerjerobiT bolomde Seuswavlel teritorias, tera inkognitas. Tumca, kritikuli Teoriis perspeqtivebi(rom aRaraferi vTqvaT masze moTxovnaze), ar aris dakavSirebuli cxovrebis warmaval formebTan ise, rogorc Cvens dromde moRweuli kritikuli Teoretikosebis TviTcnobiereba aris dakavSirebuli mimdinareobisas Seqmnili formebis, unarebisa da programebis gamowvevis winaSe dayenebiT ganviTarebasTan. es mxolod emansipaciisTvis warsulSi miniWebuli mniSvnelobaa, magram is aRar arsebobs dRevandel pirobebSi, ukve moZvelebulia – aRar dgas emansipaciis amocana. axla sxva ramea mTavari. emansipaciis axali sazogadoebrivi gegma arsebobs, romelic elis Tu rodis daikavebs mas kritikul Teoria. es axali sazogadoebrivi dRis wesrigi, romelic jer kidev elodeba kritikul sajaro politikas, Cndeba adamianis Tanamedrove mdgomareobis`Txevad~ versiasTan erTad da, gansakuTrebiT, am mdgomareobidan gamomdinare cxovrebiseuli amocanebis`individualizaciis~ Sedegad. es axali dRis wesrigi warmoiSoba adre ganxilul de iure da de faqto individualurobas Soris warmoqmnili ufskrulisas, an iuridiulad damkvidrebuli `uaryofiTi Tavisuflebisas~, rac didwilad ar arsebobs, an rogorc minimum, Sorsaa`sayovelTaod xelmisawvdomi~,`pozitiuri Tavisuflebisgan~. anu Tavis damkvidrebis namdvili Zalisgan. axali piroba cotaTi Tu gansxvavdeba im pirobisagan, ramac bibliis Tanaxmad, israelianTa ajanyebas da egviptidan gamosvlas emansipacia| 75 Cauyara safuZveli.`faraonma ubrZana zedamxedvelebsa da maT ufrosebs, ar miewodebinaT Cala aguris dasamzadeblad...~,`wavidnen da TviTon Seagrovon TavianTi Cala, Tumca naxe, mainc imave raodenobis agurebs amzadeben, ramdensac adre~.`rodesac winamZRolebma aRniSnes, rom SeuZlebeli iyo CaliT saTanado momaragebis gareSe, agurebis efeqturad damzadeba, faraons brali wauyenes, Tumca man pasuxismgebloba moixsna araefeqturobaze~ da isini sizarmaceSi daadanaSaula. `dRes aRar arseboben faraonebi, romlebic brigadirebs ubrZanebdnen, gaemaTraxebinaT zarmacebi. magram im drois xelisufleba mainc axdenda Calis miwodebas, xolo aguris mwarmoeblebi gaiZaxodnen, rom mxolod sakuTari Tavis sizarmace uSliT xels samuSaos sworad SesrulebaSi da upirveles yovlisa, samuSaos kmayofilebiT SesrulebaSi. samuSao, romelic dRes adamianebs aqvT igivea, rac modernulobis dasawyisidan moyolebuli: individualuri cxovrebis TviTmowyoba da sxva TviTdamkvidrebul individebTan kavSirebis gabma. kritikul TeoretikosTa mxridan es saqme arasodes damdgara eWvqveS. rasac es Teoretikosebi akritikebdnen, iyo gulwrfeloba da mizanSewoniloba, romliTac adamianebi Tavisufldebodnen davalebuli samuSaos Sesrulebisgan. kritikulma Teoriam daadanaSaula isini, visac unda aeRo valdebuleba TviTdamkvidrebisTvis saWiro saTanado pirobebis Seqmnaze: arCevanis Tavisuflebaze ki dawesebuli iyo Zalian bevri SezRudva, arsebobda totalitaruli tendencia, rac safrTxes uqmnida Tavisuflebis mTlianad warTmevas, arCevanis Tavisuflebis Secvlas Tavsmoxveuli suleluri erTgvarovnobiT. 76| Txevadi modernuloba bevri Tavisufali agenti savsea winaaRmdegobebiT, romelTa Sejamebac arc Tu ise advilia. magaliTad, ganvixiloT TviTgamocxadebuli identobebis winaaRmdegoba, romlis aRairebisTvisac saWiroa misi sakmarisi simyare. amasTan, saWiroa moqniloba, rom man xeli ar SeuSalos Tavisufal moZraobas mudmivad cvalebad garemoSi. an adamianur-partnioruli urTierTobebis arasaimedooba, romelic axla ufro aris datvirTuli molodiniT, vidre odesme da saerTodac, Tu maTi institucionalizeba xdeba, isini axal datvirTvas naklebad uZleben. an sinanuli xelaxla aRebuli pasuxismgeblobis gamo, romelic saSiSad dacuravs gulgrilobasa da iZulebas Soris. an moqmedebis sisuste, romelsac mxolod moqmedi pirebis enTuziazmi da erTguleba gaaCnia da ufro webovani ram sWirdeba mTlianobis SesanarCuneblad, vidre mizans ar miaRwevs. an gamocdilebis ganzogadebis sirTule, romelic gamoscades piradad da subieqturad, gamoixatos problemebSi, romlebic unda Sevides sazogadoebriv dRis wesrigSi da iqces sajaro politikis sagnad. arsebobs ramdenime araCveulebrivi magaliTi, magram isini warmodgenas gviqmnian im problemebze, rac axla kritikuli Teoretikosebis winaSe dgas, romelTac TavianTi disciplinis sajaro politikis dRis wesrigSi Seyvana surT. tyuilad ar SeutaniaT eWvi kritikuli Teoriis mimdevrebs, rom`ganmanaTleblobis despotur~ versiaSi, romelic modernulobis politikur praqtikaSi gansaxierda, zustadac rom Sedegi aris is – racionalurad struqturirebuli da marTuli sazogadoeba – rasac mniSvneloba aqvs; isini eWvobdnen, rom individualuri neba, survilebi da miznebi, individualuri vis formandi emansipacia| 77 da libido formandi , mxolod poeturi survilebi iyo, rasac miecaT axali mniSvnelobebi funqciebisTvis, gamoyenebisa Tu daniSnulebisTvis, miuxedavad imisa, iyo Tu ara saWiro es resursi. amis praqtikis an SemoTavazebuli tendenciis sawinaaRmdegod, kritikulma Teoretikosebma Seqmnes sazogadoebis xedva, romelic janydeba am perspeqtivis, sazogadoebis winaaRmdeg, romelSic zustad im nebis, survilebisa da miznebis dakmayofileba, daTvla da dafasebaa saWiro, romelic mxars uWers srulyofilebis yvela sqemas, romelic dawesebulia survilebis winaaRmdeg, an survilis gaTvaliswinebiT, im mamakacTa da qalTa mimarT, romelsac moicavs TavianTi sakuTari saxeli. egreTwodebuli`totaluroba~ aRiarebuli da misaRebi iyo kritikuli skolis filosofosebis umetesobisTvis, rac savaraudod, warmoiSva SemoqmedebiTi da Tavisufali arCevanis mqone calkeuli individebis qmedebebiT. yvela kritikul Teoria Seicavda anarqistul maxasiaTeblebs: nebismieri Zala saeWvo iyo, mteri jaSuSobda mxolod Zalauflebis sasargeblod da imave mters adanaSaulebdnen Tavisuflebisgan dazaralebul yvela naklovanebasa da imedgacruebaSi(jarSi simamacis naklebobac ki niSnavda TavisuflebisTvis mamac brZolas, rogorc`masobriv kulturaze~ kamaTisas xdeba xolme). safrTxes da dartymebs elodnen sazogadoebis mxridan, romelsac yovelTvis surda`piradis~, `subieqturis~,`individualuris~ kolonizeba. naklebad fiqrobdnen im safrTxeebze, rac ukavSirdeboda sazogadoebrivi sivrcis Seviwrovebas an dacarielebas da rac SeiZleba mohyoloda reversul dapyrobas: kerZos mier sajaro sferos kolonizebas. da mainc, 78| Txevadi modernuloba es Seufasebuli SesaZlebloba dRes gadaiqca emansipaciis mTavar Semaferxeblad, romelic axla SeiZleba mxolod aRiweros, rogorc individualuri de iur e avtonomiis de faqto avtonomiad gadaqceva. sazogadoebrivi Zalaufleba asaxavs individualuri Tavisuflebis arasrulyofilebas, magram misi ukandaxeva an gaqroba xels uwyobs gamarjvebiT mopovebuli Tavisuflebis praqtikul uZlurebas. Tanamedrove emansipaciis istoria dapirispirebidan gamomdinare, pirveli saSiSroebidan meoreze gadavida. isaia berlinis terminebi rom gamoviyenoT, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mas Semdeg, rac ibrZoles da gaimarjves`negatiuri TavisuflebisTvis~, saWiro gaxda berketebi mis `pozitiur Tavisuflebad~ gadaqcevisTvis – Sedegad, mravalmxrivi arCevanis Tavisufleba da dRis wesrigi – nawilebad daiSala. sazogadoebrivma Zalauflebam dakarga ara mxolod Tavisi gasaocari da gamaRizianebeli mCagvrelis potenciali, aramed SesaZleblobebis nawilic. emansipaciis omi ar dasrulebula. magram kidev ufro win wasvlisTvis, man axla unda ganaaxlos is, ris ganadgurebisTvisac TiTqmis mTeli Tavisi istoriis ganmavlobaSi ibrZoda. nebismieri WeSmariti gaTavisufleba dRes moiTxovs ufro met, da ara ufro nakleb,`sajaro sferosa ~ da ` sajaro Zalauflebas ~ . axla, zustad sajaro sferoa is, romelsac Zalian sWirdeba dacva SemoWrili kerZo pirebisgan – TumcaRa, raoden paradoqsulic ar unda iyos, es saWiroa individualuri Tavisuflebis gasaZliereblad da ara mis dasaknineblad. rogorc yovelTvis, kritikuli azrovnebis amocanaa, rom naTeli mofinos emansipaciis gzaze Sexvedril uamrav winaRobas. dRevandeli amocanebis xasiaTis ga- emansipacia| 79 TvaliswinebiT ki, ZiriTadi dabrkolebebi, romlebic dauyovnebliv unda ganvixiloT, ukavSirdeba kerZo problemebis sajaro sakiTxebad qcevas, endemurad kerZo problemebis sazogadoebriv interesebSi gadatanas (rac ufro metia, vidre calkeuli komponentebis jami), `cxovrebiseuli politikis~ privatizebuli utopiebis rekoleqtivizacias, raTa kidev erTxel SevZloT`kargi sazogadoebisa~ da`samarTliani sazogadoebis~ miRweva. rodesac sazogadoebrivi politika kargavs Tavis funqciebs da cxovrebiseuli politika ipyrobs asparezs, problemebi, romelTac individebi de iure awydebian, individebad Camoyalibebis gzaze, de faqto aRmoCndeba xolme araadituri da arakumulaciuri, riTac igi aSiSvlebs sajaro sferos, sadac kerZo sazrunavis aRiareba da misi sajarod gamofena xdeba. amave mizeziT, individualizacia aramarto calmxrivad moZrav quCas gavs, aramed, rogorc Cans, igi anadgurebs yvela im instruments, romlis gamoyenebac SeiZleboda misi Tavdapirveli miznebis ganxorcielebisTvis. amgvari davaleba kritikul Teorias axal adrests upirispirebs. didi Zmis aCrdilma Sewyvita mTeli msoflios sxvenebsa da miwisqveSeTSi Zromiali, rogorc ki ganaTlebuli despoti gamovida Tavisi misaRebi oTaxidan. maTma axalma, Txevad modernulma, mkveTrad Semcirebulma versiebma TavSesafari ipoves piradi cxovrebis politiebkis miniaturul sferoSi; swored mand unda veZeboT individualuri avtonomiis Sansebi da movaxdinoT safrTxis lokalizeba – im avtonomiis, romelis realizebac versad moxdeba, garda avtonomiuri sazogadoebisa. saerTo alternatiuli cxovrebis Zieba unda daiwyos cxovrebiseuli politikebis alternativebis Seswavlidan. 2 individualuroba rTuli gasaxsenebelia da kidev ufro rTulad gasagebia is, rom araumetes 50 wlis win gavrcelebuli kamaTi avi winaTgrZnobebis da im SiSebis arsis garSemo, romelsac momavali moaswavebda im SemTxvevaSi, Tu araferi SeaCerebda, sanam Zalian gviani ar iqneboda, mimdinareobda oldos haqslis~ Brave New World ”-sa da jorj oruelis` 1984 ~-s Soris. kamaTi, ra Tqma unda, wrfeli da namdvili iyo, vinaidan am ori antiutopistis mier esoden cxadad warmosaxuli samyaroebi ise gansxvavdebodnen erTmaneTisgan, rogorc carci gansxvavdeba yvelisgan. oruelis samyaro siduxWiris, siRatakis, ukmarobisa da gaWirvebis samyaroa; haqslis samyaro ki, simdidris, mflangvelobis, siuxvisa da maZRrobis samyaroa. Sesabamisad, oruelis samyaroSi mcxovrebi adamianebi SiSiTa da sevdiT arian Sepyrobili maSin, rodesac haqslis samyaroSi xalxs uzrunveli da mxiaruli cxovreba aqvs. am or samyaros Soris sxva, aranakleb RirsSesaniSnav gansxvavebsac vxvdebiT, isini erTmaneTs, praqtikulad, yovel detalSi upirispirdebian. individualuroba| 81 da mainc, arsebobda raRac, rac aerTianebda am or xedvas.(amis gareSe, es ori antiutopisti, kamaTs rom Tavi davaneboT, erTmaneTs arc ki daelaparakeboda.) orive iziarebda winaTgrZnobas mkacrad gakontrolebuli samyaros Sesaxeb, sadac individualuri Tavisufleba, aramxolod ubralo Tavis moCvenebamde da TiTqmis nulamde iqneboda dayvanili, aramed SeZulebuli iqneboda im xalxis mier, romelic gawrTvnes brZanebebis Sesrulebasa da dadgenili wesebis SesrulebaSi; rogorc haqslis, ise oruelis samyaroSi gvxvdeba mcire elita, romelsac sakuTar xelSi mouqcevia yvela Zafi, romliTac danarCeni xalxis cxovrebas marionetebis msgavsad marTaven; isini iziareben mmarTvelebad da marTulebad, Semqmnelebad da maTi gegmebis mimdevrebad dayofili samyaros xedvas, sadac pirvelni amjobineben sakuTari Canafiqrebi skivrebSi gadamalon, xolo meoreebs ar ZaluZT an ubralod ar surT Caerion maT saqmeebSi, Tumca yvelafris azrs ki wvdebian; isini iziareben samyaros xedvas, romlebmac maTi alternativis arseboba faqtobrivad warmoudgeneli gaxades. is, rom momavals maragSi naklebi Tavisufleba, meti kontroli da meti Cagvra hqonda, kamaTis nawili arc yofila. oruelisa da haqslis uTanxmoebis sagani samyaros mier aRebuli gezi arasdros yofila, maT ubralod sxvadasxvagvarad warmoedginaT is gzebi, romlebic iq migviyvandnen, sadac umecarni, udardelni da siClungisTvis ganwirulni auRelveblad davuSvebdiT movlenaTa bunebrivi gziT ganviTarebas. 82| Txevadi modernuloba 1769 wels ser horas manisadmi miweril werilSi, horas volpoli werda, rom`msoflio komediia maTTvis – vinc fiqrobs, tragedia ki maTTvis – vinc grZnobs~. Tumca`komikurisa~ da`tragikulis~ mniSvnelobebi droTa ganmavlobaSi icvleba da im dRisTvis, rodesac orueli da haqsli kalmebs miswvdnen tragikuli momavlis konturebis mosaxazad, orivem gaacnobiera, rom msoflios tragedia mdgomareobda mis umarTav, ukontrolo progressa da sul ufro Zlevamosil winamZRolebsa da maTgan sul ufro daSorebul da dauZlurebul marTulebs Soris arsebul ufskrulSi. orive mwerali Tanabrad iyo mojadoebuli im adamianTa Semzaravi suraTiT, romlebic aRar gankargavdnen sakuTar cxovrebas. sxva epoqis moazrovneebis, aristotelesa da platonis msgavsad, romlebsac ver warmoedginaT cudi da kargi sazogadoebebi monebis gareSe, haqslisa da oruels ver warmoadginaT bednieri Tu ubeduri sazogadoeba mmarTvelebis, Semoqmedebisa da zedamxedvelebis gareSe, romlebic erToblivad dawerdnen scenarebs sxvebisTvis, dadgamdnen warmodgenas da miwisqveSeTSi gamoketavdnen maT, vinc improvizirebas Seecdeboda sakuTari teqstis meSveobiT. maT ver warmoedginaT msoflio sakontrolo koSkebisa da pultebis gareSe. maTi drois SiSebis, iseve, rogorc imedebisa da ocnebebis umetesoba umaRlesi sammarTveloebis garSemo iyrida Tavs. individualuroba| 83 msubuqi da mZime kapitalizmi. rogorc`genezisis diskursisgan~ gansxvavebuls, naijel trifti oruelisa da haqslis moTxrobebs albaT`joSuas diskursis~ rubrikaSi ganaTavsebda(rogorc trifti ambobs,`diskursebi, es is meta-enebia, romlebic adamianebs adamianebad cxovrebas awavlis~). `maSin, rodesac joSuas diskursSi wesrigi wesia, xolo uwesrigoba gamonaklisi, genesis diskursSi uwesrigoba wesia, xolo wesrigi gamonaklisi~. joSuas diskursSi, msoflio(aq trifti kenet iovits citirebs)`centralurad organizebuli, mkacrad SemosazRvruli da isteriulad Sepyrobilia SeuRwevadi sazRvrebis ideiT~. neba momeciT gangimartoT,`wesrigi~, niSnavs erTferovnebas, uwyvetobas, ganmeorebiTobasa da prognozirebadobas; garemos mxolod da mxolod maSin SegviZlia vuwodoT`mowesrigebuli~, rodesac zogierTi movlena sagrZnoblad ufro xSirad xdeba da maTi alternatiuli movlenebis ganviTarebis molodini Zalzed mcire an saerTod gamoricxulia. amave dros, es imas niSnavs, rom vinme sadme(ganpirovnebuli Tu upirovno uzenaesi qmnileba) unda Caerios albaTobebSi, gavlena moaxdinos maTze da Tavadve gaagoros kamaTeli imaze zrunviT, rom movlenebi SemTxveviT ar ganviTardes. joSuas diskursis`mowesrigebuli~ samyaro mkacrad kontrolirebulia. am msoflioSi yvelaferi garkveul mizans emsaxureba, damoukideblad imisgan, naTlad Cans Tu ara es mizani. am msoflioSi sivrce ar rCeba arafrisTvis, rasac ar gaaCnia mizani an gamousadegaria. ufro metic, usargebloba, am msoflioSi, legitimur miznad SeiZleba iyos aRiarebuli. misi aRiarebisTvis 84| Txevadi modernuloba ki is mowesrigebuli mTlianobis SenarCunebasa da ukvdavyofas unda emsaxurebodes. mxolod da mxolod wesrigia is, rac ar moiTxovs legitimacias, ase vTqvaT, es`misi TavisTavadi mizania~. is ubralod aris da mas ver moviSorebT: sul esaa, rac gvWirdeba an SegviZlia vicodeT mis Sesaxeb. SesaZloa is aqaa, sadac RmerTma ganaTavsa Tavisi erTjeradi RvTaebrivi SemoqmedebiTi aqtis Sedegad; an RvTismagvarma adamianma Tu qmnilebebma moaTavses is dagegmvis, aSenebisa da marTvis kvlavac mimdinare procesSi. Cvens droSi, RvTis xangrZlivi Svebulebisas, wesrigis Seqmnisa da gankargvis tvirTi adamianebs daawva. rogorc amas karl marqsma miagno, dominanturi kla­sebis ideebi, rogorc wesi, dominanturi ideebia (daS­veba, romelic Cven mier enisa da misi muSaobis axlebuli aRqmis pirobebSi SesaZloa pleonizmadac miviCnioT). daaxloebiT orasi wlis ganmavlobaSi swored kapitalisturi sawarmoebis mmarTvelebi iyvnen isini, vinc dominirebdnen msoflioze, anu, gamoyofdnen ganxorcielebads SeuZlebelisgan, racionalurs iracionalurigan, gonivruls sigiJisgan; sxvagvarad gansazRvres da SemosazRvres alternativaTa is diapazoni, romlis farglebSic unda moqceuliyo adamianis cxovrebis traeqtoriebi. amgvarad, am xedvis msgavsebaSi gamokveTilma da saxecvlilma msoflios swored maTeulma xedvam(Tavad msofliosTan erTad) misca sazrdo da SesZina azri dominant diskurss. ukanasknel xanebamde, joSuas diskursi dominireb­ da, axla, sul ufro metad dominirebs genezisis diskursi. Tumca, imis sapirispirod, rasac trifti gulisxmobs, erTi da imave diskursis farglebSi bizne- individualuroba| 85 sisa da akademiis, world makers da world interpreter -Ta amJamindeli Sexvedra siaxle sulac araa da arc axali da `codnaxarbi~ kapitalizmis(rogorc trifti uwodebs mas –`rbili~ kapitalizmis) raime unikalur Tvisebas warmoadgens. ukve ori saukunea, rac akademias ar gaaCnia sxva msoflio, garda kapitalisturi xedviTa da praqtikiT danaleqi samyarosi, sakuTar konceptualur qselebSi daWerisTvis, dafiqrebisTvis, aRwerisTvis Tu intepretirebisTvis. mTeli am periodis ganmavlobaSi, biznesi da akademia mudmivad xvdebodnen erTmaneTs, maSinac ki, rodesac dialogis warumateblobisda gamo urTierTdaSoriSorebis STabeWdilebas qmnidnen. SexvedrisTvis gankuTvnili sivrce adrec da axlac pirveli partnioris mier SeirCeoda da ewyoboda. samyaro, romelic ganamtkicebda da sandoobas matebda joSuas diskurss, fordistuli samyaro iyo (termini`fordizmi~ didi xnis win pirvelad antonio gramSim da hendri de manma gamoiyenes, Tumca, hegelis ` Owl of Minerva ~-s Cvevebis erTguli, xelaxla aRmocenda da farTo gamoyebaSi moeqca mxolod maSin, rac fordistuli praqtikebis mze sabolood Caesvena). alen lipiecis retrospeqtiul aRweraSi, fordizmi, Tavisi zeobis xanaSi amavdroulad warmoadgenda industrializaciis, akumulaciisa da regulaciis models: [ a ] molodinebisa da individualuri agentebis molodinebisa da winaaRmdegobrivi qcevebis formebis kombinaciis misadageba akumulaciuri reJimis koleqtiur principebTan. industriuli paradigmam moicva racionalizaciis teiloriseuli principi da masTan erTad, mudmivi me- 86| Txevadi modernuloba qanizacia. es`racionalizacia~ efuZneboda Sromis inteleqtualuri da fizikuri aspeqtebis gancalkevebas. socialurma codnam sistematizacia zemodan ganicada da manqanebs damproeqteblebis meSveobiT Seerwya. meoce saukunis dasawyisSi, rodesac teilorma da misma mimdevarma inJinrebma pirvelad warmoadgines es principebi, maTi mkafio mizani iyo muSebis marTvis / menejmentis kontrolis aRsruleba. Tumca, fordistul modelSi amaze meti ram igulisxmeboda. es iyo epistemologiuri samSeneblo moedani, romelzec mTeli msoflmxedveloba iyo aRmocenebuli da romlisgan amozrdilnic didebulad gadahyureben cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis mTlianobas. is, Tu rogor aRqivamen adamianebi msoflios, rogorc wesi, praqseomorfulia: es xedva dRis`nou-haus~ meSveobiT formirdeba, imiT, risi gakeTebac SeuZliaT da Cveulebriv, rogor akeTeben amas. fordistuli qarxana da mis mier gegmisa da Sesrulebis, iniciativisa da gankargulebebis Sesrulebis, Tavisuflebisa da morCilebis, gamomgoneblobisa da simtkicis zedmiwevniT gancalkeveba, maTi mWidro urTerTkavSiriT TiToeuli am wyvilis urTierTsapirspiro cnebebTan da brZanebis Tanabari gadacema erTi wyvilidan meoreze – es, udavod, wesrigze orientireuli socialuri inJineriis udidesi miRwevaa. gasakviri araa, rom is mimarTebebis metaforul sistemas afuZnebs yvelasTvis, vinc cdilobs gaigos, Tu rogor muSaobs adamianuri realoba yvela doneze – rogorc globalur-societalur, ise individualuri cxovrebis doneze. misi maluli Tu cxadi arsebobisTvis mikvleva martivia im xedvebSi, romlebic, rogorc Cans iseTive daSorebulia, rogorc individualuroba| 87 `RirebulebaTa centraluri klasteriT~ marTuli parsoniseuli TviT-warmoebadi socialuri sistema da sartriseuli cxovrebiseuli proeqti, romelic orientirad gvevlineba adamianis mier sakuTari identobis formirebisken mimarTuli ZalisxmevebisTvis. marTlac, TiTqos fordistul Teorias alternativa ar gaaCnda da ar arsebobda araviTari seriozuli dabrkoleba, romelic sazogadoebis yovel kuTxesa da kunWulSi fordistuli modelis gavrcelebas SeuSlida xels. debatebi oruelsa da haqslis Soris, iseve, rogorc dapirispireba socializmsa da kapitalizms Soris ojaxur Cxubs mogvagonebs. komunizms surda fordistuli modelis gawmenda misi amJamindeli sibinZureebisgan(da ara naklovanebebisgan) – bazris mier warmoqmnili saSineli qaosi gzad eRobeboda ubeduri SemTxvevebisa Tu gauTvaliswinebeli garemoebebis gamo gamowveul srul marcxs da racionaluri dagegmvas naklebad yovlismomcvels xdida. leninis sityvebiT,`socializmis xedva Sesrulde­ boda komunistebis mier sabWoTa xelmZRvanelobis or­ ga­ni­zaciisa da sabWoTa Zalauflebis kapitalistur progresTan warmatebuli Serwymis SemTxvevaSi~. sab­ WoTa xelmZRvanelobis organizacia leninisTvis niSnavda`kapitalizmis progresisTvis(es, rogorc Tavad imeorebda,`Sromis mecnieruli organizacia~ iyo) fabrikis kedlebidan gamoJonvis SesaZleblobas, raTa SeeRwia socialuri cxovrebis mTlianobaSi da gaejerebina is sakuTari SigTavsiT~. fordizmi Tanamedrove sazogadoebis mier Tavis `mZime~,`sqel~,`uZrav~,`fesvgadgmuli~ Tu`mtkice~ fazis TviTgacnobierebas warmoadgenda. am fazaze, 88| Txevadi modernuloba TavianT saerTo istoriaSi, kapitali xelmZRvaneloba da Sroma, sabednierod Tu samwuxarod, ganwirulni iyvnen didi xnis ganmavlobaSi aetanaT erTmaneTis arseboba erT sivrceSi, SesaZloa samudamodac ki – SeboWilebs uzarmazari qarxnebis SenobebiT, mZime samanqano mowyobilobebiTa da masiuri samuSao ZalebiT. gadarCenisTvis,(efeqturad moqmedebas rom davaneboT Tavi) sanam cixesimagres imdenad gazrdidnen, rom mas yvelaferi moecva, rac xangrZlivi da gauvali alyis gadatanaSi daexmarebodaT, maT sazRvrebi unda gaevloT da Semdgom mavTulxlarTebiT SemoeRobaT. mZime kapitalizmi moculobiTa da zomiT iyo Sepyrobili da swored am mizeziT, sazRvrebiTac, is orientirebuli iyo sazRvrebis Seuvalobis gazrdasa da gaZlierebaze. henri fordisTvis mTavari iyo aRmoeCina saSualeba, romelic SesaZeblobas miscemda mcvelebi sakuTari industriuli cixesimagris SigniT SeenarCunebina, raTa Tavidan aeridebina maTi mxridan gandgomisa an mxareebis Secvlis cduneba. rogorc sorbonas ekonomistma, deniel koenma Tqva: `erT dResac henri fordma gadawyvita gaeormagebina Tavisi muSebis xelfasebi. sajarod gancxadebuli mizezi, cnobili fraza`minda Cems muSebs sakmarisad kargi anazRaureba hqondeT imisaTvis, rom Cemi manqanebi SeiZinon~, ra Tqma unda, ubralo xumrobaa. muSebis mier SeZenili manqanebis raodenoba misi gayidvebis umniSvnelo nawils Seadgenda, maSin, rodesac mis mier xelfasebze gaxarjuli Tanxa fordis xarjebis did nawils warmoadgenda. anazRaurebis gazrdis WeSmariti mizezi samuSao Zalis uzarmazari brunva gaxda, romlis winaSec fordi aRmoCnda. man gadawyvita mniSvnelovani individualuroba| 89 danamati gaeca muSebisTvis raTa isini`jaWvs miemagrebina~. uxilavi jaWvi, romelic muSebs samuSao adgilebs amagrebda da maT mobilurobas ipyrobda, koenis sityvebis Tanaxmad, Tavad`fordizmis dedaarsi iyo~. am jaWvis gawyveta gadamwyveti iyo da wyalgamyofis rols TamaSobda cvlilebebis SetaniT fordistuli modelis dakninebasTan dakavSirebul cxovrebiseul gamocdilebaSi.`maT, vinc muSaobas iwyeben Microsoft -Si, – SeniSnavs koeni, – araviTari warmodgena aqvT, Tu sad an rodis dasruldeba maTi kariera. fordSi an renoSi dawyebisas ki, TiTqmis darwmunebulni arian, rom maTi kariera erTsa da imave adgilas ganviTardeba~. Tavis mZime fazaSi, kapitali iseve iyo mijaWvuli miwas, rogorc masSi CarTuli muSebi. dResdReobiT kapitali msubuqad, xelbargiT mogzaurebas amjobinebs, romelic mxolod portfelisgan, mobilur telefonisa da portatuli kompiuterisgan Sedgeba. mas TiTqmis yvelgan SeuZlia SeCereba da arsad ar sWirdeba imaze met xans xans darCena, vidre kmayofileba SeiZleba gagrZeldes. Sroma, meore mxriv, iseTive uZravi darCa, rogorc warsulSi iyo, Tumca adgilma, romelzec moeloda, rom erTxel da samudamod ganimtkicebda, dakarga Tavisi uwindeli simtkice. lodebis amao Ziebisas Ruzebi myife qviSaze ecemian. msoflios mcxovrebTa garkveuli nawili moZraobaSia; danarCenebisTvis, Tavad msoflioa is, vinc uars acxadebs uZraobaze. joSuas diskursi carielad JRers maSin, rodesac kanonmdebeli, mosamarTle da uzenaesi saapelacio sasamarTlo erTiandebian da sul ufro emsgavsebian im 90| Txevadi modernuloba moTamaSes, romelic karts mkerdTan axlos inaxavs, xafangebs agebs da TaRliTobisTvis sakuTar rigs elis. `mZime kapitalizmis~ xomaldis mgzavrebs swamdaT (ra Tqma unda, ara yovelTvis gonivrulad), rom ekipaJis SerCeuli wevrebi, romlebsac kapitanis gembanze aZromis ufleba hqondaT, gems swori mimarTulebiT mimarTavdnen. mgzavrebs SeeZloT mTeli Tavisi yuradReba maTTvis SemuSavel, gamuqebuli asoebiT Sesrulebuli wesebis SeswavlisTvis daeTmoT. maTi ukmayofileba(an zojger zogjer amboxic ki) kapitanis winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli imis gamo, rom is sakmarisad swrafad ar gauZRva xomalds navsadgurSi an ukiduresad daudevrad moekida mgzavrebisTvis komfortis uzrunvelyofas. sahaero xomald`msubuqi kapitalizmis~ mgzavrebi, meore mxriv, maTsave saubedurod, aRmoaCenen, rom pilotis kabina carielia, Savi yuTidan, warweriT`avtopiloti~ ki veraviTari infromaciis miRebas ver axerxeben TviTmfrinavis daSvebis adgilTan, frenis mimarTulebasTan da an raime wesebTan dakavSirebiT, romlebic maTi mgzavrobis usafrTxo dasrulebaSi Seitanda wvlils. gyavs manqana, SegiZlia imogzauro SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom movlenaTa ganviTareba kapitalisturi mmarTvelobis pirobebSi sruliad sapirispiro aRmoCnda imisa, rasac marqsi moeloda da TavdajerebiT winaswarmetyvelebda, rodesac momavali sazogadoebis prototipad biurokratia SearCia da is individualuroba| 91 racionaluri qmedebis zRvrul formad ganasaxiera. mZime kapitalizmis Tanadrouli gamocdilebidan momavlis miseuli xedvis eqstrapolaciiT(adamians, romelmac gamoigona fraza`udreki yalibi~, fizikurad ver ecodineboda, rom`simZime~, mxolod da mxolod, kapitalizmis drosTan gadajaWvuli atributia da rom kapitalisturi wesrigis sxva formebi axlo momavalSic iyo ganxorcielebadi), veberma winaswar ganWvrita `instrumentaluri racionalobis~ gardauvali triumfi: adamianTa moqmedebebis miznebis sakiTxis aRmofxvris SemTxvevaSi, sakamaToc aRaraferi darCeboda da mTavari, ufro swored ki, erTaderTi sakiTxi, romliTac adamianebi dakavdebodnen saSualebebi iqneboda: sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, momavali saSualebebiT Sepyrobili gaxdeboda. winaswar gansazRvruli yoveli Semdgomi racionalizacia saSualebebis koreqtirebis, srulyofisa da daxvewisken iqneboda mimarTuli. im mocemulobis gaazrebiT, rom adamianebis racionalur SesaZleblobebs, rogorc wesi, iracionaluri midrekilebebi asusteben, vinmem SeiZleba isic ki dauSvas, rom kamaTi am daboloebebis Sesaxeb arc arasdros dasruldeba; magram Seuvali racionalizaciiT aRZrulma am kamaTma momavalSi, SesaZloa, meinstrimidan amoxeTqos da is cxovrebis uzenaesi mniSvnelobis saqmeebiT dakavebul winaswarmetyvelebsa Tu mqadageblebs darCeba. veberma mizanze orientirebuli, rogorc mas Tavad uwoda, RirebulebiT-racionaluri sxva tipic daasaxela; amaSi veberi Rirebulebebisken swrafvas gulisxmobda isev da isev`sakuTari TavisTvis~ gare warmatebis miRwevis raime perpseqtivis gareSe. veberma cxadyo, rom mis mier nagulisxmevi eTikuri, esTetiu- 92| Txevadi modernuloba ri Tu religiuri saxis Rirebulebebi miekuTvnebodnen kategorias, romelic Tanamedrove kapitalizma daaknina da Seufereblad, gadametebulad da sazianodac ki gamoacxada im racionaluri qcevisTvis, romelsac is aviTarebda. mxolod mixvedra SegviZlia, rom moqmedebiTi-tipebisTvis RirebulebiTi-tipebis damatebis azri, vebers, bolSevikuri revoluciis gavleniT, sakmaod gvian ga­ uCnda. revolucia TiTqos ewinaaRmdegeboda daskvnas imis Sesaxeb, rom miznebTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxi erTxel da samudamod mogvarda. is miiCnevda, rom es sakiTxi momavalSic wamoiweoda, maSin, rodesac garkveuli adamianebi, miuxedavad mwiri Sansebisa da mcdelobis usazRvro fasisa, TavianT idealebs miemxrobodnen da amiT CamoSordebodnen miznebis miRwevisTvis saWiro saSualebebis gamoTvlis erTaderT legitimur interess. rogori gamoyenebac ar unda hqondes RirebulebiT-racionalobis koncefcias istoriis veberiseul sqemaSi, es koncefcia usargebloa, Tu vinmes surs amJamindeli istoriuli gardaqmnis arsis Secnoba. dRevandeli`msubuqi~ kapitalizmi veberiseuli gagebiT RirebulebiT-racionaluri ar aris maSinac ki, Tu instumentul-racionaluri wesrigis idealuri tipidan gamomdinareobs. veberiseuli RirebulebiT racionalobis perspeqtividan, msubuq kapitalizms sinaTlis wlebi gvaSorebs: odesRac, istoriis romelime monakveTSi Rirebulebebi`absoluturad~ miRebulic rom yofiliyo, dRes ase namdvilad araa. is, rac faqtobrivad, moxda kidec mZime kapitalizmidan msubuqze gadasvlisas – aris uxilavi`politbiuroebis~ gabneva. maT individualuroba| 93 ZaluZT uzenaesi sasamarTloebis im Rirebulebebis absolutizeba, romlebic Rirseuli miznebisken swrafvasTan dakavSirebuli, gasaCivrebas dauqvemdebarebeli verdiqtebis gamotanas emsaxurebian(romlebic joSuas diskursisTvis aucilebeli da centraluri instituciebia). umaRlesi biuros( office ) ararsebobis pirobebSi(an, ufro swored, uzenaesobisTvis mopaeqre biuroebis arsebobis, romelTagan arcerTs ar gaaCnia warmatebis miRwevis didi Sansi) miznebis sakiTxi kvlavac Riad rCeba da usasrulo agoniisa Tu yoymanis pirobad gardaiqmneba, asustebs Tavdajerebulobas, riTic Seumsubuqebeli gaurkvevlobisa da mudmivi SfoTis mdgomareobas amZafrebs. gerhard Sulcis sityvebiT, es gaurkvevlobis axali tipia:`ar icode Sedegi, nacvlad tradiciuli gaurkvevlobisa, ar icode saSualebebi, romliTac Sedegi miiRweva~. arasruli codnis pirobebSi, saSualebebis gazomva(maT, visac hqonda da maT, visac saWirod miaCnda da gulmodgined eZebdnen) mocemuli miznebis winaaRmdeg, mcdelobis sakiTxi aRaraa. es ufro metad gaTvaliswinebisa gadawyvetis sagania, yvela cnobili Tu ucnobi riskis mxedvelobaSi miRebiT, romelic uamrav macdur,`miRwevad~ mizanT Soris saukeTesos gvTavazobs arsebuli saSualebebis raodenobisa da maTi grZelvadiani sargeblianobis mwiri Sansebis mocemulobiT. axali garemoebebis pirobebSi, didad mosalodnelia, rom adamianTa cxovrebis udidesi nawili miznebis SerCevis mtanjvel procesSi gaixarjeba da ara im miznebis miRwevaSi, romlebic sulac ar saWiroeben da- 94| Txevadi modernuloba fiqrebas. Tavisi winamorbedisgan ganxvavebiT, msubuqi kapitalizmi Rirebuleba-Sepyrobilia. mcire apokrifuli reklama rubrikaSi`samsaxuris Zieba~ – `gyavs manqana, SegiZlia imogzauro~ SesaZloa cxovrebis axali problematikis nimuSsac warmoadgendes im SekiTxvebTan erTad, romlebsac Tanamedrove samecniero da teqnologiuri institutebis Tu laboratoriebis xelmZRvanelebi svamen:`gamosavali vipoveT. axla, neba mogveciT, problemac vipovoT~. SekiTxva`risi gakeTeba SemiZlia ? ~ Tavad moqmedebaze dominirebs, ukuagdebs da Crdilavs mTavar SekiTxvas: `rogor gavakeTo saukeTesod is, rac unda gavakeTo ? ~. im dros, rodesac umaRlesi biuroebi( offices ) icaven msoflios kanonzomierebasa da sazRvars bnelsa da naTels Soris, msoflio SesaZleblobaTa usasrulo koleqcias emsgavseba: im uricxvi SesaZleblobebiT gavsebul konteiners, romelTa gamoyenebac jer kidev SegviZlia an romlebic ukve gavuSviT xelidan. ufro meti – gacilebiT meti – SesaZleblobebic arsebobs, romelTa gamokvleva da miTumetes miReba arcerT individs ar SeuZlia, rogori grZeli, TavgadasvlebiT Tu SromiT aRsave cxovrebac ar unda hqondes mas. gasakviri arc aris, rom dResdReobiT anti-utopisturi nawarmoebi aRar iwereba: post-fordistuli, Tavisufali arCevnis individebis`Txevadi modernuli~ msoflio aRar wuxs boroti didi Zmis gamo, romelic dasjis yvelas, vinc dadgenil CarCoebs gacdeba. Tumca, am msoflioSi adgili arc mzrunveli da keTili ufrosi ZmisTvisaa, romelsac mivendobodiT da daveyrdnobodiT imis gadawyvetaSi, Tu risi keTeba Rirs da risi ara, risi qona gvargebs da risi ara, an Tun- individualuroba| 95 dac imis gansazRvraSi Tu, visi imedi unda gvqondes maSin, rodesac saqme umcrosi Zmis mCagvrelebisgan dacvas exeba. amgvarad, aRarc keTili sazogadoebebis utopiebi iwereba. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, dResdReobiT yvelaferi individamde daiyvaneba. individis gansasazRvria, Tu risi keTebis unari Seswevs, manve unda moaxerxos sakuTari SesaZlebleblobebis gazrda umaRles niSnulamde, manve unda SearCios mizani, romelsac es SesaZleblobebi saukeTesod moxmardeba – maqsimaluri kmayofilebis miRwevas. misive saqmea, moulodneloba garTobad gadaaqcios. erTmaneTze mimzidveli da madisaRmZvreli SesaZlelobebiT savse msoflioSi cxovreba, sadac erTerTi maTgani meores awonasworebs da niadags qmnis Semdegi SesaZleblobis gamoyenebisTvis – amaRelvebeli gamocdilebaa. aseT msoflioSi cota ram Tu aris winaswar gansazRvruli da kidev ufro cota ram – Seuqcevadi. marcxi iSviaTad Tu aris saboloo, warumateblobebi ki gamousworebeli, Sesabamisad, verc romelime gamarjvebas vuwodebT daskvniTs. imisaTvis, rom SesaZleblobebi amouwurvadi iyos, aravis aqvs ufleba waruval realobaSi gaqvavdes. isini Txevad mdgomareobaSi amjobineben darCenas,`gamoyenebis vadis~ etiketis TandarTviT, raTa darCenili SesaZleblobebi ar gamoiyenon da momavlis Tavgadasavali CanasaxSive ar gaanadguron. rogorc zibisko melosikma da tomas skudlarekma aRniSnes identobis problemebis TavianT SorsmWvretel kvlevaSi, usasrulo SesaZleblobebs Soris cxovreba (Tu usasrulo ara, imaze met SesaZleblobebs Soris, vidre nebismiers SeuZlia gamoiyenos)`vinmed~ gaxdomis Tavisuflebis tkbil gemos gvCuqnis, Tumca Semd- 96| Txevadi modernuloba gom mware gemos gvitovebs imdenad, ramdenadac`vinmed gaxdoma~ imas niSnavs, rom jer yvelaferi winaa da araferi damTavrebula.`vinmed yofnis~ mdgomareoba, romelic am`gaxdomam~ unda daicvas msajis stvenas moaswavebs, romelic TamaSis dasasrulze migviTiTebs: `Tavisufali aRar iqnebi, rodesac mizans miaRwev; Sen Sen aRar xar, rodesac`vinmed~ gadaiqcevi~. dausruleblobisa da ganusazRvrelobis mdgomareoba aRsavea safrTxiTa da SfoTiT; Tumca arc misi sapirispiro mdgomareoba gvaniWebs WeSmarit siamovnebas, vinaidan gamoricxavs imas, rom Tavisufleba Riad unda darCes. imis gacnobiereba, rom TamaSi grZeldeba, rom kidev bevri ram moxdeba da cxovreba momavalSi saswaulebs kidev SemogvTavazebs udidesi kmayofilebisa da siamovnebis momniWebelia. Tumca eWvi, rom araferi, rac aqamde Semowmebula da SeTvisebula ar aris dazRveuli xrwnisgan da Semdgomac gagrZeldeba, Sav laqas warmoadgens am lamaz suraTSi. danakargi sargebels awonasworebs. cxovreba maT Soris naosnobisTvisaa ganwiruli da vercerTi mezRvauri ver daitrabaxebs, rom usafrTxo marSruts miakvlia. SesaZleblobebiT savse msoflio madis aRmZvreli kerZebiT gawyobil magidas mogvagonebs, romlis siux­ vec maTTvisac ki ganmacvifrebelia, visac yvelafris dagemovnebis imedi aqvs. damgemovneblebi momxmareblebi arian. im gamowvevaTagan yvelaze damqancveli da gamaRizianebeli, romlebsac momxareblebi upirispirdebian prioritetebis dadgenis saWiroebaa: ucnobi gzebis uaryofa da maTi ucnobad datoveba. momxarebelTa ubedurebis mizezi maTi sixarbidan iRebs saTaves da ara arCevnis simwiridan. momxmareblis yvelaze akviate- individualuroba| 97 buli da uZilobis gamomwvevi SekiTxvaa –`saukeTesod gamoviyene Cemi saSualebebi ? ~. rogorc marina biankim aRniSna ekonomistebis erTobliv kvlevaSi samomxareblo saqonlis gamyidvelebis Sesaxeb,`momxmareblis SemTxvevaSia, ZiriTadi funqcia carielia. miznebi Tanmimdevrulad Seesabamebian saSualebebs, Tumca miznebi, Tavis mxriv, racionalurad SerCeuli ar arian. hipoTetiurad, swored`momxareblebi da ara firmebi cdebian arasdros~. magram, Tu arasdros uSveb Secdomas, maSin arasdros iqnebi darwmunebuli imaSi, rom marTali xar. Tu araswori nabijebi ar arsebobs, maSin ver ganvasxvavebT imis mixedviT, Tu romelia ukeTesi an uaresi. amitom, araferia iseTi, rac aRiarebda swor nabijs marTebulad Tavis uamrav alternativas Soris arc manam, sanam nabijs gadadagamdnen da arc mas Semdeg. is, rom Secdoma naklebad mosalodnelia monetis ori mxaresaviTaa, ufro sworad ki, saeWvo sixaruliviT, vinaidan fasi, romelsac is moiTxovs, dakavSirebulia mudmiv gaurkvevlobasa da survilTan, romelic savaraudod arasdros Sesruldeba. es kargi ambavi gamyidvelebisTvis saqmeSi darCenis dapirebaa, xolo myidvelebisTvis agoniaSi darCenis garantia. nuRar miyvebi, miCvene ! mZime, fordistuli kapitalizmi kanonmdeblebis, re­J­imis Semqmnelebisa da zedamxedvelebis samyaroa, sxva mimarTulebis kacebisa da qalebis samyaroa, rom- 98| Txevadi modernuloba lebic sxvebis mier dasaxul miznebs mihyvebian. swored am mizeziT, fordisuli kapitalizmi xelisufalTa samyaroa, im liderebis, romlebac ukeT ician da maswavleblebis, romlebic migiTiTeben, Tu rogor imoqmedo ukeT. msubuqma, momxareblebze orientirebulma, kapitalizmma ar aRkveTa`kanonTa mimwodebeli~ xelisufalni, Tumca arc maT gaZlierebas Seuwyo xeli. msubuqma kapitalizmma ubralod Seqmna da dauSva im xelisufalTa arseboba, romelTa Warbi ricxovnoba maTi xelisuflebis sadaveebTan did xans darCenas gamoricxavs, eqskluziurobis iarliyis mikuTvnebaze rom araferi vTqvaT. Secdomisgan gansxvavebiT, WeSmariteba erTia da SesaZlebelia iyos miCneuli WeSmaritebad(im uflebis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom SeuZlia sxva alternativebi mcdarad Seracxos) mxolod manam, sanam is unikaluria. rodesac xelisufalTa ricxvi imdenad izrdeba, rom isini erTmaneTis gandevnas iwyeben, erTaderT efeqtur xelisuflad is gvevlineba, vinc maT Soris arCevani unda gaakeTos. swored am amrCevis Tavazianobis Sedegad gadaiqceva potenciuri xelisufali xelisuflad, isini epirfebian amrCevs, mbrZaneblobis nacvlad ki acduneben. `lideri~ meoradi produqti da im msoflios aucilebeli danamati iyo, romelic miznad`karg~,`swor~ an`wesier~ sazogadoebis Seqmnas isaxavda da cdilobda Tavisi cudi Tu Seuferebeli alternativebi maqsimalurad CamoeSorebina.`Txevadi modernuloba~ ki arcerTisken ar iswrafvis. margaret tetCeris samarcxvino devizi`ar arsebobs iseTi ram, rogoricaa sazogadoeba~ erToblivad warmoadgenda gamWriax individualuroba| 99 relfeqsias kapitalizmis cvalebad bunebaze, ganzraxvaTa gancxadebasa da TviT-Sesrulebad winaswarmetyvelebas: mas Tan mohyva normatiuli da damcveli qselebis moSla, rac mniSvnelovnad daexmara am sityvebs, rom realobad qceuliyvnen. sazogadoebis uaryofa arc utopias niSnavs da arc anti-utopias: rogorc msubuqi kapitalizmis gurum, piter drakerma gamoxata fraziT`aRaraviTari xsna sazogadoebiT~ da imis daSvebiT(Tumca ufro umoqmedobiT, vidre moqmedebiT), rom SeCvenebis / wyevlis( damnation ) pasuxismgebloba ar SeiZleba daekisros sazogadoebas: gamosyidvac da gankiTxvac uSualod Tqveni sazrunavia – Sedegi imisa, rasac Tqven, rogorc Tavisufali agenti Tavisuflad ukeTebdiT Tqvensave cxovrebas. ra Tqma unda, mravlad moiZebnebian isini, vinc amtkiceben, rom`ician~, maT umetesobas uricxvi iseTi mimdevaric moepoveba, romlebic mzad arian daeTanxmon. Tumca, iseTi adamianebi, romlebmac`ician~ da iseTebic ki, visi ganswavlulobac sajarod eWvis qveS ar damdgara, ar arian liderebi; maqsimum, mrCevlebi Tu xdebian da unda iTqvas, rom mTavari ram`rac liderebsa da mrCevlebs ganasxvavebT isaa, rom liderebs mihyvebian / misdeven, mrCevlebs ki qiraoben an iTxoven. liderebi iTxoven da moelien disciplinas; mrCevlebs, saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi, mxolod imis molodini SeiZleba hqondeT, rom maT mousmenen da yuradRebiT moekidebian. mrCevlebma maTi mosmenis survili unda daimsaxuron. mrCevlebma potenciur msmelebTan mliqvnelobiT unda moipovon. kidev erTi mniSvnelovani ganmasxvavebeli niSani liderebsa da mrCevlebs Soris isaa, rom pirvelebi ormxrivi Tarjimnebis rols asruleben individualur 100| Txevadi modernuloba da koleqtiur sikeTes Soris, an(rogorc raiT milsi ityoda) kerZo wuxilebsa da sazogadoebriv sakiTxebs Soris. mrCevlebi, sapirispirod, kerZo sivrcis farglebs gacdenas ufrTxian. seni individualuria, iseve rogorc misi gankurnebis gza; wuxili kerZoa, iseve, rogorc maTTan brZolis gzebi. mrCevelTa mier mowodebuli rCevebi miemarTeba cxovrebis politikas da ara mTavruli asoTi dawyebul p-olitikas; maTi rCevebi imas exeba, Tu riTi gakeTeba SeuZliaT mrCevlebs sakuTari ZalebiT da sakuTari TavisTvis da ara imas, Tu risi gakeTeba SeuZliaT yvelas erTad erTmaneTisTvis Zalebis gaerTianebis SemTxvevaSi. ukiduresad popularul`aswavle sakuTar Tavs~ ( teach yourself ) tipis wignebidan yvelaze warmatebul wignSi(romlis 5 milionze meti egzemplari gaiyida 1987 wels misi gamocemis dRidan), melodi biTi afrTxilebs / urCevs Tavis mkiTxvelebs:`gagiJebis yvelaze sarwmuno gza sxvis saqmeebSi Carevaa, xolo keTilgonierebisa da bednierebis miRwevis saukeTeso saSualeba sakuTari saqmeebiT dakavebaa~. wigni myisier warmatebas Tavis mimzidvel saTaurs unda umadlodes( Codependent No More ), romelmac, praqtikulad, wignis mTavari mesiji Seajama: sxva adamianebis Tavsatexebze zrunva damokidebuls gagxdiT, iyo damokidebuli ki bedisweris mZevlobas niSnavs – an, ufro zustad rom vTqvaT, im problemebis mZevlobas, romlis mogvarebac ar SegiZlia da im adamianebis, romlebsac ver gaakontroleb; ase rom, sufTa sindisiT, mxolod da mxolod sakuTar saqmeebs mixedeT. cotaodeni ramis miRweva Tu aris SesaZlebeli sxvebis saqmeebis keTebiT, es mxolod da mxolod gadaitans yuradRebas im saqmeebisgan, romel- individualuroba| 101 sac veravin gaakeTebs Tqvens garda. im martosulTaTvis, visac gadauwyvetia misdios semuel batleris mowodebas –`siamovneba uflebasa da movaleobaze ufro usafrTxo megzuria~, es gzavnili momxiblelad JRers, TiTqos aTavisuflebs kidec maT codvebisgan, axalisebs da sindidis qenjnisganac aTavisuflebs. „Cven~ – liderebis mier yvelaze xSirad gamoyenebadi piris nacvalsaxelia. mrCevlebisTvis ki is naklebad gamosadegia:`Cven~ araferia Tu ara`me~-ebis simravle, emil diurkheimis`jgufisgan~, ganxvavebiT, ar aRemateba Tavisi nawilebis jams. maT, vinc rCevebi miiRes mrCevelTa sxdomis Semdgom iseTive martosulni arian, rogorc am sxdomamde iyvnen. yovel SemTxvevaSi, gaZlierdnen TaviTan martoobaSi: is winaTgrZnoba, rom mxolod sakuTari Zalebis anabara iqnebodnen mitovebulni, ganmtkicda da TiTqmis realobad gadaiqca. rac ar unda warmoadgendes rCevis Sinaarss, is miemarTeba mxolod imas, rac rCevis mimRebebma Tavad unda gaakeTon, sruli pasuxismgemblobis aRebiT sakuTar qmedebebze, romelTa usiamovno Sedegebi mxolod da mxolod maT Secdomebsa da daudevrobas miewereba. yvelaze warmatebuli mrCeveli isaa, vinc acnobierebs, rom rCevebis potenciuri mimRebs TvalsaCino gakveTilis miReba surs. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom problemaTa bunebidan gamomdinare, maTi gadawyveta mxolod individualuri ZalisxmeviTaa SesaZlebeli, rCevis maZiebeblebs im adamianebis magaliTebi sWirdebaT, romlebic msgavs problemebs upirispirdebian da umklavdebian. maTi magaliTebi rCevis maZieblebs sxva, ufro arsebiTi mizezebis gamoc sWirdebaT: sul ufro meti adamiani grZnobs Tavs`ubedurad~ da ar 102| Txevadi modernuloba SeuZlia sakuTari mdgomareobis mizezebis dasaxeleba. ubedurebis SegrZneba xSirad gafantuli da aramyaria; misi sazRvrebi bundovania, fesvebi ki mimofantuli; es SegrZneba`xelSesaxebi~ unda gaxdes – mieces forma da saxeli, raTa bednierebisken es Tanabrad bundovani swrafva konkretul amocanad Camoyalibdes. sxva adamianebis gamocdilebaze dakvirvebiT, maTi gansacdelisTvis Tu gasaWirisTvis Tvalis SevlebiT, zogierTi imedovnebs, rom SeZlebs sakuTari ubedurebis mizezis aRmoCenas da dasaxelebas, imisaTvis, rom Semdgom eZios misi daZlevis gzebi. jein fondas wignis –~ Workout Book ”( 1981 )-is da am wignSi gadmocemuli TviT-swalebis / wrTvnis teqnikebis (romelic milionobiT amerikeli qalis gankargulebaSi aRmoCnda) usazRvro popularobis axsnisas hilari radneri SeniSnavs, rom: `instruqtors sakuTari Tavi magaliTad mohyavs da ara avtoritetad. misi Segirdi sakuTar sxeuls im gamosaxulebasTan gaigivebis meSveobiT eufleba, romelic mas ar ekuTvnis, aramed ubralo nimuSadaa moyvanili~. jein fonda friad gulwrfeli da pirdapiria Ta­ visi SemoTavazebis arsTan da im magaliTebTan da­ kavSirebiT, romelsac misma mkiTxvelebma da mayureblebma unda misdion:`momwons imaze fiqri, rom Cemi sxeuli metwilad Cemi moqmedebis Sedegia, Cemi sisxlia da Cemi Signeuloba. es Cemi pasuxismgeblobaa~. fondas gzavnili yvela qalisTvis imas gulisxmobs, rom maTi sxeuli maTi sakuTrebaa(`Cemi sisxli~,`Cemi Signeuloba~), maTi produqti(maTi sakuTari qmedebis Sedegi) da upirveles yovlisa, maTi pasuxismgebloba. postmo- individualuroba| 103 dernuli amour de soi -s(fr. sakuTari Tavis siyvaruli) mxardasaWerad da gasaZliereblad fonda Zalzed prepostmodernul, realurad, ufro pre-modernul, vidre modernul xsovnas mouxmobs(momxmareblebis mier sakuTrebis meSveobiT TviT-identifikaciis midrekilebebTan erTad) ostatobis instiqtTan dakavSirebiT: Cemi Sromis produqti iseTive kargia(da ara ukeTesi), rogorc is unarebi, yuradReba da mzrunveloba, romelic mis warmoebaSi Cavde. Sedegebisda miuxedavad, aravinaa Sesaqebi garda sakuTari Tavisa(an dasadanaSaulebi, gaaCnia, Tu ra SemTxvevasTan gvaqvs saqme). gzavnilis sxva mxarec aranakleb konkretuladaa formulirebuli, Tu ara msgavsi sicxadiT: valdebuli xar izruno da ifiqro Sen sxeulze da Tu am movaleobas ugulebelyof, Tavi damnaSaved da Sercxvenilad unda igrZno. Seni sxeulis naklovanebebi Senive brali da sircxvilia. Tumca codvebis gamosyidva mxolod da mxolod codvilis xelTaa. neba momeciT gavimeoro hilari radneris sityvebi: yovelive amis TqmiT, fonda avtoritetiviT ar moqmedebs(kanon-gamcemi, normebis damdgeni, mqadagebeli Tu maswavebeli). is ubralod`magaliTad gvTavazobs sakuTar Tavs~. cnobili da yvelasaTvis sayvareli var; sasurveli da sayovelTao aRtacebis sagani var. ra mizeziT ? ra mizeziTac ar unda iyos, es aqaa, imitom rom aq davde. SexedeT Cems sxeuls: tankenars, moqnilsa da natifs – mudmivad axalgazrdas. Senc aucileblad geqneba Cemnairi sxeuli. Cemi sxeuli Cemi Sromis Sedegia; Tu iseve iSromeb, rogorc me, maSin namdvilad geqneba. Tu jein fondasaviT yofna aris is, razec ocnebob, ma- 104| Txevadi modernuloba Sin daimaxsovre – es me viyavi, jein fonda, romelmac jein fonda am ocnebad gadaaqcia. simdidre da popularoba, ra Tqma unda, damxmare atributebs warmoadgenen da wonasac mateben gzavnils. miuxedavad imisa, rom jein fonda Zalisxmevas ar iSurebs sakuTari Tavis magaliTad da ara avtoritetad moyvanisTvis, suleluri iqneboda imis uaryofa, fondas vinaoba Tavadve ganapirobebs misi magaliTis, rogorc`bunebrivad~ flobs im avtoritets, romlis misaRwevadac sxva adamianebis`magaliTebs~ bejiTi muSaoba sWirdebaT. yuradRebis epicentrSi mosaxvedrad da Semdgom ufro meti yuradRebis mipyrobaSi jein fondas misi sxeulis nimuSad moyvanamde Tavisi farTod gasajaroebuli aqtivobebi daexmara, rasac Tavis mxriv fondas gamonaklis SemTxvevaTa rigs miakuTvnebs. Tumca, zogadad, veravin iqneba darwmunebuli im mimarTulebaSi, romelSic sanimuSo adamianis avtoritetisa da am nimuSis mimdevrobis survilis mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiri moqmedebs. rogorc deniel j.burstinma aRniSna maxvilgonivrulad, Tumca ara komikurad Tavisi piradi dakvirvebidan( 1961 wels gamocemul The Image Si), cnobili adamiani is adamiania, romelic cnobilia misi cnobilobisda gamo, xolo`besTseleri~ is wignia, romelic kargad gaiyida, imis gamo, rom kargad iyideboda. avtoriteti zrdis Tavis mimdevarTa ricxvs, Tumca, gaurkvevlobisa da mudmivad ganusazRvreli miznebis samyaroSi swored mimdevarTa ricxvi qmnis imas, rasac avtoritets vuwodebT. ra SemTxvevasTanac ar unda gvqondes saqme, nimuSavtoritetis wyvilSi swored`nimuSia~ is, rac yvelaze individualuroba| 105 mniSvnelovani da moTxovnadia. im cnobil adamianTa ricxvi, romelsac avtoritetulobis sakmarisi kapitali gaaCnia imisTvis, rom maTi sityvebi(sanam saerTod warmoTqvamen mas) uricxvi satelevizio Toq-Sous masalad gadaiqces zedmetad mcirea(isini iSviaTad Tu gamoCndebian iseT popularul SouebSi, rogoricaa opras Tu triSas Sou). Tumca es ar akavebT satelevizio Souebs iyvnen ukiduresad momabezrebelni xelmZRvanelobis maZiebeli uamravi qalisa da mamakacisTvis. im pirovnebis avtoritetma, romelic sakuTari cxovrebis istorias uziarebs mayurebels, SesaZloa daexmaros maT nimuSze yuradRebis dakvirvebasa da reitingis mniSvnelovnad gazrdaSi. Tumca ambis momTxrobis avtoritetis ararseboba, misi`aracnobadoba~ da anonimuroba nimuSisTvis miyolas ufro martivs xdian da SesaZloa, Rirebulebis Sematebis pontencialic hqondes.`ucnobi~, Cveulebrivi adamianebi, iseTebi, rogoric me da Sen varT, romlebic ekranze sul ramdenime wamiT gamoCndeba xolme(swored im droiT, romelic ambis moTxrobasa da amisTvis aplodismentebis miRebas daWirdeba. agreTve, sayveduris miRebas imisTvis, rom naklebad saintereso nawilze did xans SevyovndiT da Cveni ambis pikanturi detalebi mivCqmaleT) iseTive umweoni da ubadrukni varT, rogorc maTi mayureblebi, igive problemebisgan vitanjebiT, sasoowarkveTili veZebT Rirseul gamosavals am gasaWiridan da bednieri cxovrebisken mimaval gzas. ase rom, is, risi gakeTebas maT SeeZloT, mec SemiZlia; SesaZloa, maTze ukeTac ki. iqneb rame sasargebloc ki viswavlo maTi gamarjvebebidan da marcxebidan. 106| Txevadi modernuloba damamcirebeli da mcdari iqneboda Toq-Souebze damokidebulebis, rogorc Worebisadmi da mankieri cnobismoyvareobisadmi adamianis ltolvis gamoTavisuflebis dadanaSauleba da misi masxrad agdeba. saSualebebiT gadavsebul samyaroSi(romelsac jerac ver ganusaRvria Tavisi miznebi), Toq-Souebidan miRebuli gakveTilebi WeSmarit moTxovnas pasuxoben da maT udavod, pragmatuli Rirebuleba gaaCniaT, vinaidan rogorc ukve gavige, Cemi cxovrebis saukeTesod warmarTva mxolod da mxolod Cemzea damokidebuli; da vinaidan isic vici, rom ra resursic ar unda daWirdes am valdebulebis Sesrulebas, maTi moZieba mxolod sakuTar unarebSi, nervebsa da gambedaobaSi SemiZlia. arsebiTi mniSvnelobisaa vicode, Tu rogor umklavdebian adamianebi msgavs gamowvevebs. isini SesaZloa im gansacvifrebel xafangebsac waawydnen, romlebic me gamomrCa; SesaZloa`SigTavsis~ is nawilebic gamoikvlion, romlebsac me ar mivaqcie yuradReba an sakmarisad ar veZie aRmosaCenad. es erTaderT sargebeli ar aris. rogorc ukve SevniSne, gansacdelisTvis saxelis darqmeva rTuli amocanaa. gankurnebis imedi ar unda gvqondes manam, sanam ubedurebisa da SfoTis gancdas saxels ar mivakuTvnebT. manamde, sanam tanjva piradi da kerZoa,`kerZo ena~ Seuferebeli da uadgiloa. yvelafers, rasac unda ewodos saxeli, yvelaze saidumlo, piradi da intimuri grZnobebis CaTvliT, sworad mieniWeba saxeli mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu SerCeul saxelebi sayovelTao mimoqcevaSi iqneba da Tu es saxelebi im enebs miekuTvneba, romelic xelmisawvdomi da gasagebia im xalxisTvis, romelic am enaze urTerTobs. Toq-Souebi im enaze Ca- individualuroba| 107 tarebuli Ria gakveTilebia, romelic jer ar Sobila, Tumca unda iSvas. isini gvTavazoben sityvas, romelic `problemisTvis saxelis dasarqmevad~ gamogvadgeba – sayovelTaod gasagebi formiT rom gamovxatoT is, ris gamoxatvasac aqamde ver SevZlebdiT, rom ara es SemoTavazeba. es, ra Tqma unda, pirveladi mniSvnelobis miRwevaa, Tumca sxva miRwevebic gvaqvs. Toq-SouebSi intimur da Ria saubrebisTvis Seuferebel gamocdilebebTan dakavSirebuli sityvebi da frazebi sajarod warmoiTqmeba sayovelTao aRtacebisa da aplodismentebis TanxlebiT. amavdroulad, Toq-Souebi piradi urTierTobebis sajaro diskursis legitimacias axdenen. gamouTqmels gamoTqvamen, samarcxvinos Rirseulad Seracxaven, xolo xolo maxinj saidumlos Rirsebis sakiTxad gadaaqceven. mniSvnelovanwilad egzorcizmis sakmaod efeqtur ritualebs warmoadgenen. Toq-Souebis damsaxurebiT axla Riad vsaubrob iseT raRacebze, romlebzec saubari samarcxvinod mimaCnda(rogorc axla gavige, vcdebodi) da vfiqorbdi rom msgavsi rameebi saidumlod unda darCeniliyvnen, siCumeSi satanjvelad. vinaidan Cemi aRsareba saidumlo aRaraa, Sendobis nugeSze metis miReba SemiZlia: amieridan aRarc Sercxvenisa da aRarc gansjis SiSi ar unda mqondes, arc TavxedobisTvis gakicxvisa da gaZevebis. bolos da bolos, uamravi adamiania, romelic msgavs rameebze yovelgvari sinanulis gareSe saubrobs milionobiT mayureblis winaSe. maTi da Cemi piradi problemebi(romlebic ase gvanan erTmaneTs) gamosadegia sajaro diskusiebisTvis. Tumca, isini sajaro problemead ar gadaqceulan, diskusiaSi swored piradi sakiTxebis saxiT erTvebian da 108| Txevadi modernuloba ramdenic ar unda visaubroT maTze, formasa da fers ar Seicvlian, leopardis laqebis msgavsad. piriqiT, isini xelaxla ganmtkicdebian kerZo problemebis saxiT da maT privatulobaSi gaZlierebuli sazogadoebrivi zemoqmedebiT waroiSobian. sabolood, yvela mosaubre SeTanxmda, rom imdenad, ramdenadac es sakiTxebi piradi gamocdilebebis Sedegia, maTTan gamklavebac kerZo ZalisxmeviT unda moxdes. mravali gavleniani moazrovne(maT Soris yvelaze gamoCenili iurgen habermasi) gvafrTxilebs`sajaros~ `piradi sivrceSi~ SeWris, misi dapyrobisa da kolonizebis perspeqtivebis Sesaxeb. im epoqasTan dakavSirebul mogonebebs Tu movixmobT, romelic oruelisa da haqslis anti-utopiebis STagonebis wyaros warmoadgens, msgavsi SiSebis gaxmovaneba gasagebi gaxdeba. winaTgrZnobebi, rogorc Cans, imis gamo gviCndeba, rom Cvens Tvalwin mimdinare procesebs uvargisi saTvaleebidan vumzerT. realurad, amJamad am gafrTxilebis sapirispiro tendencia viTardeba – sajaro sivrcis kolonizebas axdenen is problemebi, romlebic adre adre`kerZod~ aRiqmebodnen da sajarod gamomzaurebisTvis Seufereblad miiCneodnen. is, rac axla xdeba, kerZosa da sajaros Soris arsebuli moZravi sazRvrebis Sesaxeb morigi molaparakebebi araa. rogorc Cans, sasworze sajaro sivrcis xelaxali gansazRvra devs, rogorc piradi dramebis dasadgmelad gankuTvnili scenebi, isini samzeurzea gamotanili. mediis mier aqtualizebuli sajaro interesis amJamindeli gansazRvreba farTod miRebulia sazogadoebis yvela segmentis mier. sajaro interesis es gansazRvreba warmodgenebis sajarod Sesrulebis individualuroba| 109 movaleobasa da am warmodgenis yurebis sazogadoebriv uflebas warmoadgens. socialuri pirobebi, romlebic am ganviTarebas bunebrivad warmoaCenen da ufro metad ikveTebian wina argumentebis fonze; Tumca, am ganviTarebis Sedegebi jer kidev ar aris bolomde Seswavlili. isini ufro Sorsmimavali SeiZleba aRmoCndes, vidre axla SeiZleba vifiqroT. yvelaze mniSvnelovani Sedegi, calsaxad, politikis dakninebaa im saxiT, romliTac Cven vicnobT – politikas mTavruli aso p-dan, romelic piradi problemebis sajaro sakiTxebad Targmnis amocaniTaa datvirTuli(da piriqiT). swored am Targmnisken mimarTuli Zalisxmevis Sesustebas vakvirdebiT dRes. piradi problemebi sazogadod maTi gasajaroebis gziT ar gadaiqceva; sajaro mzeris qveSac ki piradi problemebi mxolod piradi problemebad darCeba da sabolood imas miaRweven, rom sazogadoebrivi dRis wesrigidan gaaZeveen yvela`ara-pirad~ problemas. is, rac Cveulebriv yvelaze xSirad aRiqmeba`sajaro sakiTxebad~ rogorc wesi sajaro pirebis piradi problemebia. demokratiuli politikis uZvelesi SekiTxa – ramdenad sasargeblo an mavnea is forma, romliTac sajaro pirebi asruleben Tavis movaleobebebs qveSermdomebis / amomrCevlebis keTildReobisTvis ? – es SekiTxva `karg~ sazogadoebSi sajaro interesebisken, samarTlianobisken da piradi keTildReobisTvis koleqtiuri pasuxismgeblobis aRebisken mouwodebs. `sajaro skandalebis~ seriebiT SeZruli(raSic sajaro pirebis piradi cxovrebis moraluri mankierebebis gamomJRavneba igulisxmeba), toni blerma( Guardian is 1999 wlis 11 ianvris gamocebis Tanaxmad) daiCivla, 110| Txevadi modernuloba rom~ politika yviTelis presis svetamde daeSva~ da sazogadoebas alternativaze dafiqrebisken mouwoda: an iseTi axali ambebis dRis wesrigi gvaqvs, sadac skandali da Worebi Warbobs an iseTi, romelSic namdvilad mniSvnelovani informacia dominirebs. SeuZlebelia msgavsma sityvebma Tavgza ar agvibnios, vinaidan isini im politikoss ekuTvnis, romelic yovel dRe gadis konsultaciebs`fokus jgufebTan~ im imediT, rom mudmivad informirebuli iqneba imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra miaCniaT WeSmaritad mniSvnelovnad mis amomrCevlebs. amomrCevlebis mopyrobis forma imasTan, rasac namdvilad aqvs maTTvis mniSvneloba TavisTavad warmoadgens mniSvnelovan faqtors im cxovrebis wesisTvis, romelic pasuxismgebelia bleris mier datirebuli`politikis yviTeli presis svetamde daSvebaze~. cxovrebis saeWvo pirobebi adamianebs nimuSebis da ara liderebis Ziebisken ubiZgebs. es pirobebi ubiZgebs maT moelodnen yuradRebis epicentrSi moqceul adamianebs(axla ukve oTx kedelSi gamoketilebs), romlebic uCveneben maT Tu rogor keTdeba is, rac`WeSmaritad niSnavs raRacas~. maT yovel dRe axseneben, rom yvelaferi cudi, rac ki maT cxovrebas sWirs maTive Secdomebidan momdinareobs, maTi bralia da maTive ZalisZmeviT Tu maT xelTarsebuli insturmentebiT unda gamoswordes. amitomac, gasakviri sulac ar aris, Tuki isini fiqroben, rom erTaderTi, raSic im adamianebis gamoyeneba SeiZleba, visac Tavi`mcodned~ moaqvs, aris maTTvis imis Cveneba Tu rogor gamoiyenon xelsawyoebi da rogor gaiRon Zalisxmeva.`mcodneebi~ mudmivad umeoreben maT, rom veravin gaakeTebs im saqmes, romelic mxolod da mxolod maTi gasakeTebe- individualuroba| 111 lia. ratom unda daibnes vinme mxolod imis gamo, rom amdeni adamianisTvis is, rasac politikosebi(an sxva cnobili adamianebi) akeTeben sakuTar pirad sivrceSi yuradRebasa da interess ipyrobs ? Seuracxyofil sazogadoebriv azrs rom davaneboT,`diadTa da ZlevamosilTagan~ aravis wamouyenebia prezident bil klintonis impiCmentis winadadeba keTildReobis, rogorc `federaluri mniSvnelobis sakiTxis~ aRkveTisTvis da amiT yovelgvari koleqtiuri dapirebisa Tu movaleobis gabaTilebisa Tu gacamtverebisTvis, romelsac is adamianebi, romlebsac dartymebis erTeuli ZaliT mogeriebis mavne Cveva aqvT bedisweris oinebisgan unda daecva. cnobil adamianebs miZRvnil ferad satelevizio warmoadgenebsa da hedlainebSi saxelmwifo moRvaweebi privilegirebul poziciebs ar ikaveben. mniSvneloba ar aqvs, Tu ra aris`cnobadobis~ mizezi, rogorc burstinma Tqva,`cnobadoba~ TavisTavad aris cnobili adamianis`cnobilobis~ mizezi. yuradRebis epicentrSi yofna es TviTkmarobis erTgvari formaa, romelsac Tanabradi inawileben fexburTis varskvlavebi da mTavrobis warmomadgenlebi. erTerTi ram, rac TiToeul maTganisganaa mosalodneli da moeTxovebaT sazogadoebrivi movaleobis saxiT, aris aRsareba sazogadoebis moxmarebisTvis da sakuTari piradi cxovrebis sajarod gamomzeureba(da arc ukmayofileba gamoxaton imis gamo, Tu vinme amas maT nacvlad gaakeTebs). gamoaSkarebis Semdeg gamoCndeba maTi piradi cxovreba momxibvlelia Tu sruliadac araa mimzidveli: yvela piradi saidumlo ar Seicavs im gakveTilebs, romleb- 112| Txevadi modernuloba sac adamianebi sasargeblod miiCneven. miuxedavad amisa, es imedgacruebebi savaraudod ver moSlian aRsarebis Cvevas da verc aRsarebis survils gaaqarwyleben: neba momeciT gavimeoro – is, Tu rogor gansazRvravs individi individualurad sakuTar individualur problemebs da cdilobs maTTan SebrZolebas individualuri unarebisa da resursebis gamoyenebiT ZiriTad`sajaro sakiTxad~ da`sajaro interesis~ ZiriTad sagnad rCeba. manam, sanam viTareba ar Seicvleba, sakuTar Zalebsa da gadawyvetilebebs mindobilma mayureblebma da msmenelebma sxva maTi msgavsi adamianebis piradi cxovrebis magaliTebi unda miiRon mxedvelobaSi ganmanaTleblobis ZiebaSi, igive mondomebiTa da imediT, romliTac naTelmxilvelTa da mqadagebelTa miTiTebebsa da moZRvrebebs gaiTvaliswinebdnen, im rwmeniT, rom mxolod saerTo TaTbiriTa da ZalisxmeviT iqneba SesaZlebeli piradi ubedurebebis Semsubuqeba Tu gankurneba. damokidebulad gardaqmnili iZuleba magaliTebis Zieba damoZRvrisa da rCevebisTvis damokidebulebaa: rac mets eZeb, amis keTebis ufro met saWiroebas grZnob da ubedurebis SegrZneba geufleba maSin, rodesac sanatreli narkotikis axal marags ver iReb. rogorc wyurvilis mokvlis saSualeba, nebismieri damokidebuleba TviT-damangrevelia; is kmayofilebis miRwevis SesaZleblobas angrevs. nimuSebi da receptebi mimzidvelia, manam, sanam ar gamocdiT. Tumca, cotaodeni maTgani Tu asrulebs Ta- individualuroba| 113 vis danapirs – pratikulad yoveli maTgani uaxlovdeba mizans, Tumca aravin ar asrulebs mas. im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu romelime maTgani daamtkicebs, rom swored ise moqmedebs, rogorc misgan moelodnen, kmayofileba did xans ar gastans, vinaidan momxarebelTa samyaroSi SesaZleblobebi usazRvroa, iseve rogorc macduri samizneebis ricxvi. kargi cxovrebis receptebs da meqanizmebs gamoyenebis vada aqvs darTuli, Tumca maTi umravlesoba moxmarebidan vadis gasvlamdec gamova, ganiZarcvebian sakuTari momxibvlelobisgan`axal da ukeTes~ SemoTavazebebTan WidilSi. momxmarebelTa SejibrSi finiSis xazze yvelaze swraf morbenalze swrafad moZraobs; SejibrSi iZulebiT CarTul morbenlebs swrafi sirbilisTvis gamousadegari, zedmetad modunebuli kunTebi da susti filtvebi aqvT. londonis yovelwliur maraTonze SegiZliaT xotba SeasxaT gamarjvebuls, Tumca is, rac namdvilad dasafasebelia, SejibrSi bolomde darCenaa. londonis maraTons finiSis xazi mainc aqvs, Tumca es sxva Sejibria – gansacdelebisgan Tavisufali cxovrebis miRwevis danapirebis Sesasruleblad dawyebuli Sejibri iwyeba, Tumca arasodes sruldeba: daviwye, Tumca veRar vasruleb. swored Sejibris gagrZelebaa(SejibrSi darCenis siamovnebismomgvreli gacnobiereba) is, rac namdvil damokidebulad iqceva – da ara konkretuli prizi, romelic finiSis xazis gadamkveTebs elis. arcerTi jildo ar aris sakmarisi sxvisi jildoebis mimzidvelobas Seamcirebs. sxva uamravi mimxibvleli jildoc arsebobs, imitom, rom isini ucnobia rbolaSi CabmulTaTvis. survili mis erTaderT upirobo TviTmiznad gadaiqceva. sxva miznebis roli(miznebis, romlebsac 114| Txevadi modernuloba mxolod wina raundSi mitovebulebi da miviwyebulebi misdeven) imaSi mdgomareobs, rom morbenalma rbolis damgegmavis mier dadgenil sqemas misdion, ramdenime raundi maqsimaluri siswrafiT gairbinon da Semdgom adgili dauTmon sxva morbenlebs, maT rekordul tempebmde aCqarebas Seuwyon xeli, msgavsad kosmosuri xomaldisgan, romelic Tavdapirvelad saWiro siCqares krefs kosmosSi gasafrenad da umalve iSleba, rogorc ki sivrceSi gaiWreba. vinaidan samyaroSi miznebis diapazoni zedmetad farToa simyudrovis(da is xelmisawvdomi saSualebebis diapazonze farToa) swored saSualebebis efeqturobasa da moculobas unda movekidoT gansakuTrebuli yuradRebiT. rbolaSi darCena saSualebaTagan yvelaze mniSvnelovania, es erTgvari meta-saSualebaa: sxva saSualebebis saWiroobisa da maTdami ndobis mxardaWeris saSualeba. am konkretuli Sejibris arqetipi, romelSic momxarebeli sazogadoebis yvela wevria CarTuli(momxarebelTa sazogadoebaSi arCevanis sakiTxia yvelaferi, garda Tavad arCevanis gakeTebis iZulebisa, romelic damokidebulad gadaiqceva da amitom aRar aRiqmeba iZulebad) sayidlebze siarulia( shopping ). Sejibrs ar gamoveTiSebiT manam, sanam vyidulobT. maRaziebi, supermarketebi, jorj ritceris`moxmarebis taZrebis~is univermaRebi araa erTadereTi adgilebi sadac sayidlebze davdivarT. Tu sayidlebze siaruli( shopping ) SesaZleblobaTa asortimentis gamokvlevas, maTTan Sexebas, maTi fasebis safuleSi moTavsebuli fulis raodenobasa Tu sakredito baraTis darCenil limits Sedarebas, zogierTi maTganis Taroze dabrunebas da zogierTis savaWro urikaSi moTavsebas niSnavs – maSin individualuroba| 115 maRaziebs miRma iseve davdivarT sayidlebze, rogorc maRaziebSi. vvaWrobT saxlSi, samsaxurSi, dasvenebisas, ZilSi Tu fxizlad. rac unda gavakeToT da rac ar unda vuwodoT Cvens saqmianobas, yvelaferi`Sopingia~ an Zalian hgavs mas. kodi, romelSic Cveni`cxovrebis politikaa~ Cawerili`Sopingis~ pragmatikidan gamomdinareobs. `Sopingi~ mxolod sakvebis, fexsacmlis, manqanebis Tu avejis SeZenas ar niSnavs. axali, gaumjobesebuli nimuSebisa da cxovrebis warmarTvis receptebis mudmivi, mgznebare Ziebac`Sopingis~ nairsaxeobaa, Tanac, yvelaze mniSvnelovani nairsaxeoba im gadmosaxedidan, rom Cveni bedniereba Cvens SesaZleblobebzea damokidebuli(rogorc maikl parentim aRniSna) da rom Cven arakompetenturni an iseTive kompetenturebi ar varT, rogorebic bejiTi muSaobis SemTxevaSi viqnebodiT. uamravi sferoa, romelic Cvengan met kompetencias iTxovs, yoveli maTgani`Sopingisken~ mogviwodebs.`vyidulobT~, cxovrebisTvisa da pontenciuri damsaqmeblebis darwmunebisTvis saWiro, saSualebebs; viZenT im samoss, romlis tarebac cudi ar iqneboda da romliTac davarwmunebdiT sxvebs rom Cven is varT, rac gvacvia.`vyidulobT~ im megobrebis SeZenis saSualebas, romlebTan megobrobac gvsurs da im saSualebebsac, romlebic arasasurveli megobrebis moSorebaSi dagvexmareba.`vyidulobT~ siyvarulisgan maqsimaluri siamovnebis miRebis saSualebasa da Cvens sasiyvarulo partniorebze`damokidebulebisgan~ damcav saSualebebsac; satrfoTa siyvarulis mopovebis saSualebasac `vyidulobT~ da im siyvarulis dasrulebis saSualebebsac, romelic siamovnebas aRar gvaniWebs;`vyidu- 116| Txevadi modernuloba lobT~ saSualebas Savi dRisTvis danazogis gakeTebisTvis da amasTan, im fulis daxarjvisTvis, romelic jer ar gviSovia;`vyidulobT~ resursebs im saqmeebis gasakeTeblad, romelic unda agakeTdes an romelTa gasakeTebladac dro aris gamoyofili;`vyidulobT~ madis aRmZvrel sakvebs da Semdgom dietebs, am sakvebiT gamowveuli Sedegebis gamosasworeblad, yvelaze mZlavr xmis gamaZlierebel mowyobilobebsa da Semdgom yvelaze efeqtur tkivilgamayuCeblebs. sayidlebis am sias dasasruli ar aqvs. da mainc, rogori grZelic ar unda iyos is, misgan Tavis daZvrenis saSualebas siaSi ver SexvdebiT: TiTqosda usasrulo miznebis samyaroSi yvelaze ufro moTxovnadi marjve da dauRalavi myidvelis unaria. Tumca, Tanamedrove konsumerizmi saWiroebebis dakmayofilebas aRar niSnavs; aRarc identifikaciisa da `adekvaturobis~ farglebSi Tavdajerebulobis ufro amaRlebuli, gancalkevebuli(rogorc xSirad mcdarad amboben,`xelovnuri~,`gamogonili~,`warmoebuli~) saWiroebebis dakmayofilebas. rogorc iTqva, momxmareblobis spiritus movens (laT. mamoZravebeli suli, Zala) aRar gaizomeba artikulirebul moTxovnaTa nakrebiT, mamoZravebeli Zala survilia – bevrad ufro meryevi da efemeruli, orWofi da Wirveuli, saWiroebebisgan gansxvavebiT ufro mouwesrigebeli mTlianoba, TviTwarmoqmnili da TviTmavali motivi, romelic araviTar gamarTlebasa da`mizezs~ ar saWiroebs. miuxedavad misi Tanmimdevruli, Tumca xanmokle gansagnebisa, survili Tavad warmaodgens Tavisi mudmiv sagans da am mizeziT, is verasdros miaRwevs kmayo- individualuroba| 117 filebas, rogori uricxvi sagnebiTac ar unda iyos moniSnuli misi ganvlili gza. da mainc, miuxedavad survilis aSkara upiratesobisa, naklebad moqnil da auCqarebel saWiroebebTan SedarebiT, survili ufro met SezRudvebs dauwesebs momxareblebis mzadyofnas`SopingisTvis~, vidre samomxmareblo saqonlis momwodeblebs, romlebic ufro misaRebad arian miCneuli. bolos da bolos, survilis aRZvra, misi saWiro temperaturamde miyvana da swori mimarTulebisken mimarTva mniSvnelovan Zalisxmevasa da finansur danaxarjebs moiTxovs. is momxmareblebi, romlebic surviliT xelmZRvaneloben odesme xelaxla unda iyvnen`warmoebuli~ da Tanac, maRal fasad. momxmareblebis warmoeba STanqavs warmoebis mTliani xarjebis umniSvnelovanes nawils – nawils, romelsac konkurencia ufro gaafarToebs, vidre Seaviwrovebs. Tumca, rogorc harvi fergiusoni SeniSnavs,(mwarmoebelTa da samomxareblo saqonlis merCendaizerTa sabednierod) konsumerizmi, Tavis amJamindel gamovlinebaSi`emyareba ara survilis regulacias(stimulacias), aramed macduri fantaziebis gamoTavisuflebas~. fergiusonis dakvirvebiT survilis cneba moxmarebas TviT-gamoxatvas ukavSirebs, gemovnebisa da diskriminaciis cnebebs. individi TviT-gamoxatvas sakuTrebis meSveobiT axdens. Tumca, warmoebis gafarToebaze orientirebuli, dawinaurebuli kapitalisturi sazogadoebisTvis es Zalzed SezRuduli fsiqologiuri CarCoa, romelic gzas uxsnis sakmaod gansxvavebul fsiqikur`ekonomikas~. natvra anacvlebs survils, rogorc moxmarebis mamoZravebel Zalas. 118| Txevadi modernuloba konsumerizmis istoria`gauvali~ barierebis ngrevisa da gauqmebis istoriaa. im barierebis, romlebic fantaziis Tavisufal gasaqans zRudaven da`siamovnebis principebs~ realobis mier nakarnaxev principebamde ganZarcvaven. me19 saukunis ekonomistebma`saWiroeba~`simtkicis~ prototipad Seracxes, rogorc udreki, marad SezRuduli da sasruli. is gauqmda da survilma Caanacvla, romelic bevrad ufro`Txevadi~ da ganvrcobadia, vidre saWiroeba imis gamo, rom naxevrad-ukanono kavSirSia gamoxatvis molodinSi myofi avTenturi`Sinagani mes~ meryev da plastikur ocnebebTan. axla survilis uaryofis jeri dadga. man Tavis vargisianobis vadas gadaacila mas Semdeg, ramac momxareblis damokidebuleba amJamindel mdgomareobamde miiyvana. ufro Zlieri da pirvel rigSi, ufro mravalmxrivi impulsia saWiro momxmareblis moTxovnis donis SeTavazebis doneze SenarCunebisTvis.`natvra~ ki yvelaze saWiro Canacvlebaa: mas siamovnebis principis gamoTavisuflebis process dasasrulamde mihyavs, asufTavebs da gankargavs damabrokelebeli`realobis principis~ ukanasknel narCenebs: bunebrivi airi sabolood gamoTavisuflda konteineridan. fergiusonis sityvebs Tu gavimeorebT: `araferi udevs safuZvlad natvris uSualoebas iq, sadac survilis waxaliseba Sedarebas, pativmoyvareobas, Sursa da TviTdamkvidrebis saWiroebas emyareba~. individualuroba| 119 momxmareblis sxeuli rogorc Life in Fragments -Si( Polity Press , 1996 ) vamtkiceb, postmodernuli sazogadoeba Tavis wevrebs moxmareblebis saxiT iwvevs da ara mwarmoeblebis. mwarmoeblis roli garSemo organizebuli cxovreba, rogorc wesi, normatiuladaa regulirebuli. arsebobs dadgenili qveda zRvari, romelic aucilebelia aramxolod saarsebod, aramed imis Sesasrulebladac, rasac mwarmoeblis roli moiTxovs. Tumca, Cveni ocnebebis, survilebisa da miswrafebebis zeda zRvaric arsebobs, romlis dacvis SemTxvevaSic sazogadoebis mxridan Cveni ambiciebis mowonebis imedi unda gvqondes – gankiTxvisa da gakicxvis SiSis gareSe. yvelaferi, rac aWarbebs dadgenil zRvars fufunebad miiCneva, fufunebisken swrafva ki codvaa. mTavari problema zeda da qveda zRvrebs Soris balansis miRwevaa, raTa `jounsebs~ ar CamovrCeT. moxmarebis garSemo organizebuli cxovreba normebis gareSe unda imarTebodes: raime normatiuli regulaciis gareSe cdunebiTa da sul ufro mzardi survilebiTa da droebiTi natvrebiT xelmZRvanelobdes. `jonsebis~ ojaxidan arcerTi ar gvidgens warmatebuli cxovrebis orientirs; momxarebelTa sazogadoeba erT-erTi yvelaze universaluri Sedarebaa da mxolod zecaa misi erTaderT sazRvari.`fufunebaSi~ mniSnvelovani azri ar devs, aq mTavari dRevandeli`fufunebebis~ xvalindel saWiroebebad gardaqmna da`dRevandelsa~ da`xvalindels~ Soris manZilis maqsimalurad Semcirebaa. vinaidan garkveuli survilebis saWiroebebad gardaqmnisa da sxva survilebis`cru survile- 120| Txevadi modernuloba bad~ Seracxvis araviTari norma ar arsebobs, arc raime niSnuli arsebobs, romelic`Sesabamisobis~ standarts gazomavda. Sesabamisad, mTavari sakiTxi`sakmarisobaa~ – mudmivi mzadyofna, momaval SesaZlobamde amaRleba, aqamde ucnobi, moulodneli cdunebebis Sesatyvisi survilebis ganviTareba, adrindelze metis miReba. mTavaria ar davuSvaT dadgenilma saWiroebebma axali SegrZnebebi imdenad usazRvro gaxados, rom maTi aRqmisa da gamocdis SesaZlebloba SegvizRudos. Tu mwarmoebelTa sazogadoeba sayovelTao standartad janmrTelobas awesebs, momxarebelTa sazogadoeba fitnes ideals gvidgens. janmrTeloba da fitnesi xSirad momijnave cnebebad gvevlinebian da faqtobrivad sinonimuri mniSvnelobiT gamoiyenebian, isini xom orive arsobrivad sxeulze zrunvas ukavSirdebian, im mdgomareobas, romlis miRwevac sasurvelia da romlis misaRwevadac sxeulis mflobelma konkretul reJims unda misdios. Tumca, am ori cnebis erTi da imave mniSvnelobiT gamoyeneba Secdomaa – da aramxolod im kargad nacnobi faqtis gamo, rom yvela fitnes reJimi ar aris sasargeblo janmrTelobisTvis. janmrTeloba da fitnesi or sxvadasxva diskurss miekuTvnebian da gansxvavebul sakiTxebs miemarTebian. janmrTeloba, mwarmoebelTa sazogadoebis sxva yvela normatiuri cnebis msgavsad, avlebs da icavs sazRvars`normasa~ da`anomalias~ Soris.`janmrTeloba~ adamianis sxeulisa da sulisTvis Sesaferisi da sasurveli mdgomareobaa, romelic metnaklebad zustad SeiZleba aRvweroT da SevafasoT. is im fizikur mdgomareobas miemarTeba, romelic socialurad konstruirebuli da miniWebuli rolis Tanmimdevrul individualuroba| 121 da mtkice moTxovnilebebs akmayofilebs.`iyo janmrTeli~ niSnavs iyo`vargisi~ qarxanaSi danadgarTan samuSaod an tvirTis gadasazidad, romelic Cveulebriv dasaqmebulis fizikur da fsiqikur gamZleobas awveba. `formaSi~ yofna, amis sapirispirod, arafers niSnavs, Tu ara`simtkices~; Tavisi arsidan gamomdinare ver SemoisazRvreba raime sizustis dacviT. Tumca mas xSirad viRebT pasuxad SekiTxvaze:`rogor grZnob Tavs dRes~ ? (da Tu`formaSi var~ savaraudod vupasuxob rom`Zalian kargad vgrZnob Tavs~), mas namdvil gamocdas momavali umzadebs:`formaSi yofna~ niSnavs moqnili, martivad adaptirebadi sxeulis qonas, romelic jer kidev gamoucdeli, winaswar ganusazRvrel SegrZnebebTan gamklavebas SeZlebs. Tu janmrTeloba, met-naklebad, mdgomareobis tips warmoadgens, fitnesi am wyvilSi`metobis~ mxares gadaixreba: is miemarTeba ara fizikuri SesaZleblobebis garkveul standarts, aramed mis potenciur gazrdas(Tanac, sasurvelia ganusazRvrel gazrdas).`fitnesi~ niSnavs uCveulos, eqstraorindaluris, siaxlisa da moulodnelobis miRebas niSnavs. zogierTs imis Tqmac ki SeuZlia, rom janmrTeloba`mxolod normebamde daiyvaneba~, fitnesi ki yvela dadgenili wesis darRvevasa da ukve miRweuli standartebis ukan motovebas niSnavs. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, interpersonaluri normis miRweva martivi saqme ar iqneboda, vinaidan, fizikuri formis individualuri doneebis obieqturi Sedareba, faqtobrivad, SeuZlebelia. fitnesi, janmrTelobisgan gansxvavebiT, subieqtur gamocdilebebs ukavSirdeba(`ganvlili~,`gancdili~ gamocdilebis gagebiT ar aris is mdgomareoba, romelzec dakvirveba da romlis 122| Txevadi modernuloba gamoxatvac garedanaa SesaZlebeli). rogorc yvela subieqturi mdgomareoba,`formaSi yofnis~ gamocdilebac, calsaxad, pirovnebaTSorisi urTerTobebisTvis Sesaferisi maneriT rTulad gamosaxatia, pirovnebaTSoris Sedarebebs rom davaneboT Tavi. kmayofileba da siamovneba is SegrZnebebia, romlebsac abstraqtuli terminebis meSveobiT ver SevicnobT: maTi gagebisTvis aucilebelia isini subieqturi gamocdilebisa da gancdebis Sedegs warmoadgendnen. danamdvilebiT verasdros gecodinebaT Tqveni SegrZnebebi iseTive Rrma, amaRelvebeli da siamovnebismomgvrelia, rogorc sxva pirovnebis. fitnesisken swrafva im nadiris devnas gavs, romlic aRwerasac ver SevZlebT, sanam ar daviWerT; aravis SeuZlia Tqma sruli sizustiT, rom is nadiri Seipyres, romelsac misdevdnen, Tumca samagierod, daeWvebis ufleba yvelas aqvs. fitnesisken swrafvis garemo organizebuli cxovreba mraval brZolaSi gamarjvebas gvpirdeba, Tumca ara saboloo triumfs. janmrTelobaze zrunvisgan gansxvavebiT, formaSi yofnisken swrafvas ar gaaCnia raime bunebrivi mizani. miznebi SesaZloa usasrulo mcdelobebis konkretul etapze davadginoT da am miznis miRweviT mogvrili kmayofilebac wuTieri iqneba.`formaSi yofnisken~ usasrulo swrafvisas dasvenebis dro ar aris da warmatebis aRniSvnis erTaderTi forma mcire Sesvenebaa bejiTi muSaobis morig raundamde. erTi ram, rac `fitnes-mimdevrebma~ ician isaa, rom sakmarisad karg formaSi ar arian da kidev bevri unda imuSaon. kargi formisken swrafa mudmivi TviT-kvlevis, TviT-gankiTxvisa, TviT-gvemisa da amitom, gangrZobiTi SfoTis mdgomareobaa. individualuroba| 123 janmrTeloba konkretul standartebamde daiyvaneba(iseT gazomvad da Tvlad maCveneblebamde, rogoricaa sxeulis temperatura an wneva) da normasa da anomalias Soris aSkara gansxvavebiT SeiaraRebuli Tavisufali unda iyos am usasrulo SfoTisgan. principSi gasagebi unda iyos, ra unda gakeTdes kargijanmrTelobis mdgomareobis misaRwevad da dasacavad, ra pirobebSi SeiZleba imis Tqma, rom adamians kargi janmrTeloba aqvs da Terapiis romel etaze SeiZleba iTqvas, rom adamianis janmrTeloba aRdga da meti arafris gakeTeba araa saWiro. diax, principSi. realurad, yvela normis statusma, janmrTelobis normis CaTvliT,`Txevadi~ modernulobis egidis qveS, sasruli da usasrulo SesaZleblobis sazogadobaSi mniSvnelovani ryevebi ganicada da Zalzed myife gaxda. is, rac guSin normalurad da damakmayofileblad iTvleboda, dRes gangaSis mizezad da paTologiadac ki miiCneva, romelic mkurnalobas saWiroebs. jer es erTi, adamianis sxeulis mdgomareobis sul ufro meti saxesxvaoba moiTxovs samedicino Carevas, unda iTqvas, rom ar samedicino Terapia rCeba erT adgilas. meorec, odesRac mkafiod SemosazRvruli avadmyofobis idea axla sul ufro bundovani xdeba. nacvlad imisa, rom avadmyofoba gamonaklis, erTjerad movlenad aRviqvaT Tavisi dasasruliTa da dasawyiiT, is janmrTelobis mudmiv Tanmsdevad ganixileba, mis gansxvavebul mxared da aqtualurad safrTxed: avadmyofoba sifxizlesa da masTan brZolis mudmiv saWiroebas iTxovs dRiT Tu RamiT, yoveldRe. janmrTelobaze zrunva avadmyofobasTan gangrZobiT brZolad gadaiqceva. da bolos, `jansaRi cxovrebis reJimis~ mniSvnelobac icvleba, 124| Txevadi modernuloba `jansaRi dietis~ cneba imaze swrafad icvleba, vidre romelime rekomendirebuli maTgani Sedegianobis damtkicebas aswrebs. gancxadebulia, rom kvebas, romelic janmrTelobisTvis sasargeblod an usafrTxod miiCneva, damangreveli gangrZobiT Sedegebs iwvevs jer kidev manamde, sanam misi keTili gavlenis SegrZneba srulad iqneba SesaZlebeli. rogorc aRmoCnda, konkretulad erTi safrTxisken mimarTuli Terapia da mkurnalobis prevenciuli meTodebi paTogenurad avlenen Tavs sxva mimarTulebiT. iatrogenuri daavadebebi, romelTa gamomwvevi mizezic warsulSi Catarebuli Terapiebia, ufro met samedicino Carevas saWiroeben. TiTqmis yoveli medikamenti riskiTaa gajerebuli da sul ufro meti wamalia saWiro warsuli riskebiT gamowveuli Sedegebis gamosasworeblad. zogadad, jandacva, Tavisi bunebisda sawinaamRdegod uCveulod emsgavseba fizikuri formis swrafvas: gangrZobiTia, saTua odesme Tu mogvgvris kmayofilebas, darwmunebuli ar aris mis amJamindel mimarTulebasa da am gzaze warmoqmnil uamrav SfoTs Soris arsebul SesabamisobaSi. im dros, rodesac janmrTeloba sul ufro metad emsgavseba fizikuri formisken swrafvas, es ukanaskneli cdilobs(da rogorc wesi amaod) imas, rac adre janmrTelobis Tavdajerebulobis safuZvels warmoadgenda: janmrTelobis mdgomareobis Sefaseba / gazomvasa da Sesabamisad Terapevtul progress. es miswrafeba xsnis, magaliTad, wonis mudmivi kontrolis esoden did popularobas`fitnes reJimis~ mimdevrebs Soris: gamqrali santimetrebi da kilogramebi fiziku- individualuroba| 125 ri formis gaumjobesebis mTavar, xilvad mtkicebulebebs warmoadgenen, romelTa meSveobiTac SesaZlebeli xdeba mdgomareobis`gazomva~ met-naklebi sizustiT – sxeulis temperaturis gazomvis msgavsad janmrTelobis diagnostirebisas. es msgavsebebi, ra Tqma unda, mxolod iluziebia: ubralod warmoidgineT Termometri qveda zRvris skalaze an sxeulis temperatura sul ufro umjobesdebodes mis dacemasTan erTad. wamyvan fitnes modelSi ukanaskneli cvlilebebis kvaldakval janmrTelobaze zrunvam(maT Soris TviTzrunva) gansakuTrebiT didi masStabebi miiRo. rogorc ivan iliCma SeniSna,`janmrTelobaze zrunva wamyvan paTogenur faqtorad gadaiqca~. diagnostika calkeul individs obieqtebad aRar aRiqvams: misi WeSmariti sagani, sul ufro xSirad, albaTobebis gavrcelebaSia, imis SefasebaSi Tu rogor Seicvleba pacientis mdgomareoba diagnostirebis Semdeg. janmrTeloba xSirad riskebis optimizaciasTan igivdeba xolme. yovel SemTxvevaSi amas moelian momxarebelTa sazogadoebis is wevrebi, romlebic fizikuri formis gaumjobesebaze muSaoben, natroben, rom maTi eqimebic msgavsi miswrafebebiT gamoirCeodnen da brazdebian, Tu eqimebi maT survilebs ar emorCilebian. erT-erT prezedentul saqmeSi eqimi Tiubingenidan imis gamo gaasamarTles, rom momaval dedas konkretuli albaTobis statistikis nacvlad uTxra:`albaToba imisa, rom Tqveni Svili nakluli daibadeba, Zalian maRali ar aris~. 126| Txevadi modernuloba sayidlebze siaruli, rogorc egzorcizmis rituali SesaZloa vivaraudoT, rom fitnesis miuRweveli mwervalebiT(sul ufro meti bundovanebiT moculi) Sepyrobili sxeulebis mflobelTa SiSebi met sifrTxiles, sifxizlesa da windaxdulebas aRZraven, zomierebisa da sisadavisken mogviwodeben. im daskvnis gakeTeba, rom es momxarebelTa sazogadoebisTvis sruliad Suesabamo da potenciurad damangreveli damokidebulebebia, araswori iqneboda. Sinagani demonebis gandevna mravalgvar moqmedebasa da pozitiur damokidebulebas saWiroebs da ara dumilsa da gandgomas, rogorc es momxarebelTa sazogadoebaSi xdeba; demonebis gandevna Zvirad jdeba da im insrumentebs / mowyobilobebs saWiroebs, romelTa mowodebac mxolod samomxmareblo bazari Tu SeZlebs. damokidebulebas~ Cemi sxeuli alyaSemortymuli cixesimagrea~ ar mivyavarT asketizmis, TavSekavebisa Tu uaryofisken; nebismier SemTxvevaSi, es didi raodenobiT moxmarebas niSnavs, Tumca, komerciuli miznebiT damzadebuli`janmrTeli~ produqtebis moxmarebas. manamde, sanam masze mavne gverdiTi movlenebis gamo ityodnen uars da warmoebidan moxsnidnen, wonis sakiTxiT Sepyrobil adamianebs Soris yvelaze popularuli medikamenti`qsenilini~ iyo, romlis sareklamo lozungic Semdegnairad JRerda:`meti sakvebi, naklebi wona~. bari glasneris gamoTvlebs Tu daveyrdnobiT, erT weliwadSi( 1987 wels) sxeulis formaze mzrunvelma amerikelebma 74 mln aSS dolari daxarjes dietur sakvebze, 5 mln aSS dolari janmrTelobis klubebze, 2 . 7 mln aSS dola- individualuroba| 127 ri vitaminebze, xolo 738 mln aSS dolari savarjiSo mowyobilobebze. mokled rom vTqvaT, sayidlebze siarulis sakmarisze meti mizezi arsebobs. sayidlebze damokidebulebis nebismieri gamartivebuli, erT konkretul mizezamde dayvanili axsna yvelaze mniSvnelovani garemoebis gamotovebis safrTxes Seicavs. akviatebad gadaqceuli`Sopingis~ gavrcelebuli interpretaciebi, rogorc post-modernuli Rirebulebebis revoluciis gamovlineba, Sopingze damokidebulebis, rogorc mTvlemare materialisturi da hedonisturi insiqtebis, an rogorc`komerciuli SeTqmulebis~ warmoCenis tendencia(rac siamovnebisken, rogorc cxovrebis pirvelxarisxovani miznisken swrafvas xelovnurad waxalisebaa) saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi, WeSmariti suraTis mxolod mcire nawils gvixatavs. mocemuli ganmartebebis kidev erTi aucilebeli damateba isaa, rom narkomaniad gadaqceuli Sopingi daucvlebis SegrZnebasTan mZime, damTrgunveli da Semawuxebeli brZolaa. rogorc t. h. marSalma SeniSna sxva SemTxvevasTan mimarTebiT, rodesac mravali adamiani erTdroulad mirbis erTi da imave mimarTulebiT, or SekiTxvas unda gaeces pasuxi: saidan morbian da ras / vis misdeven isini. momxmareblebi SesaZloa sasiamovno ynosviT, taqtilur an vizualur SegrZnebebs misdevdnen, an savaWro centrebisa da supermarketebis Taroebze ferad da mbzinav sagnebze warmoCenili gemoebis sitkboebas an kidev ufro SegrZnebebs, romlebsac konsultantTan seansi gvpirdeba. garda amisa, isini cdiloben daucvelobad wodebul agonias gaeqcnen, surT Tavjerebulni 128| Txevadi modernuloba gaxdnen da sakuTar Tavs miendon. saukeTeso ram, rasac sayidlebze siarulisas aRmoaCenen xolme swored Tavdajerebulobaa. rogoric ar unda iyos damokidebulebis gamomwvevi, akviatebad qceuli Sopingi, es aseve gaurkvevlobisa da daucvelobis SegrZnebebis gansadevni dRiuri ritualia: es egzorcistuli rituali yovel dRe unda ganmeordes, vinaidan maRaziebis Taroebze vargisianobis vadis miTiTebis gareSe arafers ganaTavseben, xolo Tavdajerebulobis is saxeoba, romelic maRaziebSia xelmisawvdomi, naklebad efeqtur saSualebas warmoadgens daucvelobis im SegrZnebasTan brZolisTvis, romelic pirvel rigSi, myidvelebs maRaziebis stumrobisken aqezebs. Tumca, yvelaze mniSvnelovani isaa, Tu ra aiZulebs TamaSs gagrZeldes miuxedavad misi aSkara aradamajereblobisa da perspeqtivis ararsebobisa. es egzorcizmis ganmacvifrebeli Tvisebaa: ritualebi efeqturia da gvaxareben ara mxolod imiT, rom moCvenebebs gandevnian(rasac isini iSviaTad Tu akeTeben), aramed imiT, rom saerTod tardebian. sanam gandevnis rituali iarsebebs, moCvenebebi uZlevelobaze ver waradgenen pretenzias. individualizebul momxmarebelTa sazogadoebaSi yvelaferi, rac gasakeTebelia, DIY stilSi unda gakeTdes.(ing. DO IT YOURSELF – gaakeTe SeniT)`Sopingze~ ukeT ra exmianeba ase kargad DIY egzorcizmis winapirobebs ? individualuroba| 129 Tavisufleba sayidlebSi, Tu ubralod ase Cans rogorc kamium aRniSna, Cveni drois adamianebs is tanjavT, rom msoflios sakmarisad mTlianad ar flo­ ben: `Sesrulebis kaSkaSa momentebs Tu gamovrcxavT, re­ a­loba maTTvis naklulia. qmedebebi maT sxva qmedebe­ bis formiT gaurbian. ukan uCveulo iersaxiT brundebian maTsave gasasamarTleblad da Semdgom qrebian, CvenTvis jer kdiev ucnobi xvrelidan iseve, rogorc tantalusis nanatri wyali~. introspeqtuli gagebiT, es TiToeulma Cvenganma icis: Cvenive biografiebi gvaswavlian retrospeqtuli kvlevis gziT im msoflios Sesaxeb, romelzec vsaxlobT, Tumca, Tu garSemo mimovixedavT, ase ar mogveCveneba: CvenTvis nacnobi adamianebis arsebobaze Soridan dakvirvebisas gveCveneba, rom maTi arseboba im erTianobiTa da SekavSirebulobiT xasiaTdeba, romelic realurad ver eqnebaT da mxolod gare mayurebels eCveneba cxadad. es, ra Tqma unda, optikuri iluziaa. manZili abundovanebs(da es Cveni codnis naklovanebaa) detalebs da Slis yvelafers, rac ar esadageba `gelStats~. iluziaa es Tu ara, midrekili varT sxvebis cxovreba xelovnebis nimuSad aRviqvaT. maT cxovrebas vakvirdebiT da Zalisxmevas ar viSurebT igives gasakeTeblad:`TiToeuli cdilobs sakuTari cxovreba xelovnebis nimuSad gadaaqcios~. xelovnebis im nimuSs, romlis gamoZerwvasac vcdlobT cxovrebis myife masalidan, identoba ewodeba. yovelTvis, rodesac identobaze vsaubrobT, Cveni fiqre- 130| Txevadi modernuloba bis siRrmeSi harmoniis, logikis, Tanmimdevrulobis mkrTali gamosaxuleba gaielvebs xolme: yvelaferi is, rac ase Zalian aklia Cvens gamocdilebis dinebas(da rac Cveni mudmivi imedgacruebi mizezia). identobis kvleva niSnavs mudmivi brZolas dinebis SesaCereblad, siTxis gasamyareblad, uformosTvis formis misacemad. mTeli Cveni ZalebiT vcdilobT uarvyoT, an yovel SemTxvevaSi, vcdilobT davmaloT, Txeli membraniT davfaroT es gasaocari Txevadoba; vcdilobT Tvali avaridoT im sanaxaobas, romelmac SeuZlebelia, ar gangvmiros. da mainc, dinebis Senelebidan Sors varT, SeCerebaze rom aRaraferi vTqvaT, identobebi droTa ganmavlobaSi gamxmar qerqze warmoqmnil laqebs mogvagonebs, romlebsac vulkanuri lava adnobs da Zlivs, Semdeg ki Tavidan warmoqmnis manam, sanam gaciebasa da gamagrebas moaswreben. ase rom, kidev erTi gamocdaa saWiro, ra drosac mxolod is gvrCeba, rom sasowarkveTilni raime myarsa da xelSesaxebs moveWidoT, imedi viqonioT, rom dros gauZlebs, damoukideblad imisgan, miesadagebian da Seeferebian Tu ara isini erTmaneTs, mogvcemen Tu ara isini im molodinis safuZvels, rom SekavSirebis Semdeg kidev didxans darCebian erTad. deliozisa da guataris sityvebs Tu movixmobT: survili mudmivad akavSirebs gangrZobiT dinebasa da calkeul sagnebs, romlebic Tavisi bunebiT fragmentulebi da fragmentirebulebi arian~. identobebi myari da fiqsirebuli mxolod maSin gveCveneba, rodesac maTi garedan danaxva myisierad SegviZlia. rogori simyariTac ar unda gamoirCeodnen, maT piradi gamocdilebidan gamomdinare Tu davakvirdebiT, isini myife da Txevadi mogveCveneba, mudmivad individualuroba| 131 gafleTili maTi`denadobis~ gamaSiSvlebeli gamwevi Zalebisa da Semxvedri dinebebis mier nawilebad daSlis safrTxis qveS arian, rodesac nebismieri am ZalaTagan SeZlebs waiRos mis mier SeZenili forma. gamocdili da gancdili identobebis erTad SenarCuneba mxolod raime fantastiuri webos, warmosaxvebis meSveobiT Tu iqneba SesaZlebeli. Tumca, biografiuli gamocdilebis mZafri sicxadis mocemulobiT, Zliermoqmedi nebismieri sxva webo, romlis waSlac iseTive martivi araa, rogorc fantaziis, iseTive amazrzen perspeqtivas dagvisaxavda, rogorsac warmosaxvis ararseboba. efrat cilonis dakvirvebiT, swored amitom aris, rom moda yvela moTxovnilebas SesaniSnavad pasuxobs: mxolod zomiereba, arc ufro susti da imaze Zlieri, vidre fantaziaa.`is sazRvrebis Seswavlis gzebs gvTavazobs, moqmedebebisadmi erTgulebisa da SedegebiT tanjvis gareSe~.`zRaparSi~, Segvaxsenebs ciloni,`Ramis samoseli is gasaRebia, romelic princesis WeSmariti identobis gamovlenaSi gvexmareba, rasac naTlideda Zalian kargad xvdeba, rodesac konkias mejlisisTvis gamoawyobs~. identobebis umetesi nawilisTvis damaxasiaTebeli aramdgradobisa da meryeobis gaTvaliswinebiT, identobebis maRaziaSi sayidlebze siarulis SesaZlebloba, identobis SerCevis(da misi imden ixniT morgebis, ramden xansac mogesurvebaT) WeSmariti Tu nagulisxmevi samomxmareblo Tavisuflebaa swored is, rac identobis fantaziebis Sesrulebisken mimaval didebul marSrutad gardaiqmneba. am SesaZleblobis gamoyenebis SemTxvvevaSi, nebismiers SeeZleba identobebis Seqmna da ganadgureba Tavisi survilisamebr. Tu ubralod 132| Txevadi modernuloba ase Cans. momxmarebelTa sazogadoebaSi, samomxareblo damokidebulebaSi(`Sopingze~ universalur damokidebulebaSi) Tanamonawileoba sayovelTao individualuri Tavisuflebis aucilebeli winapirobaa, pirvel rigSi Tavisuflebaa iyo gansxvavebuli da`gqondes identoba~. gambedavi gulwrfelobis gamonaTebis Jams (amave dros, gamWriaxi klientebisTvis, romlebmac TamaSis dawyebis momentidanve ician saiT midis wava TamaSi, Tvalis CakvriT), sareklamo rgoli gviCvenebs qalebis brbos sxvadasxva varcxnilobebiT, ra drosac gamoCndeba warwera:`TiToeuli maTgani unikaluria; TiToeuli maTgani individualuria da yvelam X airCia( X Tmis kondencioneris reklamirebuli brendia). masobrivad warmoebuli saSualeba individualuri mravalferovnebis gasaRebia. identoba ki(unikaluri da individualuri) mxolod im saxiT SeiZleba mogvewodos, rogori saxiTac aris xelmisawvdomi misi yidvis momentSi. damoukideblobas damorCilebiT moipoveb. filmSi`elisabedi~ inglisis dedofali`sakuTari pirovnebis Secvlas~ gadawyvets, mamamiss daemsgavseba da samefo kars aiZulebs pativi sces mis brZanebebs, amas ki dedofali varcxnilobis SecvliT, saxeze ferumarilis sqeli fenis dadebiTa da ostatebis mier damzadebuli Tavsamkaulebis morgebiT Seecdeba. sadavo sakiTxia WeSmaritia Tu warmosaxviTi, momxmareblis arCevnis Tavisuflebis, kerZod ki, masobrivad warmoebuli da gayidvadi saqonlis moxmarebis gziT TviT-identifikaciis Tavisuflebis xarisxi. msgavs­i Tavisufleba ver iqmneba bazris mier mowodebuli mowyobilobebisa da nivTierebebis gareSe, Tumca individualuroba| 133 amis gaTvaliswinebiT, ramdenad farToa bednier myidvelTa fantaziisa da eqsperimentulobis diapazoni ? maTi damokidebuleba, udavod, yidvis ubralo aqtamde ar daiyvaneba. magaliTisTvis, gaixseneT is uzarmazari Zalaufleba, romelsac masmedia flobs koleqtiur Tu individualur warmosaxvaze. Cven garSemo arsebul uricxv ekranebze gamosaxuli Zlevamosili,`realobaze realuri~ suraTebi realobisa da misi Sefasebis standartebs gviweseben da mogivwodeben `cocxali~ realoba ufro momxibvleli saxiT aRviqvaT. sasurveli cxovreba`televizorebis ekranebze nanaxi~ cxovrebaa. ekranebze naCvenebi cxovreba realur cxovrebis mimzidvelobas daCrdilavs da xiblisgan ganZarcvavs mas: swored realuri cxovrebaa is, rac mxolod da mxolod ararealur SegrZnebaTa nakrebad iqneba aRqmuli manam, sanam ekranis gamosaxulebebad ar gardaiqmneba(sakuTari cxovrebis realobis srulad aRqmisTvis misi videoCamwerze Caweraa saWiro, saidanac, Cvenda sanugeSod, nebismier dros SevZleb Zveli Canawerebis waSlasa da axlis damatebas). rogorc kristofer laSi ambobs:`Tanamedrove cxovreba imdenad gaSualebulia eleqtronuli gamosaxulebebiT, rom aRar SegviZlia ar gamovexmauroT sxvebs, TiTqos maTi da Cveni qmedebebi erTdroulad iwereba da miewodeba uxilav auditorias an raime sacavebSi inaxeba mogvianebiT gamosaaSkaraveblad~. Tavis ufro gvian naSromSi, laSi mkiTxvels axsenebs, rom identobis adrindeli mniSvneloba miemarTeba rogorc adamianebs, ise sagnebs. Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi orive maTganma dakarga simtkice, sizuste da uwyvetoba~. laSi gulisxmobs, rom universalur`myari 134| Txevadi modernuloba sxeulebis dnobisas~ iniciativa sagnebs ekuTvniT; da vinaidan sagnebi identoebebis simbolur atributebsa da identifikaciis instrumentebs warmoadgenen, adamianebma maleve gadawyvites maT magaliTs gahyolodnen. saavtomobilo industriasTan dakavSirebul, ema rotSildis cnobil kvlevaze saubrisas laSi varaudobs, rom: `alfred slounis inovaciebma marketingSi – wliuri modelebis cvlam, produqtis mudmivma ganaxlebam, maTi socialur statusTan dakavSirebis mcdelobam, cvlilebebis usazRvro survilis ganzraxviT Canergva / Cagonebam warmoebaSi fordiseuli inovaciebis aucilebeli analogi Seqmna. orive maTganma ganizraxa xeli SeeSala damoukidebeli azrovnebisa da sazrianobisTvis, Seecada adamianebs Tavissave msjelobebSi SeetenaT eWvi, iseT sakiTxebSic ki, rogoric gemovnebaa. rogorc aRmoCnda, iseTi ramec ki, rasac Tavad aniWebs upiratesobas, Tumca axlandel modas CamorCeba, periodul ganaxlebas saWiroebs~. alfred slouni imis pioneri gaxldaT, rac Semdgom universalur trendad gadaiqca. sasaqonlo warmoeba dResdReobiT`gamZle sagnebis samyaros~`myisieri daZvelebisTvis ganwiruli erTjeradi produqtebiT~ anacvlebs. am Canacvlebis Sedegebi gamWriaxad aRwera jeremi sibrukma: `aq metad mniSvnelovani is ki ar aris, rom kapitalizmma adamianebs saqoneli miawoda, aramed is, rom adamianebi miewodnen saqonels, Tanac sul ufro mzardi raodenobiT; anu, adamianebis xasiaTi da mgrZnobeloba imgvarad`gadamuSavda~ da`gardaiqmna~, rom isini daaxloebiT saqonels, gamocdilebebsa da SegrZnebebs individualuroba| 135 ewyobian, romelTa gayidvac Cvens cxovrebas formasa da mniSvnelobas sZens~. samyaroSi, sadac ganzraxulad meryevi sagnebi im identobebis saSen masalas warmoadgnen, romelTa ara­ mdgradoba saWiroebiTaa gamowveuli, sifxizle gvmarTebs; Tumca, upirveles yovlisa, gare samyaros cvalebad paternebTan Seguebis siCqare da moqniloba unda davicvaT. rogorc Tomas matiseni SeniSnavs, benTamisa da fukos didebuli metafora panoptikonis Sesaxeb aRar gamoxatavs im arxebsa da saSualebebs, romliTac Zalaufleba moqmedebs. rogorc matiseni amtkicebs, panoptikuri sazogadoebidan sinoptikur sazogadoebaSi gadavinacvleT: mxareebi Seicvala da axla umravlesoba uTvalTvalebs umciresobas. sameTvalyureo Wogritebi maTi winamorbedis msgavsi, momwesrigebeli ZalauflebiT arian aRWurvili. standartebisadmi morCileba(neba momeciT davamato – ukiduresad moqnil standartebTan aseTive moqnili da Semguebluri morCileba) iZulebis nacvlad, dResdReobiT cdunebisa da monusxvis gziT miiRweva da es Tavisufali nebis SeniRbul ganxorcielebaSi vlindeba, gare Zalad gamoaSkaravebis nacvlad. am WeSmaritebebis mudmivi reformulireba aucilebelia, vinaidan`meobis romantikuli koncefciis~ gvami,(romelic yovelgvar gare da zedapiruli gamovlinebebis miRma mimalul Rrma Sinagan arss swvdeba) Cveulebriv, im saerTo Zalisxmevis Sedegad reanimirdeba xolme, rasac pol atkinsonma da devid silvermanma marTebulad uwodes`intervius sazogadoeba (romelic subieqtis piradi me-s gamosavlenad farTod emyarebian pirispiri interviuebis praqtikas) da Tana- 136| Txevadi modernuloba medrove socialuri kvlevebis did nawils(romlebic piradi narativebis provocirebisa da Semdgom maTi gamokvlevis gziT, miznad isaxaven`me~-s subieqtur WeSmaritebamde CaRrmavebas, im imediT, rom maTSi Sinagan WeSmaritebas miagneben). atkisoni da silvermani upirispirdebian am praqtikas: `socialur mecnierebebSi ar vamJRavnebT`me~-s na­ ra­tivebis Segrovebis gziT, aramed vqmniT mas biografiuli Sromebis moTxrobis gziT... gamomJRavnebis survili da survilis gamomJRavneba namdvilobis gancdas qmnis maSinac ki, rodesac Tavad es namdviloba kiTxvis niSnis qveSaa~. marTlac, Zalian didi kiTxvis niSnis qveS dgas mravalricxovani kvlevebi gviCvenebs, rom piradi narativebi sajaro ritorikis ubralo repeticiebs warmoadgenen, romlebic media saSualebebis mier arian Seqmnilni`subieqturi WeSmaritebis warmodgenis~ mizniT. Tumca, savaraudod avTenturi me-s aranamdviloba guldasmiTaa dafaruli`gulwrfelobis saTvaleebi~ – siRrmiseuli intervius sajaro ritualebiTa da sajaro aRsarebebiT(Tumca isini ar warmoadgenen msgavsi ritualebis Catarebis erTaderT saSualebebs), romlebic ase mateben mimzidvelobas Toq-Souebs. rogorc Cans, es saTvaleebi`Sinagani me-s~ gamomJRavnebasa da gamomzeurebas emsaxurebian. sinamdvileSi isini emociuri ganaTlebis samomxmareblo sazogadoebis versiis gamtarebs warmaodgenen: emociur mdgomareobebs da maT gamoxatulebebs(romlebisganac`srulebiT pirad identobebi~ unda Sedges) amxelen da sajaro miRebulobis beWeds artyamen. rogorc harvi fergiusonma SeniSna Tavisi ganumeorebeli maneriT: individualuroba| 137 `postmodernul msoflioSi nebismieri gansxvaveba Txevad mdgomareobas iZens, sazRvrebi iSleba da yvelaferi Tavisive winaaRmdegobad SeiZleba mogvevlinos; ironia imis mudmiv SegrZnebad gadaiqceva, rom raime SeiZleba gansxvavebuli yofiliyo, Tumca ara fundamenturad an radikalurad gansxvavebuli~. aseT msoflioSi identobis sakiTxebi sruliad axlebur eSxs iZenen: `ironiis xana~ warsuls Cabarda da is`momxibvlelobis xanam~ Caanacvla, romelSic garegnuli iersaxe erTaderT realobadaa Seracxuli. amgvarad, modernuloba`meobis~ namdvilobidan `iro­niul~ meobis gavliT Tanamedrove kulturisken gadaadgildeba, romelsac SegviZlia`asociaciuri~ meobac vuwodoT – sulsa da socialuri urTierTobebis garegan formas Soris kavSiris mudmivi Sesusteba. amgvarad, identobebi, gangrZobiT meryeobebia. swored ase gamoiyureba amJamindeli mdgomareoba kulturis mkvlevris mikroskopis qveS. sajarod warmoebuli aranamdvilobis suraTi SesaZloa WeSmaritebas ar iyo moklebuli; misi WeSmaritebis mxardamWeri argumentebi marTlac uZlevelia. Tumca, am suraTis WeSmariteba ar aris is, rac`gulwrfelobis saTvaleebis~ gavlenas gansazRvravs. erTaderTi, rac WeSmaritad mniSvnelovania isaa, Tu rogor SeigrZnoba identobis formirebisa da re-formirebis naZaladevi saWiroeba, rogor aRiqmeba is`Signidan~ da rogor aris SesaZlebeli am mocemulobaSi cxovreba. damoukideblad imisgan, namdvilia Tu hipoTeturi mkvlevrisTvis identobis farTo, asociaciuri statusi, sayidlebze siarulis SesaZlebloba, sakuTari WeSmari- 138| Txevadi modernuloba ti me-s SerCevisa Tu gacemis SesaZlebloba, aSkaraa, rom is momxmarebelTa Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi gamoCnda imisTvis, rom Tavisuflebis aRmniSvnelad iqces. momxmareblis arCevani TavisTavad Rirebulebad gadaiqca; arCevnis gakeTeba, rogorc qmedeba, ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre is, rasac virCevT da situaciebis avkargianoba, misi misaReboba Tu miuRebloba warmodgenili arCevnis mravalferovnebazea damokidebuli. amrCevis cxovreba arasdros iqneba bolomde bednieri da srulyofili maSinac ki, Tu arCevnis mravalferovneba farToa, xolo SesaZlo axal gamocdilebaTa ricxvi usasrulod gveCveneba. es cxovreba maluli safrTxeebiTaa savse: gaurkvevloba samaradisod darCeba uSno laqad im lamaz suraTze, romelsac arCevnis Tavisufleba qmnis. garda amisa(da es mniSvnelovani damatebaa) balansi`SopingiT~ SepyrobilTa sixarulsa da tanjvas Soris arCevnis mravalferovnebis garda, sxva faqtorebzec aris damokidebuli. warmodgenili arCevnebidan yvela ar aris realisturi da maTi wili asarCev saganTa raodenobaze ki ara, amrCevis gankargulebaSi arsebuli resursebis moculobazea damokidebuli. resursebis siuxvis pirobebSi, yovelTvis SegviZlia imis imedi viqonioT,(marTebulad Tu ara), rom`davwinaurdebiT~ an`yvelaferze win viqnebiT~, swrafad cvalebad miznebs daveweviT; swored resursebis siuxvis pirobebSi SeiZleba gadaixaros vinme riskebisa da daculobis SegrZnebis Semcirebisken da dauSvas, rom arCevnis mravalferovneba asmagad anazRaurebs im bnel droSi cxovrebiT moyenebul diskomforts, rodesac ar iyo cnobili Tu rodis da sad damTavrdeba brZo- individualuroba| 139 la an saerTod damTavrdeba Tu ara is. swored rbolaa is, rac gvafxizlebs da rac ar unda damRleli ar unda iyos es procesi, sarbolo biliki finiSis xazze sasiamovno adgili iqneba. swored am viTarebas miesadageba Zveli gamoTqma: ‘It’s better to travel hopefully than to arrive’ (sjobs frTxilad iaro da mizans miaRwio) da Sin mSvidobiT midio~ daniSnulebis adgilamde misvla, rogorc nebismieri arCevnis dadasruli, bevrad ufro mosawyeni da SiSismomgvreli perspeqtivaa, vidre xvalindeli arCevnis mier dRevandelis gauqmeba. Tavad survilis qonaa sasurveli da ara misi SesrulebiT mogvrili kmayofileba. SesaZloa, imis molodinic gvqondes, rom rbolis enTuziazmi kunTebis simkvrivesTan erTad Semcirdeba. aseve mosalodnelia, rom riskisa da Tavgadasavlebis siyvaruli resursebis amowurvasa da WeSmaritad sasurveli arCevis gabundovanebasTan erTad ganeldeba. Tumca, msgavsi molodini uaryofisTvisaa ganwiruli. vinaidan morbenlebi mravalferovanni da mravalricxovanni arian, sarbeni biliki ki yvelasaTvis erTia. rogorc jeremi sibrokma SeniSna: `Raribebi mdidrebisgan gansxvavul kulturaSi mkvidr­­oben. isini imaze samyaroSi unda cxovrobdnen romelic mdidrebis sasargeblod gamoigones; maT siRaribes ekonomikuri zrda da vardna Tanabrad amwvaveben~. `SopingiT~ SepyrobilTa / mayurebelTa sinoptikur sazogadoebaSi Raribebi Tvals ver aarideben am sana­ xaobas ise, rom Tvalwin igive suraTi ar daxvdeT. rac ufro didia Tavisufleba ekranze miT ufro Zlierdebian is cdunebebi, savaWro centrebis vitrinebidan rom gvixmoben, miT ufro Rrmavdeba gaZarcvuli rea- 140| Txevadi modernuloba lobis SegrZneba da sul ufro dauZleveli xdeba arCevnis gakeTebis survili. rac ufro meti arCevani aqvT mdidar adamianebs, miT ufro autaneli xdeba cxovreba maTTvis SerCevis gareSe. danawevrebulni vvaWrobT raoden paradoqsulic ar unda iyos, moulodneli sulac araa, rom Tavisuflebis im nairsaxeobas, romelic`SopingiT~ Sepyrobilebma ganadides da uzenaes Rirebulebad Seracxes(Tavisufleba, romelic pirvel rigSi samomxmareblo arCevnis mravalferovnebasa da nebismieri cxovrebiseuli gadawyvetilebis samoxmareblo arCevnad ganxilvas niSnavs) bevrad ufro damangreveli zemoqmedeba aqvs SemTxveviT, gare mayureblebze, vidre maTze, visTvisac uSualodaa gankuTvnili es Tavisufleba. marjve, arCevnis gakeTebaSi daxelovnebuli elitis cxovrebis stili sabediswero cvlilebebs ganicdis misi eleqtronuli gadamuSavebis procesSi, socialur ieararqiaSi iRvenTeba, eleqtronuli sinoptikonis arxebSi aRwevs da resursebs karikaturuli Tu sazareli monstriviT STanTqavs, ris Semdegac`CamoRvenTvis~ siamovnebebs moklebuli saboloo produqtis damangreveli potenciali iSleba. cxovrebasTan, rogorc gaWianurebul`SopingTan~ mopyroba niSnavs msoflios, rogorc samomxmareblo saqonliT gadavsebuli sawyobis gamoyenebas. macduri winadadebebis siuxvis gaTvaliswinebiT, nebismieri saqonlis siamovnebis warmomqneli potenciali swrafad individualuroba| 141 mcirdeba. sabednierod, marjve momxmareblebs maTive moxerxebuleba azRvevs komodifikaciis usiamovno Sedegebisgan. maT aseve martivad SeuZliaT uari Tqvan arasasurvel sakuTrebaze, vinaidan axla imis SeZeneba SeuZliaT, razec odesRac ocnebodnen. isini swrafi daberebisgan, survilebis arsobrivi daZvelebisgan da warmavali kmayofilebebisganac arian dazRveulni. moxerxebuloba niSnavs arCevnis Tavisuflebas da SesaZloa(da rac yvelaze mniSvnelovania) – araswori arCevnis Sedegebisgan Tavisuflebasac da amgvarad, arCevnis keTebis naklebad mimzidveli atributebisgan Tavisuflebasac. magaliTisTvis,`plastikuri seqsi~, `Serwymuli siyvaruli~ da`wminda urTierTobebi~, ro­gorc adamianuri kavSirebis konsiumerizaciisa da komodifikaciis aspeqtebi, entoni gidensis mier emansipaciis saSualebad da axali benierebis garantiebad arian warmoCenilni. es individualuri avtonomiisa da arCevnis Tavisuflebis aqamde arnaxuli masStatebebia. marTalia es Tu ara, mdidari da Zlevamosili elitisTvis WeSmaritebis garda araferia sadavo. maT SemTxvevaSic ki SesaZlebelia gidensis im mtkicebis upirobo mxardaWera, Tumca mxolod im daSvebiT Tu erTi mTel Tavis yuradRebas kavSiris ufro Zlier da moxerxebul wevrebs miapyrobs. es kavSiri, aucileblad moicavs ufro sust, survilebis asrulebisTvis saWiro resursebiT mwired dajildoebul wevrebsac(rom aRaraferi vTqvaT bavSvebze – partnioruli urTierTobebis am unebur, Tumca grZlevadian Sedegebze, romlebic TiTqmis arasdros ganixilaven ganqorwinebas sakuTari Tavisuflebis gamovlinebad). identobis cvlileba SesaZloa piradi saqme iyos, magram is yovelTvis gu- 142| Txevadi modernuloba lisxmobs garkveuli valdebulebebis gauqmebas; mimReb mxares iSviaTad Tu ekiTxebian azrs, Tavisufali arCevnis SesaZleblobaze rom aRaraferi vTqvaT. im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu mxedvelobaSi miviRebT`wminda urTierTobebis gverdiT movlenebs~, SegviZlia davamtkicoT, rom ZlierTa da didebulTa SemTxvevaSi ganqorwinebis proceduris mogvareba da bavSvebis finansuri uzrunvelyofa odesRac arsebuli partnioruli urTierTobebisTvis damaxasiaTebel daucvelobis SegrZnebas amsubuqebs. darCenili daucvelobis SegrZneba ki zedmetad did sazRauri ar aris`danakargebis Semcirebis~ uflebisTvis da erTxel Cadenili codvis gamo maradiuli monaniebis aridebisTvis. Tumca, eWvgareSea, rom, rodesac msgavsi ram Raribebsa da umweoebs daatydebaT Tavs, axali tipis urTierTobebi(romlebic saqorwino xelSekrulebis uZlurebasa da mxolod`urTierTdakmayofilebis~ funq­ciamde dayvanil kavSirs emyareba) mxolod agonias, adamianur tanjvas warmoSoben da siyvarulsmoklebul, dangreul, uimedo adamianTa ricxvs mxolod amravleben. rom SevajamoT: identifikaciis moqniloba da mobiluroba, riTac`Sopingis~ tipis cxovreba xasiaTdeba, metwilad, Tavisuflebebis gadanawilebis da ara emansipaciis instrumentebs warmoadgenen. am mizeziT, isini monetis or mxares mogvagoneben – macdurebi da sasurvelebi arian, Tumca amave dros sruliad urTierTsawinaaRmdego emociebs aRZraven CvenSi da zogjer zizRsac ki iwveven. isini ukiduresad ambivalenturi Rirebulebebia, romlebic gaugebar da lamis araadekvatur reaqciebs iwveven. rogorc sor- individualuroba| 143 bonis univeresitetis filosofosi, iv miSo SeniSnavs: `SesaZleblobaTa momravlebasTan erTad destruqturizaciis, fragmentaciisa da danawevrebis safrTxeebic izrdeba~. TviT-identifikaciis amocana mkveTrad gamoxatuli mavne gverdiTi movlenebiT xasiaTdeba. es konfliqtebis centrad gadaiqceva da SeuTavsebel impulsebs aRZravs. gamomdinare iqidan, rom amocana TiToeulis mier ukiduresad gansxvavebul pirobebSi unda Sesruldes, is anawevrebs adamianur mdgomareobebsa da mZafr Sejibrs axalisebs, nacvlad im mdgomareobebis SekavSirebisa, romlebic TanamSromlobasa da solidarobas warmoqmnidnen. 3 dro/sivrce jorj hazeltons, britaneTSi dabadebuli arqireqtors, romelic samxreT afrikaSi dasaxlda, hqonda ocneba: qalaqi, Cveulebrivi qalaqebisagan gansxavavebiT, savsea avismomaswavebeli ucnobebiT, romlebic bneli kuTxeebidan moizlaznebian, dacocaven Raribul quCebSi da`moJonaven~ usaxlkaroTa raionebidan. hazeltonis ocnebis qalaqi ufro hgavs Sua saukunebiis ganaxlebul, maRalteqnologiur versias, romelic TavSesafars aZlevs sqel kedlebs, koSkebs, Txrilebsa da maT Soris xidebs. qalaqi saimedodaa daculi msoflio riskebisa da saSiSroebebisagan. qalaqi Seqmnilia im individebis standartebis mixedviT, romelTac undaT marTon da akontrolebdnen maTi erToba. raRac, rogorc Tavad ambobs, mon-sen-miSelisagan gansxvavebiT, es aris, erTdroulad monasteric da miuwvdomeli, kargad daculi sapatimro cixe-simagre. nebismieri, vinc daakvirdeba hazeltonis dagegmarebas, dagveTanxmeba, rom misma mxazvelma`monastris~ nawili rabelaisis Telemas miamsgavsa, sadac qalaqi savsea sixaruliTa da gasarTobi saSualebebiT, sadac bedniereba aris erTaderTi valdebuleba, da ara su- dro/sivrce| 145 lieri samyarosTan kavSiri, sakuTari Tavis msxverplad Sewirva, RvTismosaoba, locva da samarxvo asketizmi. `cixesimagris~ nawili, meti mravalferovnebisTvis, sakmaod namdvilia. memkvidreobis parki, hazeltonis qalaqi, romelic unda aSendes nulidan, carieli miwis 500 akrze, keiptaunidan arc ise Sors iqneba da sxva qalaqebidan Tavisi avtonomiurobiT iqneba gamorCeuli: maRali Zabvis eleqtro Robe, eleqtronuli zedamxedveloba damakavSirebel gzebze, barierebi mTeli gzis ganmavlobaSi da kargad aRWurvili mcvelebi. Tu Tqven gaqvT SesaZlebloba, SeiZinoT sacxovrebeli memkvidreobis parkSi, Tqven SegiZliaT gaataroT Tqveni cxovreba mSfoTvare, arastumarTmoyvare da saSineli udabnos riskebisa da safrTxeebisagan Sors, romelic iwyeba ubralod qalaqis karibWis meore mxares. memkvidreobis parki uzrunvelyofili iqneba yvelafriT, rac saWiroa sasiamovno cxovrebisaTvis da yvela SesaZlo saWiroebebis dasakmayofileblad: mas eqneba Tavisi maRaziebi, eklesiebi, restornebi, Teatrebi, sarekreacio sivrceebi, tyeebi, centraluri parki, oraguliT savse tbebiT, sabavSvo da sportuli moednebiT, CogburTi kortebiT da sakmarisi Tavisufali adgiliT, raTa momavalSi Tanamedrove cxovrebis cvlilebis kvaldakval daematos yvela saWiro adgilebi. hazeltoni sakmaod gaxsnilad saubrobs memkvidreobis parkis upiratesobis Sesaxeb im adgilebTan SedarebiT, sadac dRes msoflio mosaxleobis umravlesoba cxovrobs: dResvandeli mdgomareobiT, pirveli sakiTxi aris usafrTxoeba. mogwonT Tu ara es Tqven, 146| Txevadi modernuloba swored es aris mTavari gansxvaveba.. roca me gavizarde londonSi, Sen gqonda Temi, sazogadoeba. Tqven ar gaakeTebdiT arafer cuds, radganac yvela gicnobdaT da Tqvens mamasa da dedas etyodnen amis Sesaxeb. Cven gvsurs, rom aRvadginoT es mdgomareoba aq: sazogadoeba, romelmac aRar unda inerviulos. 1 Sesabamisad, yvelaferi aris Semdegnairad: memkvidreobis parkSi binis safasuris gadasaxdelad Tqven unda iyidoT TemSi( community ) Sesvlis saSvi. dRes, `Temi~ Cvens sazogadoebaSi aris ukanaskneli naSTi uZvelesi drois utopiis kargi drois; es niSnavs imas, rac darCa ukeTesi cxovrebis ocnebebSi, romlebsac iziareben saukeTeso mezoblebi, roca Tanacxovrebisas saukeTeso wesebs mimarTaven. harmoniis utopiis areali realurad Semcirda axlo mezoblebis manZilamde. gasakviri ar aris, rom`Temi~ kargad`iyideba~. aseve ar aris gasakviri, rom prospeqtSi, romelic jorj hazeltonma gaanawila, miwis developeri, Temi miiCneva, rogorc Seucvleli ram, Tumca, amasTanave sadRac dakargulia da warmoadgens kargi restornebisa da Tvalwarmtaci sarbeni bilikebis damatebas, rasac sxva qalaqebic gvTavazoben. Tumca, gTxovT, yuradReba miaqcioT imas, Tu ra aris azri msgavsi grZnobis gamcemi erTobisa. Temi, romelsac hazeltoni ixsenebs misi bavSvobis londonidan da surs, rom Tavidan Seqmnas samxreT afrikis dausaxlebel miwaze, pirvel rigSi, Tu erTaderTi ara, kargad gamokvleuli teritoria, sadac isini, romlebic akeTeben imas, rac sxvebs ar moswonT da arian amave dro/sivrce| 147 mizeziT nawyenebi, dauyovnebliv isjebian da SeyavT `xazSi~. maSin, roca usaqmurebi, mawanwalebi da sxva borotmoqmedebi, romlebic`ar ekuTvnian aqaurobas~, Sesvlaze iReben uars an ganidevnebian. erTaderTi gansxvaveba siyvaruliT gaxsenebul warsulsa da mis ganaxlebul replikacias Soris aris is, rom hazeltonis bavSvobis Temis mogonebebi daarqivebulia misi sakuTari Tvalebis, enisa da xelebis saSualebiT, sakiTxidan gamomdinare da arc ise didi fiqriT, xolo memkvidreobis parkSi farul video kamerebsa da aTasobiT iaraRian mcvelebs daevalaT usafrTxoebis WiSkrisa dacva da quCebSi frTxilad(an demonstraciulad, situaciidan gamomdinare) patrulireba. fsiqiatrTa jgufi sasamarTlos mentaluri janmrTelobis viqtorianuli institutidan avstraliaSi sul axlaxans gagvafrTxila imis Sesaxeb, rm ufro da ufro meti adamiani mtyuebiT amtkicebs, rom arian stalkerebis msxverplni, raSic iyeneben ndobasa da sazogadoebis fuls, im fuls, romelic, rogorc reportis avtorebi amtkiceben,`unda moxmardes namdvil msxverplebs~. zogierTi`yalbi dazaralebulni~ diagnostirebulni iqnen, rogorc`mZime mentaluri daavadebis~ msxverplni, radganac fiqrobndnen, rom maT uTvalTvalebdnen maT iluziebSi, rom yvela SeTqmulebas awyobdnen maT winaaRmdeg. fsiqiatrebis dakvirvebebi Cven SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc rwmena imis Sesaxeb, rom sxva adamianebis konspiracia Cven winaaRmdeg, araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar aris siaxle; rasakvirvelia, is tanjavda garkveul adamianebs yvela droSi da samyaros yovel adgilas. arasdros da arsad ar iyo im adamianebis nakleboba, 148| Txevadi modernuloba romlebsac Zlier surdaT epovnaT logika maTs ubedurebaSi, damamcirebel marcxebsa da cxovrebiseul frustraciebSi. am ubedurebebs isini sxvebis boroti swrafvebsa da sastik SeTqmulebebs ukavSirebdnen. rac namdvilad siaxlea aris is, rom stalkerebi(mawanwalebisa da sxva usaqmurebis kampaniaSi, personaJebi im adgilis gareT, sadac isini gadaadgildebian), romlebsac axla brali ekisrebaT, anacvleben eSmaks, demons, borot sulebs, hobgblinebs, borot Tvals, av gnomebs, grZneulebsa Tu wiTlebs loginis qveS. Tu`cru msxverplni~ SeiZleba`iyenebdnen sajaro ndobas~, es imitom, rom`stalkeri~ ukve gavrcelebuli da popularuli saxelia garSemo arsebuli SiSebisa, romlebic Tan dasdeven Cvens Tanamedroveebs; swored amitom stalkerebis yvelganmyofoba sando gaxda da stalkerebis SiSi – farTod gavrcelebuli. da Tu adamianebs, romlebic motyuebiT arian Sepyrobilni TvalTvalis SiSiT,`SeuZliaT gamoiyenon sajaro fuli~, es imitom, rom saxelwmifo xarjebi mocemuli mimarTulebiT gaTvaliswinebulia biujetSi, risi raodenobac kidev ufro izrdeba yovel wels stalkerebis, mawanwalebisa da Tanamedrove SiSis mizezebis sxva modernuli versiis, mobiluri vulgusis meTvalyureobisa da devnis mizniT. dabla mdgomi adamianebi, romlebic miiswrafvian im adgilebisaken, sadac mxolod`swor~ adamianebs aqvT ufleba, rom iyvnen da es adgilebi, quCebi saWiroeben dacvas, rogorc erT dros iyo saxlebidan moCvenebebis gamodevna, romelic miCneuli iyo, rogorc saWiro da swori gza, raTa daecvaT daxmarebis saWiroebis mqone adamianebi SiSebisa da safrTxeebis dro/sivrce| 149 winaaRmdeg, rac maT nerviulebs, Tavdaujereblebsa da SeSinebulebs xdida. maikl devisis`kvarcis qalaqis~( 1990 ) citirebisas, Saron zukini aRwers los anjelesis sajaro sivrceebis axal saxes, romelmac forma icvala mcxovreblebisa da maT mier arCeuli an daniSnuli meurveebis usafrTxoebasTan dakavSirebuli problemebis gamo: `vertfrenebi zuzuneben getos samezobloebis Tavze, policia abrkolebs Tineijerebs, rogorc bandis savaraudo wevrebs, saxlis patronebi SeiaraRebuli dacvis im tips, romlis SesaZleblobac an nervebic aqvT.~ zukini ambobs, rom 1960 -iani da 1970 -iani wlebis dasawyisi iyo`gadamwyveti urbanuli SiSis institucionalizaciis procesSi~. amomrCevlebi da elitebi – farTod warmod­ genili saSualo klasi aSS-Si – SeiZleboda Seja­ xebodnen arCevans, moewonebinebinaT mTavrobis politika siRaribis aRmofxvrasTan, eTnikur konkurenciasTan da yvela adamianis saerTo sajaro instituciaSi integrirebasTan dakavSirebiT. Tumca, sapirispirod, maT gadawyvites dacvis yidva, ramac xeli Seuwyo kerZo dacvis industriis zrdas. yvelaze TvalSisacemi safrTxe, rasac is`sazogado kulturas~ uwodebs, zukini aRmoaCens`yoveldRiuri SiSis politikaSi~.`saxifaTo quCebis~ sisxlismRvreli da nervebismomSleli speqtri adamianebs aiZulebs Tavi daiWiron sajaro sivrceebidan Sors da aRar 150| Txevadi modernuloba eZion xelovneba da codna saerTo codna, rac saWiroa TanacxovrebisTvis. `kidev ufro xisti~ politika kriminalis winaaRmdeg ufro meti cixeebisa da sasikvdilo ganaCenebis gamotaniT SiSis politikis agreTve Zalian gavrcelebuli pasuxebia.`mTeli mosaxleobis Caketva~, – gavigone, Tu rogor ambobda amas erTi kaci avtobusSi, riTac erTi darymiT moagvara mocemuli problemis sasacilo eqstremaluroba. meore pasuxi aris sajaro sivrceebis militarizeba da privatizeba – quCebis, parkebisa da maRaziebisac ki ufro metad dacva, Tumca nalebad xelmisawvdomoba... 3 Temi ganisaRvreba misi mWidrod danaxvadi sazRvrebiT da ara misi SemcvelobiT;`Temis dacva~ iTargmneba, rogorc SearaRebuli mcvelebis daqiraveba, raTa akontrolon Sesasvleli; stalkeri da mawanwala `dawinaurdnen~, rogorc sazogadoebis nomer pirveli mteri; sajaro adgilebi gasufTavdnen dagadaiqcnen `martivad dacvad~ anklavebad, romelTanac seleqciuri wvdoma aqvT; sabolood, cxovrebis separacia molaparakebis nacvlad, mrgvaldeba rezidualuri gansxvavebebis kriminalizaciiT – eseni arian principuli sazomebi urbanuli cxovrebis Tanamedrove evoluciis. dro/sivrce| 151 roca ucnobebi xvdebian ucnobebs riCard senetis klasikuri definiciis mixedviT, qalaqi aris`dasaxlebuli punqti, sadac savaraudoa, rom ucnobebi xvdebian erTmaneTs~. am ganmartebas mec rom davumato, es imas niSnavs, rom ucnobebi xvdebian erTmaneTs, savaraudoa, rom maTi ucnobebis moculobaSi da savaraudoa, rom isini ucnobebi xdebian SemTxveviTad, rac sruldeba iseve uecrad, rogorc daiwyo. ucnobebi xvdebian erTmaneTs ise, rogorc es ucnobebs SeeferebaT; maTi Sexvedra ar hgavs axloblebTan, megobrebTan an nacnobebTan Sexveras – SedarebisTvis, es aris warumatebeli Sexvedra. ucnobebis Sexvedraze ar arsebobs dagegmili Sexvedris adgili, sadac bolo Sexvedra gaCerda, ar arsebobs winaswari gamocda an mwuxareba, sixaruli an kmayofileba, ar arsebobs saerTo mogonebebi: araferia, rasac ukan moitoveb da araferia, ra kursiTac amJamindel Sexvedraze waxval. ucxoTa Sexvedra aris RonisZieba warsulis gareSe. ufro xSirad, es aseve aris Sexvedra momavlis gareSe(navaraudevia, rom es Sexvedra iqneba Tavisufali momavlisagan), istoria, romelsac, didi albaTobiT,`gagrZeleba ar eqneba~, erTjeradi Sansi, romelic damTavrdeba im dros, ra drois ganmavlobaSic is grZeldeba da im adgilas, sadac daiwyo, Seyovnebisa da daumTavrebeli saqmis sxva lokaciaze gadadebis gareSe. rogorc oboba, romlis mTeli samyaro mxolod obobis qselebs moicavs, amodis Tavisi muclidan da erTaderTi xelmosaWidi, romelsac ucnobi Semxvedrebi SeiZleba daeyrdnon, unda iyos naqsovi maTi qselebis msgavsi viwro da SeRwevadi Zafisagan, sityvebisa da Jestebisagan. mocemuli Sexve- 152| Txevadi modernuloba dris dros ar aris gamocdisa da Secdomebis dro, ar arsebobs Secdomebisagan swavla da arc sxva ganviTarebis imedi. aqedan gamomdinareobs is, rom urbanuri cxovreba iTxovs sakmaod gansakuTrebuli da sakmaod kvalificiuri tipis codnas, codnaTa mTel rigs, rac senetma gamoyo`Tavazianobis~ rubrikis qveS, es aris qmedeba, romelic icavs adamianebs erTmaneTisagan da SesaZleblobas aZlevs maT, datkbnen erTmaneTis kompaniiT. niRbis tareba aris civilurobis arsi. niRbebi, adamianebs, vinc maT atarebs, aZlevs SesaZleblobas daamyaros wminda komunikacia, romelic daclilia Zalauflebis, sisustisa da piradi grZnobebisagan. civilurobis mizani aris, daicvas sxvebi maTi damZimebisagan. 5 es mizani, ra Tqma unda, elis ukuqmedebasac. sxvebis dacvas gadaWarbebuli tvirTisagan, maTs dasaxul gzaSi Carevis TavSekavebiT, aqvs azri, Tu msgavs TviTSezRudul sulgrZelobas eli sxvisganac. Tavazianoba, iseve rogorc ena, ar aris`piradi~. sanam is gaxdeba individualurad Seswavlili da kerZod gamoyenebuli xelovneba, civiluroba, pirvel rigSi, socialuri CarCos maxasiaTebeli. urbanuli garemo, romelic aucileblad unda iyos`civiluri~, raTa misma mcxovreblebma SeZlon civilurobis rTuli unarebis Seswavla. Tumca, ras niSnavs is, rom urbanuli garemo unda iyos`civiluri~ da Sesabamisad, iyos stumarTmoyvare adgili Tavazianobis individualuri praqtikebisTvis ? pirvel rigSi, es niSnavs iseTi garemos adgilebiT uzrunvelyofas, romelTac adamianebi izia- dro/sivrce| 153 reben, rogorc sajaro personebi – xelis kvris, zewolisa Tu imis darwmunebis gareSe, rom moixsnan niRbebi `gauSvan TavianTi Tavebi~,`gamoxaton Tavi~, aRiaron Sinagani grZnobebi da demonstrireba gaukeTon maTs intimur fiqrebs, ocnebebsa da wuxilebs. magram es aseve niSnavs imas, rom qalaqi warmoadgens Tavis Tavs mosaxleobasTan, rogorc saerTo sikeTes, romelic ar SeiZleba daiyvanebodes individualuri miznebisa agregatamde da rogorc gaziarebuli amocana, romelic SeiZleba amoiwuros individualuri ltolvis simravliT. is aris cxovrebis forma, Tavisi sakuTari leqsikoniTa da logikiT, Tavisi dRis wesrigiT, romelic(da unda darCes) ufro grZeli da mdidaria, vidre individualuri interesebi da survilebi. ase, rom`sajaro niRbis tareba~ ufro aris SeTanxmebulobisa da Tanamonawileobis aqti, vidre`nadvili mes~ gandevna, urTierTobasa da saerTo monawileobaze uaris Tqma, survili, iyo martosuli da iaro sruliad martom. Tanamedrove qalaqebSi aris araerTi adgili, romlebic erTiandebian`sajaro sivrcis~ saxelis qveS. isini SeiZleba iyvnen bevri saxisa da zomis, magram maTi umravlesoba erTiandeba ori farTo kategoriidan erTerTSi. TiToeuli kategoria midis sajaro sivrcis idealuri modelidan or sapirispiro, Tumca erTmaneTis Semavsebeli mimarTulebiT. adgili, romelsac hqvia dacva( La Defense ), aris didi skveri senis marjvena sanapiroze, romelic Caifiqra da romelic aSenda fransua miteranis( Francois Mitterand ) davalebiT(rogorc misi saprezidento mmarTvelobis simyare, sadac mTavrobis brwyinvaleba da grandiozuloba saguldagulod iyo daSorebuli personaluri 154| Txevadi modernuloba sisusteebisagan da misi Tanamdebobis warumateblobisagan), romelic xorcs asxams sajaro adgilebis ori kategoriidan pirvels, Tumca, miuxedavad amisa, myarad mainc ar aris`samoqalaqo~ urbanuli adgili. La Defense -is stumars yvelaze metad rac aocebs, pirvelad da umTavresad, aris am adgilis arastumarTmoyvareoba: yvelaferi, rac Cveni mxedvelobis arealSia, ggvris SiSs da gikargavs darCenis survils. fantastikuri formis Senobebi, romlebiTac garSemortymulia uzarmazari da carieli skveri, romlebic gare TvaliT Cans, Tumca SigniT: Tavidan bolomde SefuTuli amreklavi mina, romelsac, rogorc Cans, ar aqvs arc fanjara da arc Sesasvleli kari skveris mimarTulebiT; genialuria, maT SeuZliaT Seabrunon TavianTi zurgi im skverisaken, romelsac uyureben. isini arian TvalisTvis mididurebi da gauvalni – medidurebi, radganac arian gauvalni: es ori Tviseba avseben da aZliereben erTmaneTs. es hermetulad daxuruli cixesimagreebi / gancalkevebuli Senobebi arian am adgilebSi, magram ara masSi – da isini axaliseben yvelas, dakargulebs skveris brtyel sivrceSi, rom mihyvnen maTs magaliTs da Tavi igrZnon msgavsad. araferi amsubuqebs amas, rom ar vilaparakoT imaze, rom araferi arRvevs carieli skveris monotonurobasa da erTferovnebas. aq ar aris dasajdomi skamebi dasasveneblad, ar aris xeebi, romelTa qveSac SegiZlia daimalo mwveli mzisagan da gagrilde CrdilSi.(ra Tqma unda, aris geoetriulad dalagebuli skamebi sivrcis Soreul mxares; es skamebi damontaJebulia swor platformaze, oRond skveris sibrtyisagan gansxvavebiT, aweulia ramdenime futis zemoT. platforma, romelic scenas hgavs, dro/sivrce| 155 sadac misi mdebareobis gamo, dajdomisa da dasvenebis aqti emsgavseba speqtakls yvela danarCenisTvis, romlTac, mjdomareTagan gansxvavebiT sxva saqmeebiT arian dakavebulebi). isev da isev, metros ganrigis mosawyeni regularulbiT, es sxvebi – WianWvelebis msgavsi siCqareSi myofi fexiT mosiaruleebi – Cndebian miwis qvemodan, iSlebian qvian trotuarze, romelic metros gasasvlels acalkevebs erT-erT yvelaze kaSkaSa monstrisagan, romliTac garSemortymulia(SemosazRvrulia) skveri da male uCinardeba xedvis aridan. da Semdeg adgili isev carielia, sanam momdevno matarebeli ar mova. meore sajaro kategoria, Tumca arasamoqalaqo sivrce nagulisxmevia, rom unda emsaxuros momxmareblebs, an ufro zustad, gadaaqcios qalaqis mcxovreblebi momxmareblebad. liza uusitalos( Liisa Uusitalo ) sityvebiT`momxmareblebi xSirad aziareben momxarebis fizikur sivrceebs, rogoricaa: sakoncerto an sagamofeno darbazebi, turistuli kurortebi, sportuli aqtivobis adgilebi, savaWro centrebi da kafeebi, yovelgvari realuri socialuri interaqciis gareSe~. 6 msgavsi sivrceebi axalisebs qmedebas, ara – interaqcias. fizikuri sivrceebis gaziareba sxva aqtorebTan, romlebic CarTulebi arian analogiur aqtivobaSi, qmedebas aniWebs did mniSvnelobas,`bevrisgan aRiarebulis~ Stamps usvams da Sesabamisad, adasturebs mis mniSvnelobas da amarTlebs mas yvelanairi davis gareSe. Tumca, nebismieri interaqcia aqtorebs Soris, maT im qmedebas daaSorebs, romelSic isini individualurad arian CarTulebi da es iqneba pasuxismgebloba da ara – sargebeli yvelasTvis. es arafers daumatebs 156| Txevadi modernuloba sayidlebiT miRebul siamovnebas, garda dasaxuli miznis miRwevisTvis aucilebeli yuradRebisa da sxeulis koncentraciis gafantvisa. amocana aris – moxmareba da moxmareba – absoluturad gamousworebeli individualuri saqmianobaa, SegrZnebaTa seriaa, romelic SeiZleba gamovcadoT, gadavitanoT, oRond mxolod subieqturad. brbo, romelic avsebs interiers, jorj ritceris interiers`moxmarebis taZrebs~ – aris Sekrebebi da ara – jgufebi, klasterebi da ara – gundebi; agregatebi(nakrebebi) da ara – totalobebi. Tumca, rac unda xalxmravali ar unda iyos igi, mainc araferi`koleqtiuri~ ar aris koleqtiuri moxmarebis adgilebSi. alTuseris dasamaxsovrebeli fraza rom ganvaviTaroT, vinc, Sedis msgavs adgilebSi arian individebad`formirebulebi~( ‘inter pellated’ ), wodebulebi arian, rom Sewyviton an gaanadguron obligaciebi da dakargon an gverdze gadadon erTguleba. Sexvedrebi, gardauvali xalxmraval adgilas, xels uSlis mocemuli miznis miRwevas. isini unda iyos xanmokle da zedapiruli: arc imaze grZeli da arc imaze Rrma, vidre aqtors unda. adgili kargadaa daculi maTgan, vinc mocemul wess arRvevs – yvela SesaZlo damrRvevi, abezari, situaciis CamSxamebeli da sxva wesebis damRrvevebi, romlebmac SesaZloa xeli SeuSalon momxmareblis an myidvelis didebul izolacias. kargad kontrolirebadi, saTanadod dakvirvebuli da daculi moxmarebis taZari aris wesrigis kunZuli, Tavisufali uqonelebisagan, usaqmurebisagan, stalkerebisa da mawanwalebisagan – an, minimum, mosalodnelia da navaraudevia, rom ase iyos. adamianebi ar Sedian dro/sivrce| 157 msgavs taZrebSi, raTa isaubron da iurTiebon. romel kompaniaSic ar unda undodeT maT(an mzad arian aitanon), isini am kampanias Tan`daatareben~, rogorc lokokina daatarebs Tavis saxls. emikuri adgilebi, fagiuri adgilebi, ara-adgilebi, carieli sivrceebi rac unda moxdes`moxmarebis taZarSi~, amas Zalian cota an saerTod ar aqvs kavSiri yoveldRiuri cxovrebis ritmTan da tenorTan, rac`gasasvlels gareT~ xdeba –`savaWro centrSi yofna~ aris`yofna sxvagan~. 7 mogzauroba moxmarebis adgilebisaken gansxvavdeba baxtinis karnavalisgan, romelmac aseve gamoscada transportirebis gamocdileba: sayidlebisTvis mgzavroba, pirvel rigSi, aris voiaJi kosmosSi da mogzauroba droSi – mxolod meorexarisxovania. karnavali iyo igive qalaqi, romelic transformirda, ufro zustad, iyo drois intervali, romlis ganmavlobaSic qalaqi transformirda, sanam is daubrundeboda Tavis yoveldRiur rutinas. mkacrad gawerili drois periodis ganmavlobaSi, Tumca drois, romelic cirkularulad brundeba, karnavalma gaxsna yoveldRiuri realobis`sxva mxare~, mxare, romelic mudmivad rCeboda misawvdomobis zRvarze, magram, Cveulebriv, dafaruli iyo Tvalisagan da daxuruli iyo Sexebisagan. aRmoCenis Sesaxeb mogonebam da sxva dakvirvebebis molodinma, romelic agreTve mogviwevs, rom vnaxoT, ar mogvces saSuleba, rom codna`sxva mxaris~ Sesaxeb, mTlianad daxSuliyo. 158| Txevadi modernuloba mogzauroba moxmarebis taZarSi ukve sxva sakiTxia. msgavs mogzaurobaSi wasvla ufro sxva samyaroSi gadasvlaa, vidre ukve nacnobi samyaros saswaulebrii transformirebis mowmed yofna. moxmarebis taZari (odesRac arsebuli`kuTxis sasursaTo maRaziisagan~ gansxvavebiT) SeiZleba iyos qalaqSi(Tu ase ar aris aSenebuli, simbolurad, qalaqis zRvarzea, avtomagistralis gareT), magram is ar aris misi nawili; Cveulebrivi samyaro ki ar aris droebiT saxecvlili, aramed es aris`sruliad sxva~ msoflio. is, rac mas xdis `sxvad~ – es ar aris cvlileba, uaryofa an im kanonebis SeCereba, romelic regulirebas ukeTebs rutinas, rogorc es karnavalis SemTxvevaSia, es aris arsebobis saSualebis demonstraciaa, rasac yoveldRiuri rutina an gamoricxavs, an cdilobs, rom miaRwios, magram amaod – da rasac Zalian cota adamians aqvs, rom miaRwevs im adgilebSi, sadac isini yoveldRiurad cxovroben. ritceris taZris metafora Sesaferisia; savaWro / moxmarebis adgilebi namdvilad aris taZrebi piligrimebisTvis – es aucileblad ar niSnavs imas, rom is gankuTvnilia imisTvis, rom TavSesafari misces Sav masebs, romlebic yovelwliurad, karnavalis saSualebiT, marTaven qeifebs maT lokalur raionebSi. karnavalma aCvena, rom realoba arc ise rTulia, rogorc Cans da rom qalaqi SeiZleba transformirdes; moxmarebis taZrebi ar aaSkaravebs arafers yoveldRiuri realobis bunebisagan, garda misi mosawyen uryeobasa da siZlieres. moxmarebis taZari, rogorc miSel fukos `navi~,`aris sivrcis mocurave nawili, adgili adgilis gareSe, romelic arsebobs TavisTvis, romelic Caketi- dro/sivrce| 159 lia Tavis TavSi da romelic, amave dros, micemulia zRvis usasrulobas~; 8 amas SeuZlia daasrulos is, rom `usasrulobisTvis Tavis micema~ SesaZlebelia portidan wasvliT, Tumca amasTavanave. misgan distanciis SenarCunebiT. es Tavad-Caketili`adgili adgilis gareSe~, sxva yvela adgilisagan gansxvavebiT, dakavebuli da gadakveTilia yoveldRiurad, agreTve aris gawmendili adgili. Tumca es imas ar niSnavs, rom is gawmendilia mravalferovnebisa da gansxvavebisgan, risi saSiSroebac yovelTvis aris sxva adgilebSi, romlebic sul dabinZurebuli da areulia, xolo sisufTave da gamWvirvaloba, miuwvdomelia maTTvis, vinc maT iyenebs. piriqiT, maRaziebi / samomxmareblo adgilebi didad movaleebi arian maTi magnituri mizidulobis Zalis didi nawilis mopovebaSi mgrZnobiare SeTavazebebze feradi, mudmivad cvalebadi mravalferovnebis mimarT. Tumca, gansxvavebebi SigniT, garegani gansxvavebebisagan gansxvavebiT, aris moTvinierebuli, dezinfeqcirebuli, garantirebulia, rom iqneba saSiSi ingredientebis gareSe – amitomac, ar warmoadgens safrTxes. maTi SegiZlia datkbe SiSis gareSe: Tu riski moxsnilia Tavgadasavlidan, is, rac darCa, sufTa, namdvili da SeubRalavi garTobaa. maRaziebi / samomxmareblo adgilebi gvTavazoben imas, rasac ver gvTavazobs`realuri realoba~: TiTqmis idealur balanss Tavisuflebasa da usafrTxoebas Soris. myidvelebma / momxmareblebma maTi taZrebis SigniT, garda imisa, rasac isini gulmodgined, Tumca amaod, eZeben gareT, SeiZleba ipovon: manugeSebeli grZnoba sakuTrebisa – gamaxnevebeli STabeWdileba imisa, rom 160| Txevadi modernuloba xar erTobis nawili. rogorc seneti gvTavazobs, gansxvavebis ararseboba, grZnoba imisa, rom`yvela erTmaneTs vgavarT~, imis daSveba, rom`ar aris saWiro molaparakeba, radganac yvela erT azrze varT~, aris `erTobis~ ideis yvelaze Rrma mniSvneloba da mis mimarT ltolvis saboloo safuZveli, romlis Sesaxebac cnobilia, rom izrdeba prularulobis proporciulad da cxovrebis mowyobis mravalxmianobiT. Cven SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom`erToba~ aris mokle gza erTianobisken da iseTi erTobisaken, romelic TiTqmis arasdros ar gvxvdeba`realur cxovrebaSi~: aSkara msgavsebis erTianoba, erTinoba,`Cveni, romlebic sul erTnairebi varT~. erTianoba, romelic amis gamo, uproblemoa da ar moiTxovs arc Zalisxmevas da arc yuradRebas, namdvilad winaswar gansazRvrulia; iseTi saxis erToba, romelic ar aris amocana, aramed ubralod`mocemuli~, da igi mocemulia manam, sanam mis dawyebas raime Zalisxmeva dasWirdeboda. senetis sityvebiT, sazogadoebrivi solidarobis imijebi gayalbebulia imisaTvis, rom adamianebma Tavidan aicilon erTmaneTTan urTierToba. survilis qmedebiT, tyuiliT, Tu mogwons igi, erTobis solidarobis miTma modernul adamianebs misca Sansi, rom yofiliyvnen laCrebi da daemalaT erTmaneTisTvis erTobis suraTi, romelic gawmendilia im yvelafrisagan, ramac SeiZleba gadasaces gansxvavebulobis gancda, rom aRar vilaparakoT konfliqtze, sadac`Cven~ varT. aqedan gamomdinare, solidarulobis miTi aris gawmendis rituali. 9 dro/sivrce| 161 Tumca, mTavari kvanZi aris`saerTo identobis gancda, rac aris gamocdilebis gayalbeba~. Tu es marTlac asea, maSin is, vinc daaproeqta da amuSavebs moxmarebis taZrebs, namdvilad aris gayalbebis ostati an marjve, damajerebeli matyuara. maT Semdegi STabeWdileba CamouyalibdaT: Semdgomi kiTxvebi ar unda daisvas da Tu mainc daisva, isini pasuxis gareSe darCeba. taZris SigniT es suraTi realuri xdeba. brbo, romelic avsebs savaWro centrebis koridorebs, midis imdenad axlos warmosaxviT idealur`erTobas~, ramdenadac SesaZlebelia da romelmac ar icis gansxvaveba(ufro zustad, ar arsebobs gansxvaveba, romelsac aqvs mniSvneloba; gansxvaveba, romelic moiTxovs konfrontacias, sxvebTan dapirispirebas, molaparakebas, ganmartebasa da daTanxmebas mocemul pirobebze ( modus vivendi )). am mizezis gamo, es erToba ar moiTxovs aranair molaparakebas, aranair garigebas, aranair Zalisxmevas TanagrZnobisTvis, gagebasa Tu kompromiss. kedlis SigniT yvelas Tavdajerebulad SeuZlia ivaraudos, rom yvela danarCeni kedlis gareT, savaraudod, xvdebian maT an gaivlian axlomaxlos, movidnen iq igive mizniT, Semotyuebulni arian igive RirSesaniSnaobiT(maSasadane, aRiareben maT, rogorc RirseSaniSnaobas), midian da xelmZRvaneloben igive motivebiT.`SigniT yofna~ ayalibebs morwmuneTa namdvil erTobas, romelic gaerTianebulia, rogorc mizniT, da saSualebebiT, aseve saerTo RirebulebebiT, romlebic maTTvis mniSvnelovania da logikuri qmedebiT, romelsac isini miyvebian. sabolood, mogzauroba`moxmarebis sivrceebSi~ aris voiaJi iseT Zalian monatrebul sazogadoebaSi, romelic, rogorc Tavad maRaziaSi stumro- 162| Txevadi modernuloba bis gamocdileba, aris mudmivad`sxvagan~. im cota wuTisa da saaTis ganmavlobaSi, romelSic is grZeldeba, erTi adamiani SeiZleba meoris mxrebs Seexos, romelic `misi msgavsia~, romelic msgavsi religiis mimdevaria, isini erT eklesiaSi dadian; sxvebi, ki romelTa aramsgavseba aq da axla, am adgilSi, minimum, SeiZleba usafrTxod daifaros mxedvelobis, gonebisa da angariSis aridan. yvela ganzraxvisa da miznis gaTvaliswinebiT, es adgili aris wminda, imdenad wminda, ramdenad wminda mxolod religiur kultebsa Tu warmosaxviT(SemoTavazebul) erTobas SeuZlia, rom iyos. klod levi-strosi, Cveni drois didebuli kulturuli anTropologisti,`mwuxare tropikebSi~ gvTavazobs im azrs, rom mxolod ori strategia gamoiyeneba adamianTa istoriaSi yovelTvis, rodesac Cndeba imis saWiroeba, rom gaumklavde sxvebis sxvaobebs: erTi strategia aris anTropoemikuri, meore ki – anTropofagiuri. pirveli strategia Seicavda`Rebinebas~, maTi danaxuli`sxvebis~ gadafurTxebas, rogorc ganukurnebeli ucxosa da ucxoplanetelis: fizikuri kontaqtis, dialogis, socialuri urTierTqmedebis da sxva saxis komersiumis, komensalizmisa Tu konubiumis gamoricxva.`emikuri~ strategiis ukiduresi tipebi axla aris, rogorc yovelTvis, Tavisuflebis SezRudva, deportacia da mkvleloba. gaumjobesebuli,`daxvewili~ (modernizebuli)`emikuri~ strategiis formebi aris sivrculi gancalkevebis, urbanuli getoebis, sivrceebTan SerCeviTi wvdomisa da aseve maTi gamoyenebis SerCeviTi akrZalva. dro/sivrce| 163 meore strategia moicavs e.w ucxo substanciebis `disalienacias~:`gadaylapva~, ucxo sxeulebisa da sulis STanTqma ise, rom SesaZlebeli iyos maTi Camoyalibeba metabolizmis saSualebiT, maTTan identuriT da `mylapavi~ sxeulisagan ukve naklebad gansxvavebuliT. am strategiam formebis Tanabrad farTo diapazaoni aiRo: kanibalizmidan iZulebiT asimilaciamde – kulturuli jvarosnuli omebi, omebi gacxadebulad gacveTil adgilobrivi Cveulebebze, kalendarebi, dialeqtika da sxva`crurwmenebi~ da`crumorwmuneobebi~. Tu pirveli strategia mimarTuli iyo sxvebis ganadgurebisa da gandevnisaken, meore gankuTvnili iyo sxvebis `gansxvavebulobis~ SeCerebisa da ganadgurebisaken. levi-strosis strategiebis diqotomiebsa da Tanamedrove`sazogado, magram ara samoqalaqo~ sivrceebs Soris rezonansi aris saocari, magram ara – gasakviri. La Defense parizSi(sxva didi raodenobis`akrZalul sivrceebTan~ erTad, romlebic, stiven flustis mixedviT, ikaveben saamayo adgils dRevandel urbanul inovaciebs Soris) 10 aris`emikuri~ strategiis arqiteqturuli warmodgena, maSin, roca`moxmarebis adgilebi inawilebs fagiur strategias. orives, oRond sakuTari gziT, mizania gaumklavdes erTsa da imave gamwvevas: amocana, rom gaumklavdes ucnobebTan Sexvedris albaTobas, romelic ubanuli cxovrebis ganmsazRvreli maxasiaTebelia. am albaTobasTan gamklaveba aris problema, romelic moiTxovs`Zalis gamoyenebas~, Tu formaluri civiluroba arasakmarisia an arasaTanadodaa gaviTarebuli an arasaTanadod Rrmad Zlieri. `sazogado, magram ara samoqalaqo~ – ori saxis urbanuli sivrce aris samoqalaqo SesaZleblobebis aSkara 164| Txevadi modernuloba uqonlobis derivativi; isini, orive, umklavdebian am ukmarisobis potenciurad damangrevel Sedegebs ara swavlebis xelSewyobiTa da arasakmarisi codnis SeZeniT, aramed maTi qonebis aramniSvnelovnad gaxdiT, namdvilad arasaWiro, urbanuli cxovrebis xelovnebis praqtikaSi gatarebiT. aqamde aRweril or pasuxs sWirdeba mesame da sul ufro da ufro metad saerTo ram, rom daematos. es warmodgenilia JorJ benkos( Georges Benko ) mier, mark oges kvaldakval, romelsac igi`ara-adgilebs~ uwodebs(an, alternatiulad, garos Semdeg,`arsadkomunebi~(` nowherevilles ~)). 11 `ara-adgilebs~ aqvT ramdenime saerTo maxasiaTebeli Cvens pirvel TiTqosda sazogado, Tumca myarad ara-samoqalaqo adgilebis kategoriasTan: isini azrs ukargaven imas, rom adgilze `dasaxleba~, kolonizacia an gaSinaureba praqtikulad SeuZlebelia. Tumca am adgilisagan gansxvavebiT, La Defense -is erTaderTi xvedri gavla da rac SeiZleba swrafad, ukan motovebaa, an`amkrZalavi sivrceebi~, romelTa mTavari funqcia moicavs imas, rom akrZalos wvdoma, rac niSnavs, rom mas gverdi unda auaron da ara masSi gaiaron.`ara-adgilebi~ Tanmxdebian masSi droebiT myofi ucnobebis xanrZliv, zogjer Zalian grZeli yofnis gardauvalobas da amitomac akeTeben yvelafer SesaZlebels, rom maTi yofna gaxadon`mxolod fizikuri~, maSin, roca socialurad cotaTi gansxvavebulia, sasurvelia, saerTod gaurCeveli iyos – yofnidan – gauqmebamde, donis amaRleba an maTi`mgzavrebis~ unikaluri subieqturobis anulireba.`araadgilebis~ droebiTi mgzavrebi, savaraudod, gansxvavebulebi arian, yvela saxesxvaobas gaaCnia Tavisi Cve- dro/sivrce| 165 vebi da molodinebi; mTavari xriki mdgomareobs imaSi, rom es yvelaferi gavxadoT ararelevanturi maTi darCenis periodis ganmavlobaSi. rogoric ar unda iyos maTi gansxvavebebi, maT unda misdion qcevebis erTsa da imave modelebs da miniSnebebi, romlebic qcevis saerTo models amoqmedeben, yvelasTvis gasagebi unda iyos, imisgan gansxvavebiT, Tu romeli ena ufro urCevniaT an iyeneben yoveldRiuri samuSaos Sesasruleblad. rac unda gakeTdes da keTdeba`ara-adgilebSi~, aris is, rom yvelam unda igrZnos Tavi saxlSi( chez soi ), maSin, rodesac aravin unda moiqces ise, TiTqos namdvilad saxlSia.`ara-adgili~( Non place )`aris sivrce, identurobis, urTierTobebisa da istoriis simbolur gamoxatulebebs moklebuli: magaliTebi moicavs aeroportebs, avtomagistralebs, usaxelo sastumros oTaxebs, sazogadoebriv adgilebs... aqamde arasdros, msoflios istoriaSi,`ara-adgilebs~ amxela adgili ar hqonia dakavebuli.~ `ara-adgilebi~( Non places ) ar moiTxoven civilurobis gawaful da rTulad saswavli xelovnebis ostatobas, mas Semdeg, rac isini sazogadoebaSi amcireben qcevas ufro martiv da martivad gasageb qcevis manerebamde. am gamartivebis gamo, isini aRar arian civilurobis skolebi. da racganac, Cvens droSi, isini`ase did adgils ikaveben~, sajaro sivrceebis kidev ufro didi nawilis kolonizacias axdenen da xelaxla ayalibeben maT, sakuTari adgilebis msgavsad, adgilebi, sadac SegiZlia civilurobisa da Tavazianobis xelovneba iswavlo, sul ufro cotaa. gansxvavebebi SeiZleba moiSoro, gadaylapo, Tavi airido da iq aris adgilebi, romlebic specializire- 166| Txevadi modernuloba bulia TiToeul SesaZleblobaze. magram gansxvavebebi aseve SeiZleba gaxado SeumCneveli an, ufro zustad, Tavidan aicilo misi danaxva. es aris`carieli adgilebis~ miRweva. rogorc ierzi kociatkeviCi( Jerzy Kociatkiewicz ) da monika kostera( Monika Kostera ), romlebmac es termini moifiqres, varaudoben, rom carieli adgilebi aris adgilebi, romlebsac aranairi mniSvneloba ar miewerebaT. maT ar sWirdebaT is, rom fizikurad iyvnen SemoRobilni an hqondeT raime barieri. es adgilebi ar aris akrZaluli, aramed aris carieli sivrce, miuwvdomeli, misi uxilavobis gamo. Tu koleqtiuri gamocdilebebisTvis mniSvnelobis miniWeba( sensemaking ) aris paternebis formirebis aqti, gageba, gamosworeba da mniSvnelobis Seqmna, Cveni gamocdileba carieli sivrceebis Sesaxeb, ar moicavs koleqtiuri gamocdilebebisTvis mniSvnelobis miniWebas( sensemaking ). 12 carieli sivrceebi, pirvel rigSi, ar Seicaven mniSvnelobas. es imas ar niSnavs, rom isini umniSvneloebi arian, imitom rom carielebi arian: es imitom xdeba, rom isini ar atareben raime mniSvnelobas da rogorc miiCeva, ar SeuZliaT imis tareba, rom maT`carielebad~ miiCneven(ufro zustad, uxilavebad). msgavsi mniSvnelobis rezistentul adgilebSi gansxvavebulobis Sesaxeb molaparakebebis sakiTxi arasdros wamoiWreba: ar arsebobs aravin, visac unda moelaparako. meTodi, romlis saSualebiTac carieli sivrceebi umklavdebian gansxvavebebs, aris radikaluri sxva tipis adgilebTan dro/sivrce| 167 SedarebiT, romlebic gankuTvnilia ucxoTa gavlenis mosapoveblad da dasamorCileblad. carieli sivrceebi, kociatkeviCisa da kosteras siis mixedviT, aris arakoloniuri adgilebi da adgilebi, romlebsac rutinuli momxmareblebis arc dizainerebsa da arc menejerebs ar undaT an ar grZnoben imis saWiroebas, rom gamoyon isini kolonizirebisTvis. Cven SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom`narCeni~ adgilebi, romlebic rCebian struqturirebis samuSaos Catarebis Semdeg iseT sivrceebSi, romlebsac namdvilad gaaCniaT mniSvneloba: isini valdebulni arian, rom aCrdilisebrad arsebobdnen, struqturis eleganturobisa da samyaros areulobas Soris gadafarvis naklebobis gamo(nebismier msoflio, agreTve mizanmimarTulad Seqmnili msoflio), msoflio, romelic cnobilia misi akuratuli klasifikaciebis ugulebelyofiT. magram carieli adgilebis ojaxi ar Semoifargleba mxolod arqiteqturuli dagegmarebis narCeni-produqtebiTa da urbanuli xedvebis miviwyebuli sazRvrebiT. bevri Tavisufali sivrce, sinamdvileSi, ar aris ubralod gardauvali narCeni, aramed saWiro ingredietni sxva procesisa: sivrcis rukebis daxazva, romelic gaziarebuli bevri sxvadasxva momxmareblis mier. Cemi erT-erTi saleqcio mogzaurobis dros(xalx­ mraval, gaSlil da cocxal samxreT-evropul qalaqSi), aeroportSi, me Sevxvdi erT axalgazrda leqtors, adgilobrivi Zalze ganaTlebuli da mdidari profesionali wyvilis qaliSvils. man bodiSi moixada, rom gza sastumromde ar iqneboda martivi da daikavebda sakmaod did dros, radganac gverds ver aucvlidnen gadatvirTul xeivnebs, romlebsac qalaqis cen- 168| Txevadi modernuloba tramde mivyavdiT da romelic mudmivad Caketili iyo intensiuri moZraobis gamo. namdvilad, Cven ori saaTi dagvWirda, rom adgilamde mivsuliyaviT. Cemma gidma SemomTavaza, rom wasvlis drosac waveyvane aeroportSi. radganac vicodi, Tu rogori damRleli da damqancveli iyo manqanis tareba qalaqSi, me mas madloba gadavuxade misi sikeTisa da keTilganwobisTvis, magram vuTxaro, rom sjobda, taqsiT wavsuliyavi. asec moviqeci. am SemTxvevaSi, gzam aeroportamde sul aTi wuTi gastana. Tumca Cemi taqsisti midioda gapartaxebul rigebSi, erTferovan, RmerTisagan miviwyebul adgilebSi, romlebic savse iyo mouxerxebeli da aSkarad umuSevari xalxiTa da ZonZebSi gamowyobili, daubaneli bavSvebiT. Cemi gidis rwmuneba, rom ar iyo sxva gza, rom Tavi agveridebina centris moZraobas, ar iyo TvalTmaqcoba. es iyo gulwrfeloba da erTguleba miseuli qalaqis mentaluri rukisa, sadac is daibada da mas Semdeg cxovrobda. am rukaze ver naxavdiT`uxeSi raionebis~ usaxur quCebs, romliTac me taqsim wamiyvana. Cemi gidis mentalur rukaze, adgilze, sadac es quCebi unda`aSenebuliyo~, ubralod carieli sivrce iyo. am qalaqs, rogorc yvela qalaqs, hyavda bevri macxovrebeli, romelTaganac yvela, sakuTar TavSi, Tavis rukas adgens. yvela rukas aqvs Tavisi carieli sivrce, Tumca yvela rukaze, is sxvadasxva adgilsaa ganlagebuli. rukebi, romlebic xelmZRvaneloben sxvadasxva kategoriis mcxovrebTa moZraobas, ar gadaikveTebian, Tumca imisaTvis, rom yvela rukas`hqondes mniSvneloba~, qalaqis zogierTi sivrce aucileblad unda iyos umniSvnelo, xolo rac Seexeba, mniSvnelobis dro/sivrce| 169 miniWebas – aucileblad uperspeqtivo. msgavsi adgilebis amoWra saSualebas iZleva, rom sxvebma ibrwyinon da savse iyvnen mniSvnelobebiT. adgilis sicariele aris mayureblis Tvalebsa da qalaqSi mosiarulis fexebSi an manqanis borblebSi. carieli aris adgilebi, sadac es adamiani ar Sedis da sadac is Tavs dakargulad, mowyvladadad, gakvirvebulad, Sokismomgvrelad da adamianTa gadmosaxedidan, cotaTi SeSinebulad grZnobs Tavs. ar esaubro ucnobebs isev rom gavimeoroT, civilurobis mTavari maxasiaTebeli aris unari, rom interaqciaSi Sevides ucnobebTan ise, rom maTi ucnoboba maTsave winaaRmdeg ar mimarTos, ar aiZulos isini, rom uari Tqvan ucnaurobebze an uari Tqvan zogierT an yvela maxasiaTebelze, ramac isini, pirvel rigSi, ucnobebi gaxada.`sajaro, magram ara samoqalaqo adgilebis~ mTavari Strixi – msgavsi adgilebis oTxive kategoria, romelic zemoT CamoiTvala, aris interaqciis Warbi raodenoba. Tu fizikuri siaxloves – adgilis gaziareba – sruliad ver avicilebT Tavidan, es SeiZleba iyos`erTobis~ ( ‘togetherness’ ), romelsac is Seicavs, gamowvevis gaSiSvleba misi mudmivi mosawveviT mniSvnelovan Sexvedrebze, dialogiTa da interaqciiT. Tu ucnobebis Sexvedra ar SeiZleba aicilo Tavidan, adamians SeuZlia, sul mcire, garigebebi mainc aicilos. dae, ucnobebi, rogorc viqtorianuli eris Svilebi, ixilon, magram ar 170| Txevadi modernuloba gaigonon maTi an Tu maTi xmebis gagonebis Tavidan acileba SeuZlebelia, sul mcire, ar isminebodnen mainc. amis azri imaSi mdgomareobs, rom gaxdes yvelaferi, rasac isini SeiZleba amboben, ararelevanturi da ar hqondeT raime kavSiri imasTan, rac SeiZleba gakeTdes, unda gakeTdes da sasurvelia, rom gakeTedes. yvela msgavsi saSualeba, ra Tqma unda, aris ubralod susti sazomi: meore adgilze myofi gadawyvetebi an borotebidan yvelaze naklebad damazianebeli da sazizRari.`sajaro, magram ara samoqalaqo adgilebi~ adamians saSualebas aZlevs, rom xeli daibanos ucnobebis garemocvaSi da Tavidan aicilos riskis Semcveli urTierTobebi, damamZimebeli komunikaciebi, stresuli molaparakebebi da gamaRizianebeli kompromisebi. Tumca isini ver icileben ucnobebis Sexvedrebs; piriqiT, isini uSveben, rom Sexvedris acileba SeuZlebelia – isini Seiqmna da ganlagda am varaudis gamo. isini, ase vTqvaT, kurnavs im daavadebas, romelic ukve gavrcelda da ara profilaktikuri wamali, romelic Terapias arasaWiros gaxdida. da yvela Terapiam, rogorc Cven viciT, SeiZleba daamarcxos an ver daamarcxos daavadeba. arsebobs cota, Tu saerTod arsebobs, saimedo Terapiuli reJimebi. Sesabamisad, ra kargi iqneboda, rom Terapia gamxdariyo arasaWiro, organizmis imunizaciis gziT daavadebis winaaRmdeg. aqedan gamomdinare, ucnobebis kompaniisgan Tavis arideba ufro mimzidveli, ufro usafrTxo perspeqtiva Cans, vidre ufro rTuli saSulebebi, rom neitralizacia gaukeTos maTs arsebobas. es SeiZleba problemis gadawyvetis saukeTeso saSualebad mogveCvenos, magram is namdvilad ar aris dro/sivrce| 171 Tavisufali Tavisi sakuTari safrTxeebisagan. imunuri sistemis darRveva aris sakmaod riskisSemcveli ram da SeiZleba aRmoCndes daavadebis gamomwvevi sakuTari qmedebidan gamomdinare. garda amisa, organizmis reziztentulobis gamomuSaveba garkveuli safrTxeebis mimarT, praqtikulad, zRudavs maT da gardaqmnis mowyvladad sxva safrTxeebis mimarT. TiTqmis ar arsebobs romelime Careva, romelic Tavisufalia saSineli gverdiTi efeqtebisgan: cnobilia sruliad sakmarisi samedicino Carevebi, rom gaCndes iatrogenuli avadmyofobebi – daavdebebi, romlebic warmoiSva samedicino Carevis Sedegad da romlebic aranakleb(Tu metad ara) saSiSia, vidre isini, romlebsac is kurnavs. rogorc riCard seneti aRniSnavs, yvirili kanonisaTvis da wesrigisTvis aris didebuli, roca sazogadoeba aris yvelaze metad izolirebuli sxva xalxisagan qalaqSi. qalaqebi amerikaSi, bolo ori dekadis ganmavlobaSi, ise gaizarda ise, rom eTnikuri zonebi gadaiqca SedarebiT homogenurad; SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom ucxos mimarT SiSi gaizarda im xarisxiT, rom am eTnikurma sazogadoebebma Sewyvites arseboba. 13 unari imisa, rom cxovrobde gansxvavebebTan, rom aRar visaubroT imaze, rom datkbe cxovrebiT da sargebeli miiRo misgan, ar modis martivad da ra Tqma unda, ar aris sakuTari impulsi. es unari aris xelovneba, romelic sxva xelovnebis msgavsad moiTxovs swavlasa da varjiSs. uunaroba imisa, rom Sexvde ada- 172| Txevadi modernuloba mianTa arasasiamovno prularulobas da yvela gadawyvetilebis klasifikaciis / kategorizebis ambivalenturoba, piriqiT, aris TviTukvdamyofeli da TviTgamZlierebeli: rac ufro efeqturia homogenurobisken swrafva da mcdeloba, rom gaanadguro gansxvavebebi, miT ufro rTulia, rom Tavi igrZno saxlSi ucnobebTan erTad, miT ufro saSiSi geCveneba gansxvaveba da es ufro Rrmad da Zlierad iwvevs gaRizianebas. proeqti, romelic miznad isaxavs, rom daimalo urbanuli multi-vokalurobis sulieri mxneobis damkargavi zemoqmedebisagan komunaluri erTgvarovnebis, monotonurobisa da ganmeorebadobis TavSesafrebSi, aris iseve TviTgamanadgurebeli, rogorc – TviTmavali. es SeiZleba yofiliyo trivialuri simarTle, rom ara is faqti, rom gansxvavebebis gamo wyena aseve Tavis Tavsac adasturebs: radganac erTgvarovnebisken swrafva xdeba ufro intensiuri, aseve izrdeba miRebuli safrTxeebic, rasac warmoadgens`ucnobebi WiSkarTan~. safrTxe, romelic warmodgenilia ucnobebis kampaniis mier aris klasikuri TviT-damakmayofilebeli winaswarmetyveleba. ufro da ufro martivi xdeba, rom erTmaneTSi aurio ucnobebis xedva daucvelobis gavrcelebul SiSebTan; is, rac dasawyisSi ubralod navaraudevi iyo, iqca simarTled, romelic ukve bevrjer damtkicda da sabolood, aSkara da naTeli gaxda. problema nel-nela iqceva mankier wred. saerTo interesebisa da gaziarebuli bedis Sesaxeb molaparakebebis warmoebis xelovnebiT, romelic gamouyenebli rCeba da iSviaTad Tu tardeba praqtikaSi, naxevrad daviwyebuli an arasdros saTanadod naswavlia,`saerTo sikeTis~ ideasTan erTad(rom aRaraferi vTqvaT dro/sivrce| 173 `karg sazogadoebaze~) eWvmitanilis, muqaris gamomxatvelis, bundovanis an utvinos brendis qveS, is eZebs usafrTxoebas saerTo identurobaSi da ara gaziarebuli interesebis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebaSi, rac xdeba yvelaze ufro mgrZnobiare, yvelaze naklebad efeqturi da momgebiani gza, rom waxvide win. magram identurobasTan dakaSirebuli problemebi da misi Tavdacva dabinZurebis winaaRmdeg qmnis saerTo interesebis ideas, yvelaze metad SeTanxmebul saerTo interesebs, yvelaze metad warmoudgenel da axirebul interesebs da unari da survili, misdio maT – sul ufro naklebad savaraudoa, rom gamoCdnes. rogorc Saron zukini ajamebs usiamovno situacias:`aravin icis, Tu rogor unda elaparakos vinme sxvas~. zukini gvTavazobs, rom`saerTo bedisweris idealebis gamofitvam gaaZliera kulturis mimzidveloba~; Tumca`saerTo amerikul gamoyenebaSi, kultura, pirvel rigSi, aris eTnikuroba, – eTnikuroba, Tavis mxriv, aris`kanonieri xerxi garkveuli niSis Camosayalibeblad sazogadoebaSi~. 14 niSis Camoyalibeba, eWvqveS ar davayenoT, niSnavs, pirvel rigSi, teritoriul gancalkevebs, uflebas, rom ganacalkevo`daculi sivrce~, romelsac sWirdeba dacva da Rirs dacvad, gansakuTrebiT imitom, rom is gancalkevebulia, radganac is garSemortymulia daculi sazRvriTi postebiT, romlebic im adamianebs aZlevs mxolod Sesvlis uflebas, romlebsac`saerTo~ maxasiaTeblebi aqvT da aravis sxvas. teritoriuli gancalkevebis mizans, romlis mizani samezoblos homogenurobaa, yvelaze ukeT`eTnikuri mikuTvnebuloba~ ergeba, vidre sxva warmosacviTi`identuroba~ 174| Txevadi modernuloba postulirebuli maxasiaTeblebi gansxvavebiT sxva maxasiaTeblebisagan, eTnikuri mikuTvnebulobis idea semantikurad datvirTulia. is aqsiomaturad gvTavazobs imas, rom qorwineba Seiqmna samoTxeSi, rom adamianis aranair Zalisxmevas ar SeuZlia misi nawilebad daSla, erTgvari winaswargansazRvruli kavSiria, romelic win uZRvis yvela molaparakebasa da SesaZlo SeTanxmebas uflebebsa da valdebulebebs. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, homogenuroba, romelic TiTqos aRniSnavs, rom eTnikuri organizmebi arian heterogenulebi: aranairi adamianuri artefaqti da ra Tqma unda, aranairi adamianTa Taobebis produqti ar aris cocxali dRes. gasakviri ar aris, rom eTnikuri mikuTvnebuloba aris pirveladi arCevani, vidre sxva postulirebuli identobebi, roca saqme exeba saSiSi, polifoniuri sivrcidan gasvlas, sadac`aravin icis, Tu rogor elaparakos vinme sxvas~`dacul niSaSi~, sadac`yvela iseTivea, rogorc sxva~ da Sesabamisad, salaparo cotaa da laparaki – martivi. ar aris gasakviri, rom logikisaTvis Sesabamisi yuradRebis miupyroblad, sxva postulirebuli sazogadoebebi, maSin, roca iTxoven sakuTar`niSas sazogadoebaSi~, iswrafvian, rom moiparon`bumbuli eTnikuri mikuTvnebulobis qudidan~ da aqtiurad Seqmnan sakuTari fesvebi, tradiciebi, saerTo istoria da momavali, Tumca, pirvel rigSi, maTi gancalkevebuli da unikaluri kultura, romelic misi namdvili da navaraudevi unikalurobidan gamomdinare, amtkicebs, rom aris`Rirebuleba misi gansakuTrebuli maxasiaTeblebidan gamomdinare~. araswori iqneboda Cveni drois aRmdgari komunitarizmis ganmarteba, rogorc jer kidev arasrulad amo- dro/sivrce| 175 Zirkvuli instinqtis an miswrafebis problema, romlis modernizaciis Semdgomi progresi, adre Tu gvian araefeturi an ganmuxtuli iqneba; Tanabrad araswori iqneba, rom uaryo igi, rogorc mizezis wamieri marcxi – samwuxaro, Tumca ara namdvilad iracionalurobis acilebadi SemTxveva, rasac aSkarad SeuTavsebloba aqvs imasTan, rac racionalurad Tanmdev`sazogado arCevans~ gulisxmobs. TiToeuli socialuri garemocva Tavis sakuTar racionalurobis tips awesebs da sakuTar mniSvnelobas debs racionaluri cxovrebis strategiis ideaSi. bevri SeiZleba iTqvas im hipoTezis mxadasaWerad, romelic komunitarizmis mimdinare simbolo aris racionaluri pasuxi`sajaro sivrcis~ namdvili krizisisadmi da asea politikazec, rogorc adamianTa saqmianobazec, romlisTvisac sajaro sivrce aris, rogorc saxli. politikis sfero viwrovdeba sajaro aRiarebamde, intimurobis sajaro demonstraciebamde, sajaro gamoZiebasa da privatuli Rirsebebisa da mankierebebis gakicxvamde; sazogadoebrivi azriT adamianebis saimedoobis Sesaxeb kiTxvebiT, rac cvlis mosazrebas imis Sesaxeb, rac aris da unda iyos politikuri saqme; kargisa da samarTliani sazogadoebis Sesaxeb xedviT, romelic praqtikulad gamqralia politikuri diskursidan – ar aris gasakviri, rom(rogorc senetma ukve SeniSna oci wlis win) 15 adamianebi`gaxdnen pasiuri TviTmxilvelebi politikuri personaJisa, romelic maT sTavazobs Tavis ganzraxvebs, grZnobebs da ara qmedebebs, rasac isini moixmaren~. Tumca, saqme imaSi mdgomareobs, rom mayureblebi bevrs ar elodebian politikosebisgan, iseve, rogorc isini ar elodebian 176| Txevadi modernuloba sxva personaJebisgan arafers, romlebic dRes yuradRebis centrSi arian, arafers, garda kargi sanaxaobisa. ase, rom, politikuri sanaxaobebi, rogorc sxva sajarod dadgmuli speqtaklebi, iqceva identurobis prioritetulobis damamtkicebel ulmobel da monotonurad daviwyebul mesijad interesebis winaaRmdeg; an iqceva mudmiv sajaro gakveTilad, rom identuroba da ara interesebia is mTavari, rac realurad mniSvnelobs da rom, is ufro mniSvnelovania, Tqven vinc xarT da ara is, rasac Tqven akeTebT. zemodan qvemoT, es aris swored namdvili`me~-s gamJRavneba, rac ufro da ufro xdeba urTierTobebis substancia cxovrebaSi da sajaro cxovreba, rogorc aseTi; da swored sakuTari Tavis gageba aris is, rac iqceva im Cxirad, romelzedac CaZiruli gemis samaSvelo Zebna, didi albaTobiT, moeWideba, mas Semdeg, rac interesebiT mocurave navebi CaiZira. da swored maSin, rogorc seneti gvTavazobs,`Temis, sazogadoebis mxardaWera xdeba TviTmizani; imaTi wmenda, romlebic, sinamdvileSi, ar ekuTvnis mas, Temis, sazogadoebis saqme xdeba.~ ukve aRar aris saWiro`molaparakebasa da ucxo pirebis mudmivi wmendis Sesaxeb uaris Tqmis logikuri dasabuTeba~. mcdelobebi, romelic mimarTulia iqiT, rom`sxva~, gansxvavebuli, ucxo da ucxoeli gyavdes distancirebuli da gadawyvetileba, rom Tavidan aicilo komunikaciis, molaparakebisa da saerTo movaleobis saWiroeba, aris aramarto SesaZlo, aramed mosalodneli pasuxi egzistenciuri gaurkvevlobisadmi, romelic fesvgadgmulia socialuri kavSirebis axal aramyarobasa da fluidurobaSi. dro/sivrce| 177 es gadawyvetileba, ra Tqma unda, kargad ergeba Cvens Tanamedrove obsesiur kavSirs dabinZurebasTan da wmendasTan, Cvens tendenciasTan, rom identificireba gavukeToT personaluri usafrTxoebis mamarT warmoSobil saSiSroebas, romelic SeiZleba warmoiSvas `ucxo sxeulebis~ SemoWriT da identificireba gavukeToT usafrTxoebas damuqrebisa gareSe da davicvaT igi`sisufTaviT~. mZafri yuradRebis eqceva im substaciebs, romlebic sxeulSi pirisa da nestoebis gziT Sedis, an im ucxoelebis, romlebic Cumad aRweven sxeulis samezobloSi. isini gverdigverd Tavsdebian erTsa da imave kognitur sistemaSi. orive gamoTqvams dauyovnebliv survils, rom`amoiRos is(isini) Cemi(Cveni) sistemidan~. msgavsi survilebi erwymian, erTiandebian da kon­ densirdebian eTnikuri gancalkevebis politikaSi da gansakuTrebiT,`ucxoelebis~ mozRvavebis winaaRmdeg dasacavad. rogorc JorJ benkom Tqva, 16 arseboben sxvebi, romlebic arian kidev ufro `sxvebi~, vidre`sxvebi~, ucxoelebi. raTa gamovricxoT adamianebi, rogorc ucxoelebi, radganac Cven ar SegviZlia gavugoT sxvas, adasturebs socialur paTologias. paTologia Tavisuflad SeiZleba ganviTardes, magram es ar aris gonebis paTologia, romelic amaod cdilobs misces mniSvneloba msoflios, romelic moklebulia stabilurobisa da sandoobis mniSvnelobas, aramed es aris sajaro sivrcis paTologia, ramac politikis paTologiamde migviyvana: dialogisa da mo- 178| Txevadi modernuloba laparakebis xelovnebis Wknoba da dasusteba, gaqcevis teqnikis gamocvla da monawileobasa da saerTo valdebulebebis gamotoveba. `arasodes elaparako ucnobebs~ – erTxel es gafrTxileba misces Sewuxebulma mSoblebma TavianT ubedur Svilebs – dRes ki es gaxda zrdasruli normalurobis strategiuli principi. es principi gadakeTda, rogorc realuri cxovrebis windaxeduli wesi, sadac ucnobebi arian adamianebi, romelTanac individebi uars ambobeb, rom ilaparakon. xelisuflebebi umweoni arian, rom daupirispirdnen maTi subietebis egzistenciur arasaimedoobasa da SiSs mis fesvebSi, isini zedmetad mowadinebulni da bednierebi arian, rom samsaxurs uweven mas. gaerTianebuli fronti`imigrantebs~ Soris, romelic`gansxvavebulis~ yvelaze savse da yvelaze SesamCnevi gansaxierebaa, gvpirdeba, rom miva imdenad axlos, ramdenadac damajerebelia, rom SefuTos SeSinebuli da dezorientirebuli individebis difuzuri asortimenti`erovnuli sazogadoebis~ raRac bundovnad SemxsenebelTan erTad da es aris is erTerTi im mcire samuSaoTa Soris, risi gakeTebac Cveni drois xelisuflebebs SeuZliaT gaakeTon. jorj hazeltoni memkvidreobis parki iqneboda adgili, sadac sabolood, gamvlelebs Tavisuflad SeeZlebodaT erTmaneTTan laparaki. isini Tavisuflad ilaparakebdnen, radganac maT Zalian cota eqnebodaT salaparako – garda rutinisa da saerTo frazebis gacvlisa, romlebic ar iwvevs aranair uTanxmoebas, magram aseve ar aqvs movaleoba. memkvidreobis parkis sazogadoebis ocneba`sisufTavis~ Sesaxeb, SeiZleba miiRwes mxolod ganTavisuflebisa da Catexili kavSirebis fasad. dro/sivrce| 179 modernuloba, rogorc drois istoria roca bavSvi viyavi(da es moxda sxva drosa da sxva sivrceSi), sakmaod gavrcelebuli iyo kiTxva:`ramdenad Sorsaa is aqedan iqamde ? ~, romlis pasuxi iyo: `daaxloebiT, erTi saaTi an odnav naklebi, Tu aqtiurad ivli~. SedarebiT ufro Zvel droSi, vidre es Cemi bavSvobis droa, me vvaraudob, rom ufro gavrcelebuli pasuxi iyo,`Tu Tqven axla daiwyebT, Tqven iq iqnebiT daaxloebiT SuadRiT~ an`umjobesia, axla daiwyoT, Tu Tqven gindaT, rom iq mzis Casvlamde iyoT~. dRes, Tqven SegiZliaT gaigonoT garemoebebidan gamomdinare, msgavsi pasuxebi. Tumca, Cveulebriv, mas SeiZleba wins uswrebdes Txovna, rom iyos ufro konkretuli:`manqana gyavT ? an Tqven fexiT wasvlas gulisxmobT ? ~ `Soreuli~ da`grZeli~, iseve, rogorc`axlo~ da `male~, niSnavda TiTqmis igives: ra bevri da ra cota Zalisxmeva sWirdeboda adamians, rom daefara garkveuli distancia – yofiliyo is fexiT, xvniT an mosavlis aRebiT. Tu adamianebi iZulebulebi iyvnen, rom ganemartaT is, Tu ras gulisxmobdnen isini`sivrcesa~ da`droSi~, isini ityodnen imas, rom`sivrce~ aris is, risi dafarvac Sen SegiZlia mocemul droSi, roca `dro~ aris is, rac Sen gWirdeba mis dasafarad. Tumca, Tu ufro metad ar davaZalebT, isini ar iTamaSeben ganmartebis TamaSs saerTod. da ratom unda iTamaSon ? umravlesoba rameebs, romelic yoveldRiur cxovrebaSia Cafluli, adamiani sakmarisad igebs, sanam mas ar sTxoven mis ganmartebas; da Tu ar sTxoven, adamians saeWvoa, rom sWirdebodes maTi ganmarteba, pirvel 180| Txevadi modernuloba rigSi. is, Tu rogor gvesmoda is rameebi, romlebsac Cven axla`sivrcesa~ da`dros~ vuwodebT, iyo ara ubralod damakmayofilebeli, aramed iseTive zusti, rogoric saWiro iyo, radganac ‘wetware’ (kompiuteruli sizustiT momuSave biologiuri arsebebi) – adamianebi, xarebi da cxenebi – debdnen Zalisxmevas da awesebdnen limitebs. adamianis fexebis erTi wyvili SeiZleba gansxvavebuli iyo meorisagan, magram erTi wyvilis Canacvleba meoreTi ar mogvcems sakmaod did gansxvavebas, rom moviTxovoT Sesabamisi zomebis miReba, romelic gansxvavebulia adamianis kunTebis siZlierisagan. saberZneTis olimpiuri TamaSebis dros, aravin fiqrobda bilikze an olimpiur rekordebze, rom aRaraferi vTqvaT imaze, rom maT gaeumjobesebaze. rame sxvis gamogoneba da gamoyeneba, garda adamianis an cxovelis kunTebis Zalisa, saWiro iyo iseTi ideebisa da gadawyvetilebebisTvis, romelic mniSvnelobas mianiWebdnen adamianebis unarebs Soris gansxvavebebs, raTa emoZravaT, yofiliyvnen Cafiqrebulni da xeli SeewyoT praqtikisTvis – da ase, drois preistoria, limitirebuli praqtikis grZeli istoria, dasrulda da drois istoria daiwyo. drois istoria daiwyo modernulobiT. namdvilad, modernuloba, sxva yvelaferTan erTad, SeiZleba, yvelaze metad, vidre sxva danarCeni, aris drois istoria: modernuloba aris dro, roca dros aqvs istoria. Tu vinme istoriul wignebs eZebs im mizeziT, rom sivrce da dro, odesRac Sereuli adamianTa cxovreba-muSaobaSi, ratom daiSala nawilebad da dakarga erTmaneTTan kavSiri adamianTa fiqrebsa da praqtikaSi, SeiZleba Sexvdes, rom aRmoCenebis amaRelvebel dro/sivrce| 181 istoriebs, romlebic gonebis mamacma raindebma Caidines – uSiSarma filosofosebma da mamaci mecnierebma. viRac gaigebs astronomebis Sesaxeb, romlebic zomaven distanciebsa da ciuri sxeulebis siCqares, niutonze, romlic iTvlis zust kavSirebs`fizikuri sxeulis~ aCqarebasa da distancias Soris, romelsac da mis gulmodgine Zalisxmevas, raTa gamosaxos yvelaferi es cifrebSi – imaT Sesaxeb, romlebic yvelaze abstraqtulebi da obieqturebi arian yvela warmosaxviT sazomebs Soris; an imis Sesaxeb, rom kantze sakmarisad moaxdines STabeWdileba misma miRwevebma, raTa warmoedgina sivrce da dro, rogorc adamianis kogniciis ori trancendentulad gancalkevebuli da Tanaziarad damoukidebeli kategoria. da mainc, miuxedavad amisa, gamarTlda filosofosebis mtkiceba, rom efiqraT, rom maradiulobis aspeqtis qveS( Sub specie aeternita tis ), es aris yovelTvis usasrulobisa da maradiulobis nawili, misi ukanaskneli nawili ki, amJamad, mdebareobs adamianur praqtikaSi, romelic amzadebs`epistemologiur safuZvels~ filosofiuri da samecniero refleqsiisa da empiriuli materialisTvis, romelic SeiZleba Seurio maradiul WeSmaritebaSi; es SezRudva, sinamdvileSi, asxvavebs diad moazrovneebs imaTgan, vinc istoriaSi Sevida, rogorc Tavcarieli mezRapre, miTebis Semqmneli, poeti da sxva sizmrebis meocnebeni. ase, rom, rame unda momxdariyo adamianuri praqtikis gasaqansa da SesaZleblobaSi droisa da sivrcis suverenulobisaTvis, raTa moulodnelad Cagexeda filosofosis TvalebSi. es`raRac~ iyo, rogorc Cven SeiZleba mivxvdeT, transportirebis konstruqcia, romelic SeiZleba ga- 182| Txevadi modernuloba daadgildes ufro swrafad, vidre adamianis an cxenis fexebs SeeZloT odesme; da transportirebis saSualebebi, romlebic, mkveTr kontrastSia imasTan, rac adamiansa da cxenebs SeeZloT gaekeTebinaT ufro swrafad da swrafad, ise, rom daefaraT ufro da ufro meti distancia sul ufro nakleb droSi. rodesac msgavsi ara-adamianuri da ara-cxoveluri satransporto saSualebebi gamoCnda, drom, romelic saWiro iyo mogzaurobisTvis, Sewyvita, rom yofiliyo distanciisa da mouqneli ‘wetware’ -is(kompiuteruli sizustiT momuSave biologiuri arsebebi) damaxasiaTebeli niSani; nacvlad amisa, is gaxda mogzurobis teqnikis atributi. dro gardaiqmna`kompiuteruli sistemis Semadgeneli mowyobilobebis~( hardware ) problemad, romlis gamogonebac, Seqmnac, apropriaciac, gamoyenebac da kontrolic SeeZloT adamianebs da ara uimedod araelastiuri` wetware ~-isa da aSkarad cvalebadi da axirebuli qarisa Tu wylis axirebuli Zalebisa, rac indiferentuli iyo adamianTa manipulaciebis mimarT; zustad aseve, dro gaxda miwebisa Tu zRvebis inertuli da ucvleli zomebis damoukidebeli faqtori. dro iyo gansxvavebuli sivrcisagan, radganac misgan gansxvavebiT, is cvalebadi da manipulirebadia; es gaxda destruqciis faqtori: dinamikuri partniori droisa da sivrcis kanonier qorwinebaSi. benJamin franklinma didebulad gamocxada, rom dro fuli. mas SeeZlo, es ganacxadi damajereblad eTqva, radganac mas ukve hqonda gansazRvruli adamiani, rogorc`xelsawyos-gamkeTebeli cxoveli~. kidev ori saukunis gamocdilebis SejamebiT, jon fidjeralds, 1961 welSi, SeeZlo erCia Tavis umcrosi dro/sivrce| 183 kolega-amerikelebisTvis, rom`Cven unda gamoviyenoT dro, rogorc xelsawyo da ara, rogorc taxti.~`dro gadaiqca fulad mas Semdeg, rac is gadaiqca xelsawyod (an iaraRad ? ), romelic umTavresad gamoyenebulia sivrcis winaaRmdegobis gadaZalvis mudmiv mcdelobaSi: distanciis Semcireba, winaaRmdegobis mniSvnelobis `siSoris~ mocileba, rom aRaraferi vTqvaT limitze, romelic adamianis ambiciebs aqvT. am iaraRiT aRWurvil adamians SeeZlo daesaxa Tavisi Tavis winaSe sivrcis dapyrobis amocana da mTeli seriozulobiT, am amocanis ganxorcieleba. mefeebi, albaT, ufro komfortulad mgzavrobdnen, vidre maTi mamulis mmaTvelebi da baronebi – ufro moxerxebulad, vidre maTi ymebi. magram, saerTo jamSi, arcerT maTgans ar SeeZlo, sxvebTan SedarebiT, bevrad swrafad mogzauroba. Wetware adamianebs xdida Tanaswors; kompiuteruli sistemis Semadgenelma mowyobilobebma( hardware ) isini gansxvavebulebi gaxada. es gansxvavebi(gansxvavebiT adamianis kunTebis sxvadasxvagvarobisagan miRebuli gansxvavebisagan) iyo adamianis qmedebebis Sedegi, sanam maT(am gansxvavebebs) SeeZloT, rom gamxdariyvnen maTive efeqturobis pirobebi da sanam isini SeiZleboda gamoyenebuliyo, raTa meti gansxvaveba warmoqmniliyo. es gansxvavebebi ki iyo ufro Rrma da naklebad sakamaTo, vidre aqamde. movida orTqli da Sida wvis Zravebi, Sesabamisad, biologiur arsebebze dafuZnebuli Tanasworoba warsuls Cabarda. zog adamians SeeZlo Casuliyo, iq, sadac mas undoda, yvela adamianze adre. maT aseve SeeZloT Tavi aecilebinaT gamodevnebisagan da efeqturad gaewiaT winaaRmdegoba imisTvis, rom vinmes daeWira, Seenelebina 184| Txevadi modernuloba an SeeCerebina. mas, vinc mgzavrobda ufro swrafad, SeeZlo pretenzia hqonoda met teritoriaze da roca amas gaakeTebda, kontroli gaewia masze, ruka daetana da zedamxedveloba gaewia misTvis – ise, rom hyoloda konkurentebi – konkurentul mdgomareobaSi da kanonis damrRvevebi – farglebs gareT. modernuli eris dasawyisi, adamianma SeiZleba daukavSiros adamianTa cvalebadi praqtikebis sxvadasxva aspeqtebs, magram drois emansipacia sivrcisagan, misi subordinacia adamianTa gamomgoneblobisa da teqnikuri SesaZleblobebis mimarT, Sesabamisad, misi daweseba sivrcis winaaRmdeg, rogorc sivrcis dapyrobisa da miwis apropriaciis instrumenti, ar aris cudi dro, rom daiwyo angariSsworeba nebismieri sxva gamgzavrebidan. modernuloba daibada aqseleraciis varskvlavebisa da miwis dapyrobis qveS da es varskvlavebi formirebas ukeTeben Tanavarskvlavedebs, romlebic Seicaven yvela informacias misi xasiaTis, qcevebisa da bedis Sesaxeb. saWiroa mxolod naswavli sociologi da ara – mdidari warmosaxvis mqone astrologi, rom waikiTxos igi. amieridan, drosa da sivrces Soris kavSiri unda yofiliyo procesualuri, Secvladi da dinamikuri da ara – winaswargansazRvruli da umoqmedo.`sivrcis dapyroba~ ukve niSnavda ufro swraf manqanebs. aCqarebuli moZraoba niSnavda ufro did sivrces da moZraobaRa aqseleracia iyo sivrcis gafarToebis erTaderTi saSualeba. am devnaSi, sivrciTi gafarToeba iyo TamaSis saxeli, sivrce – fsoni; sivrce iyo faseuloba, dro ki – instrumenti. raTa faseulobis maqsimizireba momxdariyo, saWiro iyo instrumentebis dro/sivrce| 185 daCqareba:`instrumentebis racionalurobis~ udidesi nawili, romelic, rogorc maqs veberma SemogvTavaza, iyo modernuli civilizaciis operatiuli principi, fokusirebulia amocanebis ufro swrafad Sesrulebis konstruirebis gzebze, maSin, roca`araproduqtiul~, umoqmedo, cariel da Sesabamisad, dakargul dros gamoricxavs; an, rom moeyola igive istoria efeqtebis da ara moqmedebis saSualebebis TvalsazrisiT, is fokusirda sivrcis obieqtebiT ufro mWidrod Sevsebaze da sivrcis gafarToebaze, romelic SeiZleba Sevsebuliyo mocemul droSi. dekartis sivrcis modernuli dapyrobis zRurblze, is miuTmenlad elis sivrciT identificirebul arsebobas da yvelafers, rac materialurad arsebobs, sazRvravs, rogorc sxeulebriv realobas( res extensa ).(rogorc rob Sildsma Tqva enamoswrebulad, SeiZleba perifrazi gavukeToT dekartis cnobil` cogito ~-s(azrovnebis wess), misi mniSvnelobis damaxinjebis gareSe, rogorc`me vikaveb sivrces, maSasadame, vazrovneb.~) !? 17 im dros, roca es dapyroba dasasrulisken wavida, miSel de sertom, ukan moxedvis Semdeg Tqva, rom Zala iyo teritoriasa da sazRvrebSi.(rogorc tim kresvelma axlaxans Seajama de sertis xedva,`ZlierTa iaraRi aris klasifikacia, sazRvrebis gansazRvra, dayofaa. Zlieri udavod damokidebulia rukebis datanaze~; 18 yuradReba miaqcieT imas, rom yvela CamoTvlili iaraRi aris operacia, romelic sivrceze sruldeba). SeiZleba iTqvas, rom gansxvaveba Zliersa da susts Soris aris gansxvaveba rukaze datanil teritoriis gamosaxulebasa – romelic mkavrad daculia da mWidrod kontrolirebadia – da im teritorias Soris, romelic Riaa SeWrisTvis, sazRvrebis 186| Txevadi modernuloba xelaxla daxatvisTvis da rukebis ganaxlebisTvis. minimum, is gaxda da darCa aseTad modernuli istoriis udidesi drois ganmavlobaSi. mZime modernulobidan msubuq modernulobamde istoriis am nawils, romelic axla dasasruls uaxlovdeba, da romlis saxeli, ukeTesi saxelis arqonis gamo, SeiZleba dublirebul iqnas, rogorc` hard ware ~, an mZime modernuloba – moculobiT Sepyrobili modernuloba,`rac ufro didi – miT ukeTesi~ saxis modernuloba,`zoma aris Zala, moculoba – warmatebis~ tipis. es iyo hardware era. mZime da kidev ufro veeberTela manqanebis epoqa, kidev ufro grZeli qarxnebis kedlebiT, kidev ufro farTod SemoRobili qarxnebis saamqroebiT, sul ufro xalxmravali brigadebis CaylapviTa da mZime relsebis manqanebiTa da giganturi okeanuri lainerebiT. sivrcis dapyroba iyo uzenaesi mizani – CaeWido mis, rac SeiZleba did nawils, daiWiro igi, moniSno igi yvelgan sakuTrebis xelSesaxebi niSnebiT da`ar Semoxvide~ dafebiT. teritoria iyo modernulobis akviatebis erTerTi yvelaze basri idea, misi mopoveba gaxda erTerTi yvelaze Zaladobrivi modernul iZulebebs Soris – maSin, roca is icavda sazRvrebs, man didi roli Seasrula yvelaze yvelganmyofi, drekadi da sastikad zrdad modernul adiqciebSi. dro/sivrce| 187 mZime modernuloba iyo teritoriuli dapyrobebis era. simdidre da Zala mtkiced iyo fesvgadgmuli an Camarxulia moculobiT veeberTela miwis SigniT, mZimed da uZravad, rogorc rkinis madnis fenebi da qvanaxSiris dabadebis adgilebi. imperiebi vrceldeboda, raTa Seevso TiToeuli dedamiwis TiToeuli kuTxe: mxolod sxva imperiebis Tanaswori an umjobesi Zala awesebda limitebs maTs gafarToebaze. yvelaferi, rac iyo konkurenti imperiebis samefoebis sadarajoebs Soris, iTvleboda usargeblod, aravis miwad, Sesabamisad, cariel sivrced da carieli sivrce iyo gamowveva moqmedebisaTvis da sayveduri – usaqmurebisaTvis.(im drois popularuli mecniereba SesaniSnavad acnobierebda epoqis xasiaTs, roca axdenda eriskacebis informirebas imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom`buneba ar iTmens sicarieles.~) kidev ufro Tavgzadamabneveli da naklebad gasaZlebi iyo mosazreba dedamiwis`carieli adgilebis~ Sesaxeb: kunZulebi da arqipelagebi, jer isev gaugonarni da rukaze mouxazavni, miwebi, romlebic maT aRmoCenasa da kolonizebas elodnen, kontinentebis upatronod mitovebuli da aramoTxovnadi Sida nawilebi, uTvalavi`wyvdiadis gulebi~, romlebic iTxoven sinaTles. uSiSari mkvlevrebi iyvnen axali drois gmirebi, valter benJaminis`mezRvauris istoriebis~ modernuli versiebi, bavSvobis ocnebebi da zrdasrulTa nostalgia; enTuziazmiT xvdeboda maT gamgzavrebas da xvdeboda pativiT, roca brundebodnen, aqspediciidan eqspediciamde gzaabneuli dadioda junglebSi, buCqebSi an mudmivad notio niadagSi, raTa epovna kidev erTi rukaze dautaneli mTis qedi, tba an plato. aseve modernuli samoTxe, rogorc jeims hiltonis Sangri- 188| Txevadi modernuloba la, iyo~, jer kidev`aRmouCeneli~ adgili, faruli da miuwvdomeli, sadRac fexdaudgmeli da gauvali mTebis masebs an sasikvdilo udabnoebs miRma, romlis bilikis dasasruli jer kidev unda gaikvalos. Tavgadasavali da bedniereba, simdidre da Zlevamosileba iyo geografiuli konceftebi an`miwis sakuTrebebi~, romlebic mibmulni iyvnen TavianT adgilTan, uZravni da ara transferirebadni. yvelaferi es iTxovda SeuRwevad kedlebs, mWidro da Sekrul saguSagoebs, fxizel sazRvris mcvelebs da adgilmdebareobis gasaidumloebas.(meore msoflio omis erTerTi yvelaze mkacrad daculma saidumloebam, amerikuli aviabazam, saidanac 1942 wels unda dawyebuliyo sasikvdilo Tavdasxma tokioze, miiRo zedmetsaxeli`Sangri-la~). simdidre da Zalaufleba, romelic damokidebulia zomasa da hardware -is xarisxze, xSirad SeiZleba iyos inertuli, umarTavi da mouxerxebeli gadaadgilebisTvis. orive aris`ganxorcielebuli~ da damagrebuli, damagrebuli rkinasa da betonze da gazomili maTi moculobiTa da woniT. isini izrdebian im adgilis gadidebiT, romelsac isini ikaveben da daculni arian am adgilis dacviT: es adgili, erTdroulad, aris maTi kera, cixe-simagre da cixe. daniel belma aRwera erTerTi yvelaze Zlieri, SesaSuri da yvelaze metad mimbaZveli msgavsi kera / cixe-simagre / cixe: jeneral motorsis qarxana` Willow Run ~ miCiganSi. 19 adgili, romelic dakavebuli hqonda sawarmos, iyo milis meoTxedis ori-mesamedi. yvela masala, rac saWiro iyo manqanis warmoebisTvis, grovdeboda erT gigantur saxuravze, erT sazarel galiaSi. orive, Zalauflebisa da kontrolis logika, dafuZnebuli iyo`Sidas~`garesa- dro/sivrce| 189 gan~ mkacr gancalkevebaze da am or Soris sazRvrebis yuradRebian dacvaze. orive logika, erTad narevi, ganxorcielebuli iyo zomis logikiT da organizebuli erTi principis irgvliv: rac ufro didia, miT ufro efeqturia. modernulobis ufro mZime versiaSi, progresi niSnavda zomis gazrdasa da sivrcul gafarToebas. es iyo drois rutinizacia, romelic mTliaad iWerda adgils, kompaqturad da emorCileboda homogenur logikas.(beli iyenebda rutinizaciis ZiriTad instruments, roca aseT dros`metruls~ eZaxda). sivrcis dapyrobis procesSi, dro unda yofiliyo damTmobi da moqnili, da pirvel rigSi, Semcirebadi, `sivrciTi STanTqmis~ gazrdis xarjze, rac TiToeuli erTeulis SesaZleblobaa: 80 dRe dedamiwis garSemo iyo mimzidveli ocneba, magram amis gakeTeba rva dReSi iyo kidev ufro usazRvrod damatyvevebeli. la-manSis sruteze gadafrena da Semdeg atlantis okeaneze, iyo sakvanZo movleba, romlis Sedegadac progresi gaizoma. Tumca, roca saqme dapyrobili sivrcis gamagrebaze mivida, misi moTvinierebis, kolonizaciisa da`moSinaurebisTvis~ moudrekeli, erTferovani da mouxelTebeli dro iyo saWiro: dro, romelic SeiZleba daiWras erTnairi sisqis naWrebad, ergeba imas, rom iyo monotonuri da ucvleli Tanmimdevroba. sivrce namdvilad`dapyrobili~ iyo, roca kontrolirebadi iyo da kontroli, pirvel rigSi, niSnavda`drois moTvinierebas~, misi Sinagani dinamikis ganeitralebas: mokled rom vTqvaT, drois erTgvarovnebasa da koordinacias. SesaniSnavi da amaRelvebeli iyo nilosis wyaroebamde miReweva, manam, sanam sxva mkvlevarebma aRmoaCines igi, 190| Txevadi modernuloba magram matarebeli, romelic ganrigs uswrebda, an avtomobilis detalebi, romlebic sxva nawilebze ufro adre Camodioda konveirze, iyvnen mZime modernulobis yvelaze saSineli koSmarebi. rutinizebulma dro gaaerTiana Zalebi maRali aguris kedlebiT, mavTulxlarTebiTa an gatexili miniT da mWidrod daculi karibWiT, romelic adgils icavs garedan SemoWrili pirebisagan. man, aseve, prevencia gaukeTa adgilis SigniT imas, rom yvelaferi yofiliyo maTi survilisamebr.`fordistuli qarxana~, romelic inJineriis racionalurobis yvelaze sasurveli da saxarbielo modeli iyo mZime modernulobis droSi, iyo adgili pirispiri Sexvedris adgili, magram agreTve, saqorwino ficis`sanam sikvdili ar dagvaSorebs~ tipi kapitalsa da Sromas Soris. qorwili iyo moxerxebulobis an saWiroebisaTvis, TiTqmis arasdros – qorwili siyvaruli, magram is unda gagrZelebuliyo `samudamod~(nebismieri ram, rac SeiZleba niSnavdes individualuri cxovrebis TvalsazrisiT) da ufro xSirad, es ase ar iyo. qorwineba, ZiriTadad, monogamiuri iyo orive partniorisTvis. ganqorwinebaze laparakic ki zedmeti iyo. ukeTesi iyo, Tu uaresi, partniorebi valdebulebi iyvnen, rom darCeniliyvnen erTmaneTis kompaniaSi, arcerTs ar SeeZlo erTmaneTis gareSe gadarCena. rutinizebulma drom Sroma miajaWva miwas, maSin, roca qarxnebis Senobebis masiurobam, manqanebis simZimem da sabolood, magram ara misi mniSvnelobis mixedviT, permanentulad SeboWilma Sromam datvirTa da`SeboWa~ kapitali. arc kapitali da arc Sroma ar iyvnen didi surviliT ganmsWvalulni da arc SeeZloT, dro/sivrce| 191 rom emoZravaT. rogorc yvela qorwinebaSi, sadac ar iyo umtkivneulo ganqorwinebis damcavi saxuravi, erTad cxovrebis istoria savsea xmauriTa da sibraziT, savsea borotebis Zaladobrivi amoxeTqviTa da moniSnulia, garkveulwilad naklebad dramatuli, magram ufro umowyalo da mdgradi, xSirad, sasangro omiT. Tumca, plebeebs arasdros ar ufiqriaT qalaqis datoveba; patriciebs ukve aRar SeeZloT amis gakeTeba. menenius agripas oratoruli xelovneba aRar iyo saWiro, raTa SeenarCunebinaT adgili mainc. Tavad konfliqtis intensivoba da mudmivoba iyo mkafio mtkicebuleba saerTo bediswerisa. qarxnis rutinis gayinuli drom, qarxnis kedlebi agurebTan da kirxsnarTan erTad, qmediTunarianoba daakargvina kapitals, ise efeqturad, rogorc Sroma SeboWa, romelic man daiqirava. Tumca, es yvelaferi Secvala software (samomxmareblo programuli paketebis) kapitalizmisa da`msubuqi~ modernulobis gamoCenam. sorbonis universitetis ekonomistma daniel koenma es ori sityviT gadmosca:`vinc ar unda daiwyos Tavisi kariera maikrosoftSi, arasdros icis, Tu sad damTavrdeba igi. visac ar unda daewyo kariera fordSi, an renoSi, TiTqmis darwmunebuli unda yofiliyo, rom is imave adgilas damTavrdeboda.~ 20 ar var darwmunebuli, rom orive SemTxvevaSi, romelsac koeni aRwers, termini`karieris~ gamoyeneba legitimuria.`kariera~ dagafiqrebs traeqtoriis arCevaze, amerikuli universitetebisagan gansxvavebiT – ar gaZlevs`gakvalul gzas~, winaswar moniSnuli Tanmimdevruli fazebiTa da Sesasvlelad Tanxlebuli zomierad naTeli pirobebiTa da miRebis wesebiT. `karieruli gza~, rogorc wesi, formirdeba sivrcisa 192| Txevadi modernuloba da drois koordinirebuli zemoqmedebiT. rac unda SeemTxves maikrosoftSi dasaqmebulebs an mis uTvalav yaraulebs Tu imitatorebs, sadac menejerebis yvela movaleoba aris`ufro Tavisufali organizaciuli forma, romelsac ufro SeuZlia erT nakadad wasvla~ da sadac biznes organizacia ufro da ufro danaxulia, rogorc arasdros damTavrebadi, uwyveti mcdeloba, raTa`formirdes umaRlesi Seguebulobis kunZuli~ iseT msoflioSi, romelic aRiqmeba, rogorc`mravalmxrivi, kompleqsuri da swrafad moZravi da amasTanave, rogorc`bundovani~,`gaurkveveli~ an`plastikuri~~, 21 is ebrZvis myari struqturebis winaaRmdeg da gansakuTrebiT, im struqturebis winaaRmdeg, romelsac aqvs Tandayolili sicocxlis xangrZlivobis proporciulad aqvs SromiTi cxovrebis Cveulebrivi xanrZlivoba. msgavsi garemoebebidan gamodinare,`karieris~ idea Cans bundovani da sruliad uadgilo. Tumca es, ubralod Teoriuli sityvebis TamaSia. ar aqvs mniSvneloba, sworad Tu arasworad gamoiyeneba terminebi, mTavari sakiTxia is, rom koenis Sedareba uSecdomod ipyrobs gardamtex cvlilebas modernul istoriaSi da miniSnebas akeTebs gavlenaze, romelsac is iwyebs adamianis egzistenciuli mdgomareobaze. cvlileba kiTxvaSi aris sivrcis axali Seusabamoba, maskirebuli, rogorc drois ganadgureba. sinaTlis siCqaris mogzauroba software (samomxmareblo programuli paketebis) msoflioSi, sivrce SeiZleba gadaikveTos, Zalian mokle momentSi. gansxvaveba`Sorsa~ da `aq~-s Soris gaqra. sivrce ukve aRar awesebs SezRudvebs moZraobasa da mis gavlenas da aqvs Zalian cota an saerTod ar aqvs mniSvneloba. mand dakarga misi dro/sivrce| 193 `strategiuli Rirebuleba~, rogorc samxedro eqspertebi ityvian. TiToeuli Rirebuleba, rogorc georg zimelma SeniSna,`Rirebulni~ arian im kuTxiT, ramdenadac isini SeiZleba SeviZinoT`mxolod sxva Rirebulebebis gadalaxviT.~ is aris`garkveuli sagnebamde miRwevisaTvis SemovliTi gziT wasvla~, romelic aris mizezi imisa, rom`ganvixiloT isini, rogorc Rirebulni~. am sityvebis gamouyeneblobis gareSe, zimeli gviyveba`Rirebuli fetiSizmis~ istorias: sagnebs, wers zimeli,`mxolod is Rirebuleba( worth ) aqvT, rogori fasic( cost ) aqvT~. es garemoeba, damaxinjebulad gavrcelda, rom niSnavs`maT is fasi( cost ) aqvT, ra Rirebulebac( worth ) aqvT.~ es aris dabrkoleba, romelic saWiroa, rom gadalaxo gzad, romelsac mivyavarT apropriaciisken, `brZolis daZabuloba misTvis~, rac Rirebulebas xdis Rirebulad. 22 Tu ar aris imis saWiroeba, rom dro iqnes daviwyebuli da gaSvebuli –`msxverplSewiruli~ – rom mivaRwioT yvelaze moSorebul adgilsac ki, adgilebs ar aqvT Rirebuleba zimelianur aRqmaSi. maSinve, rodesac distanciebi SeiZleba daifaron(da Sesabamisad, sivrcis materiarulad moSorebuli nawilebi moqmedeben da zemoqmedeben) eleqtruli signalebis aCqarebulobasTan erTad, yvela miTiTeba Cndeba droze, rogorc Jak derida ityoda,` sous rature ~-s(teqstSi amoSlili adgilis qveS)`momentaluroba~, rogorc Cans, exeba Zalian swraf moZraobas Zalian mokle droSi, magram, faqtobrivad, is aRniSnavs drois ararsebobas, rogorc RonisZiebis faqtors da amasTanave, rogorc elements Rirebulebis gamoangariSebisas. dro ukve aRar aris `SemovliTi gza miRwevamde~ da Sesabamisad, sivrces 194| Txevadi modernuloba aRar aZlevs Rirebulebas. software drois TiTqmis myisiereba winaswarmetyvlebs sivrcis devalvacias. mZime modernulobis hardware (kompiuteruli sistemis Semadgeneli mowyobilobebis) epoqaSi, romelic maqs veberis terminebSi agreTve iwodeboda, rogorc instrumentuli racionaloba, dro iyo saSualeba, romelzec unda ezrunaT da frTxilad gamoeyenebinaT, ise, rom Rirebulebis dabruneba, rac sivrce iyo, maqsimalurad yofiliyo SesaZlebeli. msubuqi modernulobis software (programuli uzrunvelyofis) epoqaSi, drois efeqturobas, rogorc miRwevis Rirebulebis saSualebebs, aqvT tendencia, rom miaRwion usasrulobamde, TiToeuli erTeulis Rirebulebis donis gazrdis(an, ufro dabal doneze Camosvlis) paradoqsuli efeqtiT, potenciuli obieqtebis arealSi. kiTxviTi niSani gadavida saSualebebis mxaridan dasasrulamde. Tu amas droisa da sivrcis kavSirTan dakavSirebiT gamoviyenebT, es niSnavs imas, rom, radganac sivrcis yvela nawili miRwevadia imave drois xangrZlivobaSi (rac aris drois Zalian patara intervalSi), sivrcis arcerTi nawili ar aris privilegirebuli, arcerTs ar aqvs`gansakuTrebuli Rirebuleba~. me SemiZlia sivrcis nebismier adgilas movxvde nebismier momentSi, ar aris aranairi mizezi, rom miaRwio romelime maTgans nebismier konkretul momentSi da ar arsebobs mizezi imisa, rom vinerviuloT romelime maTganSi Sesvlis uflebis dacvaze. Tu Tqven iciT, rom SegiZliaT estumroT adgils nebismier dros, roca Sen ginda, Tqven ar iqnebiT iZulebuli, rom xSirad estumroT mas an daxarjoT fuli mTeli cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi moqmed bileTze. kidev ufro naklebi mizezi arsebobs, dro/sivrce| 195 rom sakuTar Tavze aiRoT Sromatevad da riskis Semcvel soflis meurneobasa da miwis kultivaciaze uvado meTvalyureobisa da mmarTvelobis xarjebi, romelic martivi mosapovebelia da romelzec aseve martivad SeiZleba Tqva uari, Tu gayvebi cvalebad interesebsa da`adgilobriv aqtualobas~. yofis momxibvleli simsubuqe Software msoflios aramyari, momentaluri dro aseve aris araTanmimdevruli dro.`momentaluroba~ niSnavs dauyovnebliv,`adgilzeve~ Sesrulebas, magram aseve momentalur gadaRlasa da interesis milevas.`drodistancia, romelic dasasruls yofs dasawyisisagan, pataravdeba an qreba saerTod; orma cnebam, romelic erTxel ukve gamoiyenes, raTa SeedginaT gasvlis grafiki da Sesabamisad, gamoeTvalaT drois`daxajuli Rirebuleba~, dakarges maTi mniSvnelobis ZiriTadi nawili, romelic, rogorc yvela mniSvneloba, aRmocendnen maTi opoziciis simkveTrisagan. aq aris mxolod`momentebi~ – sakiTxebi moculobis gareSe. magram iseTi dro, dro momentebis erTobis morfologiasTan erTad, isev is droa,`romelic Cven viciT~ ? `drois momentebis~ gamoxatuleba, sul mcire, garkveul sasicocxlo urTierTobebSi, oqsimoronia. SeiZleba, sivrcis, rogorc Rirebulebis mokvliT, drom TviTmkvleloba Caidina ? nuTu sivrce ar iyo ubralod pirveli msxverpli drois sakuTari Tavis ganadgurebis ukontrolo devnaSi ? 196| Txevadi modernuloba is, rac aqaa aRwerili, ra Tqma unda, drois istoriis zRvruli mdgomareobaa, rac, Tanamedrove droSi, Cans, rom istoriis ukanaskneli tendenciaa. Tumca, nulTan axlos aris is dro, romelsac sWirdeba, rom miaRwios sivrcul daniSnulebis adgils, jer ar srulad ar miuRwevia iqamde. yvelaze ganviTarebuli teqnologiebmac ki, romlebic aRWurvilni arian kidev ufro Zlieri procesorebiT, isev aqvT garkveuli gza, rom miaRwion namdvil`myisierebas~. ar momxdara sivrcis namdvili da sruli logikurad gamomdinare irelevanturoba, mas aseve ar aqvs uwonadoba, usasrulo cvalebadoba da aseve ar miRweula adamianis urTierTqmedebis moqnilobamde. magram aRwerili mdgomareoba namdvilad aris msubuqi modernulobis ganviTarebiTi horizonti. Tumca, rac ufro mniSvnelovania, am dromde, miuxedavad amisa, es aris odesRac devnili(an iqneb amitom), misi mTavari operatorebis sruliad verasdros miRwevadi ideali, is, romelic axali normebis avatarSi avrcelebs da avsebs socialuri sxeulis TiToeul organos, qsovilsa da ujreds. milan kunderam gamosaxa`yofis autaneli simsubuqe~, rogorc modernuli cxovrebis tragediis centri. simsubuqe da siCqare(erTad ! ) SemogvTavaza halo kalvinom, am sruliad Tavisufali personaJebis gamomgonebelma(sruliad Tavisufalni arian maTi mouxelTeblobis, dauWereblobis, miuwvdomlobis, dapyrobis SeuZleblobis wyalobiT), xidan mxtomeli baroni da raindi, tanis gareSe, rogorc literaturuli xelovnebis maradiuli emansipatoruli funqciis yvelaze savse, saboloo xorcSesxma. dro/sivrce| 197 ocdaaT welze meti xnis win(mis klasikur biurokratiul movlenaSi) miSel kroziem gansazRvra dominacia(yvela mis saxesxvaobaSi) ganusazRvrelobiTobis wyaroebis siaxlovesTan erTad. misi verdiqti jer isev aRiarebulia: adamianebi, romlebsac gamosdiT maTi sakuTari moqmedebebis SenarCuneba movaleobebisagan da normisagan, Tavisuflad da Sesabamisad, araprognozirebabdad, am dros normatiulad akontroleben(rutinaSi aqceven da Sesabamisad, aqceven mas monotonurad, ganmeorebiTad da prognozirebadad) maTi protagonistebis moqmedebebs, marTaven. adamianebi, romelTa xelebi gaxsnilia, marTaven im xalxs, visac xelebi Sekruli aqvs. pirvelis Tavisufleba aris mTavari mizezi meoris araTavisuflebisa, maSin, roca meoris araTavisufleba sabolood niSnavs pirvelis Tavisuflebas. araferi Secvlila am damokidebulebaSi – mZimedan msubuq modernulobaSi gadasvlasTan dakavSirebiT. magram kadri axali SinaarsiT Seivso; ufro zustad,`ganusazRvrelobis wyaros siaxlovis~ swrafva daviwrovda da fokusirda erT obieqtze – myisierebaze. adamianebi, romlebic moZraoben da moqmedeben swrafad, romlebic yvelaze axlos midian moZraobis momentalurobamde, arian adamianebi, romlebic axla marTaven. da eseni arian adamianebi, romlebsac ar SeuZliaT ise swrafad gadaadgileba da kidev ufro aSkarad, adamianebis kategoria, romlebsac ar SeuZliaT TavianTi adgili TavianTi nebiT datovon, romlebsac marTaven. dominacia moicavs adamianis unars, rom gaiqces, gamoeyos,`iyos sxva adgilas~ da hqondes ufleba, rom gadawyvitos siCqare, riTic yvelaferi es keTdeba, maSin, roca, amasTan erTad, adamianebs domi- 198| Txevadi modernuloba nirebuli mxaridan, arTmevs SesaZleblobas, rom daakavon an SeaCeron maTi moqmedebebi an Seanelon isini. dominaciis Tanamedrove brZola nawarmoebia SeiaraRebuli Zalebs, Sesabamisad, aCqarebisa da gaWianurebis iaraRebs, Soris. myisierebasTan diferencirebul wvdomas gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs socialuri dayofis samaradiso da urRvev safuZvels Tanamedrove drois versiebs Soris istoriulad yvela cvalebad formaSi: ganusazRvrelobisadmi gansxvavebuli wvdoma da Sesabamisad, Tavisuflebisadmi. msoflioSi, romelic dasaxlebulia miwaze momuSave ymebiT, xidan gadmoxtoma iyo baronebisTvis usafrTxo recepti TavisuflebisTvis. es aris Tanamedrove saSualeba, romliTac baronebs aZlevs saSualebas, moiqcnen sisxlis naTesavebis msgavsad, gadmoxtnen xeebidan, rac tovebs ymebis memkvidreebs adgilze da swored es memkvidreebi arian iZulebiT uZravni, SemosazRvruloba miwisTvis, rac baronebs aZlevs saSualebas, rom gaagrZelon gadmoxtoma. Tumca, Rrma da depresiulia ymebis ubedureba, aravin ar Cans, vinc mis winaaRmdeg wava da romc gaekeTebinaT es, maT daiWerdnen maTi amboxis swrafad moZrav miznebTan erTad. mZime modernuloba iWerda kapitalsa da Sromas rkinis galiaSi, romlisaganac gaqceva arcerTs ar SeeZlo. msubuqma modernulobam galiidan gamouSva erTi partniori.`myari~ modernuloba iyo Tanaziari monawileobis era.`Txevadi~ modernuloba aris daSorebis, mouxelTeblobis, martivi gaqcevisa da uimedo gamodevnebis epoqa.`Txevad~ modernulobaSi yvelaze mouxelTebelni isini arian, vinc marTaven da vinc dro/sivrce| 199 Tavisufalni arian TavianT qmedebebSi gafrTxilebis gareSe. karl polanma(didi transformaciebi: Cveni drois politikuri da ekonomikuri sawyisebi, gamoqveynebuli 1944 wels) Sromis mopyroba gamoacxada, rogorc`saqoneli~, romelic unda iyos gamogonili da man gaaTavisufla socialuri SeTanxmebis Sedegebi, dafuZnebuli am gamogonebaze. Sroma, aRniSna polanma, ar SeiZleba iyos saqoneli(yovel SemTxvevaSi, ara iseTi saqoneli, rogorc sxva saqonelia), radganac is ar SeiZleba gaiyidos misi mflobelisagan damoukideblad. Sromaze, romelzec polani werda, namdvilad iyo ganxorcielebuli Sroma: Sroma, romelsac ar SeuZlia gadaadgileba, uceb, mSromelebis gadaadgilebis gareSe. adamians SeuZlia daiqiravos da gamoiyenos meore adamianis Sroma mxolod mis sxeulTan erTad da daqiravebuli sxeulebis inercia uwesebs limitebs damsaqmeblebis Tavisuflebas. kontroli rom gaewia SromisTvis da Canafiqris mixedviT waremarTa igi, adamians unda emarTa da kontroli gaewia mSromelebisTvis; rom emarTaT samuSao procesi, damsaqmebels unda emarTa mSromelebi. am moTxovnam kapitali da Sroma pirispir daayena da inarCunebda maT, kargia es Tu cudi, erTmaneTis kampaniaSi. Sedegi iyo bevri konfliqti, Tumca aseve bevri saerTo adaptaciis SemTxveva: sastiki braldebebi, mware brZola da saerTod, cotaTi, siyvarulis dakargva. Tumca, aseve udidesi gamomgonebloba zomierad damakmayofilebeli an koabitaciis ubralod atanadi kanonebis proeqtirebaSi. revoluciebi da keTildReobis saxelmwifo, orive, iyo pirobis moulodneli, magram gardauvali Sedegi, romelic iridebda imas, rom 200| Txevadi modernuloba gamoyofili yofiliyo Sesrulebadi da sicocxlisunariani arCevanidan. axla, Cven vcxovrobT kidev erT`did transformaciaSi~ da misi erTerTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani aspeqti aris fenomeni, romelic zustad sapirispiroa im mdgomareobisa, romelsac polani saTanadod ar afasebda: im tipis adamianis Sromis`sxeulisagan ganTavisufleba, romelic emsaxureba Tanamedrove kapitals, rogorc kvebis mTavar wyaros an saZovar miwas. zedamxedvelobisa da wvrTnis panoptikis msgavsi, uzarmazari, mouxerxebeli da uxerxuli mowyobilobebi ukve aRar aris saWiro. Sroma gaTavisuflda panoptikumisagan, magram, yvelaze mniSvnelovania is, rom kapitalma dakarga mZime tvirTi da metismeti Rirebuleba misi eqspluataciisTvis; kapitali gaTavisuflda im davalebisagan, romelmac igi miwas miajaWva da aiZula agentebis pirdapiri monawileoba, romlebic eqspluatirebulni iyvnen TavianTi Tavis reproduqciisa da TavianTi Tavis gaZlierebis gulisaTvis. software eris gaTavisuflebuli Sroma ukve aRar boWavs kapitals: is saSualebas aZlevs kapitals, rom iyos eqsteritorialuri, cvalebadi da aramudmivi. Sromis gaTavisufleba winaswarmetyvlebs kapitalis uwonadobas. urTierTdamokidebuleba daingra calmxrivad. radganac Sromis SesaZlebloba, rogorc adre, yuradRebaSi rom ar miviRoT is, rom aris dausrulebeli da Seuvsebeli da damokidebulia kapitalis arsebobaze misi SesrulebisTvis, ukan dabruneba ukve aRar moxdeba. sabednierod, kapitali mogzaurobs imedianad, iTvlis mokle momgebian Tavgadasavlebs da darwmunebulia, rom ar iqneba arc maTi da arc im partniore- dro/sivrce| 201 bis nakleboba, romlebic gauziareben maT. kapitals SeuZlia swrafad mogzauroba da misi simsubuqe da moZraobis unari gadaiqca cvalebadobis umaRles wyarod yvela danarCenisTvis. is gadaiqca dominaciis dRevandelobis bazisad da socialuri ganawilebis mTavar faqtorad. ganuyofloba da zoma gadaiqca aqtividan fulad valdebulebamde. kapitalistebisTvis, romelic, didi albaTobiT, amjobinebdnen masiuri ofisis Senobebis gacvlas sahaero buStebSi, tivtivis unari aris aqtivebidan yvelaze momgebiani da movlili. tivtivis unari yvelaze ukeT SeiZleba gaumjobedes TiToeuli arasasicocxlo tvirTis patara nawilis bortidan gadayriT da ekipaJis Secvladi wevrebis miwaze datovebiT. erT-erTi yvelaze mouxerxebeli sagani balastisa, romelsac sWirdeba, rom iyos ganawilebuli, aris bevri personalis marTvisa da kontrolis mZime amocana. amocana, romelsac gaaCnia gamaRizianebeli tendencia yovelTvis gaiberos da moimatos wonaSi valdebulebebisa da movaleobebis TiToeuli axali Sris damatebiT. Tu mZime kapitalizmis`marTvis mecniereba~ fokusirdeba, rom SeinarCunos`muSa xeli~ da moisyidos igi, rom darCes Tavis adgilas da gaagrZelos muSaoba grafikis mixedviT. marTvis xelovneba msubuqi kapitalizmis eraSi dainteresebulia, rom`adamianuri Zala~ moisrolos, ufro ukeTesi ki misTvis isaa, rom is aiZulos, gauCinardes. mokle moulodnelma Sexvedrebma Caanacvles xangrZlivi Sexvedrebi. adamiani ar rgavs citrusis koroms, rom dawuros limoni. liposaqciis mmarTvelobiTi eqvivalenti gaxda mmar­TvelobiTi xelovnebis umTavresi strategia: zo- 202| Txevadi modernuloba gierTi erTeulis SeTxeleba, Semcireba, TanadaTanobiTi gauqmeba, daxurva an gayidva, radganac isini saTanadod efeqturni ar arian da kidev sxva erTeulebi, radganac ufro iafia, rom maT mieceT saSualeba, TavisiT ibrZolon gadarCenisTvis, vidre sakuTar Tavze aiRos damamZimebeli, bevri drois wamrTmevi mmarTvelobiTi kontroli, rac aris am axali xelovnebis mTavari ganacxadi. zogierTi damkvirvebeli aCqarda, rom gaekeTebina daskvna, rom`ufro didi~ ukve aRar iTvleba`ufro efeqturad~. Tumca, msgavs generalizebul gamoyenebaSi, es daskvna arasworia. Tavsmoxveuli ideis Semcireba aris, rogorc es xdeba-xolme, STanTqmeli maniis miuwvdomeli damateba. cnobilia, rom saukeTeso moTamaSeebi moedanze awarmoeben molaparakebas an aiZuleben mSTanTqmelebs, rom miiRon ufro meti SesaZlebloba operaciebis SemcirebisTvis, maSin, roca radikaluri `ufleba, umTavres saWiroebebze~`icilebs aqtivebs~, farTod aRarebulia, rogorc sasicocxlo sawindari mSanTqmeli gegmebis warmatebisTvis. STanTqma da Semcireba ar aris urTerTgadamkveTi miznebi: piriqiT, isini pirobas uyeneben erTmaneTs, mxars uWeren da aZliereben. es mxolod gveCveneba paradoqsad; aSkara araSesabamisoba qreba maSinve, roca miSel krozies`axali da ganaxlebuli~ Sesrulebis principia ganxileba. es aris STanTqmisa da Semcirebis nazavis strategia, romelic sTavazobs kapitalsa da finansur Zalas, sivrces, rom gadaadgildes ufro da ufro swrafad, rac misi mogzaurobis masStabs kidev ufro globalurs xdis, maSin, roca, amave dros arTmevs Sromas mis unars, awarmoos dro/sivrce| 203 molaparakebebi da Seqmnas usiamovnebebi, boWavs mas da ukravs xelebs kidev ufro magrad. STanTqma winaswarmetyvelebs ufro grZel bagirs araxelsayreli, mcuravi, gudinis stilis kapitalisTvis, romelmac gadaaqcia misi dominaciis mTavari manqanebi Tavis aridebisa da gaqcevidan, mokle drois garigebad da swraf Sexvedrebad xangrZlivi valdebulebisTvis, da SeenarCunebina`moqmedebis gaqrobis~ SesaZlebloba mudmivad Riad. kapitali iZens ufro did adgils manevrisTvis – ufro met adgils damalvisaTvis, SesaZlo cvlilebebis ufro did matricas, xelmisawvdomi avatarebis ufro farTo asortiments da Sesabamisad, ufro met Zalas, rom SeinarCunos konrolis qveS mis mier gamoyenebuli Sroma, Semcirebis Semdgomi raundebis damangreveli Sedegebis xelis ekonomiurad dabanasTan erTad. es aris dominaciis Tanamedrove saxe – imaTze, vinc ukve daartya da imaTze, visac eSinia, rom isini dgas samomavlo dartymis rigSi. rogorc amerikulma menejmentis asociaciam gaigo kvlevidan, is warmoebaSi CaeSva,`mSromelis morali da motivacia mkveTrad daeca Semcirebis sxvadasxva gamomZalvel TamaSSi. gadarCenili muSebi elodnen najaxis Semdeg dartymas da ara zeimobdnen konkurentul gamarjvebas maTze, vinc gaaTavusufles.~ 23 ra Tqma unda, brZola gadarCenisTvis, ar aris mxolod mSromelebis bedi, an, ufro zogadad, imaTi, vinc Secvlili droisa da sivrcis kavSiris mimReb mxareze dgas. is aRwevs msubuqi modernulobis mgznebare dietasa da gaxdomis kampaniaSi zemodan qvemoT. mmarTvelebma unda Seamciron daqiravebuli muSebis ekipirovka, rom gadarCnen; top-menejerebma unda Seamciron 204| Txevadi modernuloba TavianTi mmarTvelobiTi ofisebi, raTa daimsaxuron safondo birJebis aRiareba, miiRos aqcionerebis xmebi da daicvas oqros xelis CamorTmevis ufleba, roca mouTvinierebuli samuSaoebis mimdinare raundi dasrulda. erTxel dawyebuli,`gaxdomis~ tendencia aviTarebs sakuTari Tavis mamoZravebel Zalas. es tendencia xdeba TviTmavali da TviTaCqarebuli da (rogorc maqs veberis perfeqcionisti biznesmeni, romelsac ukve aRar sWirdeba kalvinis waxaliseba, rom moinanios, raTa gaagrZelon svla) Tavdapirveli motivi, gazrdili efeqturoba, sul ufro da ufro ararelevanturi. dakargvis an daWeris SiSi, konkurentul TamaSSi, ukan darCa an saerTod darCa saqmis gareSe, aris sakmaod sakmarisi, rom gaagrZelon Serwymis / Semcirebis TamaSi. es TamaSi, sul ufro xSirad, xdeba Tavisi sakuTari mizani da sakuTari jildo; an, ufro zustad, TamaSs ukve aRar sWirdeba mizani, Tu TamaSSi darCena – erTaderTi jildoa. momentaluri cxovreba ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi riCard seneti iyo didi da Zlieri msoflio masStabis Sekrebebis regularuli damkvirvebeli, romelic yovel wels imarTeboda davosSi. fuli da dro, daxarjuli davosuri mogzaurobebisTvis, uxvad anazRaurdeboda; senetma moitana misi saSiSi istoriebidan da gamocdilebebidan araerTi gasaocari da Sokismomgvreli gageba motivebsa da xasiaTis TvisebebSi, romelic iWers Tana- dro/sivrce| 205 medrove globaluri TamaSis saukeTeso moTamaSeebs moZraobaSi. misi angariSidan gamomdinare SefasebiT, 24 senetze gansakuTrebiT STabeWdileba moaxdina bil geiTsis pirovnebam, warmodgenam da sajarod artikulirebulma cxovrebiseulma kredoebma. geiTsi, rogorc seneti ambobs,`Cans, rom Tavisufalia sagnebis flobis akviatebulobisagan. misi produqtebi mZvinvared midis win da ise swrafad uCinardeba, maSin, roca rofelers undoda, rom hqonoda navTobis koSkebi, Senobebi, samanqano danadgarebi an rkinigzebi didi xnis ganmavlobaSi.`geiTsma araerTxel ganacxada, rom mas erCivna,`pozicionireba gaekeTebina SesaZleblobebis qselTan da ara paralizebuli yofiliyo erT konkretul samuSaoSi. ’ yvelaze metad ramac moxibla seneti iyo geiTsis usircxvilo, Ria, da Tavmomwone mzadyofna, rom`daengria is, rac man gaakeTa, momentis uSualo moTxovnidan gamomdinare~. geiTsi moTamaSe aRmoCnda, romelic`dislokaciis SuagulSi yvavilobs~. is iyo frTxili, rom ar ganeviTrebina mijaWvuloba (ufro konkretulad, sentimentaluri mijaWvuloba) an mudmivi valdebuleba raimesadmi, misi qmnilebebis CaTvliT. mas ar eSinoda araswori mobrunebis, radganac arcerTi bruni ar aiZulebda mas, rom didi xnis ganmavlobaSi erTi mimarTulebiT evlo da radganac ukan an gverdze mobruneba darCa mudmivi da maSinve xelmisawvdomi varianti. Cven SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom garda xelmisawvdomi SesaZleblobebis gafarToebuli diapazonisa, araferi sxva ar akumulirda an dagrovda geiTsis cxovrebis gzaze. relsebma gaagrZeles daSla, rogorc ki Zravi midioda ramdenime iardiT win, fexis 206| Txevadi modernuloba nakvalevi qarma waiRo, sagnebi iyreboda iseve swrafad, rogorc grovdeboda da is male sruliad daiviwyes. entoni fliu citirebas akeTebs vudi alenis mier gansxierebuli personaJs:`me ar minda mivaRwio ukvdavebas Cemi samuSaodan gamomdinare, me minda mivaRwio ukvdavebas imiT, rom ar movkvde.~ 25 magram ukvdavebis mniSvneloba nawarmoebia im mniSvnelobidan, romelic dakavSirebulia yvelas mier aRiarebul mokvdav cxovrebasTan. upiratesobis miniWeba`ar gardacvalebisadmi~, aris ara ukvdavebis sxva formis arCevani (`ukvdavebis alternativa adamianis samuSaodan gamomdinare), aramed udardelobis ganacxadi maradiuli xangrZlivobis carpe diem -is sasargeblod. indiferentuloba xanrZlivobisadmi ukvdavebas gardaqmnis ideidan gamocdilebamde da misgan akeTebs dauyovneblivi moxmarebis obieqts: is gza, rogorc Tqven cxovrobT mocemul momentSi, xdis am moments`ukvdav gamocdilebad~, Tu`usasruloba~ gadaitans transmutacias, es aris mxolod siRrmis sazomi an gamocdilebis intensiuroba. SesaZlo SegrZnebebis usazRvroba misrialebs im adgilisaken, romelic gaTavisuflda sizmrebSi usasrulo xangrZlivobiT. momentaluroba(sivrcis winaaRmdegobis ganulebiTa da obieqtebis materialurobis SeTxelebiT) yvela moments akeTebs ise, rom is Candes, rogorc usasrulod tevadad, es ki niSnavs imas, rom limiti ar aqvs imas, rac SeiZleba amoiSalos nebismieri momentidan – Tumca mokle da`wamieri~. `grZelvadiani~, miuxedavad imisa, rom`jer isev CveviT moixsenieba, aris carieli Rru, romelsac mniSvneloba ar aqvs; Tu usasruloba, rogorc dro, aris myisieri, nagulisxmevi iyo, rom gamoyenebuli yofi- dro/sivrce| 207 liyo adgilze da dauyovnebliv ganawilebuliyo, maSin `ufro meti dro~ SeiZleboda damateboda imas, rac ukve SemoTavazebuli gvqonda mocemul momentSi. bevrs verafers miiReb`grZlevadiani~ ganxilvebidan. Tu `myarma~ modernulobam ukvdavi xangrZlivoba daayena, rogorc moqmedebis mTavari motivi da principi,`Txevad~ modernulobas ar gaaCnia funqcia ukvdavi xanrZlivobis TamaSisaTvis.`moklevadianma~ Caanacvla `grZelvadiani~ da myisiereba gaixada Tavis saboloo idealad. maSin, roca dros astimulirebs usazRrod tevadi konteineris rangisaken, Txevadi modernuloba alRobs – aZagebs da aufasurebs – mis xangrZlivobas. 20 wlis win maikl tomsonma gamoaqveyna rTulad gasagebi istoriuli bedis grZelvadiani moxmarebis / gardamavali gansxvavebis inovaciuri kvleva. 26 `grZelvadiani moxmarebis~ obieqtebi igulisxmeboda, rom SenarCundeboda Zalian didi drois ganmavlobaSi; isini modian ise, axlos, rogorc SesaZlebelia, rom xorci Seasxan da niSani dausvan gansxvavebul abstraqts da ukvdavebis eTerul cnebas; faqtobrivad, es aris `grZelvadiani moxmarebis sagnebis~ postulirebuli an proeqtirebuli siZvelidan, riTac maradisobis saxe prognozirdeba. aseT obieqtebs eniWebaT gansakuTrebuli Rirebuleba, maT saTuTad uvlian da isini didad sasurvelni arian maTi ukvdavebasTan asocirebis damsaxurebiT – es umaRlesi Rirebuleba,`bunebrivad~ sasurveli da argumentis an darwmunebis aramomTxovnia, raTa isini miiRon.`grZelvadiani moxmarebis~ obieqtebis sapirispiro aris warmavali, romlebsac iyenebdnen – moixmardnen – da moxmarebis procesis Semdeg isini uCinardebodnen. tomsoni aRniSnavs, rom`im adamia- 208| Txevadi modernuloba nebs, romlebic warmatebasTan axlos arian, SeuZliaT darwmunebulni iyvnen, rom maTi sakuTari obieqtebi aris yovelTvis grZelvadiani moxmarebis sxvisi oboeqtebi aris yovelTvis warmavali, romelTac isini ver waageben.~ tonsoni kiTxvebis gareSe Tanxmdeba imas, rom`maTi sakuTari oboeqtebis grZelvadiani moxmarebis gaxdomis~ survili aris mudmivi survili im adamianebis, vinc`maRal safexurTan axlos dganan~; Tumca, miuxedavad im unaris qonisa, rom obieqtebi grZelvadiani moxmarebis gaxado, moagrovo, SeinarCuno isini da daazRvio maTi moparva da motaceba, saukeTeso saSualeba maTi monopolizebaa, rac am adamianebs svams `umaRles safexurze.~ msgavsi azrebi simarTled JRers(an, minimum, sando) myari modernulobis realobebs Soris. miuxedavad amisa, me gTavazobT imas, rom Txevadi modernulobis gamoCenam radikalurad daangria misi avtoriteti. es aris bil geiTsis stilis unari, rom Seamciros msaxurobis vadis diapazoni, rom daiviwyos`grZelvadianobis~ Sesaxeb, ufro fokusirdes gardamavlis manipulaciaze, vidre vargisianobaze, ganalagos nivTebi msubuqad, raTa gawmindos adgili sxva nivTebisaTvis, analogiurad gardamavali da miCneuli, rom dauyovnebliv unda iqnes gamoyenebuli, rac, dResdReobiT, aris mowinave adamianebis privilegia da rac maT swored ayenebs am adgilas. nivTebTan erTad gaWedva didi xnis ganmavlobaSi, maTi`gamoyenebisa da mitovebis~ periods miRma da im momentis miRma, roca`axali da gaumjobesebuli~ Canacvleba da`gaumjobeseba~ aris gayidvaSi, aris, piriqiT, deprivaciis simptomi. roca ki SesaZleblobebis usasruloba acarielebs drois usasrulobas misi dro/sivrce| 209 macdunebeli ZaliT, gamZleobis vada kargavs Tavis mimzidvelobas da gadaiqceva aqtividan pasivad. savaraudod, kidev ufro mniSvnelovania imis SeniSvna, rom Tavad sasazRvro xazi, romelic yofs`gamZles~`gardamavlisagan~, erT dros intensiuri brZolisa da sainJinro aliaqoTis centri, ukve TiTqmis miatova sasazRvro policiam da samSeneblo batalionma. ukvdavebis devalvacias ar SeuZlia, magram winaswarmetyvelebs kulturul aRmavlobas, rac, SesaZloa, yvelaze gadamwyveti momentia adamianis kulturul istoriaSi. mZimedan msubuq kapitalizmamde, myaridan msubuq modernulobamde pasaJma SeiZleba isev daamtkicos, rom aris ufro radikaluri da originaluri wasvla, vidre kapitalizmisa da Tavad modernulobis mosvla, romlebic adre iyvnen, rogorc adamianis istoriis yvelaze mniSvnelovani sakvanZo movlenebi, minimum, neoliTuri revoluciidan. namdvilad, adamianis istoriis ganmavlobaSi, kulturis samuSao moicavda uvadobis mZime birTvis gacrasa da dawdomas gardamavali adamianis cxovrebidan da adamianis swrafi qmedebebidan, gardamavlobidan xangrZlivobis amoRebis miRweviT, uwyvetobis – wyvetadobidan da im limitebis zRvaris gadalaxviT, romelic swored adamianis fatalobiTaa gamowveuli, momakvdavi kacisa da qalis ganawilebiT ukvdavi adamianis saxeobis samsaxurSi. msgavsi tipis samuSaos moTxovna, dResdReobiT, mcirdeba. moTxovnis Semcirebis Sedegebs jer kidev vixilavT da winaswar, maTi vizualizeba, rTulia, radganac ar arsebobs precendentebi, rom gavixsenoT an daveyrdnoT maT. 210| Txevadi modernuloba drois momentalurobis novela radikalurad cvlis adamianis koabitaciis modalobas da yvelaze TvalnaTelia is, Tu rogor zrunaven adamianebi(an ar zrunaven, garemoebidan gamomdinare) TavianT koleqtiur saqmeebze an ufro zustad, Tu rogor aqceven(an ar akeTeben, garemoebidan gamomdinare) garkveul saqmeebs koleqtiurad. dResdReobiT,`sazogado arCevanis Teoria~ namdvilad fenomenalurad miiwevs win politikis mecnierebaSi, imiT, rom zustad daiWira axali gamgzavreba / wasvla (Tumca, rogorc xSirad xdeba, roca axali adamianuri praqtikebi iwyebs axal stadias adamianis warmodgenebisTvis, man iCqara, rom generalizeba gaekeTebina SedarebiT axali ganviTarebebisTvis adamianis kondiciis maradiul simarTleSi da TiTqos, TvalTaxedvis miRma rCeba, daviwyebulia an uaryofilia`yvela warsuli ganaTlebis mier~). gordon tulokis sityvebiT, axali Teoriuli modis erTerTi yvelaze gamorCeuli mamoZravebeli aris is, rom`axali midgoma iwyeba imis varaudiT, rom amomrCevlebi Zalian hgavanan myodvelebs, politikosebi – biznesmenebs.~`sazogado arCevanis~ midgomis Rirebulebisadmi skeptikurad ganwyobilma leif levinma mwvaved ganacxada, rom`sazogado arCevanis~ azrovnebis skolis moazrovneebi`gamosaxaven politikur adamians, rogorc... axlomxedvel gamoqvabulis adamians~, rac, levinis azriT, sruliad arasworia. es SeiZleba marTali iyo trogloditebis epoqaSi, `sanam adamianma`aRmoaCina xvalideli dRe~ da iswavla grZelvadiani kalkulaciebi~, magram ara axla, modernul droSi, roca yvelam icis, an Cvenma umravlesobam, rogorc amomrCevlebma, ise – politikosebma, rom dro/sivrce| 211 `xval Cven SevxvdebiT isev~ da Sesabamisad, ndoba`politikosebis yvelaze Rirebuli aqtivia~ 27 (maSin, roca, Cven SegviZlia davamatoT, rom ndobis ganawileba aris amomrCevlis yvelaze didi enTuziazmiT gamoyenebuli iaraRi). raTa ganamtkicos Tavisi kritika`sazogado arCevnis~ Teoriis Sesaxeb, levini mimarTavs mravalricxovan empiriul kvlevebs, romlebic aCveneben, rom cota amomrCevels aqvs ufleba xma misces TavianTi safuleebisTvis, maSin, roca maTi umravlesoba acxadebs, rom is, rac megzurobas uwevs maTi xmis micemis qcevas, aris qveynis mdgomareoba mTlianad. levini ambobs, rom es aris is, rac mosalodneli iyo. es, rogorc me ufro SemogTavazebdiT, aris, is, rasac interviuCamorTmeuli amomrCevlebi fiqrobdnen, rom mosalodneli iyo eTqvaT da rac iqneboda maTTvis iseve, rom eTqvaT comme il faut . Tu gaakeTeb saWiro Semweobas negatiurad cnobili SeusabamobisTvis, rasac Cven vakeTebT da rogor aRvwerT Cvens qmedebebs Soris, aravin uaryobs`sazogado arCevanis~ Teoritikosebis improvizirebul ganacxadebs(am gancxadebebis universaluri da moumzadebeli validurobis miuxedavad). am SemTxvevaSi, maTma Teoriam SesaZloa marTlac SeiZina gageba imiT, rom gaiTavisufla Tavi iqidan, rac ukritikod aRebuli iyo`empiriuli monacemebisTvis~. marTalia, rom didi xnis win, gamoqavbulis adamianma`aRmoaCina xvalindeli dRe~. magram istoria aris daviwyebis procesi, iseve, rogorc is aris swavlis procesi da mexsiereba cnobilai misi SerCeviTobiT. SeiZleba Cven`xval isev SevxvdeT~. magram isev, SesaZloa, Cven ar viqnebiT, an ufro zustad,`Cven~, visac SevxvdebiT xval, ar iqneba`Cven~, romelsac SevxvdiT 212| Txevadi modernuloba erTi wuTis win. Tu es asea, ndoba da ndobis aqtivebis ganawileba gvaqvs Tu vadebulebebi ? levini ixsenebs Jan-jak rusos irmebze nadirobis qaragmebs. sanam adamiani`aRmoaCenda xvalidel dRes~, rogorc istoria gveubneba, es SeiZleboda momxdariyo ise, rom monadire, imis nacvlad, rom moTminebiT dalodeboda irmis gamoCenas tyidan, SeiZleboda gaetacebina gaqceuli kurdRlisadmi ltolvas, imis miuxedavad, rom misi xorcis wili erToblivad monadirebul iremSi, ufro didi iqneboda. namdvilad asea. magram xdeba ise, rom dRes Zalian cota monadire gundi rCeba erTad, mxolod im drois ganmavlobaSi, rac saWiroa irmis gamosaCenad, Sesabamisad, is, vinc Tavis ndobas Cadebs gaerTianebuli saqmianobis keTildReobisTvis, Zlier imedgacruebuli darCeba. da ise moxda, rom irmebisagan gansxvavebiT, romelic unda xanfangSi gabmas da daWeras moiTxoven, sWirdebaT monadireebi, romlebic axlos, mxarimxar dganan da solidarulad moqmedeben, kurdRlebi, romlebic ergebian individualur moxmarebas, arian bevrni, gansxvavebulebi da sWirdebaT cota dro, rom esrolon, gaatyavon da moamzadon. es aseve aris aRmoCenebi, axali aRmoCenebi, SesaZloa, Sedegebze orsulebi, rogorc erT dros iyo `xvalindeli dRis aRmoCena~. `racionaluri arCevani~ momentalurobis epoqaSi niSnavs dakmayofilebisTvis devnas, maSin, roca Tavs arideb Sedegebs da gansakuTrebiT, movaleobebs, romlebic msgavs Sedegebs SeiZleba gulisxmobdes. dRevandelobis dakmayofilebis grZelvadiani nakvalevi ipoTekaSi debs xvalindeli dakmayofilebis Sanss. xangrZlivoba icvleba aqtividan valdebulebamde; igive dro/sivrce| 213 SeiZleba iTqvas yvelafer tevadze, myarsa da mZimeze – yvelaferze, rac xels uSlis da zRudavs moZraobas. giganturi industriuli qarxnebs da sqel Senobebs hqondaT TavianTi dRe: erTxel, isini gaxdnen TavianTi mflobelebis Zalisa da simZlavris mowmeebi; axla isini wagebas moaswaveben aCqarebis Semdeg raundSi da Sesabamisad, uZlurebis signals gvaZleven. gamxdari sxeuli da gadaadgilebis unari, msuqubi kaba da botasebi, mobiluri telefonebi(gamogonili momTabareebis gamoyenebisTvis, romlebsac sWirdebaT, rom`mudam kontaqtze iyvnen~), portatuli an cvladi nivTebi – aris momentalurobis epoqis mTavari kulturuli niSnebi. wona da zona, umTavresad, simsuqne (pirdapiri da metaforuli) dadanaSaulebulebi arian orive maTganis gafarToebaSi, xangrZlivobis simsuqnes anawilebs. es aris safrTxe, romelsac adamiani unda eridos, ibrZolos mis winaaRmdeg da ukeTesia, misgan Tavi Sors daiWiros. rTulia, warmoidgino kultura, romelic indeferentulia maradisobis mimarT da Tavs aridebs grZlevadianobas. zustad aseve, rTulia gaigo morali, romelic indiferentulia adamianis qcevebis Sedegebis mimarT da gaurbis movaleobas im efeqtebze, romelic am qmedebebs SeiZleba hqondes sxvaze. myisierebis gamovlenas gadaaqs adamianis kultura da eTika rukaze araRniSnul da ucnob teritoriaze, sadac cxovrebis saqmeebTan gamklavebisTvis daswavlilma umravlesoba Cvevebma dakarga Tavisi efeqturoba da mniSvneloba. rogorc gai debortma saocxood Tqva,`adamianebi emsgavsebian TavianT dros ufro, vidre TavianT mamebs.~ da dRevandeli kacebi da qalebis gansxvavebulebi 214| Txevadi modernuloba arian TavianTi mamebisa da dedebisagan awmyoS cxovrebiT,`romelTac surT, rom daiviwyon warsuli da ukve aRar sjeraT momavlis.~ 28 magram warsulis mexsiereba da momavlis rwmena jer kidev iyo`ori sveti~, romelzec dateuli iyo kulturuli da moraluri xidebi warmavalobasa da gamZleobas Soris, adamianis miRwevebis adamianuri sikvdilianoba da ukvdaveba, iseve, rogorc pasuxismgeblobis aReba da momentiT cxovreba, razec yvelaferi ganlagda. Sroma| 215 4 Sroma lidsis qalaqis meria, qalaqis, sadac me bolo ocdaaTi weli gavatare, aris brwyinvale monumenti industriuli revoluciis kapitnebis mediduri ambiciebisa da Tavdajerebis SesabamisobaSi moyvanisa. aSenebuli mecxramete saukunis Sua ricxvebSi, grandiozuli da mdidari, mZime da qvisagan Camosxmuli, maradiulobisTvis Seqmnili, rogorc parTenoni da egvipturi taZrebi, romelTac is arqiteqturulad imitirebs. mis centrSi mdebareobs uzarmazari saaqto darbazi, sadac qalaqelebi regularulad unda Sexvedrodnen erTmaneTs, raTa emsjelaT da mieRoT gadawyvetileba samomavlo gegmebis Sesaxeb qalaqisa da britaneTis imperiis ufro didi didebis gzaze. saaqto darbazis Werze datanili iyo oqrosferi da mewamuri asoebi gankuTvnili imisTvis, rom gza gaekvlia yvelasTvis, vinc am gzas SemouerTdeboda. burJuaziuli eTikis TviTdarwmunebul da TviTdajerebul wminda pricipebs Soris, iseve, rogorc`patiosneba – saukeTeso politikaa~,` Auspicium melioris aevi ~(imedi / niSani ukeTesi droisa) an`kanoni da wesrigi~, erTi WeSmariteba warmatebas aRwevs Tavisi TviTdarwmunebuli da arakompromisuli simokliT:`win~. gansxvavebiT qalaqis meriis Tanamedrove vizitorebisagan, qalaqis 216| Txevadi modernuloba uxucesebs, romlebmac Seadgines kodi, ar unda hqonodaT eWvebi misi mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb. ra Tqma unda, isini ar miiCnevdnen imis saWiroebas, rom ekiTxaT, Tu ra igulisxmeboda`win moZraobis~ ideis qveS, romelsac`progresi~ erqva. maT icodnen gansxvaveba`win~ da `ukans~ Soris da maT SeeZloT imis damtkiceba, rom es icodnen, radgan praqtikulad axorcielebdnen im qcevebs, romlebmac gaakeTes es gansxvaveba:`win~-is Semdeg kidev erTi WeSmariteba daixata oqrosfersa da mewamurSi –`Sroma ipyrobs yvelas~(` Labor omnia vincit ~). `win~ iyo daniSnulebis adgili, Sroma iyo satransporto saSualeba, romelsac unda waeyvana isini iq da qalaqis uxucesebi, romlebmac qalaqis meriis davaleba miiRes, rom Tavi sakmaod Zlierad egrZnoT, raTa darCeniliyvnen trasaze imden xans, ramdenic saWiro iyo daniSnulebis adgilamde misasvlelad. 1916 wlis 25 maiss, henri fordma uTxra`Cikago tribiunis~ korespondents: istoria met-naklebad gamqralia. Cven ar gvinda tradicia. Cven gvinda, vicxovroT awmyoSi da erTaderTi istoria, romelic Rirebulia, aris istoria, romelsac dRes vqmniT. fordi cnobili iyo imiT, rom laparakobda imas xmamaRla da cxadad, rasac sxvebi orjer dafiqrdebodnen, sanam aRiarebdnen. progresi ? ar ifiqro masze, rogorc `istoriis samuSaoze~, es Cveni samuSaoa, imaTi, vinc awmyoSi vcxovrobT. erTaderTi istoria, romelsac mniSvneloba aqvs, aris jer kidev ar Seqmnili, magram am momentSi Seqmnili da valdebuli, rom Seiqmnas. es aris Sroma| 217 momavali, romelze dayrdnobiTac sxva pragmatulma da praqtikulma amerikelma, ambroz birsma, dawera aTi wliT adre Tavis`eSmakis leqsikonSi~, rom es`drois is periodi, sadac Cveni saqmeebi warmatebas ipovian, Cveni megobrebi namdvilebi arian da Cveni bedniereba – garantirebuli.~ modernulma TavTavdajerebam misca adamianis maradiul cnobismoyvareobas momavlis Sesaxeb sruliad axali brwyinvareba. modernuli utopiebi arasdros iyo ubralod winaswarmetyvlebebi, rom araferi vTqvaT ararealur sizmrebze: Riad Tu malulad, orive maTgani aris Canafiqris ganacxadi da rwmenis gamoxatva, rom, rac sasurveli iyo, SeiZleboda Sesrulebuliyo da unda Sesrulebuliyo. momavali danaxuli iyo, rogorc sxva produqtebi mwarmoeblebis am sociumSi: raRac, rac unda moifiqro, daaproeqto da Semdeg dainaxo misi warmoebis procesSi. momavali iyo samuSaos Seqmna da samuSao – yvela qmnilebis wyaro. miuxedavad amisa, 1967 wels, daniel belma dawera, rom yoveli sazogadoeba dRes Segnebulad ekonomikuri zrdis mimdevaria, raTa gazardos misi xalxis cxovrebis standarti da Sesabamisad [ Cemi aqcenti – z.b. ] , socialuri cvlilebis dagegmareba, marTva da kontroli. rac xdis awmyos kvlevebs ase gansxvavebulad warsuli kvlevebisagan aris is, rom isini orientirebulni arian specifikur socio-politikur miznebze. am axal parametrebTan erTad, es kvlevebi Segnebulad Seiqmna axali meTodogiis mier, rac ufro sarwmuno sa- 218| Txevadi modernuloba fuZveliT momaragebis pirobas gvaZlevs realisturi alternativebisa da arCevanisaTvis... 1 fordi triumfiT gamoacxadebda, rac pier burdiem axlaxans naRvlianad SeniSna: raTa daepatronos momavals, adamians sWirdeba, rom flobdes awmyos. 2 isini, visac awmyo TavianT xelSi aqvT, darwmunebulebi unda iyvnen, rom SeuZliaT daaZalon momavals, rom maTi saqmeebi warmatebuli iyos da am mizeziT, ignorireba gaukeTon warsuls: maT da mxolod maT SeuZliaT Sexedon warsul istorias, rogorc`absurds~, romelic ufro elegantur inglisurad niSnavs`nonsenss~, `blefs~ an`farisevlobas~. an, minimum ar davuTmoT warsuls imaze didi yuradReba, vidre msgavsi tipis raRacebi imsaxureben. progresi ar awinaurebs an akeTilSobilebs istorias.`progresi~ aris rwmenis ganacxadi, rom istorias ar gaaCnia aranairi mniSvneloba da gambedaoba, rom is yuradRebis gareSe datovos. progresi da rwmena istoriisadmi arsi amaSi mdgomareobs:`progresi~ aRniSnavs ara istoriis xarisxs, aramed awmyos Tavdajerebulobas. progresis yvelaze Rrma, SesaZloa, erTaderTi mniSvneloba Sedgeba ori mWidrod dakavSirebuli Sexedulebebisgan, rom`dro Cven mxaresaa da rom isini, vinc `am raRacebs qmnian an cvlian~. es ori rwmena cxovrobs erTad da kvdeba erTad – isini agrZeleben cxovrebas, radganac maTi Zala, Secvalon an Seqmnan raime, pou- Sroma| 219 lobs yoveldRiur dasturs im xalxis saqmianobebSi, romlebic maT floben. rogorc alen perefitem Tqva, `erTaderTi resursi, romelsac SeuZlia udabnos qanaanis miwad gadaqceva, aris sociumis wevrebis erTmaneTisadmi ndoba da rwmena yvelaferi imisa, risi gaziarebac momavalSi erTmaneTis mimarT undaT.~ 3 yvelaferi danarCeni, rac Cven SegviZlia vTqvaT an gavigonoT progresis ideis`arsis~ Sesaxeb aris gasagebi, jer kidev damabneveli da uSedego mcdeloba, rom `ontologizeba~ gaukeTo ndobisa da Tavdajerebis am grZnobas. namdvilad, aris Tu ara istoria nabiji ukeTesi cxovrebisTvis da ufro meti bednierebisTvis ? Tu es namdvilad simarTlea, maSin Cven rogor gavigebdiT ? Cven, vinc vambobT, ar vcxovrobdiT warsulSi da isini, vinc cxovrobdnen warsulSi, ar cxovroben dRes: vin unda gaakeTos gansxvaveba ? gana(rogorc beniaminis / klis istoriis angelozi) Cven gavrbivarT momavalSi warsulis saSinebebiT gagdebulebi da biZgmicemulebi, Tu(rogorc sangviniki da ara dramatuli istoriis vig versia, romelsac undoda, rom dagvejerebina misi) Cven miviCqariT momavalSi, romelic mimzidvelia im imediT, rom`Cveni saqmeebs warmateba elodeba~, erTaderTi `damamtkicebeli~, rom gaiaro igi, aris maxsovrobis TamaSi da warmodgena, rac akavSirebs an aSorebs maT, aris Cveni Tavdajerebuloba an misi ararseboba. adamianebisTvis, romlebic darmwunebulebi arian TavianT ZalebSi, rom Secvalon rameebi,`progresi~ aqsiomaa. im adamianebisTvis, romlebic grZnoben, rom xelidan usxltebaT sagnebi, progresis idea ar xvdeba da sasacilo iqneboda, rom gaegonaT amis Sesaxeb. am or pola- 220| Txevadi modernuloba rul kondicias Soris arsebobs patara oTaxi risxvisa da vnebis gareSe( Sine ira et studio ) dafuZnebuli debatisaTvis, rom aRaraferi vTavT konsesusze. henri fordi, savaraudod, mimarTavda imas, rom ganeviTarebina imis msgavsi azri, rac man warmoTqva varjiSze:`varjiSi es aris sisulele. Tu Sen xar janmrTeli, Sen ar gWirdeba is; Tu Sen xar avadmyofi, Sen mas ar gaakeTeb.~ magram, Tu Tavdajerebuloba,`awmyos xelis CaWidebis~ sanugeSo grZnoba, aris erTaderTi safuZveli, romelzec ndobis ganviTareba eyrdnoba, gasakviri ar aris, Cveni drois unda iyos meryevi da aramyari. da mizezebi, ratom unda iyos ase, ar aris rTuli sapovneli. pirveli, es aris, agentebis SesamCnevi ararseboba, romelsac SeuZlia`msoflios win wayvana~. Txevadi modernulobis Cveni drois yvelaze mtkivneuli, Tumca pasuxgacemuli kiTxva aris ara`ra unda gakeTdes ? ~ (raTa msoflio ukeTesi da ufro mxiaruli gaxdes), aramed`vin unda gaakeTos es ? ~ kenet jovitima 4 gamoacxada`joSuas diskursis~ kolafsze, romelic am dromde gviyalibebda azrebs msofliosa da misi perspeqtivebis Sesaxeb da iWerda msoflios, rom is yofiliyo`centralurad organizebuli, mkacrad SezRuduli da isteriulad dakavSirebuli SeuRwevad sazRvrebTan.~ msgavs samyaroSi warmomadgenlobis Sesaxeb raime eWvi TiTqmis ar warmoiSoboda: bolosdabolos, `joSuas diskursis~ msoflio ar iyo araferi sxva, Zlieri warmomadgnelobis gaerTianebebi da misi qmedebebis reziduebi / efeqtebi. am gamosaxurebas hqonda mtkice epistemologiuri safuZveli, romelSic Sedioda iseve mtkice, uryevi da daumorCilebeli subieqtebi, Sroma| 221 rogorc fordis fabrikebi an suverenuli saxelmwifoebi, romlebic qmnian da marTaven sazRvrebs(suverebulebi, Tu realobaSi ara, minimum maTs ambiciebsa da gansazRvraSi). dRes, ndobis es moqmedi safuZveli cnobilia ZiriTadad misi napralebiT, bzarebiTa da qronikuli gayofis unariT. yvelaze mtkice da naklebad saeWvo misi elementebi swrafad kargaven TavianT simkvrives mis suverenitetTan, saimedoobasTan da sandoobasTan erTad. SesaZloa, igrZnoba modernuli saxelmwifos Sesusteba yvelaze Zlierad, radganac es niSnavs, rom Zalaufleba, romelic agulianebs adamianebs, imuSavon – Zalaufleba, rom gaakeTon rame – amoRebulia politikidan, romelic adre wyvetda Tu ra saxis rameebi unda gakeTebuliyo da vis unda gaekeTebina igi. maSin, roca politikuri cxovrebis yvela agenti rCeba iq, sadac`Txevadi modernulobis~ drom ipova isini da rogorc adre, mikrulebi arian TavianT Sesabamis adgilmdebareobebze, Zalaufleba miedineba sakmaod Sors mis miRwevadobamde. Cveni gamocdileba hgavs TviTmfrinavis mgzavrebis gamocdilebas, romelmac maRla caSi aRmoaCina, rom pilotis kabina carielia. gai debodis sityvebiT:`kontrolis centri axla gadaiqca ucnobad: is arasdrosaa okupirebili cnobili lideriTa Tu naTeli ideoloogiiT.~ 5 meorec, sul ufro da ufro naklebad cxadi xdeba, Tu ra unda gaakeTos saagentom, nebismierma saagentom, imisaTvis, rom msoflios iseTi daujerebeli forma misces, rom Sesabamisad Zlieri iyos imisaTvis, gaakeTos es. bednieri sazogadoebis yvela saxexati, daxatuli sxvadasxva ferebiTa da bevri funjiT bolo ori 222| Txevadi modernuloba saukunis ganmavlobaSi, an miuRweveli uimedo ocneba an(msgavs SemTxvevebSi, roca maTi Camosvla gamocxadda) Seuferebeli aRmoCnda. damtkicebulia, rom socialuri dizainis TiToeul formas moaqvs imdenive ubedureba, ramdeni bednierebac, Tu meti ara. es erTnairad exeba antagonizmis orive princips – axla ukve gabankrotebul marqsizmsa da axlaxans mzard ekonomikur liberalizms.(rogorc piter drukerma, sayovelTao aRiarebiT, liberaluri saxelmwifos yvelaze gulwrfelma advokatma, 1989 wels aRniSna,` laissez faire (Tavisufali bazari) aseve gvpirdeboda`xsnas sazogadoebis mier~: rom moaSoro yvela dabrkoleba individualuri mogebis devnis gzaze, es sabolood, migviyvans idealur an minimum, saukeTeso SesaZlo sazogadoebamde~ da am mizeziT, mis mier gambedaobis Cveneba ( bravado ) ukve aRar unda miviRoT seriozulad.) rac Seexeba sxva, erT dros seriozul konkurentebs, fransua liotaris mier dasmuli kiTxva,`ra azrs SeuZlia osvencimi dauqvemdebaros universaluri emansipaciis zogad process~, rCeba pasuxgaucemeli da aseve darCeba. joSuas diskursis zeniti dasrulda: yvela, SekveTiT gakeTebuli msoflios ukve daxatuli xedva Cans usiamovno da jer kidev ardaxatuli – apriori eWvmitanilia amaSi. Cven axla vmogzaurobT daniSnulebis adgilis ideis gareSe, romelic unda gagviZRves, ar veZebT arc karg sazogadoebas da arc imaSi varT darwmunebulebi, sazogadoeba, romelSic vcxovrobT, Cven gvxdis gulgrilsa da mowadinebuls, rom gaviqceT. piter drukeris verdiqti,`aRar aris xsna sazogadoebaSi... yvela, vinc acxadebs`didebul sazogadoebas~, rogorc es lindon beins jonsonma gaakeTa mxolod Sroma| 223 oci wlis win, gaxdeba dacinvis obieqti sasamarTlos gareSe~ 6 , umwikvlod iWers im drois xasiaTs. modernuli romansi progresiT – cxovrebiT, romelzec SeiZleba imuSavo, rom ufro damakmayofilebeli iyos, vidre aris an aucilebelia, rom ase gaumjobesdes – jer kidev ar aris dasaruli da naklebad savaraudoa, rom dasruldes male. modernulobam ar icis sxva cxovreba, garda`gakeTebulisa~: modernuli kacisa da qalis cxovreba aris amocana, da ara mocemuloba da amocana ki aris, jer kidev arSesrulebuli da ufro meti zrunvisa da Zalisxmevis ulmoblad momTxovni. yovel SemTxvevaSi, adamianis mdgomareobam`Txevadi~ modernulobis an`msubuqi~ kapitalizmis xanaSi cxovrebis es modaloba kidev ufro SesamCnevi gaxada: progresi ukve aRar aris droebiTi sazomi, Sualeduri sakiTxi, romelic sabolood(da male) midis srulyofilebis mdgomareobamde(es aris mdgomareoba, sadac yvelaferi, rac unda gagekeTebina, gakeTdeboda da arcerTi sxva cvlileba ar iqneboda saWiro), magram samudamo da savaraudod, dausrulebeli gamowveva da saWiroeba, Tavad mniSvneloba`rCeba cocxali da uvnebeli~. Tumca, SesaZloa, progresis idea mis dRevandel gansxeulebaSi ise uCveulo Cans, rom adamians uCndeba kiTxva, darCeba Tu ara igi CvenTan, progresis gamoa, rom modernuli cxovrebis sxva bevri parametri, axla `individualizebuli~ gaxda; ufro zustad ki – deregulirebuli da privatizebuli. is axla deregulirdeba – radganac`ganaxlebuli~ awmyos realobebis SemoTavazeba aris bevri da sxvadasxvanairi da Sesabamisad, kiTxva, ramdenad niSnavs konkretuli siaxle aucileblad gaumjobesebas, darCa Tavisufal konkur- 224| Txevadi modernuloba sze wardgenamde da mis Semdeg da aucileblad darCeba sadavod mas Semdegac, roca arCevani ukve gakeTebulia. is privatizebulia, kiTxva gaumjobesebis Sesaxeb ukve ara koleqtiuri, aramed individualuri saqmianobaa: qalebisa da kacebis mimarT mxolod individualurad da damoukideblad arsebobs molodini, rom gamoiyenon TavianTi Wkuamaxviloba, resursebi da saqmianoba, raT waiwion ufro damakmayofilebel mdgomareobaSi da ukan datovon maTi dRevandeli mdgomareobis nebismieri aspeqti, romlis gamoc isini aRSfTfoTdebian. rogorc ulrix bekma Tqva Tavis SesaniSnav kvlevaSi Tanamedrove riskis sazogadoebis( Risikogesellschaft ) Sesaxeb, individualizebuli formebis gamoCenisadmi tendencia da arsebobis pirobebi, romlebic aiZulebs adamianebs, maTi sakuTari materialuri gadarCenis gamo, gaixados Tavisi Tavi sakuTari gegmis centrad da marTos cxovreba. sinamdvileSi, adamianma unda airCios da Secvalos Tavisi socialuri indentoba, iseve, rogorc unda gariskos amis gakeTeba. Tavad individi xdeba socialuri reproduqciis erTeuli cxovrebis samyaroSi. 7 progresis SesaZleblobebis Sesaxeb kiTxva, miuxedavad imisa, rom Cans, rogorc saxeobebis bediswera an individis amocana, rCeba isev ise, sanam deregulacia da privatizacia gaeSveboda da zustad ise, rogorc pier burdie artikulirebda mas: proeqtireba rom gaukeTo momavals, aucilebelia awmyos daWera. erTaderTi siaxle aq aris is, rom axla mniSvnelova- Sroma| 225 nia, individma daiWiros Tavisi sakuTari awmyo, romelic mniSvnelobs. da sxvebisTvis, SesaZloa, umravlesi Tanamedrove adamianisTvis awmyos daWera individualurad aris saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi aramyari da ufro xSirad, aSkarad ararsebuli. Cven vcxovrobT universaluri moqnilobis epoqaSi, sagangaSo da uperspeqtivo cvalebadobis( unsicherheit ) pirobebSi, romelic aRwevs individualuri cxovrebis yvela aspeqtSi – sasicocxlo saSualebebis wyaroebi, iseve, rogorc sasiyvarulo urTierTobebi an saerTo interesebi, profesionaluri, iseve, rogorc kulturuli identobis maxasiaTeblebi, sajaro sivrceSi sakuTari Tavis wardgenis formebi, aseve janmrTelobisa da kargi fizikuri mdgomareobis nimuSebi, Rirebulebebi, romelTa devna Rirs, iseve, rogorc gzebi maT misaRwevad. ndobisTvis usafrTxo portebi aris cota da daSorebuli erTmaneTisagan. drois umetes nawilSi, ndoba curavs uyuradRebod da amaod eZebs Stormisagan dacul TavSesafrebs. Cven yvela miveCvieT rTul gzas, rom yvelaze frTxil da Sromatevadad gakeTebul gegmebsac ki aqvs usiamovno tendencia, rom ar wavides gegmis mixedviT da mosalodnelisagan sruliad gansxvavebuli Sedegebi mogvces, rom Cvens seriozul mcdelobebs,`davawyoT sagnebi wesis mixedviT~, mivyavarT ufro meti qaosisaken, uformobisa da dabneulobisaken da rom Cveni Sroma, rom mospo SemTxveviTobebi da ubeduri SemTxvevebi – araferia, Tu ara azartuli TamaSi. Tavisi Cvevebis mimarT erTgulma mecnierebam swrafad isargebla axali istoriuli gamocdilebiT da airekla axalmiRebuli xasiaTi qaosisa da katastrofis samecniero Teoriebis gavrcelebaSi. erTxel ga- 226| Txevadi modernuloba daadgilebuli im rwmeniT, rom`RmerTi ar TamaSobs kamaTels~, rom samyaro arsebiTad determinirebulia da rom adamianis amocana moicavs misi kanonebis srul aRweras ise, rom sibneleSi aRar iyos xeliT mosinjva da adamianis qmedeba iyos Seucdomeli da yovelTvis mizanmimarTuli, Tanamedrove mecniereba Semobrunda msoflios endemurad aradeterminizirebuli bunebis aRiarebisaken, SemTxveviTobis TamaSis udidesi rolisaken da gamonaklisebisaken da ara normalurobisaken, wesrigisa da ekvilibriumisaken. aseve erTguli Tavisi Cvevebis mimarT, mecnierebi abruneben mecnierulad damuSavebul siaxleebs ukan samflobeloSi, sadac isini pirvelad intuitiurad gasagebni, rome gonebamaxvilurad midgomodnen adamianTa saqmeebisa da qmedebebis samyaros. amitomac, Cven vkiTxulobT, magaliTad, devid ruelis popularul da gavlenian Tanamedrove mecnierebiT inspirirebul filosofiis warmodgenas, rom`determinirebuli wesrigi qmnis SemTxveviTobis areulobas~: ekonomikuri traqtatebi qmnian STabeWdilebas, rom kanonmdeblebisa da pasuxismgebeli samTavrobo Cinovnikebis roli aris is, rom naTeli gaxadon da sisruleSi moviyvanon ekvilibriumi, gansakuTrebiT, sazogadoebisTvis xelSemwyobi. Tumca, qaosis magaliTi fizikaSi gvaswavlis, rom ekvilibriumis gaZRolis nacvlad, garkveuli dinamikuri situaciebi iwvevs droebiT qaotur da araprognozirebad movlenebs. Sesabamisad, kanonmdeblebi da pasuxismgebeli oficialur pirebi unda Seejaxnon SesaZleblobas, rom maTi Sroma| 227 gadawyvetilebebi, mimarTuli, rom ukeTesi ekvilibriumi mieRoT, piriqiT, miiRebs Zaladobriv da gauTvaliswinebel rxevebs, SesaZlo damRupvel efeqtebTan erTad. 8 imisgan damoukideblad, Tu ramdenma misma Rirseulma saqmem aiwia modernuli drois umTavresi faseulobis rigSi, mas aqvs gasaocari, aramagiuri unari, rom misces forma uformos da xanrZlivoba – gardamavals, romelic gamoCnda maT Soris. am unaris daxmarebiT, samuSao samarTlianad SeiZleba dainiSnos mTavar rolze, gadamwyet rolzec ki, rom daipyros, modernul ambiciebSi daipyros, gamoiyenos da kolonizeba gaukeTos momavals, raTa Caanacvlos qaosi wesrigiT da SemTxveviToba – prognozirebadi(da Sesabamisad, kontrolirebadi) Tanmimdevruli movlenebiT. samuSaos daemata bevri Rirseuli da momgebiani efeqti, iseTi rogoricaa, magaliTad, simdidris zrda da siRaribis Semcireba; magram yvela damsaxurebis safuZveli, rac amis win idga, iwva mis SeTxzul wvlilSi, iseTi wesrigi SeqmnaSi, istoriul aqtSi, romelic mdgomareobda imaSi, rom adamianTa saxeoba pasuxismgebelia Tavis sakuTar bedze. `samuSao~, rogorc aqtivoba, gaigeboda ise, sadac kacobrioba mTlianobaSi unda dakavebuliyo Tavisi bediTa da bunebiT da ara arCevaniT, roca qmnida Tavis istorias. da ase gansazRvruli`samuSao~ iyo koleqtiuri Zalisxmeva, sadac kacobriobis TiToeul wevrs unda mieRo monawileoba. sxva danarCeni ubralod Sedegi iyo: manufaqturuli samuSao, rogorc adamianis `naturaluri mdgomareoba~ da samuSaos gareT yofna 228| Txevadi modernuloba – anomalia; am naturaluri mdgomareobidan arsebul siRaribesa da ubedurebaSi, danakargsa da uzneobaSi wasvlis dadanaSauleba; qalebisa da kacebis Sefaseba maT mier samuSaoSi gaweuli kontribuciis SemoTavazebuli Rirebulebis mixedviT, romelic mizanmimarTulia farTo saxeobisaken; da samuSaos daniSvna pirvel adgilze, rogorc adamianTa umTavresi saqmianoba, raTa gauZRves moralur TviTgaumjobesebas da gazardos sazogadoebis zogadi eTikuri standartebi. roca gaurkvevloba( unsicherheit ) permanentuli xdeba da Cans aseTad, samyaroSi yofna ufro naklebad hgavs qmedebebis kanonmorCil da kanondaqvemdebarebul, logikur, Tanmimdevrul da erTobliv jaWvs da ufro metad hgavs TamaSs, sadac`samyaro iq~ aris erTerTi moTamaSe da iqceva ise, rogorc yvela sxva moTamaSe, uWiravs Tavisi kartebi gulmkerdTan axlos. rogorc yvela sxva TamaSSi, momavlis gegmebi midrekilni arian, rom gaxdnen warmavalni, cvalebadni da meryevni, ar dgamen Semdeg ramdenime nabijze mets. saboloo srulyofilebis mdgomareobis gareSe, romelic adamianTa mcdelobebis horzontze Cans, nebismieri mcdelobebis saimedo efeturobis rwmenis gareSe,`totaluri~ wesrigis idea aRmarTuli iqneba sarTulidan sarTulze Sromis xangrZliv, Tanmimdevrul, mizanmimarTul ZalisxmevaSi, romelsac ar aqvs didi mniSvneloba. rac ufro naklebad flobs adamiani awmyos, miT ufro naklebad SeuZlia daimorCilos`momavali~ Tavis CanafiqrSi. drois naglejebi warweriT `momavali~ xdeba ufro mokle da cxovrebis drois monakveTma, mTlianobaSi, romelic daWrilia epizodebad, maTTan saqme wamoiwyo`individualurad~. uwyve- Sroma| 229 toba ukve aRar aris gaumjobesebis niSani. erT dros, progresis dagrovebiTi da grZelvadiani xasiaTi gzas uTmobs moTxovnebs, romelic mimarTulia TiToeuli momdevno epizodisaken calkeulad: TiToeuli epizodis damsaxureba unda gamoaSkaravdes da moixmarebodes srulad mis dasrulebamde da meore epizodis dawyebamde. cxovrebaSi, romelic moqnilobis cnebiT imarTeba, cxovrebiseuli strategiebi da gegmebi mxolod moklevadiani SeiZleba iyos. Jak atalma axlaxans SemogvTavaza, rom es aris labirinTis saxexati, romelic dRes dominanturi xdeba, Tundac farulad, Cveni azrovneba momavlis Sesaxeb da Cveni sakuTari nawili masSia. es saxexati aris ZiriTadi sarke, sadac Cveni civilizacia Tavis axlandel etapze akvirdeba Tavis sakuTar portrets. labirinTi, rogorc adamianis mdgomareobis alegoria, iyo mesiji, romelsac momTabareni gadascemdnen mosaxleebs. gavida aTaswleulebi da mosaxleebma bolosdabolos SeiZines Tavdajereba da simamace, raTa gadaelaxaT labirinTis magvari bedis gamowveva.`yvela evropul enaze~, rogorc aRniSnavs atali,`sityva labirinTi xdeba xelovnuli sirTulis, gamousadegari wyvdiadis, mixveul-moxveuli sistemis, SeuRwevadi uRrani tyis sinonimi.`sicxade~ gaxda logikis sinonimi.~ mosaxleebi Seudgnen imas, rom kedlebi gaexadaT gamWvirvale, mixveul-moxveuli gasasvlelebi pirdapiri da kargad daniSnulia, koridorebi kargad ganaTebulia. isini aseve arian warmoebuli cnobari da naTeli, araorazrovani instruqciebi yvela momavali moxetialeebis gamoyenebisaTvis imaze, Tu romeli mobruneba Rirs da romeli unda iacilo. maT es mxo- 230| Txevadi modernuloba lod imitom gaakeTes, rom bolosdabolos aRmoeCinaT is, rom labirinTi adgilze myaradaa; yovel SemTxvevaSi, labirinTi kidev ufro saSiSi da damabneveli gaxda uerTierTgadamkveTi nafexurebis gaurkveveli CaxlarTulobis gamo, brZanebebis kakafoniisa da axali talRovani gasasvlelebis mudmivi damatebiT imaTze, vinc ukve ukan datovebulia da axali Cixebis – imaTze, sadac Sevidnen SecdomiT. mosaxleebi gaxdnen`iZulebiTi momTabareni~, dagvianebulad ixsenebdnen mesijs, romelic maT maTi istoriuli mogzaurobis dros miiRes da sasowarkveTilad cdiloben gaixsenon misi daviwyebuli Sinaarsi, romelic, rogorc isini eWvoben, savsebiT SesaZloa atarebdes`saWiro sibrZnes maTi momavlisaTvis.~ kidev erTxel, labirinTi xdeba adamianis mdgomareobis umTavresi saxexati da es niSnavs`gaumWvirvale adgils, sadac gzebis ganlageba arcerTs kanons ar eqvemdebareba. SemTxveviToba da moulodneloba adgens wess labirinTSi, romelic signals iZleva`wminda gonebis~ damarcxebaze.~ 9 ukompromiso labirinTis msgavs msoflioSi adamianis Sroma gaiyo mis mier Caketil epizodebad, rogorc adamianis cxovrebis sxva nawilebSi. da rogorc adamianis sxva danarCen qmedebaSi, romelic adamians SeuZlia, rom ganaxorcielos, misi kursis daWeris mizani aqtorebis ganzraxvasTan axlos aris mouxelTebeli, SesaZloa, miuwvdomeli. samuSao gamovida wesrigis mSeneblobis samyarodan da TamaSis sferos samomavlo konrolidan; samuSao qmedebebi kidev ufro xdeba moTamaSis strategiis msgavsi, romelic Tavis Tavs usaxavs mokrZalebulad moklevadian miznebs, romelic win ver dgams vercerT nabijs erTi-oris garda. mniS- Sroma| 231 vneloba rasac aqvs, aris TiToeuli nabijis swrafi efeqti; efeqti Sesaferisi unda iyos imisTvis, rom moixmaro adgilze. msoflio eWvmitanilia imaSi, rom is savsea xidebiT Zalian Sors, iseTi xidebiT, romlis gadakveTazec adamianma umjobesia ar ifiqros manam, sanam maTze ar miva da savaraudod, es male ar moxdeba. TiToeul dabrkolebas Tavis mxriv unda SeuTanmxde; cxovreba aris epizodebis Tanmimdevruloba, romelTaganac TiToeuli unda gansazRvro calke, radganac TiTeuls gaaCnia wagebisa da mogebis sakuTari balansi: cxovrebis gzebi ufro pirdapiri ar xdeba moZraobis procesSi da erT kuTxeSi mobruneba ar aris imis garantia, rom swori brunebs gaakeTeb momavalSi. ase, rom samuSaom Seicvala Tavisi xasiaTi. yvelaze xSirad, es aris erTjeradi qmedeba: brikoleris eSmakoba, matyuara, romelic mimarTulia imisken, rac xelSia da inspirirebuli da SezRudulia imiT, rac xelSia, ufro metad gansazRvruli formis mqonea, vidre Camoyalibebis procesSia, ufro bevria SemTxveviTobasTan devnis Sedegi, vidre dagegmvisa da Canafiqris produqti. is uCveulod hgavs cnobil kiber-Txunelas, romelmac icoda, rogor emoZrava, rom epova Stefseli SesaerTeblad, raTa Seevso energia, romelic daxarja Stefselis SesaerTeblad, raTa Seevso energia. SesaZloa, termini`xelosnoba~ iqneboda ufro Sesaferisi, gaigo samuSaos Secvlili xasiaTi, romelic gandevnilia kacobriobis universalurad gaziarebuli misiis udidesi Canafiqridan da samudamo mowodebis aranakleb grandiozuli Canafiqridan. misi esqatologiuri atributebis CamorTmeviTa da metafizikuri fesvebidan amoWriT samuSaom dakarga centraluri ad- 232| Txevadi modernuloba gili, romelic mas dakavebuli hqonda RirebulebaTa galaqtikaSi, romelic donominirebda myari modernulobis erasa da mZime kapitalizmSi. samuSaos ukve aRar SeuZlia SemogvTavazos daculi RerZi, romlis garSemoc SegiZlia gadaitano da gamoasworo TviTgansazRvrebebi, identobebi da cxovrebiseuli proeqtebi. es ar SeiZleba martivad miiRo, rogorc sazogadoebis eTikuri safuZveli an individualuri cxovrebis eTikuri RerZi. amis nacvlad, samsaxurma, sxva cxovrebiseul qmedebebTan erTad, SeiZina ZiriTadad esTetikuri mniSvneloba. mosalodnelia, rom es iyos sasiamovno da TavisTavadad, nacvlad imisa, rom gaizomos namdvili an savaraudo efeqtebiT, romelic mas moaqvs Zmebisa da debisTvis kacobriobaSi an naciisa da saxelmwifos ZlevamosilebisTvis, rom aRaraferi vTqvaT momavali Taobebis netarebaze. mxolod ramdenime(magram sakmarisi) adamians, isic iSviaTad, SeuZlia pretenzia gamoacxados privilegiaze, prestiJze an pativze, miuTiTos im samuSaos mniSvnelobasa da saerTo mogebaze, romelsac isini asruleben. TiTqmis arasodes aris mosalodneli samuSaom`gaakeTilSobilos~ misi Semsruleblebi, rom gaxados isini`ukeTesi adamianebi~ da am mizeziT, misiT iSviaTad aRtacdebian da aqeben. amis nacvlad, mas zomaven da afaseben misi unariT, rom iyos saintereso da gasarTobi, romelic akmayofilebs mwarmoeblisa da Semqmnelis ara imdenad eTikur, promeTeul mowodebas, ramdenadac momxmareblis, sensaciebis maZieblisa da gamocdilebebis Semgroveblis esTetikur moTxovnebsa da survilebs. Sroma| 233 Sromis aRmasvla da daRmasvla oqsfordis inglisuri leqsikonis mixedviT, sityva `Sroma~`fizikuri Zalisxmevis mniSvnelobiT, romelic mimarTuli iyo sazogadoebis materialuri saWirobebis momaragebisaken~, pirvelad Caiwera 1776 wels. saukunis Semdeg aman damatebiT miiRo`mSromelebisa da operatiuli samsaxurebis ZiriTadi masis~ mniSvneloba, romelic monawileobas iRebs warmoebaSi da amis Semdeg male gaerTianebebisa da sxva organoebis mniSvneloba, romelmac daakavSira ori mniSvneloba, SeinarCuna es kavSiri da gadaaqcia igi politikur sakiTxad da politikuri Zalauflebis instrumentad. inglisuri gamoyeneba SesaniSnavia`SromiTi samebis~ struqturis mkafio xedvis SemotanisTvis – axlo kavSiri(namdvilad, semantikuri Serwyma dakavSirebulia bedisweris identobasTan) samuSaoze miRebul mniSvnelobas(rac `fizikurad da mentalurad mZime Sromaa~), imaT TviTkontrolsa(romelic muSaobs klasSi) da politikas Soris, romelic dafuZnebulia am TviTkontrolze, sxva sityvebiT, es aris kavSiri Sromis fizikurad gamoyenebasa(rogorc sazogadoebis simdidrisa da keTildReobis mTavari wyaros) da SromiTi moZraobis Tavdajerebulobas Soris. orive maTgani erTad wavida aRmavlobisaken da aseve erTad daecnen. umravlesoba ekonomikuri istorikosebisa dageTanxmeba(ixileT, magaliTad, pol bairokis kvlevis Sedegebis bolodroindeli daskvnebi 10 ) imaSi, rom, radganac simdidrisa da Semosavlis doneebi dakavSirebulia erTmaneTTan, Zalian cota gamosarCevi iyo civilizaciebs Soris maTi Zalauflebis pikSi: romis simdidre 234| Txevadi modernuloba pirvel saukuneSi, CineTis – meTerTmete, indoeTis – meCvidmete, didad ar gansxvavdeboda evropuli simdidrisagan industriuli revoluciis zRurblze. zogierTi Sefasebis mixedviT, dasavleT evropaSi Semosavali erT sul mosaxleze, meTvramete saukuneSi, ar iyo 30% -ze meti, vidre indoeTSi, afrikasa Tu CineTSi am droisTvis. magram, erT saukuneze meti ar dasWirda, raTa Seecvala Tanafardoba ise, rom igi Znelad sacnobi gamxdariyo. ukve 1870 wlisaTvis, industriul evropaSi Semosavali erT sul mosaxleze iyo 12 -jer ufro maRali, vidre msoflios yvelaze Rarib qveynebSi. Semdegi saukunis ganmavlobaSi, es faqtori kidev xuTjer gaizarda da miaRwia ormocdaaTs 1995 wlisaTvis. rogorc sorbonis ekonomisti daniel koeni aRniSnavs:`me gavbedav vTqva, rom uTanasworobis fenomeni erebs Srosi aris bolodroindeli warmoSobis; is aris bolo ori saukunis produqti.~ 11 da asea Sromis idea, rogorc simdidris wyaro da politika, romelic daibada da xelmZRvanelobda am daSvebis mixedviT. axali globaluri uTanasworoba da axali TviTdajareba da upiratesobis SegrZneba, romelic amas moyva, iyo iseTive STambeWdavi, rogorc isini iyvnen uprecendentoni: saWiro iyo axali Sexedulebebi, axali kognituri CarCoebi, rom gagego maTi da ageTvisebina isini inteleqtualurad. msgavsi axali warmodgenebi da CarCoebi momaragdnen politikuri ekonomikis axaldabadebuli mecnierebiT, romelmac Caanacvla fiziokratiuli da merkantilisturi ideebi, romlebic Tan axlda evropas misi istoriis modernuli fazis gzaze industriuli revoluciis zRurblamde. Sroma| 235 SeiZleba iTqvas,`ar aris SemTxveviToba~, rom es axali warmodgenebi moifiqres SotlandiaSi, qveyanaSi, sadac SigniTac da mis gareTac, industriuli aRmasvlis ZiriTadi kursi, CaerTo da gamoeyo erTsa da imave dros, fizikurad da fsiqologiurad axlos iyo im qveyanasTan, romelic unda gamxdariyo damwyebi industriuli wesrigis epicentri da romelic garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi jer kidev rCeboda SedarebiT Seuvali misi ekonomikuri da kulturuli gavlenisagan. tendenciebi, mTeli ZaliT,`centrSi~, rogorc wesi, arian yvelaze swrafad SesamCnev da yvelaze naTlad artikulirebul adgilebSi, romlebic droebiT gagzavnilebi arian`gareubnebSi~. civilizaciis centris ganapiras cxovreba niSnavs imas, rom iyo sakmarisad axlos, rom dainaxo sagnebi garkveviT, magram sakmaod Sors, rom`gaanivTo~ isini da Sesabamisad, gamoiyvano da gaaxSiro aRqmebi cnebebSi. es ar iyo`ubralod damTxveva~, Sesabamisad, saxareba Camovida Sotlandiidan~: simdidre modis samuSaodan, Sroma aris simdidris mTavari, SesaZloa, erTaderTi wyaro. rogorc karl polans unda SemoeTavazebina didi xnis win, karl marqsis ganaxlebuli gagebiT,`didi transformaciebis~ sawyisi wertili, romelmac wamoiwyo axali indsutriuli wesrigi, iyo mSromelebis daSoreba maTi sasicocxlo saSualebebis wyaroebidan. es mniSvnelovani movlena iyo ufro yovlismomcveli gamgzavrebis nawili: warmoebam da gacvlam Sewyvites, Caweriliyvnen ufro zogad, namdvilad yovlismomcvel, cxovrebis ganuyofel gzaSi da Sesabamisad, pirobebi Seiqmna SromisaTvis(miwasTan da fulTan erTad), raTa igi CaTvliliyo ubralo saqonlad da ganxilu- 236| Txevadi modernuloba loyo swored aseTad. 12 Cven SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom es iyo igive axali gamoyofa, romelmac daadgina Sromis SesaZlebloba da misi mflobelebis Tavisuflad gadaadgileba, an sxvis mier misi gadaadgileba da Sesabamisad, gamoeyenebina sxvadasxva(`ukeTesia~ – ufro sasargeblo an ufro momgebiani) mizniT, rekombinireba gaekeTebina misTvis da gaexada sxva SeTanxmebebis (`ukeTesia~ – ufro sasargeblo an ufro momgebiani) nawili. warmoebis aqtivobebis gamoyofam sxva danarCeni cxovrebiseuli saqmianobebidan saSualeba misca `fizikur da mentalur Zalisxmevas~, rom gayinuliyo fenomenSi sakuTari ZalisxmeviT –`sagani~, romelsac SegiZlia moeqce, rogorc sxva sagnebs, romelic unda `moipovo~, gadaadgilo, SeuerTo sxva`sagnebs~ an gaanadguro nawilebad. Tu es gamoTiSva ar moxdeboda, Sromis ideisTvis Zalian cota Sansi iqneboda, rom mentalurad gamocalkevebuliyo`totalurobidan~, rasac is`bunebrivad~ ekuTvnoda da koncentrirebuli iyofiliyo avtonomiur obieqtSi. simdidris preindustriul xedvaSi`miwa~ iyo aseTi totaloba – imaTTan erTad, vinc xnavda da mkida mas. axali industriuli wesrigi da konceptualuri qseli, romelic uflebas iZleoba gamogeCina gansxvavebuli, industriuli sazogadoebi, romelic daibada britaneTSi; britaneTi gamoirCeoda misi evropuli mezoblebisgan imiT, rom man gaanadgura misi glexoba da masTan erTad`bunebrivi~ kavSiri miwas, adamianis Sromasa da simdidres Soris. miwaTmoqmedebi Tavdapirvelad unda gamxdariyvnen umuSevarni, pasiurni da`upatroni~, raTa danaxuliyvnen, rogorc mobiluri saTavsoebi an gamosayeneblad gamzadebuli Sroma| 237 `SromiTi Zalis~ gadamzidavebi; amis gamo, am Zalauflebas SeiZleba uwodo potenciuri`simdidris wyaro~ misi unaridan gamomdinare. es axali usaqmuroba da mSromelebis amoZirkva Canda ufro refleqsiurad midrekili Tanamedrove mowmeebs Soris, rogorc Sromis emansipacia – adamianTa unarebis gaTavisufleba mastimulirebeli SegrZnebis ganuyofeli nawilisagan, zogadad, arasasiamovno da daZabuli SezRuduli Zaldatanebebisagan, Cvevebis iZulebisa da memkvidreobiTi inerciisagan. magram Sromis emansipaciam misi`bunebrivi Zaldatanebebisagan~ is ar gaxada Tavisuflad mocurave da`ubatono~ didi xnis ganmavlobaSi; da amas daeWvoa igi gaexada avtonomiuri, damajerebeli, Tavisufali Tavisi gegmebis dagegmvasa da maT miyolaSi. daSlili an ubralod ukve araganxorcielebadi TviTmwarmoebeli`cxovrebis tradiciuli wesi~, romlis nawilic Sroma mis emansipaciamde iyo, unda Canacvlebuliyo sxva wesrigiT. amjerad, is aRar aris dagegmili wesrigi,`aSenebuli~ wesrigi, ukve aRar aris bedisweris umizno, daklaknili naleqi da istoriis uxeSi Secdoma, aramed racionaluri azrovnebisa da qmedebis produqti. erT dRes aRmoaCines, rom Sroma iyo simdidris wyaro, es iyo gonebis amocana, rom es wyaro ufro efeqturad moepovebina, amoetumba da daemuSavebina, vidre aqamde akeTebda amas. zogierTma komentatorma, gaJRenTilebma modernuli epoqis axali xmauriani suliT(karl marqsi yvelaze gamoCenilia maT Soris), ixila Zveli wesrigis wasvla, pirvelad, rogorc, winaswargansazRvruli afeTqebis Sedegi: afeTqeba, gamowveuli bombiT, ganTavsebuli kapitalis mier, udrekia`myaris galRobasa da wmin- 238| Txevadi modernuloba das SebRalvaSi.~ sxvebma, rogorc de tokvilma, ufro skeptikurad da SesamCnevad naklebad enTuziazmiT gamwyobilma, es gauCinareba dainaxa, rogorc implozia da ara, rogorc afeTqeba: ukan moxedviT, maT SeniSnes bedisweris Tesli antikuri reJimis gulSi(yovelTvis martivia, gamogaaSkaravon an gamogicnon retrospeqtivaSi) da dainaxes axali batonebis agitacia da trabaxi, rogorc, arsebiTad, gvamebisadmi dartyma da araferi, garda ufro energiulad devnisa da zustad imave gasaocari wamlebis dadgenisa, romelsac Zveli wesrigi sasowarkveTilebaSi sinjavda didi xniT adre, magram es iyo amao Zalisxmeva an minimum, misi sakuTari sikvdilis gadadeba. miuxedavad amisa, iyo cota kamaTi axali reJimis perspeqtivebsa da misi batonebis gegmebze: Zveli da amave dros, mkvdari wesrigi unda Canacvlebuliyo axliT, naklebad Txevadi da metad sicocxlisunarianiT, vidre misi winaprebi. axali myari sxeulebi unda Cafiqrebuliyo da aSenebuliyo, raTa Seevso sicariele, rac Txevadma nivTierebam datova. sagnebi, dawyobili mcocavad, xelaxla unda gamagrebuliyo, ufro daculad, vidre aqamde. rom gamovxatoT igive ganzraxva Tanamedrove modur idiomaSi ase iqneba: is, rac ukve iyo`amoTxrili~( disembedded ), adre Tu gvian, `Tavidan unda amogmanuliyo~( re embedded ). Zveli lokaluri / saTemo kavSirebis darRveva, omis gamocxadeba Cveuli gzebisa da Cveuli kanonebisTvis, Sualeduri Zalebis( les pouvoirs intermediaires ) nakuwebad qceva da gasresva – yvelaferi amis saerTo Sedegi iyo`axali dasawyisis~ intoqsikaciuri bodva.`myari sxeulebis galRoba~ Tavs iseve grZnobdnen, rogorc rkinis madani dnobisas, raTa gamoeWeda rkinis svete- Sroma| 239 bi. damdnari da axla ukve Txevadi realobebi, Canda, rom TiTqos mzad iyo mimarTuliyo da daRvriliyo axal formebSi, raTa mieRo forma, romelsac isini arasdros ar miiRebdnen, Tu maT uflebas miscemdnen edinaT mdinaris kalapontebSi, romelic maT Tavad amoWres. aWarbebda adamianis unars efiqra, aRmoeCina, gamoegonebina da emoqmeda. Tu mxiaruli sazogadoeba, mxiaruli adamianebis sazogadoeba, jer kidev ar iyo Semdegi kuTxis siaxloves, misi swrafi Camosvla ukve ganWvretili iyo moazrovne adamianis saxatav dafaze da maTma konturebma, romelsac monaxazi gaukeTes am adamianebma, miiRes sisrule ofisebSi da moqmedebis adamianebis( men of action ) brZanebis gasacemi punqtebi. mizani, romelsac moazrovne adamianma da moqmedebis adamianma erTnairad dauTmes TavianTi Sroma, iyo axali wesrigis konstruqcia. axlaxans aRmoCenili Tavisufleba unda ganlagebuliyo im mcdelobiT, rom mieRwia samomavlo mowesrigebuli rutinisaTvis. araferi ar unda darCeniliyo mis cvalebad da araprognozirebad kursze, ubeduri SemTxvevidan dawyebuli gauTvaliswinebeli garemoebebiT damTavrebuli, saerTod araferi ar unda darCeniliyo mis axlandel formaSi, Tu ar iyo am formis gaumjobesebis, misi ufro sasargeblod da efeqturad gaxdis SesaZlebloba. es axali wesrigi, sadac yvela dasasruli amJamad Tavisufalia, male isev SeiboWeba, radganac warsuli ubedurebebis gemis namsxvrevebsa da misgan gadmoyril tvirTs, gariyulebs da axla gemCaZirulebs, gadasvamen ukacriel kunZulze da pasiurebs gaxdian. maT damkvidreben, gadaasaxleben da miamagreben swor adgilebSi, radganac es axali wesrigi unda unda yofiliyo masiu- 240| Txevadi modernuloba ri, myari, qvaSi Casmuli an rkiniT gakeTebuli: gankuTvnili iyo, rom gagrZelebuliyo. didi iyo lamazi, didi iyo racionaluri;`didi~ niSnavda Zalauflebas, ambiciasa da vaJkacobas. axali industriuli wesrigis samSeneblo adgili gabneuli iyo yvelgan am Zalauflebisa da ambiciis monumentebiT, monumentebiT, romlebic iyvnen an ar iyvnen daungrevelni, magram gakeTebuli iyvnen ise, rom yofiliyvnen giganturi fabrikebis msgavsni, romlebic aSenebdnen kedels kedelze veeberTela meqanizmiTa da manqanaTmSeneblebis brboTi, an arxebis, xidebisa da liandagebis msgavsni, romelTac aqvT mkvrivi kavSirebi da sadac aqcenti keTdeba didebul sarkinigzo sadgurebze, romlebic gankuTvnili iyo, rom Sejibreboda antikuri taZrebs, romlebic aRmarTulni iyvnen maradisobis TayvaniscemisTvis da misi moTayvaneebis samudamo didebisTvis. igive henri fordma, romelmac Tqva, rom`istoria absurdia~, rom`Cven ar gvWirdeba tradicia~ da rom `Cven gvinda cxovreba awmyoSi da erTaderTi istoria, romelic Rirebulia, aris istoria, romelsac dRes vqmniT~, xelfasebi gauormaga Tavis TanamSromlebs da es imiT axsna, rom mas undoda, mis dasaqmebulebs eyidaT misi manqanebi. es, ra Tqma unda, iyo ironiuli ganmarteba: fordis TanamSromlebis mier nayidi manqanebi Seadgendnen saerTo gayidvebis sul mcire wils, maSin, roca xelfasebis gaormageba mZimed daawva fordis produqciis xarjebs. realuri mizezi am araorTodoqsuli nabijisa, iyo fordis survili, rom Seekavebina gamaRizianeblad maRali SromiTi mobiloba. mas undoda, rom miejaWva Tavisi dasaqmebulebi fordis sawarmoebTan erTxel da samudamod, rom gaekeTebina Sroma| 241 fuli, romelic Cado maT momzadebasa da wvrTnaSi da kvlav gadaexada misi mSromelebis samuSao cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi. msgavsi Sedegis misaRwevad, mas unda SeeboWa Tavisi TanamSromlebi, rom SeenarCunebina isini iq, sadac isini umjobesi iyo yofiliyvnen, sanam maTs SromiT Zalas mTlianad ar gamoiyenebda. mas isini damokidebuli unda gaexada mis qarxanaSi dasaqmebaze da maTi Sromis am qarxnis mflobelze gayidvaze, radganac is Tavad da misi simdidre da Zalaufleba iyo damokidebuli maT daqiravebasa da Sromaze. fordma xmamaRla ganacxada is fiqrebi, rasac sxvebi saTuTad uvlidnen, magram amis Sesaxeb mxolod CurCuli gabedes, an, ufro zustad, is fiqrobda imaze, rasac sxvebi grZnobdnen imave usiamovno situaciaSi, magram ar SeeZloT amis gamoxatva amdeni sityviT. fordis saxelis aReba, myari modenulobis an mZime kapitalizmis tipiuri Canafiqrebisa da praqtikebis universaluri modelisaTvis, iyo adekvaturi. henri fordis axalma, racionalurma wesrigma daawesa standarti misi drois universaluri tendenciisTvis: da es iyo ideali, romelsac am epoqis yvela an umravlesi sxva mewarmeebi gardamavali warmatebiT cdilobdnen, rom mieRwiaT. ideali iyo, rom erTmaneTisTvis dagekavSirebina kapitali da Sroma im gaerTianebaSi, romelsac, rogorc qorwineba samoTxeSi, aranairi adamianuri Zala ar iqneboda daSvebuli an ver gabedavda, rom gaexsna igi. myari modernuloba iyo aseve dro mZime kapitalizmisa, dro kapitalsa da Sromas Soris urTierTkavSirisa, romelic ganmtkicebuli iyo maTi urTierdamokidebulebiT. mSromelebi damokidebulebi iyvnen daqirave- 242| Txevadi modernuloba baze maTi sasicocxlo saSualebebisTvis; kapitali damokidebuli iyo maT daqiravebaze misi reproduqciisa da zrdisaTvis. maTs Sexvedris adgils hqonda mudmivi misamarTi; am oridan arcerTs ar SeeZlo sadme gadaadgileba – masiuri qarxnis kedlebi daxuruli iyo da iWerda orive partniors saerTo cixeSi. kapitali da mSromelebi gaerTiandnen, SeiZleba iTqvas, siRaribesa da simdidreSi, janmrTelobasa da avadmyofobaSi, sanam sikvdili ar daaSorebda maT. qarxana iyo maTi saerTo sacxovrebeli garemo – erTdroulad brZolis veli sasangro omisTvis da bunebrivi saxli imedebisa da ocnebebisTvis. ramac miiyvana kapitali da Sroma erTmaneTis pirispir da miaba erTmaneTze iyo yidvisa da gayidvis garigeba; Sesabamisad, imisaTvis, rom cocxali gadarCeniliyvnen, orive maTgans sWirdeboda iseT formaSi yofna, rom morgeboda am garigebas: kapitalis mflobelebs unda SeZlebodaT eyidaT Sroma da Sromis mflobelebi unda yofiliyvnen yuradRebianebi, janmrTelebi, Zlierebi da meore mxriv, sakmarisad mimzidvelebi, rom xeli ar ekraT potenciuri myidvelebisTvis da ar daekistebinaT myidvelebisTvis maTi mdgomareobis sruli Rirebuleba. orive mxares hqonda`piradi interesebi~, rom Seenaxa meore mxare Sesaferis formaSi. gasakviri ar iyo, rom kapitalisa da Sromis`rekomodifikacia~ gaxda politikisa da umaRlesi politikuri organos, saxelmwifos mTavari funqcia da interesi. saxelmwifom Tvalyuri unda adevnos imas, rom kapitalistebi darCnen formaSi, rom iyidon Sroma da materialurad gawvdnen mis axlandel fasebs. umuSevrebi mTlianad da namdvilad iyvnen`Sromis sarezervo armia~ da Sesaba- Sroma| 243 misad, unda unda SenarCunebuliyvnen sqelsa da Txels Soris mzaobis mdgomareobaSi, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu maT dauZaxebdnen ukan, aqtiur samsaxurSi. keTildReobis saxelmwifo, saxelmwifo, romelic miZRvnilia mxolod amis keTebisTvis, am mizeziT iyo namdvilad`memarcxneobasa da memarjveneobas miRmaa~, mxardaWera, romlis gareSec, arc kapitals da arc Sromas ar SeeZlo cocxlad da janmrTelad darCena, rom araferi vTqvaT, gazrdaze. zogierTma adamiani keTildReobis saxelmwifos xedavdnen, rogorc droebiT RonisZiebas, romelsac SeeZlo emuSava TviTon, biznesis gareSe, maSinve, roca koleqtiurma dazRvevam ubeduri SemTxvevis winaaRmdeg dazRveuli gaxada ufro mamaci, sakmaod marjve imisaTvis, rom mTlianad eCvenebina sakuTari potenciali da gaabedina gariskva. Sesabamisad, saSualeba misca mas, ase vTqvaT,`damdgariyo sakuTar fexebze~. ufro skeptikurad ganwyobili damkvirveblebi keTildReobis saxelmwifos xedavdnen, rogorc koleqtiurad dafinansebul da marTul sanitarul-higienur meqanizms – gasufTaveba-gankurnebis operacia, unda gagrZeldebuliyo manam, sanam kapitalisturi saqmianoba agrZelebda socialuri narCenebis warmoebas, radganac mas ar hqonda arc intervencia da arc resursebi, rom gadaemuSavebina igi(ufro sworad, didi dro unda gasuliyo amisTvis). miuxedavad amisa, miiRwa saerTo SeTanxmeba, rom keTildReobis saxelmwifo aris saSualeba, romelic gankuTvnilia anomaliebTan gamklavebisTvis, normebidan gadaxvevebis Tavidan asacileblad da normis damrRvevi Sedegebis ganmuxtvisagan, Tu es mainc moxdeba. norma TavisTavad, iSviaTad eqceoda kiTxvis qveS, 244| Txevadi modernuloba iyo pirdapiri, kapitalisa da Sromis saerTo SeTanxmeba, romelic Wrida yvela mniSvnelovan da arasasiamovno socialur sakiTxebs aseTi SeTanxmebis CarCoSi. vinc unda yofiliyo axalgazrda mowafe, romelmac pirveli samsaxuri fordSi daiwyo, darmwunebuli unda yofiliyo, rom mis samuSao cxovrebas imave adgilze daasrulebda. mZime kapitalizmis drois horizontebi iyo grZelvadiani. mSromelebisTvis horizontebi kompaniaSi mudmivi dasaqmebis perspetivebma daxates, romelic iqneba an ar iqneba maradiuli, magram, miuxedavad amisa, romelTa sicocxlis xangrZlivobac maTze gacilebiT grZlad gaiwela. kapitalistebisTvis, `ojaxuri bedniereba~, romelic unda gagrZelebuliyo ojaxis nebismieri wevris sicocxleze ufro didxans, iyo qarxnis sinonimi, romelic maT memkvidreobiT miiRes, aaSenes an ganzraxuli hqondaT, rom daematebinaT ojaxuri reliqviisTvis. mokled rom vTqvaT:`grZelvadiani~ mentaliteti Sedgeboda molodinisagan, romelic daibada gamocdilebidan da es gamocdileba dabejiTebiT da odesRac isev amtkicebda, rom im adamianebis Sesaferisi bediswera, romlebic yiduloben Sromas da im adamianebis – romlebic yidian mas, sakmaod axlos da ganuyoflad gadaWdobilia erTmaneTTan didi xnis ganmavlobaSi, praqtikulad, samudamod da Sesabamisad, Tanacxovrebis atanadi reJimis SemuSaveba, isevea`yvelas interesi~, rogorc keTilmezobluri wesebis patiosan TamaSze SeTanxmebis dadeba im saxlis patronebs Soris, romlebic erTsa da imave sakuTrebaSi saxloben. am gamocdilebas dasWirda bevri dekada, SesaZloa, saukuneze meti, raTa gamagrebuliyo. is gamoCnda`gamagrebis~ grZeli da Sroma| 245 mtkivneuli procesis bolos. rogorc riCard senetma SemogvTavaza Tavis bolodroindel kvlevaSi, mxolod meore msoflio omis Semdeg Canacvlda kapitalisturi epoqis Tavdapirveli areuloba, yovel SemTxvevaSi, ganviTarebul ekonomikebSi,`Zlieri profkavSirebiT, keTildReobis saxelmwifos garantiebiTa da masStaburi korporaciebiT~, romlebmac erTdroulad Seqmnes `relatiuri stabilurobis~ era. 13 `relatiur stabilurobas~, razec axla vsaubrobT, ra Tqma unda, aqvs mudmivi konfliqtis safuZveli. namdvilad, aman gaxada es konfliqti SesaZlebeli da paradoqsuli gagebiT, kargad SeamCnia levis kozerma Tavis axalgazrdobaSi,`funqcionaluria~: kargia, Tu cudia, antagonistebi daaba erTmaneTze urTierTdamokidebulebiT. konfrontaciam, Zalis gamocdam da yovelma momdevno molaparakebam gaaZliera konfliqturi mxareebis erToba, radganac, arcerT maTgans ar SeeZlo marto wasvla da orive mxarem icoda, rom maTi mudmivi gadarCena damokidebulia problemis gadaWris gzebis povnaze, rasac isini Sesaferisad ganixilaven. manam, sanam varaudobdnen imas, rom erTmaneTis kampaniaSi darCena gagrZeldeboda, am erTobliobis wesebi iyo intensiuri molaparakebebis, zogjer, Warbi gaRizianebis, konfrontaciisa da garCevis fokusSi, sxva dros ki – zavisa da kompromisis. profesiulma kavSirebma xelaxla gamoWedes individualuri mSromelis uZlureba da gadaakeTes igi koleqtiuri molaparakebebis Zalad. isini ibrZodnen araregularuli warmatebis winaaRmdeg, raTa gamomTiSveli regulaciebi gadaeqciaT mSromelTa uflebebad da gadaeqciaT SezRudvebad, romelic SemoRebuli iyo damsaqmeblebis Tavisuflad 246| Txevadi modernuloba manevrirebisTvis. manam, sanam isini urTierTdamokidebulni iyvnen, upirovno drois grafikebic ki, mwared nawyenebi xelosnebis mier, Tavmoyrilebi adreul kapitalistul qarxnebSi(da uwvevdnen winaaRmdegobas, rasac e.p. tomsoni naTlad aRwerda) da kidev ufro, maTi ufro Zveli,`axali da gaumjobesebuli~ versiebi frederik teiloris samarcxvino drois sazomebis formiT. senetis sityvebiT,`represiisa da dominaciis aqtebi, romlebsac praqtikaSi atarebda xelmZRvaneloba udidesi industriuli organizaciebis zrdis gamo~, `gadaiqca arenad, sadac mSromelebs SeeZloT ganecxadebinaT TavianTi moTxovnebi, uflebebisa da SesaZleblobebis ganviTarebis arenad~. seneti ajamebs:`rutinam SeiZleba daamciros, magram aseve SeuZlia daicvas. rutinas SeuZlia daSalos Sroma, magram mas aseve SeuZlia Seadginos cxovreba.~ 14 es situcia Seicvala axla, mravalmxriani cvlilebis gadamwyveti ingredienti aris axali`moklevadiani~ mentaliteti, romelic movida, rom Caanacvlos `grZelvadiani~. qorwineba`manam, sanam sikvdili ar dagvaSorebs~ gadawyvetiT gadavida modidan da gadaiqca iSviaTobad: partniorebi ukve aRar elodebian, rom erTmaneTis kampaniaSi didxans darCebian. bolodroindeli gamoTvlebiT, axalgazrda amerikeli, ganaTlebis normaluri doniT moelis, rom samsaxurs, sul cota, TerTmetjer Seicvlis cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi. cvlilebis tempi da sixSire TiTqmis gadawyvetilia, rom gaagrZeleben zrdas dRevandeli Taobis SromiTi cxovrebis dasrulebamde.`moqniloba~ dRis aris lozungi da amis SromiT bazarze gamoyeneba, winaswarmetyvlebs `samuSaos, rogoric is Cven viciT, dasrulebas~, sanam- Sroma| 247 cvlod man gamoacxada im samuSaos dasawyisis Sesaxeb, romelic moklevadiani kontraqtebiT, garkveuli droiT gawerili kontraqtebiTa, zogjer, aranairi kontraqtiT, garantiebis armqone poziciebiT, magram `Semdgom gamocxadebamde~ arsebuli punqtiT moqmedebs. samuSao cxovreba gajerebulia gaurkvevlobiT. qorwinebidan Tanacxovrebamde ra Tqma unda, SeiZleba Seepasuxo, rom gansakuTrebiT axali amaSi araferia: samuSao cxovreba savse iyo gaurkvevlobiT uxsovari droidan. Tumca, dRevandeli drois gaurkvevloba gasaocrad axali saxisaa. ubedurebebi, romelmac SeiZleba gaanadguros adamianis sasicocxlo saSualebebi da misi perspeqtivebi, ar aris im tipis, romelic SeiZleba CamoiSoro an ukiduresad, ibrZolo mis winaaRmdeg da Seamsubuqo Zalebis gaerTianebis gziT, erTad dgomiTa da erToblivad SedavebiT, daTanxmebiT da iZulebiTi zomebiT. yvelaze saSineli ubedureba axla SemTxveviT xdeba, msxverplebs irCevs yvelaze anomaliuri an saerTod araxiluli logikiT, araprognozirebadad iqnevs Tavis dartymebs, ise, rom ar arsebobs gza, rom ganWvrito, Tu vin aris ganwiruli da vin – gadarCenili. dRevandeli dRis gaurkvevloba aris Zlevamosili individualizebuli Zala. is yofs da ar aerTianebs da radganac cnobili ar aris, Tu vin gaiRviZebs Semdeg dRes, romel ganyofilebaSi, `saerTo interesebis~ idea sul ufro bundovani xdeba da kargavs yvela pragmatul Rirebulebas. 248| Txevadi modernuloba Tanamedrove SiSebi, mRelvarebebi da wyenebi Seqmnilia ise, rom marto itanjo. isini ikribebian, ar grovdebian`saerTo safuZvelSi~, ar aqvT konkretuli misamarTi, rom aRar vTqvaT mis sicxadeze. es arTqmevs racionaluri taqtikebis misi warsuli statusis solidarul poziciebs da sTavazobs cxovrebis iseT strategiebs, romelic sruliad gansxvavebulia imisgan, ramac migviyvana samuSao klasis damcavi da sabrZolo organizaciebis Camoyalibebamde. roca adamianebs esaubrebi, romlebmac ukve miiRes dartya an eSiniaT, rom miiReben mas dRevandeli cvlilebebisgan dasaqmebis pirobebSi, pier burdies isev da isev esmoda, rom`eqspluataciis axali formis, gansakuTrebiT samsaxuris deregulaciisa da droebiTi samsaxurebis, ganviTarebis gamo profkavSirebis tradiciuli saxis qmedebebi araadekvaturad Cans.~ burdie midis daskvnamde, rom bolodroindelma gamoTiSvebma`gatexa warsuli solidarobebis safuZvlebi~ da aman moitana Sedegi, rom`imedgacrueba gadadis xelidan xelSi saomari mdgomareobisa da politikuri monawileobis sulis sikvdiliT~. 15 mas Semdeg, rac Sromis gamoyeneba gaxda moklevadiani da prekariatuli, dakarga myari(rom aRaraferi vTqvaT, garantirebuli) perspeqtivebi da Sesabamisad, gaxada igi epizoduri, praqtikulad, yvela wesi, dakavSirebuli dawinaurebis TamaSTan da gaTavisuflebebTan, daingra an midis iqiTken, rom Seicvalos TamaSis dasrulebamde, urTierTerTgulebisa da urTierTvaldebulebis arsebobs patara Sansi, raTa aRmoaceno da fesvi gaudga amas. grZelvadiani urTierTdamokidebulebisagan gansxvavebiT, TiTqmis ar arsebobs rame Sroma| 249 stimuli, rom mwvave da seriozuli gadawyvetilebebi miiRo, rom araferi vTqvaT kritikul, saerTo saqmeebis sibrZneebisadmi da masTan dakavSirebuli SeTanxmebebis interesze, romlebic, nebismier SemTxvevaSi, unda wavidnen. dasaqmebis adgili hgavs kempingis adgils, romelsac adamiani stumrobs ramdenime dRirs ganmavlobaSi da SeiZleba datovos nebismier momentSi, Tu SemoTavazebuli komforti ar miewodeba an Tu miewodeba, aradamakmayofilebelia, da ara erToblivi Tanacxovrebis adgils, sadac adamiani midrekilia, rom Sexvdes ubedurebas da moTminebiT muSaobs Tanacxovrebis misaReb wesebze. mark granoveterma SemogvTavaza, rom Cven gvaqvs`susti kavSirebis~ dro, maSin, roca seneti ambobs, rom`gaerTianebis swrafmavali formebi ufro sasargebloa adamianebisTvis, vidre grZelvadiani kaSirebi~. 16 Tanamedroveoba modernulobis`gaTxevadebuli~, `denadi~, gafantuli, gabneuli da deregulirebili versia ar moaswavebs komunikaciis ganqorwinebasa da saboloo gayras, magram is winaswarmetyvelebs msubuq, Tavisuflad mocurve kapitalizms, romelic SemCneulia ganTavisuflebasa da kavSirebis darRvevaSi, rac kapitalsa da Sromas akavSirebs. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es sabediswero wasvla imeorebs qorwinebidan`erTad cxovrebaze~ gasavlis pasaJs, misi yvela Tanmimdevruli damokidebulebebiTa da strategiuli SedegebiT, Tanacxovrebis droebiTobis daSvebis CaTvliTa da imis SesaZleblobiT, rom gaerTianeba SeiZleba gatydes nebismier momentSi da nebismieri mizeziT, roca saWiroeba da Zlieri survili amoiwureba. Tu erTad darCena iyo ormxrivi SeTanxmebisa da urTierTdamokidebule- 250| Txevadi modernuloba bis sagani, gayofa aris calmxrivi: konfiguraciis erTma nawilma moipova avtonomia, romelic mas, SeiZleba, yovelTvis undoda farulad, magram amas seriozulad arasdros aRiarebda. im sazRvriT, romlisTvisac, Zvelad,`armcxovreb memamuleebs~ arasdros miuRweviaT, kapitalma moiSora misi daqvemdebarebuloba Sromaze moZraobis axali Tavisuflebis saSualebiT, razec adre arasdros uocnebiaT. kapitalis reproduqcia da zrda, dividendebi da aqcionerebis kmayofileba gaxdnen, didwilad, damoukideblebi nebismieri konkretuli lokaluri SeTanxmebis xangrZlivobisagan samuSao ZalasTan. damoukidebloba, ra Tqma unda, ar aris dasrulebuli da kapitali jer kidev ar aris iseTi aramdgradi, rogoric mas unda da akeTebs yvelafers, rom iyos. teritorialur, lokalur, faqtorebs jer kidev sWirdeba gamoTvla ZiriTad kalkulaciebSi, adgilobrivi xelisuflebebis`dabrkolebiTma Zalam~ SeiZleba isev gamoiwvios arasasiamovno SezRudvebi kapitalis Tavisufal moZraobaze. magram kapitali gaxda eqsteritorialuri, msubuqi, valebisagan Seuferxebeli da dauzianebeli uprecendento zomebisagan. man ukve miaRwia sivrculi mobilobis dones ZiriTad SemTxvevebSi, rac sruliad sakmarisia teritoriaze mibmuli politikuri agentebis daSantaJebisTvis misi moTxovnebis daqvemdebarebis gziT. adgilobrivi kavSirebis gawyvetisa da sxva adgilebSi gadasrolis muqaras(uTqmeli da ubralod mixvedrili), yvela pasuxismgebliani mTavroba, sakuTari da amomrCevlebis gulisTvis, unda miudges mTeli Tavisi seriozulobiT, cdilobdes daumorCi- Sroma| 251 los misi politika umTavres mizans: aireklos kapitalis Semcirebuli investiciebis safrTxeebi. politika, uprendendento xarisxiT, dRes gadaiqca gamwevi gemis siCqaresTan brZolad, romliTac kapitals SeuZlia gadaadgileba da adgilobrivi Zalebis potencialis`Semcireba~ da swored es adgilobrivi institutebi arian isini, romelTac ZiriTadad ar surT im brZolis wamowyeba, romlis mogebac ar SeuZliaT. xelisuflebas, romelic miZRvnilia Tavisi amomrCevlebis keTildReobisadmi, ar gaaCnia sxva arCevani, kapitalis mudarisa da moTafvlis garda, raTa Semofrides SigniT da roca iq aRmoCndeba, aaSenos caTambrjenebi da ar icxovros erTi RamiT daqiravebul sastumros oTaxebSi, radganac ar SeuZlia misi Zaldataneba. es SeiZleba gakeTdes an SeiZleba ecado, rom gakeTdes(rom gamoviyenoT saerTo politikuri Tavisufali bazris epoqis Jargoni)`Tavisufali warmoebisTvis ukeTesi pirobebis Seqmnis gziT~, rac niSnavs politikuri TamaSis morgebas`Tavisufali warmoebis~ wesebisaTvis. es niSnavs yvela regulaciuri Zalis gamoyenebas xelisuflebis gansakargavad deregulaciis samsaxurSi, arsebuli`warmoebis ZaldatanebiTi~ kanonebis da aqtebis demontaJsa da dangrevas, ise, rom xelisufleba aRTqma, rom maregulirebeli uflebamosilebebi arasdros iqneba gamoyenebuli, rom SezRudos kapitalis Tavisufleba, gaxda sando da damajerebeli; nebismieri moZraobisagan TavSekaveba, romelmac SeiZleba Secvalos STabeWdileba, rom xelisuflebis mier politikurad administrirebuli teritoria, romelic aris arastumarTmoyvare adaTebis, warmodgenebis, globaluri azrovnebis yvela samomavlo wamowyebebisa 252| Txevadi modernuloba da globalurad moqmedi kapitalis mimarT an naklebad stumarTmoyvarea maT mimarT, vidre miwebi, romlebsac marTaven axlo mezoblebi. praqtikaSi, yvelaferi es niSnavs dabal gadasaxadebs, nakleb an saerTod arcerT wess da pirvel rigSi,`moqnil SromiT bazars.~ ufro zogadad, es niSnavs morCil mosaxleobas, uunaros an unebisyofos, rom gauwios organizebuli winaaRmdegoba yvela gadawyvetilebas, romelic kapitals jer SeuZlia, rom miiRos. paradoqsulad, xelisuflebebs SeuZliaT hqondeT imedi, rom SeinarCuneben kapitals adgilze misi daTanxmebiT, yvelanairi gonivruli eWvis gareSe, imaSi, rom gadaadgileba Tavisufalia – Zalian mokle droSi an saerTod drois gareSe. veeberTela teqnikisa da masiuri qarxnebis ekipaJebis balastis CamogdebiT, kapitali mogzaurobs msubuqad, araumetes xelis bargis zomisaa – portfeli, nouTbuqi da mobiluri telefoni. meryeobis am axalma atributma yvela monawileoba da konkretulad, stabiluri monawileoba, erTsa da imave dros zedmeti da aragonivruli gaxada: Tu masSi Sexvidodi, is SegizRudavda moZraobas da daknindeboda sasurvel konkurenciaSi, apriori gandevnida im variantebs, romelsac SeiZleba mieyvana produqtiulobis gazrdamde. birJebi da rCevebi mmarTvelobisaTvis, msoflios garSemo, miiswrafvian daajildovon ganTavisuflebisaken gadadgmuli`swori mimarTulebis~ yvela nabiji, iseTive, rogoricaa`gaxdoma~,`zomaSi Semcireba~ da `gamoyofa~, maSin, roca sjis TanamSromlebis gazrdis, gazrdili dasaqmebisa da kompaniis ZviradRirebul, grZelvadian proeqtebSi`CarTvis~ nebismier siaxles. hudinis msgavsi`gaqceuli artistis~ gaqrobis SesaZ- Sroma| 253 leblobebi, eliziisa da Tavis acilebis strategia da agreTve momzadebuloba da unari, rom gaiqce, Tu saWiroa, es axali gaTavisuflebisa da aravaldebulebiTi axali politikis centri dRes aris menejeruli sibrZnisa da warmatebis niSani. rogorc miSel kroziem aRniSna didi xnis win, gaTavisuflebulm uxerxuli kavSirebisagan, mouxerxebelma movaleobebma da erTmaneTze damokidebulebebma daakaves manevris Tavisufleba, rac yovelTvis iyo dominaciis sayvareli da efeqturi iaraRi. magram am iaraRis maragi da misi gamoyenebis SesaZleblobebi dRes gamoiyeneba ufro sworad, vidre es aqamde iyo modernul istoriaSi. moZraobis siCqare dRes gaxda mTavari, SesaZloa, umTavresi, socialuri stratifikaciisa da dominaciis ierarqiis faqtori. mogebis ZiriTadi wyaroebi, gansakuTrebiT, didi mogeba da agreTve momavlis kapitali, rogorc wesi, dgas mudmivad zrdad masStabze, ideebi da ara materialuri obieqtebi. ideebi iwarmoeba mxolod erTxel, Semdeg ki agrZelebs simdidris motanas, rac adamianebis raodenobazea damokidebuli. adamianebis, rogorc myidvelebis / klientebis / momxmareblebis da ara im adamianebis raodenobaze damokidebulebiT, vinc daqiravebuli an dakavebulia sacdeli nimuSis replikaciaSi. roca saqme midgeba ideebis momgebianad qcevaze, konkurenciis obieqtebi arian momxmareblebi da ara mwarmoeblebi. ar aris gasakviri, rom kapitalis dRevandeli dRis saqmianoba, pirvel rigSi, dakavSirebulia momxmareblebTan. mxolod am sferoSi SegviZlia gonivrulad vilaparakoT`urTierTdamokidebilebaze~. kapitalis konkurentunarianoba, efeqturoba da momgebianoba damokidebulia momxareblebze. mis marSruts marTavs 254| Txevadi modernuloba momxareblebis yola an aryola an momxareblebis produqciis Seqmnis da Semdeg SemoTavazebul ideebze moTxovnis gazrdis Sansebi. mogzaurobis dagegmvisas da kapitalis gadaadgilebisas, SromiTi Zalis arseboba meorexarisxovani faqtoria. Sesabamisad, adgilobrivi SromiTi Zalis`Zalauflebis floba~ kapitalze (ufro zogadad, dasaqmebis pirobebsa da samsaxurebis xelmisawvdomobaze) SesamCnevad Semcirda. robert reixi gvTavazobs, rom adamianebi, dRes, dakavebulebi ekonomikuri saqmianobiT, uxeSad SeiZleba daiyos oTx farTo kategoriad. pirvel kategorias Seadgenen`simboloebis manipulatorebi~, adamianebi, vinc ifiqreben ideebsa da gzebs, Tu rogor gaxadon igi sasurvelni da gasavlianebi. isini, vinc CarTulni arian Sromis kvlavwarmoebaSi (keTildReobis saxelmwifos pedagogebi an sxvadasxva funqcioneri), miekuTvnebian meore kategorias. mesame kategoria moicavs adamianebs, vinc dasaqmebulia`personalur momsaxurebaSi~(profesiebi, romlebsac jon o ’ nili klasificirebas ukeTebs, rogorc`kaniT vaWrobas~(` skin trades ~)), rac moiTxovs pirispir Sexvedras servisis mimRebebTan; produqtis gamyidvelebi da am produqtis survilis mwarmoeblebi, Seadgenen am kategoriis ZiriTad nawils Seadgenen. sabolood, meoTxe kategoria moicavs adamianebs, romlebic bolo saukune-naxevris ganmavlobaSi ayalibebdnen SromiTi moZraobis`socialur qveSres~. isini arian, reixis azriT.`rutinuli mSromelebi, mibmulebi konveirebze an(ufro Tanamedrove qarxnebSi) kompiuterul qselebsa da eleqtronulad avtomatizebul meqanizmebze, rogoricaa sakontrolo punqtebi. dRes- Sroma| 255 dReobiT, isini, rogorc wesi, arian ekonomikuri sistemis yvelaze erTjeradi, xelmisawvdomi da gacvladi nawilebi. arc raime konkretuli codna da arc klientebTan socialuri interaqciis xelovneba ar aris Cawerili maTs samuSao moTxovnebSi, amitomac maTi Canacvleba martivia. maT aqvT Zalian cota kvalifikacia, rac inspiracias aZlevs mis damqiraveblebs, rom survili hqondeT, SeinarCunon isini nebismier fasad; isini gankargaven, Tu saWiroa, mxolod rezidualur da umniSvnelo molaparakebebis warmoebis Zalas. maT ician, rom isini arian martivad cvladni da Sesabamisad, ver xedaven imis azrs, rom ganiviTaron mijaWvuloba da valdebulebebi TavianTi samsaxurebis mimarT an Sevidnen grZelvadian kavSirSi TavianT kolegebTan. raTa Tavidan aicilon moaxloebuli imedgacruebebi, isini, rogorc wesi, ufrTxian nebismieri saxis erTgulebas samuSao adgilis mimarT an TavianT cxovrebis miznebis Caweras prognozirebad momavalSi. es aris bunebrivi reaqcia SromiTi bazris`moznilobaze~, romelic, rom gadavTargmnoT individualur cxovrebiseul gamocdilebaze niSnavs, rom grZelvadiani usafrTxoeba aris ukanaskneli ram, rac SegiZlia iswavlo im samsaxurTan mWidrod dakavSirebiT, romelsac axla asruleb. rogorc sonetma gaigo, niu-iorkis sacxobis stumroba, misi bolo vizitidan ramdenime dekadis Semdeg, `mSromelebis moraluri suli da motivacia sagrZnoblad daeca Semcirebis sxvadasxva iZulebiT TamaSis fonze. gadarCenili mSromelebi elodebonen najaxis Semdeg dartymas da ar zeimobdnen konkurentul gamarjvebas maTze, vinc gaaTavisufles.~ magram is ama- 256| Txevadi modernuloba tebs mSromelebis Semcirebis meore mizezs:`interesi TavianTi samuSaosa da samuSao adgilis mimarT da maTi survilis gaqrobas, rom momavalSi aRwurvon orive: ideebi da moraluri energia: samuSaos yvela formaSi, moqandakeobidan dawyebuli, saWmlis tarebiT damTavrebuli, adamianebi Tavs aidentificireben amocanebiT, romlebic maT iwveven maT, amocanebiT, romlebic rTulia. magram am moqnil samuSao adgilze, misi pologloti muSebis iregularuli wasvliTa da mosvliT, radikalurad gansxvavebuli wesrigebi iqmneba yovel dRe da manqana aris wesrigis erTaderTi namdvili standarti da Sesabamisad, yvelasTvis, ar aqvs mniSvneloba visTvis, iqneba martivi operireba. sirTule kontrporduqtiulia moqnil reJimSi. saSineli paradoqsis mixedviT, roca Cven vamcirebT sirTulesa da winaaRmdegobas, Cven vqmniT karg garemos momxareblebis mxridan arakritikuli da indiferentuli aqtivobebisTvis. axali socialuri dayofis sxva polusis garSemo, msubuqi kapitalizmis Zalauflebis piramidis TavSi, imaTi cirkulireba, romelTaTvisac sivrce Zalian cotas niSnavs – arian isini, vinc ararelevanturia nebismieri adgilisaTvis, sadac fizikurad yofna SeuZliaT. isini arian, iseve msubuqebi da arastabilurebi, rogorc axali kapitalisturi ekonomika, romelmac isini dabada da daajildova ZalauflebiT. rogorc Jak atali xsniT maT:`isini ar floben qarxnebs, miwebs Sroma| 257 da aseve ar ikaveben administraciul poziciebs. maTi simdidre modis portatuli aqtivebidan: maTi codnidan labirinTis kanonebis Sesaxeb.~ maT`uyvarT Seqmna, TamaSi da moZraobaSi yofna~. isini cxovroben`aramdgradi Rirebulebebis, momavalze udardel, egoistur da hedonistur~ sazogadoebaSi. isini`siaxles iReben, rogorc axal ambavs, prekariatulobas, rogorc Rirebulebas, arastabilurobas, rogorc imperatiulbas, hibridulobas, rogorc simdidres~. 19 Tumca, sxvadasxva xarisxiT, isini, yvela, floben`labirinTuli cxovrebis~ xelovnebas: dezorientaciis miRebas, mzaobas, rom icxovron sivrcisa da drois gareT, TavbrusxveviT, mogzaurobis mimarTulebis an xangrZlivobis Sesaxeb aranairi miniSnebiT Sesaxeb codniT, sadac isini midian. ramdenime Tvis colTa erTad me vijeqi aeroportis barSi da velodebodi damakavSirebel frenas. ori kaci, daaxloebiT oc wlis an odnav metis, dasxdnen Semdegi magisi irgvliv, romelTaganac orive aRWurvili iyo mobiluri telefoniT. daaxloebiT saaT-naxevris ganmavlobaSi, maT ar gaucvliaT arcerTi sityva erTmaneTTan, Tumca isini gauCereblad laparakobdnen uCinar mosaubresTan telefonis xazis meore bolos. es ar niSnavs, rom isini ver amCnevdnen erTmaneTis arsebobas. sinamdvileSi, swored am arsebobis gacnobiereba aZlevda maT maTi moqmedebis motivacias. ori kaci CaerTo SejibrSi, rom imdenad Zlieri, gaSmagebuli da mZvinvare yofiliyo igi, ramdenadac es SesaZlebeli iyo. vinc daasrulebda satelefono saubars, maSin, roca meore isev laparakobda, is eZebda sxva nomers, rom daeWira misTvis; naTelia, rom kavSirebis raode- 258| Txevadi modernuloba noba,`dakavSirebulobis~ xarisxi, Sesabamisi kavSirebis simWidrove aris is, rac maT kvanZebs ukeTebda, sxva kvanZebis raodenoba, romelTanac maT SeeZloT dakavSireba TavianTi nebiT, iyo gansakuTrebuli sakiTxi, SesaZloa, umaRlesi mniSvnelobis orivesaTvis: socialuri mdgomareobis, poziciis, Zalauflebis da prestiJis indeqsebi. orive kacma es saaT-naxevari gaatara baris aeroportis gare sivrceSi. roca frena, romelsac orive maTgani eloda, gamocxadda, orivem erTdroulad dabloka TavianTi Cemodnebi erTnairi sinqronizirebuli JestebiT da wavidnen, Tan eWiraT telefonebi TavianT yurebTan axlos. me darwmunebuli var, rom maT ar SevumCnevivarT me da Cemi coli, romlebic maTgan ori iardis iqiT isxdnen da akvirdebodnen maTs yvela moZraobas. rac Seexeba maTs cxovrebis samyaros( Lebenswelt ), isini iyvnen(mas Semdeg, rac orTodoqsuli anTropologistebis paterni gakicxa klod levi-strosma) fizikurad axlos CvenTan, magram sulierad da usasrulod Sors. naijel trifti Tavis SesaniSnav eseSi, imaze rasac man gadawyvita, rom uwodos`rbili~( soft ) kapitalizmi 20 , amCnevs leqsikonisa da kognituri CarCos SesamCnev cvlilebas, romlebic aRniSnaven axal globalur da eqsteritoriarul elitas. raTa gadmoscen TavianT qmedebebis arsi, isini iyeneben`cekvis~ an`serfingis~ metaforas; isini ukve aRar laparakoben`inJineriaze~, kulturebisa da kavSirebis, gundebisa da koaliciebisa da gavlenebis nacvlad, isini saubroben kontrolze, liderobasa da mmarTvelobaze. isini dakavSirebulni arian organizaciis Tavisufal formebTn, romlebmac SeiZleba Seagrovon, daSalon da xelaxla aawyon Sroma| 259 mokled droSi an drois gareSe: es aris erTobliobis iseTi Txevadi forma, romelic Seesabameba maT xedvas misi garSemomyofi msoflios Sesaxeb, romelic aris `mravalgvari, kompleqsuri, da swrafad moZravi da amaTanave,`gaurkveveli~,`bundovani~,`plastikuri~~, `gaurkveveli, paradoqsuli da qaoturic ki.~ dRevandel biznes organizaciebs ganzrax CaSenebuli aqvs Tavis TavSi destruqciis elementi: rac ufro naklebad myari da ufro metad Txevadia igi, miT ukeTesia. rogorc yvelaferi danarCeni msoflioSi, yvela codna ar SeiZleba, ar daZveldes swrafad, amitomac`unda uaryo, rom daTanmxde aRiarebul codnas~, mihyve precendentebs da aRiaro dagrovebuli gamocdilebebis gakveTilebis sibrZnes, rac dRes ganixileba, rogorc efeqturobisa da produqtiulobis brZanebebi. ori axalgazrda mamakaci mobiluri telefoniT, visac me vuyurebdi aeroportis barSi, SeiZleba iyvnen im axali axali, ricxobrivad patara kiber samyaroSi mcxovrebi elitis nimuSebi, romlebic yvavis mTeli samyaros gaurkvevlobasa da arastabilurobaSi, magram dominantebis stils aqvs tendencia, rom gaxdes dominanturi stili – Tu es ar iqneba mimzidveli arCevani, maSin, nebismier SemTxvevaSi, cxovrebiseul wesebs dagidgenen, sadac misi imitacia xdeba erTdroulad sasurveli da imperatiuli, rac gadaizrdeba TviTkmayofilebisa da gadarCenis sakiTxSi. Zalian cota adamiani atarebs Tavis dros aeroportis mosacdelebSi da kidev ufro cota adamiani grZnobs iq Tavs Tavis stiqiaSi, an, minimum, aris sakmarisad eqsteritorialuri, rom ar igrZnos Tavi Seviwrovebulad an datvirTulad, adgilis mowyenilobis dinebiT, aseve xmauriani 260| Txevadi modernuloba da uxeSi brboTi, romlebic avseben mas. magram bevri maTgani, SesaZloa, yvela, arian momTabareni, romlebic ar toveben TavianT gamoqvebulebs. isini SeiZleba isev eZeben TavSesafrebs TavianT saxlebSi, magram, saeWvoa, ipovon ganmartoeba iq da rac unda ecadnon, isini verasdros ver gaxdebian namdvili`saxlebi~ maTTvis ( chez soi ): TavSesafrebs aqvs forovani kedlebi, mTlianad gangmirulni arian uTvalavi mavTulebiTa da martivad SeRwevadi yvelganmyofi radiotalRebiT. am adamianebze, rogorc umravles adamianebze manamde, dominirebdnen da`akontrolebdnen distanciurad~; magram maTze dominireben da akontroleben axali gziT. xelmZRvaneloba Seicvala sanaxaobiT da dakvirveba – SecdeniT. vinc marTavs(radio)talRebs, marTavs msoflios da wyvets mis formasa da Semadgenlobas. aravis sWirdeba mayureblebis daZaleba an biZgi, rom daeswron sanaxaobas: vai maT, vinc gabedavs maTTvis Sesvlaze uaris Tqmas.`informaciaze~(ZiriTadad eleqtronul) wvdoma gacaiqca yvelaze gulmodgined dacul adamianis uflebad da mosaxleobaSi keTildReobis gazrda dRes ZiriTada mainc izomeba, sxva rameebTan erTad, Sinameurneobis raodenobiT, romlebic aRWurvilni(dapyrobilni ? ) arian televizorebiT. is, rom informacia Sens informirebas axdens ufro metad, vidre nebismieri ram da rac unda iyos es `nebismieri ram~, SesaZloa, is iyo msoflios Txevadoba iyos, sadac cxovroben misi mimRebebi da misi mcxovreblebis moxerxebulobis upiratesoba.`axali ambebi~, eleqtronuli informaciis is nawilia, romelic didi Sansia, rom SecdomiT miiRon, rogorc`msoflio sadRac iq~-is( ‘world out there’ ) namdvili reprezentacia, Sroma| 261 sadac SenarCunebulia`sarkiseburi realobis~ roli (da yvelaze xSirad, is aireklavs am realobas keTilsindisierad da gayalbebis gareSe), pier burdies SefasebiT, aris yvelaze warmavali, SemoTavazebul saqonlebs Soris. namdvilad, axali ambebis cxovrebis xangrZlivoba aris sasacilod xanmokle sapnis operebTan, Toq-SouebTan an`stendaf komikosebis~ saaTebTan SedarebiT. magram axali ambebis malfuWebadoba, rogorc `realuri msoflios~ Sesaxeb informacia, TavisTavad aris informaciis yvelaze mniSvnelovani punqti: axali ambebis translacia aris cvlilebis sulisSemkvreli siCqaris, aCqarebuli daZvelebisa da axali dasawyisebis uwyvetobis yvelaze mudmivi, yoveldRiurad ganmeorebadi zeimi. 21 eqskursi: prokrastinaciis mokle istoria Cras laTinurad niSnavs`xval~. es sityva aseve iyo semantikurad gawelili, rom mieTiTebina, cnobili bundovani manana -isagan(momavlis ganusazRvrel periodSi) gansxvavebiT, ganusazRvreli`ufro gviani~ – momavali, rogorc aseTi. Crastinus aris is, rac miekuTvneba`xval~-s. imisaTvis, rom gaaWianuro, saWiroa, ganaTavso raRac iseT rameebs Soris, rac`xval~-s ekuTvnis. am`raRacis~ iq ganTavseba, maSinve gulisxmobs imas, rom`xval~ ar aris am`raRacis~ bunebrivi adgili, is, rom es ganxiluli`raRac~ marTlac ar ekuTvnis im adgils. es gulisxmobs, rom is ekuTvnis sxva adgils. magram romels ? cxadia, awmyos. imisaTvis, rom es`ra- 262| Txevadi modernuloba Rac~ moxvdes momavalSi, Tavdapirvelad, mas sWirdeba gamovides awmyodan an dablokos masTan wvdoma.`prokrastinacia~ niSnavs, rom ar miiRo sagnebi iseTan, rogoric isini arian, ar imoqmedo sagnebis bunebrivi samarTalmemkvidreobiT. modernul epoqaSi gakeTebuli saerTo warmodgenisagan gansxvavebiT, prokrastinacia ar aris sizarmacis, mconareobis, uZraobis an daRlis sakiTxi; is aris aqtiuri pozicia, mcdeloba, rom aiRo kontrolis qveS movlenaTa mimdevroba da gaxado es mimdevroba gansxvavebuli imisgan, rogorc is iqneboda, Tu darCeboda morCili da damTmobi. prokrastinacia niSnavs sagnis arsebobis SesaZleblobebis manipulirebas misi awmyos Camoyalibebis gadadebiT, gaWianurebiTa da gadadebiT, misi distancirebiTa da gadaudeblobis vadis gagrZelebiT. prokrastinacia, rogorc kulturuli praqtika gamoCnda modernulobis dasawyisTan erTad. misi axli mniSvneloba da eTikuri mniSvneloba gamodis drois axali gaazrebulobidan, droidan, romelsac aqvs istoria, droidan, romelic aris istoria. es mniSvneloba warmoebulia Cafiqrebuli droidan, rogorc pasaJi sxvadasxva xarisxisa da sxvadasxva Rirebulebebis`awmyo momentebsa~ da iseT dros Soris, romelic ganixileba, rogorc mogzauroba sxva awmyoSi, gansxvavebiT(da rogorc wesi, ufro sasurveli, vidre) im awmyosagan, romelSic axla vcxovrobT. mokled rom vTqvaT: prokrastinaciam miiRo Tavisi modernuli mniSneloba im droidan, roca is cxovrobda, rogorc piligrimi, rogorc moZraoba, romelic axlos midis mizanTan. aseT dros, TiToeuli awmyo fasdeba imiT, rac mis Semdeg modis. ra mniSvnelobac Sroma| 263 ar unda miiRos awmyom aq da axla, es ubralod ufro maRali Rirebulebis gamafrTxilebeli signalia. gamoyeneba – amocana – am awmyosi aris is, rom miiyvanos adamiani ufro axlos am ufro maRal RirebulebasTan. TavisTavad, awmyo dro aris umniSvnelo da usargeblo. zustad am mizeziT is aris defeqtiani, arasrulyofili da dausrulebeli. awmyos mniSvneloba win aris; rac xelSi gvaqvs, fasdeba da mniSvneloba eniWeba jer isev ar damdgariT( noch nicht geworden ), imiT, rac jerjerobiT ar arsebobs. aqedan gamomdinare, cxovreba, rogorc piligrimi amasTanave aris aporetikuli. is avaldebulebs yvela awmyos, rom Seinaxos raRac, rac ar aris jer da emsaxuros mas distanciis SemcirebiT, siaxlovesa da gadaudeblobaze muSaobiT. magram rom yofiliyo distancia daxuruli da mizani – miRweuli, awmyo dakargavda yvelafers, rac mas mniSvnelovansa da Rrebuls xdida. instrumentuli racionaloba, piligrimuli cxovrebis mier dalocvili da privilegirebuli, aqezebs iseTi saSualebebis Zebnas, romlebsac SeuZliaT Caidinon ucnauri gmiroba: SeinarCunon Zalisxmevebis dasasruli samudamod TvalTaxedvis areSi da amasTanave, arasdros miaRwios siaxloves, arasdros miuaxlovdes dasasruls ufro axlos, maSin, roca axdens distanciis prevencias, rom ar miuaxlovdes nuls. piligrimis cxovreba aris mogzauroba SesrulebisTvis, magram`Sesruleba~ am cxovrebaSi aris danakargis mniSvnelobis tolfasia. SesrulebisTvis mogzauroba piligrimis cxovrebas mniSvnelobas sZens, magram mniSvnelobas, romelsac is aZlevs, moculia suiciduri impulsiT. am mniSvnelobas ar SeuZlia gadaitanos misi bedis dasruleba. 264| Txevadi modernuloba prokrastinacia aireklavs am ambivalenturobas. piligrimi aWianurebs imisTvis, rom ukeT moemzados imisTvis, rom xeli CaWidos imas, rac namdvilad mniSvnelovania. magram xelis CaWideba maTze niSnavs piligrimobis dasasruls da Sesabamisad, iseTi cxovrebis dasasruls, radganac igi warmiSoba misi erTaderTi mniSvnelobidan. am mizeziT, prokratinacias aqvs Tandayolili tendencia, rom gatexos drois nebismieri limiti, romelic winaswar dawesda da gawelos igi ganusazRvrelad – ad calendas graecas (berZnuli kalendebis mixedviT – arasdros). prokratinacias aqvs tendencia, rom gaxdes Tavisi sakuTari Tavis obieqti. yvelaze mniSvnelovan rames, rac prokrastinaciis aqtis dros gadaideba, aqvs tendencia, rom daasrulos Tavad prikrastinacia. damokidebulebiTi / qceviTi principebi, romlebmac safuZveli Cauyara modernul sazogadoebas da Camoayaliba msoflioSi cxovrebis modernuli gza, romlis mixedviTac, SesaZlebeli da gardauvali iyo dakmayofilebis Seyovnebis principi(saWiroebis an survilis dakmayofilebis, am wuTieri sisiamovno gamocdilebis, siamovnebis miRebis). swored am gamoxatulebiT gavida prokrastinacia modernul scenaze(an ufro zustad, Camoayaliba modernuli scena). rogorc maqs veberi xsnida, swored am konkretuli gaWianurebam, da ara siCqarem da mouTmenlobam, migviyvana am STambeWdav da originalur modernul inovaciebamde, rogorc, erTi mxriv, kapitalis akumulaciamde da meore mxriv, samuSao eTikis gavrcelebamde da gamagrebamde. gaumjobesebisaken swrafvam Zalisxmevas misca misi impulsi da biZgi, magram gafrTxilebebma –`jer ara~,`ubralod Sroma| 265 axla ara~, mimarTa es Zalisxmevebi misi gauTavliswinebeli Sedegisken, romlebic cnobilni gaxdnen, rogorc zrda, ganviTareba, aCqareba da aqedan gamomdinare, modernuli sazogadoeba. `dakmayofilebis Seferxebis~ prokrastinaciis fo­ r­miT SenarCunda yvela misi Sinagani ambivalenturoba. libido da Tanatosi ecilebodnen erTmaneTs gadav­a­ debos yvela aqtSi da yvela Seyovneba iyo libidos triumfi mis mokvdav mterze. survilma biZgi misca Zalisxmevas dakmayofilebis imediT, magram biZgis micemam SeinarCuna Tavisi Zala, radganac sasurveli dakmayofileba rCeboda ubralod imedad. survilis yvela mamotivirebel Zalas davalebuli hqonda misi arSesruleba. sabolood, imisaTvis, rom cocxali darCes, survils unda hqonoda mxolod imis survili, rom gadarCeniliyo. `dakmayofilebis Seferxebis~ formiT, prokrasti­ nacia ayenebs xvnasa da Tesvas ufro maRla, vidre marcvleuli kulturis mosavlis aRebasa da mopoveba, investicias – mogebis miRebaze maRla, dazogvas – daxarjvaze maRla, pirad sikeTeebze uaris Tqmas – sakuTari Tavis waxalisebaze maRla, samuSaos – moxmarebaze maRla. da mainc, is arasdros scxebda Cirqs im rameebis Rirebulebas, romelTac is uars eubneboda pirvelobaze da arc mis Rirsebasa da mniSvnelobas ukargavda. es rameebi sakuTari Tavisgan TavSekavebis prizebi iyo, jildoebi nebayoflobiTi gafarToebisTvis. rac ufro mkacria TavSekaveba, sabolood, miT ufro didi iqneba SesaZlebloba sakuTari Tavis waxalisebisTvis. SeinaxeT, radganac rac ufro mets SeinaxavT, miT ufro metis daxarjva SegeZlebaT. imuSa- 266| Txevadi modernuloba veT, radganac, rac ufro mets imuSavebT, miT ufro metis moxmarebas SeZlebT. paradoqsulia, gadaudeblobis uaryofa, miznebis aSkara daqveiTeb, aRmdgari, rogorc maTi zrda da gakeTilSobileba. zrdis saWiroebam gaaZliera prizis gamaRizianebeli / macdunebeli Zalebi. survilebis dakmayofilebis dakninebisgan Sors, rogorc cxovrebiseuli Zalisxmevis motivi, imisaTvis, rom principma gadaavados, igi gadaaqcia cxovrebis umTavres miznad. dakmayofilebis Seferxeba iWerda mwarmoebels samomxmareblo mZime samuSaoSi – momxmareblis mwarmoeblis farTo gaRviZebisa da farTod gaxelili TvalebiT datovebiT. am ambivalenturobisadmi valdebulebis gamo, prokrastinacia kvebavs or sapirispiro tendencias. erTerTma migviyvana samuSao eTikamde, romelmac ubiZga saSualebebs, rom Seecvala Tavisi adgili dasasrulTan da gamoacxada samuSaos upiratesoba samuSaos gulisaTvis, sixarulis Seneleba, rom yofiliyo sakuTari Tavis da kidev ufro daxvewili Rirebuleba, vidre sxva Rirebulebebi, romelTac, savaraudod, is unda momsaxureboda. samuSao eTikam aiZula Seferxeba, rom gagrZelebuliyo usazRvrod. meore tendenciam migviyvana moxmarebis esTetiurobamde, samuSaos dakninebiT sufTad sobordinaciamde, niadagis gajansaRebis instrumentalur rolamde, aqtivobamde, romelic iRebs yvela Tavis Rirebulebas, iqidan, rac is ar aris, romelic amzadebs niadags TavSekavebisTvis da uaris TqmisaTvis, rogorc msxverplSewirva, romelic, SesaZloa, aucieleblia, magram mouxerxebeli da samarTlianad gabrazebuli da romelic sasurvelia, Semcirebuli iyos nulamde. Sroma| 267 radganac is orpiriani maxvilia, prokrastinacias SeeZlo emsaxura modernuli sazogadoebisTvis, rogorc`simyaris~, aseve`Txevadobis~ mdgomareobaSi, rogorc mwarmoeblis da aseve momxareblis stadiaSi, Tumca man daamZima TiToeuli faza daZabulobebiTa da gaubedavi damokidebulebiTi da aqsiologikuri konfliqtebiT. aqedan gamomdinare, gadasvla dRevandel konsumerul sazogadoebaze, niSnavda aqcentis dasmis cvlilebas da ara Rirebulebebis cvlilebas. da mainc, man xazi gausva prokrastinaciis princips gadamwyvet wertilamde. es principi axla rCeba mowyvladi, radganac dakarga eTikuri akrZalvis damcavi fari. dakmayofilebis Seferxeba ukve aRar aris moraluri saTnoebis niSani. is aris sufTa da martivi sirTule, problematuri tvirTi, romelic signals gaZlevs socialuri meqaniznebis arasrulyofilebaze, personalur araadekvaturobaze an oriveze erTad. es aris ara Segoneba, aramed saqmeebis arasasiamovno(jerjerobiT gankurnebadi) mdgomareobebisadmi Segueba da maTi sevdiani aRiareba. Tu samuSao eTika mimarTulia Seferxebis usasrulo gagrZelebisaken, moxmarebis esTetika mimarTulia misi gauqmebisaken. Cven vcxovrobT, rogorc jorj Staineri ambobs,`kazinos kulturaSi~ da kazinoSi arasdrosaa zedmetad Sors gamoTqma:` Rien ne va plus! ~(ukve aRar SeiZleba fsoni), rac uwesebs miRebis limits prokrastinacias. Tu moqmedeba unda dajildovdes, jildo aris momentaluri. kazino kulturaSi cda amoRebulia survilidan, magram survilis dakmayofileba unda iyos mokle, unda gagrZeldes burTis Semdeg trialamde, rom iyos iseTive mokle, rogorc mocda, imis- 268| Txevadi modernuloba Tvis, rom iyos is ar daixrCos, da ar Seivsos Tavidan da gacocxldes, survili – yvelaze sasurveli prizia msoflioSi, romelic marTulia moxmarebis esTetikiT. Sesabamisad, proskanaciis dasawyisi da dasasruli xvdebian, distancia survilsa da mis dakmayofilebas Soris viwrovdeba aRtkinebis momentamde, romelic, rogorc jon tusam aRmoaCina(gardianSi, 1997 wlis 19 ivliss), bevri unda yofiliyo:`dauyovnebeli, mudmivi, yuradRebis gadamtani, TavSesaqcevi, mudmivad mzardi ricxvebiT, mudmivad mzardi formebiT, mudmivad mzardi SemTxvevebiT.~ sagnebisa da qmedebebis aranairi xarisxi ar eTvleba,`garda dauyovneblivi, mudmivi da uzrunveli TviTdakmayofileba~. cxadia, rom moTxovna dauyovnebliv dakmayofilebaze upirispirdeba prokrastinaciis princips. magram roca dakmayofileba dauyovneblivia, mas ar SeuZlia iyos mudmivi, Tu is ar aris mcirexniani da ar SeuZlia ar darCes misi yuradRebis gadamtani da gamrTobi Zalis sicocxlis monakveTis miRma. kazinos kulturaSi, prokrastinaciis kulturaze erTdroulad ori mxridan aris Tavdasxma. zewolis qveS aris dakmayofilebis Camosvlis Seferxeba, iseve, rogorc misi wasvlis dagvianeba. Tumca, es istoriis erTi mxarea. samewarmeo sazogadoebaSi, dakmayofilebis Seferxebis eTikuri principi gamoiyeneba, rom uzrunvelyon samuSao Zalis gamZleoba. samomxmareblo sazogadoebaSi, meore mxriv, igive principi SeiZleba iyos saWiro, rom uzrunvelyon survilis vargisianoba. survili ufro metad efemeruli, mtvrevadi da gamoSrobisken midrekilia, vidre Sroma da samuSaosgan gansxvavebiT ar aris gamagrebuli instucionalizebuli rutinebiT, is saeWvoa, rom Sroma| 269 gadarCes, roca dakmayofileba Sesruldeba ad calendas graecas (berZnuli kalendebis mixedviT – arasdros). imisaTvis, rom darCes cocxali da axali, survili isev da isev da sakmaod xSirad, unda iyos dakmayofilebuli, Tumca es mis dasasruls niSnavs. aqedan gamomdinare, sazogadoebas, romelsac marTavs esTetikuri moxmareba, sWirdeba Zalian gansakuTrebuli dakmayofileba – dakavSirebuli Derridean (deridas) pharmakon -Tan, romelic aris gankurnebadi wamali da sawamlavi erTdroulad, an, ufro zustad, wamali, romelsac sWirdeba zomierad gansazRvra, arasdros mTliani, momakvdinebeli, doza. es aris arc ise sasiamovno dakmayofilebaa, bolomde arasdros mTrali da yoveldTvis mitovebuli Sua gzaze. prokrastinacia emsaxureba samomxmareblo kulturas sakuTari TavganwirulobiT. SemoqmedebiTi Zalisxmevis wyaro ukve aRar aris gamowveuli survili, rom Seaferxos survilis dakmayofileba, aramed gamowveuli survili, rom Seamciros an gaauqmos igi sruliad da gamowveul survilebTan erTad Seamciros kmayofilebis darCenis dros, roca is mova. kultura, romelsac omi aqvs prokrastinaciis winaaRmdeg, aris siaxle modernul istoriaSi. mas ar aqvs adgili distanciis gansazRvrisaTvis, refleqsiis, uwyvetobisa da tradiciisaTvis, is Wiederholung (ganmeoreba), rac haidegeris mixedviT, iyo yofis modaloba, rogoric Cven vicodiT es. 270| Txevadi modernuloba adamianuri kavSirebi Txevad samyaroSi sivrcis ori tipi, adamianebis ori kategoriis mier dakavebuli, aris gasaocrad gasxvavebuli, Tumca urTierdakavSirebuli; isini ar saubroben erTmaneTSi, Tumca mudmiv komunikaciaSi arian; maT cota aqvT saerTo, Tumca imitireben msgavsebas. am or sivrces marTavs mkveTrad gansxvavebuli logika, aformirebs gansxvavebuli cxovrebiseuli gamocdileba, qmnis sxvadasxva cxovrebiseuli kursi da narativi, romelic gamoiyeneba gansxvavebulad; xSirad, erTnairi qceviTi kodebis sapirispiro ganmartebebiT. da mainc, orive sivrce ganlagebulia erTsa da imave samyaroSi da samyaro, risi nawilic orivea, aris daucvelobisa da prekariatulobis samyaro. statiam saTauri, romelic man 1997 wlis dekemberSi miiRo, Cveni drois erTerTi yvelaze mwvave analitikosisgan, pier burdiesgan, iyo` Le precarite est aujourd’hui partout ~ 22 (prekariatuloba dRes yvelganaa). saTaurSi yvelaferi naTqvamia: Tanamedrove drois pirobebis yvelaze gavrcelebuli(aseve Zalian mtanjvelad mgrZnobi) maxasiaTebelia prekariatuloba, arastabiluroba, daucveloba. frangi Teoritikosebi saubroben` precarite ~-ze(arasaimedoobaze), germanelebi Unsicherheit -sa(arasarwmunoobasa) da Risikogesellschaft -ze (riskis sazogadoebaze), italielebi – incertezza (arasarwmunoobaze) da ingliselebi – insecurity (arasaimedoobaze), magram yvela maTgani gulisxmobs adamianuri sirTuleebis erTsa da imave aspeqts, gadatanils sxvadasxva formaSi da sxvadasxva saxelis qveS mTeli msoflios garSemo, magram Tavs gansakuTrebiT depre- Sroma| 271 siulad da mxneobawarTmeulad grZnobda planetis yvelaze ganviTarebul da mdidar nawilSi – im mizeziT, rom iyo axali da bevri ramiT uprecendento. fenomeni, romelic cdilobs am yvela komponentis gagebasa da artikulirebas, aris arasaimedoobis(poziciis, uflebisa da sasicocxlo saSualebebis), ganusazRvrelobisa (rac Seexeba mis gangrZobiTobas da samomavlo stabilurobas) da daucvelobis(sxeuli, sakuTari Tavi da maTi gafarToeba: sakuTreba, samezoblo da Temi) kombinirebuli gamocdileba. prekariatuloba aris winaswari kondiciis niSani yvela danarCenisTvis: sasicocxlo saSualebebi da kerZod, sasicocxlo saSualebebis yvelaze gavrcelebuli tipebi, romlebic moiTxoveba samuSaosa da dasaqmebis adgilze. es sasicocxlo saSualebebi ukve gaxda gansakuTrebiT mtvrevadi da yovelwliurad xdeba ufro susti da naklebad gamZle. bevri adamiani, roca usmens gamocdili eqspertebis aSkarad sawinaaRmdego poziciebs, magram ufro xSirad, ubralod ar ixedeba irgvliv da fiqrobs mis yvelaze axlo da uZvirfases bedze, brals deben sakmaod wonadi mizeziT politikosebs, rom rac unda mamaci iyos saxeebi, romelsac isini qmnian da rac unda mamacurad JRerdes maTi dapirebebi, umuSevroba mdidar qveynebSi gaxda`struqturuli~: yoveli axali vakansiis dros uCinardeba zogierTi samuSao da ubralod ar aris sakmao samuSao yvelasTvis. teqnologiuri progresi, ra Tqma unda, Tavad racionalizirebuli Zalisxmeva, winaswarmetyvelebs, rom gaxdes ufro naklebi, naklebi samuSaoTi. ramdenad myife da gaurkvevelia imaTi cxovreba, romlebic ukve zedmetni gaxdnen da maTi zedmetoba 272| Txevadi modernuloba ar saWiroebs didfantazias, rom amis monaxazi gaakeTo. Tumca, saqme imaSia, rom, minimum fsiqologiurad, yvela danarCeni aseve zaraldeba, ubralod, mxolod, iribad. struqturuli umuSevrobis samyaroSi, aravis SeuZlia Tavi WeSmaritad daculad igrZnos. garantirebuli samsaxurebi, sando kompaniebSi, savaraudoa, rom iyos babuebis nostalgiis Zafebi; amasTanave, ar aris bevri codna da gamocdileba, romlebsac, Tu erTxel SeiZen, garantias mogcems, rom samuSaos SemogTavazeben da Tu mainc SemogTavazeben, iqneba xangrZlivi. aravis SeuZlia, rom windaxedulad ivaraudos, rom dazRveuli iqneba`Semcirebis~,`modernizaciis~ an`racinalizaciis~ Semdegi raundisagan, bazris moTxovnis meryevi Zvrebisgan da`konkurentunarianobis~,`produqtiulobisa~ da`efeqturobis~ axirebuli, magram mimzidveli, jiuti zewolisagan.`moqniloba~ aris dRis lozungi. is winaswarmetvyelebs samuSaoebs Tandayolili uzrunvelyofis, myari valdebulebebisa an samomavlo uflebebis gareSe, romelic ar gTavazobs arafers, garda saswrafo an aramyari konraqtebisa, gaTavisuflebebs gafrTxilebis gareSe da aranair uflebas kompensaciisTvis. Sesabamisad, aravis SeuZlia namdvilad Caunacvlebadad igrZnos Tavi – arc imaT, vinc ukve gandevnilia da arc imaT, vinc tkbeba samuSaoTi, roca sxvebs devnian. yvelaze privilegirebuli poziciebic ki SeiZleba droebiTi gaxdes,`axlo momavalSi~. grelvadiani uzrunvelyofis ararsebobisas,`myisieri dakmayofileba~ macdurad Cans, rogorc gonivruli strategia. rac unda SemogvTavazos cxovrebam, dae, es iyos hic et nunc – axlave. vin icis, ras mogvitans xvalindeli dRe ? dakmayofilebis Seferxebam dakarga Sroma| 273 Tavisi mimzidveloba. sabolood, saerTod ar aris naTeli, CaiTvlebian, Tu ara, dRes investirebuli Sroma da Zalisxmeva, rogorc aqtivebi, imden xans, ramdenic saWiro iqneba jildos misaRebad. ufro metic, saerTod ar aris naTeli, rom prizebi, romlebic dRes ase mimzidvelad gamoiyurebian, isev iqnebian sasurvelni, roca isini gamoCndebian. Cven yvela gavigebT mware gamocdilebidan, rom Zalian mokled droSi, aqtivebi gadaiqcevian valdebulebebad da brwyinvale prizebi – sircxvilis niSnebad. moda modis da midis gadaWarbebuli siCqariT, survilis yvela obieqti xdeba moZvelebuli, CamoSorebuli da usiamovnoc ki, sanam isini moaswreben, rom srulad asiamovnon sxva. cxovrebis stili, romelic aris`moduri~ dRes, xval gaxdeba dacinvis obieqti xval. kidev erTxel movaxden burdies citirebas: maT, visac enaneba cinicizmi, vinc aRniSnavs Cveni drois kacebsa da qalebs, ar unda ugulebelyos misi dakavSireba socialur da ekonomikur kondiciebTan, romlebic keTilganwyobilni arian da iTxoven amas...~ roca romi iwvis da Zalian cota an araferi SegiZlia gaakeTo, imisaTvis, rom Caaqro cecxli, violinoze dakvra ar Cans gansakuTrebulad sulelurad da arc aranakleb droulad, vidre sxva saqmianoba. prekariatuli ekonomika da socialuri kondicia avarjiSebs kacebsa da qalebs(an aiZulebs maT, rom iswavlon rTuli gziT), rom miiRon msoflio ise, rogorc erTjeradi obieqtebiT, erTjeradi moxmarebis nivTebiT savse konteineri; mTeli msoflio – sxva adamianebis CaTvliT. garda amisa, Cans, rom msoflio Sedegeba`Savi yuTebisagan~, romlebic hermetulad daxurulia da arasdros gaixsneba momxmareblebis mier, 274| Txevadi modernuloba romlebic masTan arian didxans, rom aRaraferi vTqvaT mis SekeTebaze, roca is nadgurdeba. dRevandeli avtoSemkeTeblebi ar arian ganswavlulebi gatexili da dazianebuli Zravebis SekeTebaSi, maT SeuZliaT mxolod gamoyenebuli an defeqtiani nawilebisagan gaTavisufleba da gadagdeba da maTi Canacvleba sxva gamzadebuli da daluquli detalebiT, romlebic irCeva sawyobis Taroebidan. rac Seexeba,`saTadarigo nawilebis~ Sida struqturas(gamoTqma, romelic ambobs yvelafers), maTi muSaobis saidumlo gzebs, maT aqvT Zalian cota codna an saerTod ar aqvT; isini ar miiCneven aseT gagebasa da codnas maTs pasuxismgeblobad an ar Tvlian, rom es maTi kompetenciis farglebSia. rogorc garaJSia, asevea cxovreba gareT: TiToeuli`nawili~ aris`saTadarigo~ da Canacvlebadi da ufro ukeTesia, Tu Canacvldeba. ratom unda daxarjo dros remontze, romelic moiTxovs Sromatevad samuSaobs, Tu gWirdeba mxolod ramdenime wuTi, rom nagavze moisrolo dazianebuli nawili da mis adgilas sxva dado ? msoflioSi, sadac momavali, saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi, bundovani da mistiuria, Tumca, ufro savaraudoa, rom savsea riskebiTa da safrTxeebiT, Soreuli miznebis dasaxva, pirad interesebze uaris Tqma, imisaTvis, rom gazardo jgufis Zalaufleba da msxverplad Sewiro awmyo momavlis netarebis saxeliT, ar Cans mimzidvelad arc am keTilgonieri SeTavazebiT. nebismieri Sansi, romelic ar gamoiyeneba aq da axla, gaSvebuli Sansia; misi armiReba aris, Sesabamisad, aris miutevebeli da ar SeiZleba martivad iqnas mitevebuli, rom aRaraferi vTqvaT gamarTlebaze. awmyo drois movaleobebi xels uSlian Semdegi dRis SesaZleblobebs, Sroma| 275 rac ufro msubuqi da zedapirulebi arian isini, miT nakleb savaraudoa dazianeba.`axla~ aris cxovrebiseuli strategiis sakvanZo sityva, romel strategiasac ar unda iyenebdes igi da rasac ar unda gTavazobdes. arasaimedo da araprognozirebad msoflioSi, Wkviani moxetiale Cadebda bevr Zalisxmevas, rom imitireba gaekeTebina mxiaruli msoflios adamianebis, romlebic mogzaurobdnen msubuqad; isini ar daRvridnen Zalian bevr cremls, roca moiSorebdnen yvelafers, rac zRudavda moZraobebs. isini iSviaTad akeTebdnen pauzas, rom dafiqrebuliyvnen imaze, rom adamianuri kavSirebi ar arian, rogorc Zravis nawilebi – is, rom isini TiTqmis arasdros ar arian mza mdgomareobaSi, is, rom maT aqvT tendencia, rom swrafad gadaiqcnen da daiSalnon nawilebad, Tu hermetulad davluqavT da ar SeiZleba martivad Canacvldnen, rodesac ukve aRar gamoiyenebian. aqedan gamomdinare, SromiTi bazris operatorebis mier Catarebuli winaswarganzraxuli`prekarizaciis~ politika, aRmoCnda cxovrebiseuli politikebis mier gamagrebuli da waxalisebeli(misi gaZlierebuli efeqtebiT), imisgan damoukideblad, ganzrax iyo miRebuli Tu nagulisxmevi. orives erTi da igive Sedegi aqvs: Wknoba da gaxuneba, nawilebad daSla da adamianuri kavSirebis, sazogadoebebisa da amxanagobebis gayofa. movaleobebi,`manam, sanam sikvdili ar dagvaSorebs Cven~ gadaiqca kontraqtad,`sanam kmayofileba grZeldeba~, romelic droebiTi da warmavalia definiciis, Canafiqrisa da pragmatuli impulsis mixedviT da amitomac, yovel jerze iSleba calmxrivad, roca parniorTagan erTerTi aRmoaCens ufro met SesaZle- 276| Txevadi modernuloba blobas da misTvis ufro Rirebulia, rom gavides partniorobidan, vidre Seecados, SeinarCunos igi nebismier fasad. sxva sityvebiT, kavSirebi da partnioroba, rogorc wesi, ganixileba, rogorc sagnebi, romlebic unda moixmaro da ara awarmoo; isini emorCilebian Sefasebis iseTive kriteriums, rogorsac moxmarebis sxva obieqtebi. samomxmareblo bazarze, TiTqos grZelvadiani produqtebi, rogorc wesi, SeTavazebulni arian`gamosacdeli vadiT; fulis dabruneba dapirebulia, Tu myidveli ufro naklebada dakmayofilebuli, vidre mTlianad. Tu partniori amxanagobaSi`konceptualizdeba~ aseTi terminebiT, maSin ukve orive parnioris amocana aRar aris, rom`es urTierToba aamuSavon~, rom aamuSavon igi nebismier fasad,`siRaribesa da simdidreSi~, avadmyofobasa da janmrTelobaSi, rom daexmaron erTmaneTs kargisa da cudis SerwymiT, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, uari Tqvan sakuTar upiratesobebze, wavidnen kompromissa da msxverplze xangrZlivi gaerTianebis gulisaTvis. amis nacvlad, dRes ukve saubaria moxmarebisTvis mza produqtisagan dakmayofilebis miRebaze. Tu miRebuli siamovneba ar Seesabameba standarts, rac dapirebuli iyo da risi molodinic arsebobda, an, Tu siaxle nadgurdeba sixarulTan erTad, SegiZlia Seitano sarCeli ganqorwinebisTvis, Tan citireba moaxdino momxmareblis uflebebisa da saqonlis aRweris kanonisa. aravis SeuZlia ifiqros im mizezebze, rom miizidos ufro dabali xarisxisa da daZvelebul produqti, da ar eZebos`axali da gaumjobesebuli~ maRaziebSi. amas Semdeg mosdevs is, rom partniorobis savaraudo droebiToba SeiZleba gadaiqces TviTdamakmayofi- Sroma| 277 lebel winaswarmetyvlebad. Tu adamianuri kavSirebi, rogorc yvela sxva samomxmareblo obieqtebi, ar aris is raRac, rac SeiZleba gamoimuSavo xangrZlivi ZalisxmeviTa da perioduli msxverplSewirviT, raRac, rac, rogorc navaraudevia, mogcems kmayofilebas maSinve, myisierad, SeZenis momentidanve da aris raRac, rasac adamiani maSinve uaryofs, Tu is ar daakmayofilebs, raRac, rac unda Seinaxo da gamoiyeno manam, sanam(da ara metad, vidre) is agrZelebs Sens dakmayofilebas, maSin, ar arsebobs imis azri, rom`daxarjo fuli karg rameebze, cudis Semdeg~( throwing good money after bad ), ecado Zlier da ufro Zlier, rom araferi vTqvaT, mtanjvel diskomfortsa da SfoTvaze, rom gadaarCino Tqveni partnioroba. patara waborZikebasac ki SeuZlia gamoiwvios partniorobis daSla da waqceva; trivialuri uTanxmeoba gadaizarda ufro did konfliqtSi, msubuqi dapirispirebebi – rogorc ZiriTadi da aunazRaurebeli SeuTavseblobis signalebi. rogorc amerikeli sociologi, v.i. tomasi ityoda, is gaxdeboda movlenebis aseTi Semobrunebis mowme: Tu isini miiRebdnen TavianT movaleobebs, rogorc droebiTs, mis Semdeg gafrTxilebamde, es movaleobebi gaxdebodnen aseTebi am adamianebis qmedebebis Sedegad. socialuri arsebobsi prekariatuloba STaagonebs Cven garSemo arsebuli msoflios aRqmas, rogorc produqtis agregats saCqaro moxmarebisTvis. magram msoflios aRqma mis mcxovreblebTan erTad, rogorc samomxmareblo sagnebis totaloba, xdis xangrZlivi adamianuri kavSirebis molaparakebebs Zalian rTuls. daucveli xalxs aqvs midrekileba, rom iyos gaRizianebuli; isini aseve arian Seuwynarebeli yvelafris 278| Txevadi modernuloba mimarT, rac maT survilebs gzaze gadaeRobeba; da radganac arcise cota survili dgas imedgacruebis zRvarze, iSviaTad aris iseTi rameebisa da adamianebis danaklisi, Zalian iSviaTad aris iseTi rameebisa da adamianebis danaklisi, vis mimarTac ar iqnebi Seuwynarebeli. Tu myisieri dakmayofileba aris erTaderTi gza, rom`moaxrCo~ daucvelobis mudmivad mtkivani grZnoba(rom araferi vTqvaT, rom Caaqro daculobisa da uzrunvelyofis wyurvili), sinamdvileSi, ar arsebobs aSkara mizezi, rom iyo amtani imisa da imaT mimaT, romelsac ar gaaCnia aranairi kavSiri dakmayofilebisken swrafvasTan, rom aRaraferi vTqvaT imaze an imaTze, mouxerxeblebsa da uRimRamoebze im dakmayofilebis ZebnaSi, romelsac adamiani eZebs. Tumca, arsebobs kidev erTi kavSiri prekariatuli samuaros`konsumerizmsa~ da adamianuri kavSirebis darRvevas Soris. warmoebisagan gansxvavebiT, moxmareba aris martosuli aqtivoba, endemurad da gamousworeblad martosuli, iseT momentebSic ki, rogorc es xorcieldeba kompaniaSi sxvebTan. produqtiuli(rogorc wesi, grZelvadiani) Zalisxmevebi moiTxovs kooperacias, maSinac ki, roca isini moiTxoven ubralod nedli kunTovani Zalebis gazrdas: Tu migaqvs mZime mori erTi adgilan, meoreze, gWirdeba rva adamiani erT saaTSi, aqedan ar gamomdinareobs is, rom erT adamians igives gakeTeba rva(an nebismieri raodenobis) saaTSi SeuZlia. ufro rTuli amocanebis SemTxvevaSi, romelic moicavs Sromis danawilebas da moiTxovs sxvadasxva specialistis codnas, romelic ar SeiZleba Caetios erT adamianSi, kooperaciis saWiroeba kidev ufro aSkara xdeba; mis gareSe, ar iqneba Sroma| 279 Sansi imisa, rom gamoCndes romelime produqti. swored TanamSromloba aqcevs mimofantul da gansxvavebuli Zalisxmevebs produqtiul Zalad. Tumca, moxmarebis SemTxvevaSi, kooperacia aramarto ar gWirdeba, aramed metismetad zedmetia. yvelaferi, rac moixmareba, moixmareba individualurad, gadaWedil darbazSic ki. luis buniuelma(`Tavisuflebis fantomSi~), Tavisi mravalmxrivi geniasTan kavSirSi, gviCvena sadiloba, rogorc TiTqosda komunikabelurobisa da interaqciis prototipuli aRWurviloba,(gavrcelebuli tyulisagan gansxvavebiT), rom is aris yvelaze ganmartoebiTi da saidumlo aqtivoba, romelic bejiTad daculia sxva adamianebis inkviziciisgan. undoblobis TviTgadarCena alan peirefite 23 Tavis retrospeqtul kvlevaSi, `akviatebuli da Sepyrobili ganviTarebis~ modernul / kapitalisturi sazogadeobis Sesaxeb, mivida im daskvnamde, rom am sazogadoebis yvelaze mniSvnelovani, namdvilad ganmsazRvreli, maxasiaTebeli ndoba: ndoba sakuTari Tavisadmi, sxvebisadmi da institutebisadmi. ndobis samive komponenti iyo Seucvleli. isini uzrunvelyofdnen da inarCunebdnen erTmaneTs: erTi rom ageRo, danarCeni ori feTqdeboda da imsxvreoda. Cven SegveZlo aRgvewera modernuli`SekveTa-warmoebis~ aliaqoTi, rogorc instituciuri safuZvlebis mudmivi mcdeloba ndobisTvis: stabiluri CarCos SeTavazebiT ndobis investiciisTvis da im mrwamsis sandod Camoya- 280| Txevadi modernuloba libebisTvis, rom axlaxans movlili Rirebulebebi gaagrZelebs, rom iyos gaRmerTebulni da sasurvelni, rom am Rirebulebebis devnisa da miRwevis wesebi gaagrZeleben dakvirvebas, darCnen daurRvevelni da daucvelni drois dinebisgan. peirefite gamoyofs, warmoebas gaerTianebuls dasaqmebaSi, rogorc yvelaze mniSvnelovan adgils ndobis daTesvisa da kultivaciisTvis. im faqtma, rom kapitalisturi warmoeba aseve iyo konfliqtisa da konfrontaciis saTburi, SecdomaSi ar unda Segviyvanos: ar arsebobs defiance (undobloba) confiance (ndobis) gareSe, ar arsebobs konkurencia ndobis gareSe. Tu dasaqmebulebi ibrZodnen TavianTi uflebebisTvis, es imitom xdeboda, rom isini darwmunebulni iyvnen struqturis`mflobelobaSi myof ZalaSi~, romelSic, rogorc isini imedovnebdnen da ocnebobdnen, maTi uflebebi daregistrirebuli unda yofiliyo; isini endobodnen warmoebas, rogorc Sesabamis adgils, imisTvis, rom gadaetanaT maTi uflebebi saTuTad SenaxvisaTvis. es ukve aRar aris SemTxveva, an, minimum, swrafad wyvets, rom iyos SemTxveva. arcerTi racionaluri adamiani ar elis, rom daxarjavs mis mTel samuSao cxovrebas, an, minimum, mis did nawils, erT kompaniaSi. racionaluri adamianebis umravlesoba upiratesobas mianiWebdnen, rom miendoT TavianTi cxovrebis danazogi aSkarad riskTan mijaWvul, safondo birJis sainvesticio fondebsa sadazRvevo kompaniebs, vidre damokidebuli yofilyvnen im pensiebze, ris micemasac kompaniebi, romelTaTvisac dRes muSaoben, SeZlebdnen. rogorc naijel triftma Seajama axlaxans,`rTulia, rom moipovo ndoba im organizaciebSi, romlebic, erT- Sroma| 281 sa da imave dros, arian`SeCerebulni~,`Semcirebulni~ da`modernizebulni~.~ pier burdie 24 gviCvenebs kavSirs ndobis kolafssa da politikuri monawileobisa da koleqtiuri qmedebebis survilis gauCinarebas Soris: SesaZlebloba, rom gaakeTo samomavlo prognozebi, is gveubneba, rom aris yvela`transformaciuli~ azrisa da yvela Zalisxmevis conditio sine qua non (gansakuTrebuli piroba), raTa Tavidan gadaxedo da gardaqmna saqmeebis axlandeli mdgomareoba, magram momavlis dagegmva, saeWvoa, rom SeeZloT adamianebs, romlebic naklebad floben TavianT awmyos. reixis meoTxe kategoria aSkarad ar flobs aseT rames. isini mibmulni arian miwaze, ar SeuZliaT moZraoba, an dapatimrebulebi arian, Tu isini gadaadgildebian yvelaze mkacrad daculi sasazRvro postidan, isini arian iseT poziciaze, romelic im kapitalze apriori qvemoT dgas, romelic maT garSemo trialebs Tavisuflad. kapitali sul ufro metad globaluri xdeba; Tumca, isini rCebian lokalurni. am mizeziT, isini daucvelni, uxelfexoni arian idumali`investorebisa~ da`aqcionerebis~ gamoucnobi axirebebis winaSe da kidev ufro sagonebelSi Cavardnilni`sabazro Zalebis~,`vaWrobis pirobebisa~ da`konkurenciis moTxovnebis~ mimarT. rasac isini moipoveben dRes, xval SeiZleba waerTvaT gafrTxilebis gareSe. maT ar SeuZliaT gamarjveba. arc imaT, vinc racionaluri adamianebi arian da arc isini imaT, visac unda, rom racionaluri iyos, ar undaT brZoliT gariskva. naklebad savaraudoa, rom isini gadaaqceven TavianT ukmayofilebas politikur sakiTxad da mimarTaven politikur Zalebs, rom daakmayofilon maTi moTxovnebi. rogorc Jak atalma iwinaswarmetyve- 282| Txevadi modernuloba la ramdenime wlis win,`xval, Zalaufleba icxovrebs imis SesaZleblobiT, rom dablokos da xeli Seuwyos moZraobas garkveuli marSrutebis gaswvriv. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, saxelmwifo ar ganaxorcielebs Tavis uflebamosilebebs qselze kontrolisaTvis. Sesabamisad, imis SeuZlebloba, rom ganaxorcielos kontroli qselze, gardauvalad Seasustebs politikur institutebs.~ pasaJma mZime kapitalizmidan msubuq kapitalizmamde da myaridan Txevad an gaTxelebuli modernulobamde Seadgina CarCo, romelSic SromiTi moZraobis istoria Caiwera. amas aseve didi mniSvneloba aqvs am istoriis sazogadod cnobili xveulebis gasagebad. arc gonivruli da arc gansakuTrebiT sasargeblo iqneboda, rom axsna is saSineli sirTuleebi, sadac SromiTi moZraobebi daeca msoflios`ganviTarebul~(`modernizirebis~ mniSvnelobiT) nawilSi, sajaro gunebis Secvlis miTiTebiT, rac xom ar gamowveula masmediis damasustebeli gavleniT, sareklamo agentebis konspiraciiT, samomxmareblo sazogadoebis macdunebeli gavleniT an Sousa da garTobis sazogadoebis hipnozuri an yuradRebis gadamtani efeqtiT. arc danaSaulis gadabraleba dagvexmareba uxeSi Secdomis damSvebi an orsaxovani`SromiTi politikosebisTvis~. fenomeni, romelic msgavs dayrdnobilia msgavs ganmartebaze, saerTod ar aris warmosaxviTi, magram es ar gaxdeboda ganmartebebi, rom ara is faqti, rom cxovrebis konteqsti, socialuri wesrigi, sadac adamianebi(iSviTad TavianTi arCevaniT) dakavebulebi arian TavianTi saqmeebiT, radikalurad Seicvala mas Semdeg, rac mSromelebi, gadavsebulni masobrivi warmoebis qarxnebSi, Sroma| 283 SeurTdnen rigebs, rom uzrunveleyoT ufro humanuri da sasargeblo pirobebi TavianTi Sromis gasayidad. SromiTi moZraobis Teoritikosebma da praqtikosebma am mSromelebis solidarobaSi igrZnes Canasaxovani da jer kidev gaurkveveli(magram Tavdayolili da sabolood, Zalian didi) swrafva`kargi sazogadoebisken~, romelic xorcs Seasxamda samarTlianobis universalur principebs. 5 Temi gansxvavebebi ibadeba maSin, rodesac mizezi araa sruliad gamoRviZebuli an isev iZinebs; es iyo uTqmeli kredo, romelic aniWebs sandoobas WeSmarit simarTles, romelic post ganmanaTlebelma liberalebma mianiWes adamianis individualur SesaZleblobas sufTa koncefciisTvis. Cven, adamianebi, varT dajildoebulni yvelafriT, rac saWiroa imisTvis, raTa airCio swori gza, romelic, rogorc ki arCeuli iqneba, daamtkicebs, rom iqneba msgavsi TiToeuli CvenganisTvis. dekartes sagani da kantis adamiani , SeiaraRebulebi arian mizeziT. maT ar SeeSlebodaT TavianTi adamianuri gzebi, xeli rom ar ekraT an rom acdeniliyvnen swori safuZvlebisgan. gansxvavebuli arCevanebi arian istoriuli daudevrobis, Secdomis narCeni – tvinis dazianebis Sedegebs sxvadasxvanairad hqviaT – mcdari azri, crurwmena an araswori cnobiereba. naTeli mizezebis verdiqtisgan gansxvavebiT, romelic koleqtiuri warmoSobis sakuTrebaa: francis bekonis`kerpebi~, cxovroben, sadac xalxi fqvavs da cexavs erTad: TeatrSi, bazarSi, tomis festivalebze. imisaTvis, rom gaTavisufldes adamianis azrovnebis unari, niSnavs, rom unda gaTavisufldes individi yvelaferi amisgan. Temi| 285 es kredo gaixsna mxolod liberalizmis kritikosebisgan. ar iyo maTi deficiti, gamocxadeba liberalur interpretaciis ganmanaTleblobis memkvidreobad an yvelafris arasworad gagebiT, an arasworad gakeTebiT. romantikuli poetebi, istorikosebi, sociologebi SeuerTdnen nacionalist politikosebs im azriT, rom – sanam adamianebi daiwyeben TavianTi individualuri tvinebis morgebas koabitaciis saukeTeso kodis dasawerad, maTma azrovnebam SeiZleba SemogvTavazon, rom – maT ukve aqvT(koleqtiuri) istoria da koleqtiurad damorCilebuli momxmareblebi. Cveni Tanamedrove Temis wevrebi amboben sakmaod msgavs rames, gansxvavebuli terminebiT: is ar aris`gancalkevebuli~ da`xelSeuxebeli~ individi, aramed enis gamomyenebeli da ganaTlebuli / socializebuli adamiani, romelic`medidurobs~ da`qmnis sakuTar Tavs~. ar aris yovelTvis naTeli, Tu ras fiqroben kritikosebi: aris Tu ara damoukidebeli adamianebis xedva marTali ? Tu aris mtkivneuli ? unda iyvnen Tu ara liberalebi cenzuris qveS araswori azris qadagebisTvisa Tu xelmZRvanelobisTvis, STagonebis an pasuxismgeblobis mocilebisTvis tyuili politikisgan ? Cans, rom mimdinare liberalur-Temuri dava exeba politikas da ara`adamianis bunebas~. kiTxva imdenad ar exeba, unda gaTavisufldes Tu ara individi miRebuli azrebisgan da koleqtiuri Tavdajerebisgan, individualuri pasuxismgeblobis daurwmuneblobis winaaRmdeg, iqneba Tu ara – aramed kargia Tu cudi igi. raimond uiliamsma didi xnis win aRniSna, rom mniSvnelovani ram`Temze~ aris is, rom is [ Temi ] sul iyo. aris CoCqoli Temis saWiroebis irgvliv, ZiriTadad imitom, 286| Txevadi modernuloba rom sul ufro naklebad da naklebadaa gasagebi da naTeli is, Tu realoba, romelic asaxavs`Tems~ irwmuneba, rom warmoadgens mtkicebulebas, da Tu aseTi realobobebis povna SesaZlebelia, darTavs maTi cxovrebis molodini nebas, rom moeqcnen pativiscemiT, romelebic realobebiT imarTeba. Temis Tamami dacva da liberalebis mier uaryofili winadadeba – keTilganwyobis aRdgenaze, moxdeboda mZimed, rom ara faqti, rom aRkazmuloba, romliTac koleqtiuroba akavSirebs Tavis wevrebs saerTo, gaerTianebuli istoriasTan, qcevebTan, enasTn an ganaTleba xdeba ufro gacrecili wlebTan erTad. modernulobis Txevadi safexuri, mxolod myari aRkazmuloba aris miwodebuli, da maTi realizaciis wertili aris piroba, mowyobiloba, romliTac maT SeuZliaT Caicvan diliT da gaixadon saRamos (an piriqiT). Temi aris bevri ferisa da zomis, magram Tu davgegmavT vebrianuli RerZis gaWimviT`msubuqi saaTidan~`rkinis galiamde~, yvela maTgani iqneba aRsaniSnavad axlos pirvelTan. jerjerobiT maT sWirdebaT, rom iyvnen daculebi, raTa gadarCnen da sWirdebaT mimarTva TavianTi sakuTar wevrebisTvis, rom maT daicvan es gadarCena TavianTi individualuri arCevanebiT da amisTvis miiRon gadarCenis individualuri pasuxismgebloba – yvela Temi aris postulirebuli ufro proeqtebi, vidre realoba, is, rac modis Semdeg da ara individualur arCevanamde. Temi,`rogorc Temur naxatebze Cans~, iqneba sakmaod xelSesaxebi imisTvis, rom iyos uxilavi da moaxerxos siCume; magram Semdeg Temis wevrebi ar daxataven mis msgavsebebs, calcalke gamofenen maT. Temi| 287 es aris Temis wevrobis Sida paradoqsi. rodesac ambob, rom:`kargia iyo Temis wevri~, es aris iribi mowmoba imisa, rom ar xar Temis nawili, an naklebad mosalodnelia, rom grZelvadianad darCe Temis nawilad; manam, sanam idividualuri kunTebi moqnilni arian da individualuri tvini gaWimuli. imisTvis rom Sesruldes Temuri proeqti, adamians sWirdeba individualuri arCevanebis gakeTeba, romlebis SesaZleblobac arian uaryofilni. adamians ar SeuZlia iyos keTilsindisieri Temis wevri, ise, rom eSmaks ar misces safasuri, erT SemTxvevaSi, individualuri arCevanis Tavisuflebis aRiarebis gareSe uariyofa meore. logikurad, am winaaRmdegoba TavisiT SeiZleba eWvis qveS daayenos Zalisxmeva, rom SeiniRbos sazogadoebis wevris politikuri proeqti, rogorc socialuri realobis aRmweri Teoria. sociologisTvis, miuxedavad imisa, rom Temuri ideebi arian(albaT zrdadad) popularulni, isini warmoadgenen mniSvnelovan socialur faqts, romelsac sWirdeba axsna / gageba. (sanam faqti, romelic niRbavs sakuTar Tavs, aris ase efeqturad SeniRbuli da ar mdgara Temis warmatebis gzaze, ver aiweva bevri sociologiuri warbi – es aris Zalian msgavsi, saerTo misTvis). sociologiurad rom visaubroT, Temis wevroba aris Zalian mosalodneli reaqcia daCqarebul`gaTxevadebaze~ modernuli cxovrebis, reaqcia, pirvelad da uwinaresad, cxovrebis erT aspeqtze, romelic, bevr mtkivneul Sedegebs Soris, SeiZleba igrZnoba yvelze Sewuxebulad da momabezreblad – gaRrmavebuli daubalansebloba individualur Tavisuflebasa da dacvasTan. dacvis wyaroebis, debulebebis swrafi Semcireba, 288| Txevadi modernuloba manam, sanam individualuri pasuxismgeblobis sidide (daniSnuleba Tu ar aris gamocdili praqtikaSi) izrdeba uprecendento skalaze post omis TaobaSi. Zveli davis mier Sesrulebuli gamqrali moqmedebis bevri mniSnelovani aspeqti aris adamianis obligaciebis axali mtvrevadoba. obligaciebis simyife da warmavaloba SeiZleba iyos individebis uflebebisTvis aucilebeli fasi, TavianTi individualuri miznebis misaRwevad, es jer kidev ar SeiZleba, magram, erTsa da imave dros, yvelaze saSiSi dabrkoleba, rom mihyve maT [ miznebs ] efeqturad-da gWirdeba gambedaoba maT misayolad. es aris aseve paradoqsi – erTs Rrmad aqvs fesvebi gadgmuli cxovrebis bunebaSi Txevadi modernulobis qveS. pirvelad ar xdeba, roca paradoqsulma situaciebma paradoqsuli pasuxebi gamoiwvia da STaagona. Txevadi modernulobis paradoqsuli bunebis Suqze,`individualurobis~- Temis sawinaaRmdego bunebis, pasuxma paradoqss, ar unda aRfrTovandes: pirveli aris adekvaturi axsna meoresi, maSin, rodesac meore aris pirvelis efeqti. Tavidan dabadebuli Temis wevrobis pasuxebi, aris qanqaris moZraobis, radikalurad awevis yvelaze namdvili da sevdiani ram – iqneb Zalian Sors – dacviTi moednidan Sine qua non adamianis faseulobebis diadaSi. am mizeziT, Temis wevris saxareba, SeiZleba daeyrdnos did-momlodine mayureblebs. is saubrobs milionebis saxeliT: prekariati, rogorc pier burdie amtkicebs, dResdReisobiT aRwevs adamianis arsebis yvela kuTxesa da RriWoSi. mis ukanasknel wignSi: Proteger ou disparaiter (`daicva an gaqre~), gabrazebuli manifesti sizarmacisa da dRevandelobis Zalauflebis mqone elitis Temi| 289 hipokritulobis winaaRmdeg, saxezea~ La montee des in securities ”(`daucvelobis zrda~); filip koeni asaxelebs umuSevrobas(aTi axali vakansiidan cxra aris mkacrad droebiTi da moklevadiani), gaurkvevel xanSiSesul perspeqtivebs da urbanuli cxovrebis safrTxeebs, rogorc awmyoze difuzuri SfoTvis mTavar wyaros; Semdegi dResa da ufro Soreuli momavalSi: dacvis arqona, aris is, rac aerTianebs yvela sam da mTavari Temis mimarTvas: dapirebuli usafrTxo TavSesafari, mezRvaurebis saocnebo adgili – samudamod dakargva turbulentur zRvaSi, gaurkveveli da damabneveli cvlileba. rogorc erik hobsbaumi mwvaved aRniSnavs, sityva `Temi~ arasdros gamoyenebula ufro xelaRebiT da daclilad, vidre im dekadebSi, rodesac Temebi, sociologiuiri azriT, gaxda rTuli sapovneli realur cxovrebaSi. samyaroSi, sadac yvelaferi moZraobs da icvleba, sadac araferia cxadi, moqalaqeebi eZeben jgufebs, romlebsac SeiZleba, rom Tavi miakuTvnon, cxadad da samudamod. jok iungs Semoaqvs lakoniuri Sejameba hobsbaumis dakvirvebisa:`rogorc ki Temi ingreva, identoba ibadeba~. Cven SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom Temuri saxarebis`Temi~ araa`pre-daarsebuli~ da usafrTxod damkvidrebuli gemainSafti, cnobili socialuri Teoriidan(da cnobilad Sekazmuli, rogorc `istoriis kanoni~ ferdinand tionisis mier), magram kriptonima gulmodgined cdilobda, jer usiamovno `identoba~ da rogorc orlando patersonma(citirebuli erik hobsbaumis mier) SeniSna, sanam xalxs sTxoven, rom konkurentunarian identobebs Soris gaakeTon TavianTi arCevani, maT mier miTiTebul [ arCeuli ] 290| Txevadi modernuloba jgufebi aris winaswar gansazRvruli, mosalodneli, mkveTrad gansazRvruli rwmeniT, imis Sesaxeb, rom amomrCevels saerTod ar gaaCnia arCevani, rom aarCios specifikuri jgufi, romelsac is`ekuTvnis~. Temuri saxarebis Temi aris saxli,(saojaxo saxli, ara napovni saxli anda Seqmnili saxli, aramed saxli, romelSic adamiani ver aRmoaCens vinmes warmomavlobas, arsebobis mizezs, sxva nebismier adgilas): rom darwmunde, iseTi saxli, romelic xalxis umetesobisTvis am dros aris ufro lamazi zRapari, vidre personaluri gamocdileba.(ojaxis garemo, miwa, romelic usafrTxod gaxveulia rutinuli Cvevebis mkvrivi qseliT da samomxmareblo molodinebiT, aqvs Tavisi talRismWeri mowyobiloba, daSlili da arian am dReebSi farTod Ria mekobreebis buferizaciisTvis mTeli darCenili cxovreba). gamocdilebis sferos gareT, gexmareba: simyudrove saxlis da misi mimzidveloba ar SeiZleba iyos Semowmebuli; iqamde, sanam warmosaxuli arian [ saxlebi ] , is SeiZleba darCes winaswar SeTavazebuli aspeqtebisgan SeubRalavi, imisgan, rom ZaliT miakuTvno ara molaparakebad, savaWro movaleobebs – muqi ferebi didad ar arian warmodgenilebi warmosaxvis palitraze. saxlSi yofna, ra Tqma unda, exmareba. isini, vinc Cveulebrisamebr Caketilni arian Signidan agurisa da naRmtyorcnebis saxlSi, SeiZleba dro da dro isev gaiWedod bundovani STabeWdilebebisgan, TiTqos cixeSi yofna usafrTxo samoTxeSi yofnaze umjobesia; Tavisufleba quCaSi mojadoebulia garedan, Tavazianad miuwvdomeli, rogorc dRes arsebuli naocnebari usafrTxo warmodgenili saxli. Tumca, Tuki Sin arsebuli Temi| 291 macduri usafrTxoeba proecirebulia sakmarisad did ekraze, araviTar`garegan~ faqtors ar SeuZlia, rom xeli SeuSalos darCenil mxiarulebas. idealuri Temi aris Compleat mappa mundi : mTeli msoflio, mommaragebeli yvelaferisa, rac SeiZleba adamians dasWirdes mniSvnelovani warmatebisa da jildos misaRwevad cxovrebaSi. imaze, Tu ra stkivaT usaxlkaroebs yvelaze metad, yuradRebis gamaxvilebiT, Temis gadasvlis wamali(SeniRbva da kidev dabruneba) mTlian da srulad Sedgenil samyaroSi aris is, rom namdviliviT gamoiyurebode, radikalurad gadawydes yvelaferi, awmyosi da momavlis, problemebis; amasTan SedarebiT, sxva sadardeblebi gamoiyureba patarad da umniSvnelod. Temis samyaro savsea da jerjerobiT yvela sxva danarCeni aararelevanturia; ufro zustad, mtruli – sivelure, savse Casafrebuli Tu konspiraciuli da mwvave mtrebiT savaraudod qaosi, rogorc misi mTavari iaraRi. Sida harmonia Temuri samyarosi anaTebs da brWyvialebs bundovani da CaxlarTuli junglebis fonze, romelic magistralis meore mxares iwyeba. is iq aris, im sivelureSi, sadac xalxi erTadaa Seyrili gaziarebuli identobis nagavsayrelis siTboSi(an imedovnebs rom gaZevdeba) SiSebSi, romlebmac aiZula isini moZebnon TemSi TavSesafari. jok iungis sityvebiT: `survili, rom sxvisi demonizireba moaxdino, damyarebulia ontologiur gaurkvevlobaze~. maTi Sinaganad`inkluziuri Temi~ iqneboda sapirispiro termini. Temuri Zmoba iqneboda dausrulebeli, iqneb gauazrebelic, magram namdvilad SeuZlebeli, Tandayolili Zmismkvleli midrekilebis gareSe. 292| Txevadi modernuloba nacionalizmi, niSani 2 Temis momxreTa swavlebis mixedviT, Temi an eTnikur Temia an Temi, romelic eTnikuri nimuSis mixedviT aris warmodgenili. arqetipis am arCevans Tavisi mizezebi aqvs. pirveli,`eTnikurobas~, sxva nebismieri adamianebis gamaerTianebeli fundamentisgan gansxvavebiT, aqvs upiratesoba`naturalizirebuli istoriis~ saxiT, warmodgenili kulturulad, rogorc`bunebrivi faqti~, Tavisufleba, rogorc`gagebuli(da miRebuli) aucilebloba~. eTnikuri mikuTvnebuloba vlindeba qcevaSi: adamianma unda arCios erTguleba buneba – mas sWirdeba, kargad scados da drois arqonasTan erTad daisvenos, raTa icxovros dadgenili modelebiT da mis SemTxvevaSi Seitanos wvlili. modeli Tavisi arsiT, araa arCevanis sagani. arCevani araa sxvadasxva referentis mikuTvnebulobas Soris, aramed mikuTvnebulobas da ufesvobas, saxlsa da usaxlkarobas, yofnasa da arafers Soris. es aris zusti dilema, romelic Temur saxarebas surs(sWirdeba), rom gamoWedos saxli. meore, eri-saxelmwifo xels uwyobs eTnikuri gaerTianebis princips, gamorCeulad yvela sxva loialurobebs Soris, iyo erTaderTi`warmatebis istoria~ Temi modernul dros, andac erTaderTi sagani, romelmac SesTavaza Temis statuss efeqturoba, rom daarwmunos nebismieri safexuri. eTnikurobis idea(da eTnikuri homogenurobis), rogorc gaerTianebis legitimuri bazisi, TviTmtkiceba da sworedac mimcemi istoriuli stabilurobis. Tanamedrove Temobrivoba bunebrivad imedovnebs, rom kapitalad gardaqmnis tradiciebs; Temi| 293 dRes, saWiroa, rom viRacam aiRos saxelmwifosgan dagdebuli baneri, rac iwvevs qveynis suverenitetis arastabilurobas, ryevasa da siaSkaraves, amis imedi ar aris mTlianad dausabuTebeli. jer kidev advili dasakvirvebelia, rom Sedgenil paralelebs eri saxelmwifosa da Temur saxelmwifos Soris aqvs Tavisi SezRudvebi. ersaxelmwifos, yvelafris miuxedavad, TviTmyofadi Temebis CaxSobaSi aqvs Tavisi warmateba. kbilebiTa da frCxilebiT ibrZvis`provincializmis~ winaaRmdeg, adgilobrivi qcevebisa Tu`dialeqtebis~, Temuri tradiciebis xarjze, xels uwyobs saerTo, unificirebul enasa da istoriul mexsierebas. ufro Seupovrad iCens`saxemwifo-iniciativasa~ da saxelmwifo-kontroliT“ Kulturkampfe ”-s, sruli eri saxelmwifos warmatebis`naturaluri Temis~ warmoebaSi. ufro metic, erisaxelmwifoebi(gansxvavebiT awmyo momlodine Temebisgan) ar sxedan xeldakrefilni da ar ifiqreben, rom unda daeyrdnon mxolod indoqtrinaciis Zalas. maT Zalisxmevas Zlieri mxardaWera aqvs legalur aRsrulebasa da oficialur enaSi, skolis saswavlo kurikulumsa da unificirebul kanonebSi, romlis naklebobac aqvs momlodine Tems da codnasTan axlosac ar aris. bevri kamaTi iyo Temurobis ukanasknel aRzevebamde, rom TiTqos iyo saocari qva, maxinji da daZabuli naWuWis SigniT, modernuli naciis Sesabamisi. isaia berlini gvTavazobs, rom garda modernuli`samSoblos~ boroti da potenciuri Zaladobrivi mxarisa, arsebobs, fasdaudebeli adamianuri da eTikuri mxare. sakmaod popularuli gansxvavebaa patriotizmsa da nacionalizms Soris. Zalian xSirad, patriotizmis opozicia aRiniSneba im wyvilis wevrad; nacionalizmis 294| Txevadi modernuloba nawili aris arasasiamovno, rogorc amoucnobi wevri: patriotizmi, ufro postulirebuli, vidre empiriulad mocemuli, aris is, rac nacionalizmi(Tu moTvinierebulia, civilizebuli da eTnikurad pativsacemi) SeiZleba iyos, magram araa. patriotizmi aRiwera nacionalizmis yvelaze armosawoni da samarcxvino Tvisebebis uaryofiT. leszek kolakovski ambobs, rom sanam nacionalistebs, sxvisi zizRiT da agresiiT, undaT saimedo tomSi arseboba, sjeraT, rom Tavisi naciis yvela problema aris Sedegi ucxoebis bralisa, da aqvs saCivari yvela sxva naciis mimarT Tavisi marcxis gamo, raTa gaRmerTdes Sesabamisad da sxvanairad gasces is sakuTari tomis gamo; patrioti aRiniSneba, rogorc: `keTilganwyobili tolerantoba kulturuli gansxvavebulobis da eTnikuri da religiuri umciresobebis mimarT~, aseve misi mzaobiT, rom uTxras sakuTar ers iseTi raRacebi, rac ar iqneba misaRebi an sasiamovno mosasmeni. am gansxvavebebs Soris, kargi da moralurad da inteleqtualurad samagaliToa, misi Rirebulebebi garkveulwilad sustdeba, imis gamo, rom mTavari dabrkoleba ar aris imdenad ori Tanaswori arCevani, rom Segrcxves, aramed Rirseuli idea da uRirsi realoba. umetesi adamiani, romelic isurvebda, rom maTi daniSnuli saZmo iyos patriotebisgan Semdgari, mosalodnelia aq aRwerili aRniSnuli maxasiaTeblebis gaSifrva patriotul poziciiT, rogorc orsaxovnebis, nacionaluri Ralatis an uaresis mtkicebuleba. aseTi maxasiaTeblebia – gansxvavebulebis mimReoba, stumarTmoyvareoba umciresobebis mimarT da gambedaoba Tqva simarTle, Tundac arasasiamovno – arian yvelaze farTod gavrcelebuli im miwebze, sadac patriotizmi Temi| 295 araa problema; sazogadoeba sakmarisad daculia Tavisi respublikis moqalaqeobiT, raTa ar inerviulos patriotizmze, rogorc problemaze, tovebs marto, raTa Sexedo mas, rogorc saswrafo amocanas. bernard iaki,`liberalizmi iluziebis gareSes~ (Cikagos universitetis presa, 1996 ) redaqtori, ar iyo wyobis gareT, rodesac Tavis polemikaSi mauruzio virolisTan, vinc aris avtori wignisa`qveynis siyvarulis gamo: ese patriotizmsa da nacionalizme~, man hobsis perifrazi gaakeTa, rom eTqva aforizmi:`nacionalizmi aris dawunebuli(ara mosawoni) patriotizmi da patriotizmi aris mosawoni nacionalizmi~. marTlac, arsebobs mizezi, rom daaskvna, rom patara sxvaobaa nacionalizmsa da patriotizms Soris, garda Cveni enTusiazmisa maTi manifestaciebis an arqonis an xarisxis samarcxvino saxis an danaSaulis aRiarebisa, romliTac Cven vaRiarebT an uarvyobT maT. es aris saxeldeba, rac ganasxvavebs maT, da gansxvaveba aris ZiriTadad ritorikuli, gansxvaveba ara SemadgenlobaSi, roca vlaparakobT fenomenze, aramed, Tu rogor vlaparakobT – sentimentebiT Tu vnebiT, Tu arada iqneboda TiTqmis igive. magram es aris sentimentebis da vnebebis(gatacebis) buneba da maTi qceviTi da politikuri Sedegi, romelic mniSvnelovania da gavlenas axdens adamianebis koabitaciis xarisxze da ara sityvebi, romlebic Cven gamoviyeneT, rom mogveyola. gadavavloT warsuls Tvali: gmirobebze, romlebic patriotul istoriebSi aris, iaki askvnis, rom roca ginda guladi(zviadi) patriotuli grZnobebis qona unda:`amaRlde gaziarebuli vnebis doneze~,`es iyo ufro mZvinvare, vidre mSvidi vneba, romelic patrio- 296| Txevadi modernuloba tebs aqvT gamoxatuli~, da rac patriotebs SeeZloT gamoexataT saukuneebis manZlze`bevri dasamaxsovrebeli da saWiro saTnoebebi, magram zomierebis gareSe da simpatia`autsaiderebis~ mimarT simpatia ar aris gamoCenili, cnobili maT Soris.~ aravin uaryobs gansxvavebebs ritorikis mniSvnelobebze da arc mis SemTxveviT sevdian pragmatul acilebebs. erTi ritorika aris sazomi im diskursis, romelicaa`yofna~, meore aris`gaxdoma~.`patriotizm­i~ mTel Sesawirs, jildos uxdis Tanamedrove kredos –`dausruleblobas~, moqnilobas(ufro zustad ki `re­formirebas~) adamianebisa: SeiZleba gaazrebulad imit­om gamoacxaddes(gvinda Tu ara piroba Senaxulia praqtikaSi), rom mowodeba`axlo rigebSi~ aris Ria da poziciuri mowveva: romelic aerTianebs statusebs, aris damokidebuli arCevanze, xolo yvelaferi es moiTxovs, rom adamianma gaakeTos swori arCevani da darCes mis erTgulad Wirsa da lxinSi samudamod. `nacionalizmi~, meore mxriv, aris gadarCenis ufro kalvinisturi versia an wminda avgustines idea Tavisufal nebaze: is aqsovs nakleb ndobas arCevanSi – Sen xar an erTerTi Cvengani an ar xar da orive SemTxvevaSi, cotas gakeTeba SegiZlia, iqneb arafrisac ki, mis Sesacvlelad. nacionalisturi narativiT,`mikuTvneba~ aris bediswera da ara arCeuli gza an cxovrebis proeqti. es SeiZleba iyos biologiuri memkvidreobis sagani, radgan axla ufro metad moZvelebulia da gamouyenebeli nacionalizmis rasistuli versia, an kulturuli memkvidreoba, radgan dResdReobiT moduri `kulturuli~ variantia nacionalizmis – magram orive SemTxvevaSi, mizezi gadawyda manamde, sanam es an sxva Temi| 297 adamiani daiwyebda siarulsa da saubars, anu es aris erTaderTi arCevani darCenili individebisTvis, an orive xeliT Caexutos bedisweris ganaCens, an swamdes am verdiqtis winaaRmdeg janyisa anu gaxdebi moRalate erTerTisTvis. am gansxvavebas patriotizmsa da nacionalizms Soris mihyavxar, rom gascde ubralo ritorikas politikuri praqtikis sferoSi. rom mivyveT klod levistrosis terminologias, Cven SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom pirveli formula aris ufro STamagonebeli`anTropofagiuri~ strategiebis(SeuWamo ucxos, anu isini asimilirdebian sxeuliT mWamelTan da gaxdebian identurebi Tavisi sxva ujredebiT, dakargaven TavianT sakuTar gansxvavebulobas), maSin, rodesac meore ufro xSirad asocirdeba`gulisrevis~ da`gadafurTxebis~,`anTropoemur~ strategiasTan, im`uvargisi viqnebiT Cven~, an maTi izolirebiT – SemCnevad agurebs SigniT getoSi dapatimrebiT an SeumCneveli(aranakleb xelsayreli am mizeziT) kedlebiT kulturuli SezRudvebiT, an maTi SemosazRvriT, deportaciiT an iZulebiT, rom gaiqcnen. radgan mocemuli praqtikis saxelia – saxeliT wmenda. es iqneboda gonivruli, Tumca unda gvaxsovdes, rom azrovnebis logika iSviaTadaa savadlebulo keTebis logikasTan, amitom ritorikasa da praqtikas Soris araa erTi da igive urTierToba, da anu TiToeuli am ori strategiidan SeiZleba gaxveuli iyos romelime ritorikaSi. 298| Txevadi modernuloba gaerTianeba – msgavsebiT Tu gansxvavebulobiT? patriotuli / nacionaluri rwmeniT,`Cven~ niSnavs `Cvennair xalxs~;`isini~ niSnavs xalxs, romelic Cvengan arian`gansxvavebulebi~. 1 `Cven~ ar aris identuri yvela mxridan; aris sxvaoba`Cven~ saerTo maxasiaTeblebTan erTad, magram msgavsebis dominacia, ganmuxtavs da aneitralebs TavianT gavlenas. im aspeqtSi, sadac Cven yvela msgavsni varT, gacilebiT ufro mniSvnelovani da Sedegobrivia, vidre yvelaferi is, rac gangvasxvavebs erTmaneTisgan. gadawonos gansxvavebulobis gavlena. ara imdenad is, rom`isini~ gansxvavdebian Cvengan yvela aspeqtiT. aramed, gasnxvavdebian erTi aspeqtiT, romelic ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre yvela sxva danarCeni, sakmarisad mniSvnelovani, rom erTad dgoma gamoricxos da Seqmnas namdvili solidaroba gansxvavebiT imisa, rac ar unda msgavsebebi gvaqcevdes msgavsad. es aris tipuri situacia: naTlad daWimuli da martivad SesamCnevi sazRvrebi gvyofen `Cven~`maTgan~, radgan`mikuTvnebulobis~ mowmoba Seicavs mxolod erT rubrikasa da anketas, romelsac avseben saidentifikacio baraTisTvis, moTxovnaa, rom Seivsos mxolod`ki~ an`ara~ pasuxebi. kiTxvebi, sadac aris sasicocxlo gansxvavebebi, iseTi kiTxvebia, romelTaTvisac gansxvaveba ufro mniSvnelovani da sagulisxmoa, vidre nebismieri msgavseba da xdis yvela saerTo maxasiaTebels pataras da umniSvnelos(gansxvaveba, romelic aRvivebs mtrul damoki1 Different from us Temi| 299 debulebas, Ria da daxurili saqme, manam sanam Sexvdebi saboloo gaerTianebis ganxilvamde.) – aris yvelaze xSirad, nacvlad amosavali argumentisa, umniSvnelo da yvela warmoebuls miRma, rogorc frederik bartma axsna, sazRvrebs ar cnoben da ar aregistrireben ukve arsebuli gayofiT; isini arian Sedgenilni, rogorc wesi, gayofamde. Tavidan aris konfliqti, sasowarkveTili mcdeloba imisa, rom`Cven~ ganasxvao`sxvebisgan~, Semdeg ki, kargad jaSuSoben`sxvebSi~ imisTvis, rom dadasturdes da`ucxoobis~ wyaro, romelic aris Seurigebeli. adamianebis arsebiT arian mravalmxrivi qmnilebebi, bevri atributis mqone, Sesabamisad, ar aris rTuli aseTi Tvisebis naxva, Tuki seriozulad moZebni. nacionalizmi ketavs kars, aZrobs mas Camkets da afuWebs karis zars, riTac adasturebs, rom mxolod maT, vinc ukve SigniTaa aqvT ufleba yofnisa da kargad damkvidrebisa. patriotizmi, gamoxatulad mainc, aris ufro xSirad, tolerantuli, stumarTmoyvare da imanenturi – is gadis imaT fskerze, vinc sTxovs miRebas. saboloo Sedegi xSirad aris aRsaniSnavad msgavsi. arc patriotizmisa da arc nacionalizmis kredo ar aRiarebs SesaZleblobas, rom xalxi SeiZleba ekuT­ vnodes erTamneTs gansxvavebulobis gamo, axalisebs da kultivacias ukeTebs maT an maT erTobas, Sorsaa moTxovnili msgavsebisgan an waxalisebisgan – iyos farulad gatarebuli aris iseTive mniSvnelovani, Rirebuli da namdvili`upiratesoba~ gansxvavebuli cxovrebis stilidan, idealebisagan da codnisgan, sanam amateb met Zalasa da substancias imas, Tu ra aqcevs 300| Txevadi modernuloba maT imad, rac arian – da es niSnavs, Tu ra aqcevs maT gansxvavebulebad. bernard kriki citirebs aristoteles`politikidan~ mis ideas`karg polisze~, artikulireuli platonis ocnebis winaaRdegobrivad erT simarTleze, simarTlis Sesaxeb gaerTianebul erT standartze(WeSmaritebaze) savaldebulo yvela: polisSi aris gaerTianebis wertili, sadac is wyvets, rom iyos polisi; magram arcerTi ar miva axlos Tavis arsis dakargvasTan, da es iqneba yvelaze cudi polisi. es igivea, rom harmonia Secvalo ubralo unisoniT, an Seamciro xmovaneba(gacvalo) erTi ritmiT. simarTle aris, rom polisi bevri wevris Semadgeneli agregatia. Tavis komentarSi, kriki aviTarebs gaerTianebis ideas, romelic arc patriotizmisa da arc nacionalizmis Zlier mosurne da mxardamWeria da xSirad aqtiurad aRSfoTebulicaa: iseTi gaerTianeba, romelic askvnis, rom civiluri sazogadoeba arsiT pluralistulia, rom am sazogadoebaSi erTad cxovreba molaparakebasa da konsolidacias niSnavs`bunebriv sxvaobebis~ interesebidan gamomdinare, da rom, rogorc wesi, ukeTesia gansxvavebuli ideebis Sejereba, vidre maTi iZuleba da mudmivi Cagvra: sxva sityvebiT, puralizmi, civilizebuli modernul sazgadoebaSi, ar aris mxolod`mSrali faqti~, romelic SeiZleba ar mogewonos an Seijavro kidec, magram(vaglax) ar usurvo, kargi da sabedniero Sedegi, is gTavazobs gadaWarbebuli diskomfortis da uxerxulobas moaqvs, afarToebs adamianebis horizonts da erTad cxovrebis Sansebs zrdis winaswar SeTavazebis, vidre nebismier sxva alternativas SeeZlo moetana. Cven SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom naTel Temi| 301 opoziciaSi patriotul an nacionalisturi rwmeniT, yvelaze ufro Sepirebuli, saimedo saxis gaerTianeba aris is, romelic miRweulia, da yovel dRe miiRweva Tavidan, konfrontaciiT, debatebiT, molaparakebebiT da Rirebulebebis kompromisebiT – preferenciebsa da arCeul cxovrebis gzebs Soris, TviT identifikacias bevri da gansxvavebuli, magram yovelTvis TviT gansazRvruli, polisis wevriT. es aris gaerTianebis mniSvnelovani, respublikurimodeli, sasicocxlo gaerTianeba, romeli gaerTianebac miiRweva agentebis CarTulebTi TviT identipicirebul mizanSi, gaerTianeba, romelic aris Sedegi, da ara a priori mocemuloba; gaziarebuli cxovreba, gaerTianeba Tavs uyris molaparakebebsa da rekonilacias, ara gansxvavebulis uaryofis, mogudvis an Sewuxebis gziT. es, rac msurda SememeTavazebina, aris gaerTianebis erTaderTi varianti(erTad yofnis erTaderTi formula), romelic Txevad modernulobaSi aris Tavsebadi, savaraudo da realisturi. odesRac, rwmenebi, Rirebulebebi da stilebi gaxda privatizebuli – ukonteqsto an`CamoSlili~, SemoTavazebuli xelaxla Casaweri adgilebi – moteli saxli, vidre permanentuli saxli – identobebi gamoiyureba mtvrevadad, droebiTad`Semdeg SemCnevamde~ 2 , da moklebulia yvela dacvas garda im unarebisa da gansazRvruli agentebisa, rom yavdeT erTad da daicvan isini eroziisgan. identobebis arastabiluroba, ese rom vTqvaT, aSterdeba Txevadi modernulobis macxovreblebs saxeSi. aseve iqceva arCevani, 2 ~ Until further notice ” 302| Txevadi modernuloba romelic logikurad mohyveba mas: gansxvavebulebTan erTad cxovrebis rTuli xelovnebis swavla an radac ar unda dagvijdes wvlilis Setana, eseTi mocemulobebi swavlas usargeblo gaxdida. rogorc alan turaini bolo dros aRniSnavs, Tanamedrove saxelwmifo sazogadoebrivi signalebi:`adamianis, rogorc socialuri arsebis gansazRvris dasasruli, misi ganisazRvruli adgiliT sazogadoebaSi, romelic ganapirobebs qcevas an moqmedebas~, anu socialuri aqtorebis mier TavianTi`kulturuli da fsiqologiuri specifikebis~ dacva ar SeiZleba ar Catardes`cnobiereba imisa, rom TavianTi principis kombinacia SeiZleba napovni iyos individualurad da ara socialur institutebSi an universalur principebSi~. 3 siaxle, mdgomareobaze, romelzec Teoritikosebi Teorias wyoben da filosofosebi filosofosoben aris yoveldRiuri daviwyebuli saxli popularuli xelovnebis gaerTianebuli ZalebiT, romelic Cndeba TavianTi gamogonili saxelebis qceS an ganixileba, rogorc `namdvili ambebi~. rogorc film`elizabet pirvelis~ mayureblebi arian informirebulebi, Tundac rom iyo inglisis dedofali mniSvnelovania Tavdajerebuloba da TviT qmnadobas; iyo henri mervesqaliSvili, niSnavs bevr xifaTiTa da eSmakobebiT savse individualur iniciativas. imisaTvis, rom aiZulo CxubisTavi da jiutad daumorCilebeli laqiebi, daaCoqo da Tavi moadrekino, da yvelafris miRma mousmino da daujero, momaval 3 “Counciousness that the principle of their combination can be found within the individual, and no longer in social institutions or universalistic principles”. Temi| 303 `glorianas~ 4 , saWiroa, rom iyido bevri mosaxati da makiaJi, Seicvalos misi varcxniloba, mokazmuloba da sxva danarCeni tansacmeli. ar arsebobs mtkicebuleba, aramed arsebobs TviTdarwmuneba, ara identoba, aramed gamogonili identoba. es yvelaferi koncentrirdeba, raTa darwmunebuli, agentis kiTxvis ZalaSi. TavdacviTi iaraRebi ar arian erTgvarovnad xelmisawvdomebi, da esaa mizezi rom sustad, naklebad SeiaraRebuli individebi TavianTi individualuri impotenciis gamo anazRaurebisTvis miiltvian ZalauflebaSi. arsebuli gansxvavebuli sigrZis, universalurad gamocdili ufsklulis(gaf) gamo~ Indi vidual de jure ”-sa da~ Individual de facto ”5 s statusis miRebis Sanss Soris, aseTma fluiduri modernullma garemom SeiZleba – da aucileblad – xeli Seuwyos gadamrCeni strategiebis sxvadasxvaobas.`Cven~, rogorc riCard seneti moiTxovs, dRes`aris TavdacviTi qmedeba. TemSi yofnis survili aris dacviTi. ufro zustad, TiTqmis universaluri kanonia, rom`Cven~ SeiZleba gamoiyenebodes gaurkvevlobisgan da dislokaciisgan dasacavad~. magram – da es aris yvelaze sasicoxlo magram –`rodesac TemSi yofnis survili,`gamoixateba imigrantebisa da sxva gareT mdgomTa uaryofaSi~, es imitomaa, rom: Tanamedrove politika – ltolvilis mizanze damyarebuli, mizanmimarTuli ufro metad sustebze, maTze, vinc mogzaurobs globalur SromiT 4 Gloriana – dedofal elizabet pirvelis zedmetsaxeli. 5 faqtobrivi, ar aqvs mniSneloba kanonieria Tu ara. 304| Txevadi modernuloba bazarze, ufro metad vidre Zlier institutebze, romlebic amyofeben Rarib muSebs moZraobaSi an iyeneben maT relatiiur deprivatiaSi. IBM programerebma... erTi mniSvnelovani gziT gadalaxes Temis dacviTi buneba, rodesac maT Sewyvites dadanaSauleba TavianTi indoeli Tanatolebisa da TavianTi ebraeli prezidentisa. `erTi mniSvnelovani gza~ iqneb – magram, neba momeciT davamato, aris mxolod erTi da araa aucileblad yvelaze mniSvnelovani. impulsi, rom gamoxvide sarisko kompleqsidan erTianobis TavSisfarSi aris universaluri; es aris erTaderTi gza, rom imoqmedo dacvis impulsiT da isini gibiZgeben, rom pirdapirproporciulad daicva arsebuli aqtorebis azrebi da resursebi. ukeTesia, rogorc IBM programerebma, komfortulad TavianT kiber anklavSi, magram gacilebiT naklebad Seuvali bedisweris kaprizebis mimarT – sirTuleSi, rom`gaavirtualuro~, socialuri samyaros fizikuri seqtori, romelsac SeuZlia SeiZinos maRalteqnologiuri Txrilebisa da moZravi xidebi, raTa Seinaruno safrTxe xelSi. gai naflia, franguli mowinave developeruli kompaniis ufrosi, daakvirda rom:`frangi kacebi ar arian aforiaqebulebi, maT eSiniaT mezoblebis, garda imaTisa, vinc hgavT maT~. Jak patigni, sacxovrebliT uzrunvelyofis gamqiravebelTa nacionaluri asociaciis ufrosi askvnis da xedavs momavals:`periferiul daxurvasa da xelmisawvdomobis gafiltrvaSi~ sacxovrebel adgilebSi magnituri baraTebiTa da dacviT. momavali ekuTvnis`kunZulebis arqipelags, moniSnuls komunikaciis RerZiT~. gaTiSva Temi| 305 da SemoRobva, sacxovrebeli adgilebis namdvili eqsterieri aRWurvilia CaxlarTuli interkomis sistemiT, yovlismomcveli video dakvirvebis kamerebiTa da kbilebamde SeiaraRebuli dacviT, ocdaoTxi saaTis ganmavlobaSi gadaparsuli [ dacvis wevrebi ] kacebi mTel tuluzaSi, ise rogorc ukve gakeTda amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi da rogorc keTdeba yvela mzard da dovlaTian nawilebSi am mswrafl globalizirebul samyaroSi. kbilebamde SeiaraRebuli anklavebi Zalian hgvanan Raribebis eTnikur getos. gansxvavdebian, erT rameSi: isini [ getos wevrebi ] arian Tavisuflad arCeulni, rogorc privilegirebuli kasta, romlebic elodebian, rom gadaixdian mxarsa da fexs amisTvis. da dacvis kaci, romelic sadarajozea, aris legalurad daqiraebuli da ise atarebs iaraRebs, romelic sruliad daSvebulia, miRebulia kanonis mier. riCard seneti gvTavazobs fsiqo-sociologiuri ten­denciis sikaSkaSes: Temis imiji aris gasufTavebuli yvelafrisgan, ramac SeiZleba gadasces gansxvavebulobis grZnoba, moamzados konfliqti`CvenSi~. am azriT, Temis solidarobis miTi aris wminda rituali... ra aris ganmasxvavebeli Temis miTiur gaziarebaSi, es aris is, rom xalxi grZnobs, rom isini ekuTvnian erTmaneTs, uziareben erTmaneTs, imitom rom igiveebi arian.`Cven~ grZnoba, romelic gamoxatavs msgavsebis survils, aris gza adamianisTvis rom Tavi aaridos saWiroebas raTa ufro Rrmad SevxedoT erTmaneTs. 306| Txevadi modernuloba rogorc bevri sxva modernuli valdebulebebi sa­ xal­xo Zalauflebis, ocneba sisufTaveze, siwmindeze aris Txevadi modernulobis eraSi araregulirebuli da privatizebuli; iRvwode am ocnebisken darCa privatulul – adgilobriv jgufSi – iniciativa. dacva adamianis personaluri usafrTxoebis, axla aris personaluri sagani, adgilobriv avtoritetebs da lokalur policias SeuZliaT dagexmaron sakuTari rCevebiT, xolo developerebi [ dacvis kompaniebi ] sixaruliT aarideben am sanerviulos mas, visac am servisisTvis gadaxda SeuZlia. personalurad gazomili valdebulebebi – calcal­ ke da erTad – saWiroa iyos Tanaswori ganzraxviT, romelmac aiZula misi Zieba. saerTo wesebze dayrdnobiT, mistikuri mizezebiT, metonimiuri aris gadayvanili metaforulSi: survili rom moigerio da ukanac daar­ ya mimdebare gasageb safrTxeebs, romelic dakavSirebulia fizikurad gaqrobis safrTxis qveS yofnasTan, transformirdeba saswrafod rom gaxados`garemyofi~ msgavsi, igive an identuri`garesTan~; rom gadaakeTo `iq gareT~ myofi da daamsgavso`aq SigniTTan~; ocneba`msgavsi Temebisken~ aris mniSvnelovani dagegmva ~ L’amour de soi ”-sis. aseve aris panikuri SemoTavazeba imisa, rom Tavi aarido momabezrebel kiTxvebs kargi pasuxebis gareSe: kiTxvebs, romelebic TavisTavad arian SemaSinebelni da akliaT Tavdajerebuloba, Rirs, rom giyvardes pirvel adgilze, da swored amitom, imsaxurebs imas, rom dagegmvasa da aRdgenaSi emsaxuros iqaur mosaxleobas da rogorc standarti, Seafaso da gazomo miRebuli identoba.`msgavs TemSi~ aseTi arasasiamovno kiTxvebi Temi| 307 imedia ar daismeva, amitomac, usafrTxoebis ndoba, romelic miRebul iqna dawmindavebisgan, arasdros iqneba Semowmebuli. sxva adgilas(`politikis ZiebaSi~, politi presa, 1999 ) me ganvixile gaurkvevlobis, daucvelobisa da usafrTxoebis`arawminda sameba~, TiToeuli maTgani ufro mwvave da mtkivneul aRelvebas uwevs generirebas imaSi, rom ar xar darwmunebuli warmoSobaSi; saidanac ar unda iyos, dagrovili orTqli sasowarkveTilad eZebs gamosavals, da daurwmuneblobis, gaurkvevlobis wyaroze wvdomiT da daucvelobiT iblokeba da miuwvdomeli xdeba; mTeli zewola mowolili yvelgan, imisaTvis, rom sabolood mgrZnobiared daece Txeli da myife sxeulis sarqvelze, Sida da garemos usafrTxoeba. Sedegad,`usafrTxoebis problemas~ mivyavarT qronikul gadatvirTulobisken, wuxilebiTa da ltolviT, romelic ar SeiZleba dacalo an gauSva. uwminduri aliansis Sedegad, mudmivad gvwyuria meti usafrTxoeba... wyurvils, romelic praqtikulad ar izomeba, SeuZlia bolo mouRos adamians, vinaidan isini arian SeTanxmebulni, rom mudmivad aarsebon gaurkvevlobis da daucvelobis pirveladi da mudmivi profiluri wyaro, romlebic arian mTvari aRelvebis, miukareblobisa da xeluxleblobis mTavari wyaroebi. usafrTxoebis fasi Temis kultis xelaxla dabadebuli mociqulebis na­werebidan, fil koenma daaskvna, rom Temi TavianT Tanamedrove cxovrebiseul problemebs enTuziazmi- 308| Txevadi modernuloba Ta da rekomendaciiT kurnaven; arsebobs ufro meti bavSvTa saxlebi, cixeebi an sagiJeTebi, vidre potenciuri gaTavisuflebis adgilebi. koeni marTalia; magram gaTavisuflebis potencia arasodes iyo Temobis sagani; problemebi, romlebic gvegona, rom gankurnavdnen momaval Temebebs, aRmoCnda liberaluri eqsesebis narCeni, gaTavisuflebis potenciali Zalian didia komfortisTvis. grZel da daskvniT kvleva-ZiebaSi Tavisuflebisa da usafrTxoebas Soris swor balansze, Temi swrafad dadga ukanasknelis mxares. aseve misaRebia, rom adamianis ori sanukvari Rirbuleba aris uTanasworo da Sepirispirebuli, erTs ar SeiZleba hqondes erTze meti, cota daTmobis gareSe, SeiZleba meores did nawilzec ki. erTi SesaZlebloba, romelsac Temis wevri ar aRiarebs, aris adamianis Tavisuflebis gafarToeba da gamdidreba, SeiZleba Sekribos adamianis usafrTxoeba mTlianad, rom Tavisufleba da usafrTxoeba SeiZleba iyos erTad, aRarafers vambobT, rom TiToeuli SeiZleba gaizardos, mxolod meores zrdasTan erTad. Temis xedva, kidev erTxel gavimeoreb, aris saxlis kunZuli da myudro simSvide turbulentur zRvasa da arastumarTmoyvareobaSi. is gacdunebs da gaqezebs, gpirdeba Tayvanismcemlebs, raTa Tavi Seikavo axlos Sexedvisgan, radgan mmarTvelobis sabolooba, talRebi da zRvis moSinaureba ukve waiSala dRiswesrigidan, radgan, rogorc winadadeba, orive saeWvo da ararealisturia. erTaderT TavSesafarad yofna gmatebs damatebiT Rirebulebas, da es Rirebuleba emateba ise, rogorc safondo birJaze, sadac vaWroben sxva cxo- Temi| 309 vrebiseuli RirebulebiT da xdeba sul ufro metad kaprizuli da araprognozirebadi. rogorc usafrTxo investicia(an ufro, investicia, romelic naklebad riskiania sxvebTan SedarebiT), Temis TavSesafris Rirebulebas ar hyavs seriozuli mowinaaRmdege garda, SeiZleba investoris tanisa – axla, warsulisgan gasnxvavebiT,`lebensveltis~ elementi TvalnaTliv ufro grZel(namdvilad Seudareblad grZeli) cxovrebis xangrZlivobasTan, vidre misi nebismieri xafangebi da gragnilebi. rogorc adre, sxeuli rCeba mokvdavad da eseigi gardamavlad, magram misi mokvdavobis SegrZneba, rogorc maradiuloba, ise Cans; rodesac arastabilurobasTan da efemerulobasTan SedarebiT yvela mimarTuli CarCoTi, orientaciis wertilebi, klasifikaciebi da Sefasebebi, romelsac Txevadi modernuloba ayenebs da iRebs vitrinebsa da maRaziis Taroebze. ojaxis wevrebi, klasi, mezoblebi arian Zalian mowyvladebi(fluidurebi), imisTvis, rom warmoidgino maTi mudmivoba da mianiWo maT sayrdeni niSnulis CarCoebis SesaZleblobebi; imedi, rom`Cven kidev SevxvdebiT xval~, rwmena, romelic gamoiyeneba yvela mizezis SesaTavazeblad, saWiroa winaswari ifiqro, moiqce grZelvadianad da Secvalo nabijebi erTi meores miyolebiT frTxilad mowyobili / dizaini droebiTi traeqtoriiT, ganukurnebelma mokvdavma cxovrebam dakarga didi sandooba; SesaZlebloba imisa, rom adamiani xval sakuTar sxeuls ixilavs Zalzed gansxvavebul an radikalurad Secvlil ojaxSi, klasSi, samezobloSi an TanamSromelTa wreSi, dResdReobiT gacilebiT ufro maRalia da amitomac, ufro saimedo fsonia. 310| Txevadi modernuloba eseSi, romelic dRes ikiTxeba, rogorc STamomavlobisTvis gagzavnili werili myari modernulobis miwidan, emil diurkemi gvTavazobs, rom erTaderTi `qcevebi, romelebsac aqvT gangrZobiTi xarisxi, Rirsi Cveni survilebisa, mxolod siamovneba, romlebic itanen da Rirs Cven survilebad~. es namdvilad iyo gakveTili, romelic myari modernulobidan SeiWra kargi Sedegebis mqone moqalaqeTa TavebSi, Tumca JRers ucxod da carielad Tanamedrove yurisTvis. – iqneb nakleb ucnaurad, vidre am gakveTilidan miRebuli diurkemis praqtikuli rCeva. ikiTxo, ra Canda misTvis wminda ritorikul SekiTxvad:`ra Rirebulebebis arian Cveni individualuri siamovnebi, romeli aris iseTi carieli da mokle ? ~ man myisierad Cado Tavis wignakSi dasvenebis SegrZneba, aRniSna, rom sabednierod, Cven ar varT marto, aseTi siamovnebis sadevnelad –`radgan sazogadoebebi arian dausruleblad metad xangrZlivi cxovrebis, vidre individebi~.`isini nebas gvaZleven Cven, gavsinjoT kmayofileba, romelic ar aris ubralod efemeruli, gardamavali~. sazogadoeba, diurkemis azriT,(sakmaod sando mis droSi) aris is sxeuli, `visi dacvis qveSac~ TavSesafarSi varT adamianis saSineli sakuTari gadacemisgan. sxeuli da misi siamovneba ar gamxdara naklebad efemeruli, gardamavali im droidan, rodesac diurkemma gangrZobiT socialur institutebs umRera dideba. sisulele aris yvelaferi sxva danarCeni – da is socialuri institutebi yvelaze savaraudod – dRes gaxda ufro efemeruli, vidre`sxeuli da misi dakmayofileba~.sicocxlis xangrZlivoba aris SedarebiTi gancda, xolo mokvdavi sxeuli axla aris al- Temi| 311 baT grZeli sicocxlis yvelaze grZeli yofa irgvliv (faqtia, erTaderTi yofa, visi cxovrebis xangrZlivobac midis gazrdamde wlebTan erTad). sxeuli, vinmem SeiZleba Tqvas, gaxda ukanaskneli TavSesafari da sakurTxeveli gangrZobiTobis da gagrZelebis; rasac ar unda niSnavdes`grZelvadiani~, is SeiZleba Znelad aRematebodes limitebs, dawesebuls mokvdavi sxeuliT. ase xdeba ukanaskneli usafrTxo sangrebis zoli, sangrebis, romelic arian gamofenilni mudmiv mterTan dasabombad, an – ukanaskneli oazisi daucvel moZrav qviSebs Soris. aqedan gamomdinare, sxeulis dacvaze akviatebuli, sicxiani da daZabuli SeSfoTeba. sazRvari sxeulsa da gare samyaros Soris aris yvelaze fxizeli daculi Tanamedrove sazRvrebs Soris. sxeulis orbita(Sesasvleli wertili) da sxeulis zedapiri(kontaqtis adgili) axla pirveladi samizneebi arian terorisa da aRelvebis generirebuli mokvdavobis codniT. aRar iziareben tvirTs sxva samizneebTan(garda, SeiZleba `TemTan) erTad. sxeulis axali upiratesoba aris asaxuli Temis imijis formirebis tendenciaSi(Temi saimedo-safrTxeebze ocnebebi, Temi, rogorc usafrTxoebis saTburi) idealurad usafrTxo sxeulis nimuSis Semdeg: vizualuri, rogorc yofa homogenuri da harmoniuli SigniT, safuZvlianad gawmendili yvela ucxoelisgan, miRebul-rezidentebis substanciebisgan, Sesasvleli yvela wertilis daketva, yureba, gakontroleba da yarauloba, mZimed SeiaraRebuli garedan da SefuTuli gaumtari javSniT. postulirebuli Temis sazRvrebi, rogorc sxeulis gare limitebi, aris dayofili ndobis sivrce da mosiyvarule zrunva veluri riskisgan, 312| Txevadi modernuloba eWvianoba da samudamo sifxizle. sxeuli da postulirebuli Temis msgavseba aris xaverdovani Signidan da ekliani da mCxvletavi garedan. sxeuli da Temi arian ukanaskneli dacviTi saguSagoebi am mzard gaudaobnoebul brZolis velze, romelSicaa garkvveulobis omi, dacva da usafrTxoeba, nawarmoebi yoveldRe cot-cotad, Tu maT sWirdebaT rame gadadeba axla Seasrulon amocanebi erTxel dayofili bevr bastionsa da safondo birJebs Soris. axla maTze metadaa damokidebuli, vidre maT SeuZliaT rom ataron, anu isini ufro Rrmavdebian vidre mcirdebian, SiSi romelmac aiZlula usafrTxoebis maZebrebi gaqceuliyvnen TavSesafarSi. sxeulisa da Temis axali simartove aris farTod dayenebuli gavleniani cvlilebebis Sedegi Camoyalibebuli Txevadi modernulobis rubrikis qveS. adamiani icvleba kompleqtSi, Tumca, konkretuli mniSvnelovvnebiT: uaris Tqma, gandevna an gayidva saxelmwifos yvela mTavari damxmareebis mier, misi rolis, rogorc principuli(iqneb monopolisturic ki) gamyidvelis garkveuulobis da usafrTxoebis, gagrZelebuli misi uaryofili damowmebiT usafrTxoeba / garkveuloba miswrafebebi misi sagnebisken. eri saxelmwifos Semdeg modernul droSi, nacia iyo saxelmwifos`meore saxe~ da principuli iaraRi suverenitetul teritoriaze da mosaxleobaze. kargi SeTanxmeba naciis Temi| 313 ndobasa da mis mimzidvelobas Soris, rogorc usafrTxoebis garantia da misi intimuri asociaciidan miRebuli xaniereba, saxelmwifosTan erTad, da saxelmwifos gavliT, gamiznuli qmedebiT Camoyalibebuli mosaxleobisTvis garkveulobisa da usafrTxoeba gangrZobiToba da sandooba, koleqtiuri dazRveva, fundamenti. axali mdgomareobis gamo, erma cota SeiZleba moipovos saxelmwifosgan misi mWidro kavSirebis gamo. saxelmwifo ar SeiZleba bevrs elodes eris mobilizaciis potencialisgan, romelsic sul ufro da ufro naklebad sWirdeba, ramdenadac axalwveulebis masobrivi jari, gaerTianeba sisxladuRebuli gaZlierebuli patriotuli maniakaluri aRzneba, Canacvlebulia elitistebis da civi gonebiT moazrovne profesionali maRalteqnologiuiri erTeulebiT, xolo qveynis keTildReoba izomeba ara misi xarisxiT, raodenobiTa da TavianTi Zalis moraluri suliT, aramed imiT, Tu ramdenad mimzidvelia is globaluri kapitalis civsisxliani daqiravebuli ZalisTvis. saxelmwifoSi, romelic aRar aris damcveli xidi garda individualuri wamyvani moralis CamorTmevisa, mowodeba, rom Tavi Seswiro individualur kargad yofnas, rom aRaraferi vTqvaT, individualur cxovrebaze, prezervaciisTvis / SenaxvisTvis an saxelmwifos uvargisi didebisTvisTvis, ismis sulelurad da uzarmazar ucnaurobad, Tu ara sasacilod. saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi, saxelmwifosa da ers Soris gaCaRebuli romani, midis dasasrulisken; ara imdenad gayrisken, ramdenadac`erTad cxovrebis~ gegmis kurTxeul ojaxur erTobaze dayrdnobil upirobo loialurobiT Canacvlebisken. partniorebi axla Tavisuflebi arian 314| Txevadi modernuloba da SeuZliaT gaixedon saiTac undaT, rom Sevidnen sxva aliansebSi; maTi partnioroba aRar aris saTanado da misaRebi qcevis savaldebulo nimuSi. Cven SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom eri, romelic gvTavazobs ar myofi Temis Semcvlelobas gezelSaftiseraSi, axla ukan miedineba warsulSi motovebuli gemeinSaftisken, im nimuSebis ZebnaSi, romlis mixedviTac unda mibaZo da rom modelireba gaukeTo Semdeg Tavad masve. instituciuri sayrdenebi, romlebsac SeuZlia erTad hqondes eri, savaraudod sul ufro da ufro xdeba`TviTon gaakeTe~ samsaxuri. ocneba garkveulobaze da usafrTxoebaze, ara maTi faqtobrioba da rutinuli debuleba, romelmac unda gazardos oboli individebi gasaerTianeblad, Seagrovos, Seifaros eris frTis qveS, manam, sanam dasdevs jiutad iluziur usafrTxoebas. saxelmwifos garkveulobisa da usafrTxoebis servisebis gadarCeniT, Cans patara imedi. saxelmwifo politikis Tavisufleba aris undoblad gamqrali globaluri Zalebis SeiaraRebuli saocari eqsteritoriuli iaraRebis mier, aCqarebuli moZraobebiTa da acdenili / gaqceuli SesaZleblobebiT; axali darRveuli globaluri cnobierebis gamo, samagieros gadaxda aris swafi da daundobeli. namdvilad, uaris Tqma, axali globaluri TamaSis misi wesebiT TamaSze, aris yvelaze daundobelad dasjili danaSauli, sadac saxelmwifo Zalebi, gabamen miwaze TavianTi teritoriulad gansazRvruli suverenitetiT, es unda iyos frTxilad Cadenili da yvelafris fasad aridebuli. Zalian xSirad, sasjeli aris ekonomikuri. urCi mTavrobebi, damnaSaveebi politikosebis proteqcionerebaSa an guluxvi sajaro obieqtebi,`ekonomiku- Temi| 315 rad gadaWarbebuli~ nawilebis qmedebebi TvianTi mosaxleobisa da ukangdebuli qveynidan morCenili wyaloba`globaluri finansuri bazramde~ da`globaluri Tavisufali vaWroba~, iqneboda uaryofili sesxebi an TavianTi valebis Semcirebis uaryofa; adgilobrivi valutebisgan Seiqmneboda globaluri keTrovanebi, winaaRmdegobrivi spekulaciebi da sirTuleebiT devaliacis gamosawvevad; adgilobrivi birJebi Camoiqceoda globaluri gacvlebis gamo; qveyana moeqceoda eko­nomikuri sanqciebis kordonebSi da etyodnen Zvel da momaval savaWro partniorebs, rom moeqcnen mas [ qveyanas ] , rogorc globalur partias; globaluri investorebi Seamcirebden TavianT gaTvaliswinebul danakargebs, Sekredben TavianT kuTvnilebebs da gamoitanden TavianT aqtivebs, datovebden adgilobriv avtoritetebs nagavis mosasufTaveblad da daxmarebis xels gauwvdidneb dazaralebulebs Tavisive Seqmnili saSinelebidan gamosayvanad. rogorc wesi, sasjeli ar iqneboda SezRuduli `ekonomikuri sazomebiT~. gansakuTrebiT daumorCilebel mTavrobebs(magram ara Zalian Zliers, rom didi xani gaZlos) gansakuTrebiT mwvaved dasjis da samagaliTo gakveTils aswavlis im mizeziT, rom gaafrTxilon da SeaSinon TavianTi potenciuri imitatorebi. Tu yoveldRiuri rutina, globaluri Zalebis demonstraciebi aRmatebuloba arasakmarisi gamoCnda, imisTvis, rom aiZulo saxelmwifo mizezis sanaxavad da saTanamSromlod axal`msoflio wesrigTan~, samxedroebi SeiZleba Semobrundes: siCqaris aRmatebulebiT sineleze, SesaZlebloba imisa, rom gaiqce darCenis nacvlad, eqsteritoriuloba lokalurobis nacvlad, 316| Txevadi modernuloba yvelaferi araCveulebrivad iqneba gamofenili am dros SeiaraRebuli Zalebis daxmarebiT, gawvrTnili`daartyi da gaiqeci~ taqtikiT da mkacri gamocalkevebiT `sicocxleebi unda gadarCes~ iseTi sicocxleebisgan, romlis gadarCenac ar Rirs. rogorc eTikuri aqti, omis iugoslaviis winaaRmdeg Catarda sworad da proporciulad da aris Ria diskursiisTvis. im oms hqonda azri, rogorc`sxvebisTvis globaluri ekonomikuri wesrigis xelSewyoba, ufro sxvebis mier, vidre politikuri gagebiT~. Semtevebis mier arCeuli strategiam, imuSava kargad, rogorc axali globaluri ierarqiis da TamaSis axali wesebis araCveulebrivma displeim, romelmac Seadgina is. rom ara, aTasobiT namdvili`msxverplisa~ da saxelmwifo kastisaTvis ganadgurebuli da CamorTmeuli saarsebo saSualeba da bevri wliT gadadebuli TviT aRdgenis SesaZlebloba, vinme cdundeboda da aRwerda am oms, rogorc` sui generis ~, rogorc`simboluri oms~, oms-TavisTavads; misi strategia da taqtika iyo(gaazrebulad da gauazreblad) emerjentuli Zalis liderobis simbolo. mediumi iyo namdvilad mesiji. rogorc sociologiis maswavlebeli, me Cems studentebs wlebis manZilze vumeoreb,`civilizaciis istoriis~ standartul verias, rogorc aRniSnuli TanmimdevrobiT, jer sastiki umoZraobis aRzevebas da aramomTabareebis saboloo gamarjvebas momTabareebze; is ganviTarda Semdgomi argumentis gareSe, rom wagebul mxares momTabareebi iyvnen, maTi arsiT regresiuli da anti civilizaciuri Zala. bolo dros, jim maklauglinim, sabolood axsna gamarjvebis arsi, CanaxatebiT moyolili mokle istoria – Tanamedrove civilizaciis Temi| 317 orbitiT xedviT – aramomTabareebis SeTaxmebuli qceviT momTabareebTan mimarTemiT. momTabareoba, niSnavs daginaxon da mogepyron, rogorc`barbarosuli bunebis mqones da ganuviTarebel sazogadoebas~. momTabreebi aRiweren, rogorc`primitivebi~ da`bunebrivebi~ ugo grotiusidan ki ukve paraleli gaivlo`primitiulsa~ da`bunebrivs~(rogorc, daumuSavebeli, xepre, pre kulturuli, araciviluri) Soris:`kanonebis ganviTareba, kulturuli porgresi, gaumjobesebuli civilizacia yvela ukavSirdeba evoluciasa da adamianis gaumjobesebas – miwasTan kavSirs drosa da sivrceSi~. rom ar gamigrZeldes: progresi iyo identificirebuli momTabareobis mitovebasTan da erT adgilas damkvidrebis cxovrebis wessze gadasvlaze. es yvelaferi, darwmunebuli rom iyo, moxda myari modernulobis periodSi, rodesac dominacia moiazrebda pirdapir, mWidro kavSirs da niSnavda teritoriis dapyrobas, aneqsiasa da kolonizacias.`difuzionizmis~(istoriis Sexeduleba, erT dros Zalian popularul imperiebis dedaqalaqebSi), damaarsebeli da mTavari Teoritikosi fridrix ratceli, mqadagebeli`Zlieris uflebebis~, romelic egona, rom iyo eTnikuri aRmatebuleba imdenad, ramdenadac auridebeli Sexeduleba civilizaciuri geniosobis iSviaTobasa da pasiuriimitaciis msgavsebaze, xelCaWidebuli zustad im drois ganwyobasTan, rodesac man barierze dawera kolonialistis saukuneze rom: arsebobisTvis brZola niSnavs brZolas sivrcisTvis... dominanti xalxi, ipyrobs TavianTi susti veluri mezoblebis teritoriebs, Zarcvaven 318| Txevadi modernuloba maT TavianT miwaze, axevineben ukan kuTxeebSi Zalian, da agrZeleben SeWras maSinac ki, sanam maTi mwiri mflobelobaa, sanam susti sabolood ar dakargavs sakuTari dominirebis naSTebs, zustad aris dedamiwis xalxmravloba... aseTi eqspansionistebis aRmatebuloba iqmneba pirveladad, maTi didebuli SesaZleblobiT gamoyenos Sesabamisad da, safuZvlianad da daasaxlos teritoria. naTlad, meti ara. dominaciis TamaSi, Txevadi modernulobis droSi, ar aris TamaSi`didebsa~ da`patarebs~ Soris, aramed`Cqarebsa da`nelebs~ Soris. marTaven isini, visac SeuZliaT, rom daaCqardes Tavisi oponentis xafangis limitebiT. rodesac siCqare niSnavs dominacias,`Sesabamisoba, gamoyeneba da dasaxleba teritoriis~ xdeba unarSezRuduli – pasuxismgebloba, ara – aqtivi. sxvisi iurisdiqciis daufleba da ufro metic, sxvisi miwis aneqsia, gulisxmobs kapital-intensiurobas, umarTav administraciisa da kontrolis wasagebad ganwirul amocanas, pasuxismgeblobas, Tavis miZRvnas da, uwinares yovlisa, adamianis momavali Tavisufali gadaadgilebis mkacr SezRudvas. araa naTeli, Tu rodis iqneba wamowyebuli`daartyi da gaiqeci~ omebi, im azriT, rom pirveli wamowyeba dasrulda Caketili, SezRuduli msxverplebi-SemosazRvra maTi miwis okupaciis umarTavi, mouxerxebeli samsaxurebi, adgilobrivi CarTuloba da menejeruladministraciuli pasuxismgeblobebi sakmaod srulyofiladaa Txevadi modenrulobis Zalis teqnikaSi. Zlier globalur elitas rCeba SesaZlebloba admilobrivi valdebulebebisgan gaqcevisa da globalizacia niSnavs Temi| 319 zustad imas, rom SesaZlebeli iyos Tavi aarido aseT saWiroebebs, rom gaiyos amocana da funqciebi iseTi xerxiT, rom datvirTon adgilobrivi avtoritetebi da mxolod isini, kanonis damcvelisa da adgilobrivi wesrigis roliT. namdvilad, adamians SeuZlia dainaxos bevri niSani sufTa`meore azriT~ SeSupebuli mogebulTa banakSi: `globaluri policiis Zalis~ strategia aris kidev erTxel intensiuri kritikuli dakvirvebis sagani. im funqciebs Soris, romelsac globaluri elitebi datovebdnen,`eri-saxelmwifo-gadaiqca-adgilobrivi-po­­ li­ ciis-ubnebad gavleniani xmebis mzardi ricxvi Seicavs Zalisxmevas imisaTvis, rom gadaiWras saSineli samezoblo konfliqtebi; gadawyveta aseTi konfliqtebis, Cven gvesmis, aseve unda iyos`aRmofxvrili~ da`decentralizebuli~ globaluri ierarqiis dabla ganlagebuli, adamianis uflebebisa an ara adamaianis uflebebis, da gadavida`sadac unda iyos, sadac / rasac is ekuTvnis~ lokaluri mebrZoliebi da iaraRebi mbrZanebloben`kargad gagebuli ekonomikuri interesebis~ guluxvobis wyalobiT, globaluri kompaniebisa da mTavrobebis ganzraxvebiT xelSewyobili globalizaciiT. magaliTad, eduard n. lutvakma, amerikuli strategiebis da saerTaSoriso swavlebis centris ufrosma aspirantma da bevri wlis manZilze pentagonis cvlilebis xasiaTis sando barometrma, gaasaCivra ivlis-agvistoSi 1999 sagareo saqmeTa sakiTxze(aRiwera gardianis mier, rogorc`yvelaze ufro gavleniani periodi beWdvaSi~)`mieci oms Sansi~, omebi, lutvakze dayrdnobiT, ar arian yvela erTnairad cudebi, sanam moaqvT mSvidoba. mSvidoba ki, mova mxolod maSin, 320| Txevadi modernuloba `roca yvela agresiis mqone daiRleba an roca vinme gadamwyvetad moigebs.`yvelaze cudi ram(da natom es axlaxans gaakeTa) aris Sua gzaSi SeCereba, manamde, sanam srola dasruldeba saerTo daRlilobiT an romelime mxris omis SeuZleblobiT. aseT SemTxvevebSi, konfliqtebi gadawyvetili araa, aramed droebiTadaa gayinuli da mowinaaRmdegeebi iyeneben dros imisTvis, rom daazavon reagireba, gamoaTavisuflon da Tavidan moifiqron TavianTi taqtika. anu SenTvis da maT gamo, ar Caerio`sxva xalxis omebSi~. lutvakis Sexedulebam SeiZleba kargad daucos bevrs survilisa da madlierebis yurebi. yvelafris miuxedavad, rogorc`globalizaciis xelSewyoba sxva saSualebebiT~, midis, intervenciaze uaris TqmiTa da omiT dasustebis nebis darTviT miiRweoda`naturaluri dasasruli~, rac moitanda imave upiratesobebs, rasac pirdapiri Carevis SeSfoTebis gareSe`sxva xalxis omebSi~, da zustad maTi uxerxulobasa da umarTav Sedegebs. ugunuri gadawyvetilebis gamo suliskveTebis gamovlena, fsoni omze, humanitaruli baneris qveS, lutvaki aRniSnavs, rom aris naTeli araadekvaturoba; samxedro Careva, rogorc saSualeba bolomde:`farTomasStabiani uangaro Carevac ki SeiZleba damarcxdes mis, TiTqos, humanuri miznebiT. vinmes daainteresebs, nuTu kosovoelebsTvis ar iqneboda ukeTesi natos rom ubralod araferi gaekeTebina~. es albaT ukeTesi iqineboda natos ZalebisTvisac, raTa gaegrZelebina misi yoveldRiuri wvrTnebi da daetovebina adgilobrivebi marto imisaTvis, rom gaekeTebinaT is, rac unda gaekeTebinaT. Temi| 321 ramac gamoiwvia eWvebi da aiZula gamarjvebuli, rom enanaT Careva(oficialurad daadastures warmateba) iyo maTi marcxi gaqceodnen zustad igive saboloobas, rom`daartyi da gaiqeci~ kampania niSnavda Carevis dapyrobili teritoriis saWiroebis, okupaciisa da administracis ugulvebelyofas. medesanteebisa da maTi mosaxleobis daSvebisas kosovoSi, mebrZol mxareebs hqondaT akrZaluli sasikvdilo srola, magram amocana, rom SeekavebinaT isini srolis diapazonidan usafrTxo distanciaze, natos Zalebma moitana`samoTxidan dedamiwaze~ Tavis Tavze aiRo pasuxismgeblo­ ba miwis WuWyian realiebze. henri kisinjerma, fxizelma da perspeqtiulma analitikosma, aseve polit­ikis udidesma profesionalma gaigo(raRacnairad Zvelmodurad), rogorc SesaZleblobis xelovneba, gafrTxileba ugulvelyofis winaaRmdeg pasuxismgeblobis aRsadgenad miiwevs ganadgurebuli mbombavi omiT. es gegma, kisinjeri aRniSnavs,`riski gadaqceuli ufro Rrma CarTulobis`Ria daxurul~ valdebulabad, gvxdis regionis Jandarmad, vnebiani siZulvilisa, sadac Cven gvaqvs ramdenime strategiuli interesi~ da `CarTuloba~ aris zustad is, rasac omebs mimarTavs rom`xeli Seuwyos globalizacias sxva saSualebebiT~ igulisxmeba gverdi auaro ! samoqalaqo administracia, kisinjeri amatebs, gardauvalad gamoiwvevs konfliqts, da es daecema administratorebs, rogorc maTi ZviradRirebuli da eTikurad saeWvo amocana, rom ZaliT moagvaron isini. jerjerobiT arsebobs Zalian cota niSani, Tu romelime saerTod arsebobs, rom saokupacio Zalebs SeuZliaT gaumklavdnen gamowvevebs da gadaWran konfliq- 322| Txevadi modernuloba tis daregulirebis amocanebi, miTumetesi, maTi, visac bombavdnen da Caanacvles TavianTi marcxis gamo. devnilebis bedis mkveTr opoziciaSi, visi saxeliTac dabombvis kampania daiwyo, devnilebis yoveldRiuri dabrunebis cxovreba iSviaTad moxvda saTaurebSi, magram siaxle, romelic am SemTxvevaSi aRwevs mkiTxvelebamde da mediis msmenelebamde aris avis momaswavlebeli.`serbebisa da boSaTa umciresobebis mimarT kosovoSi Zaladobis talRa da gangrZobadi represiebi, Zirs uTxris provinciis saeWvo stabilurobasa da uSvebs serbebis eTnikur wmendas, mxolod erTi Tvis Semdeg natos jarebma aiRes kontroli~; iuwyeba kris birdi pristinadan. natos Zalebi realurad Canda Cakargulad da umweod eTnikuri wmendis winaSe, siZulvilis winaSe, romelic Canda iseTi martivi aRsawerad da gadasaWrelad, es civsisxliani kriminali, rodesac uyureb ultrabgeriT bombdamSenebze dainstalirebul televizoris kamerebidan. Jan klari, sxva bevr damkvirvebelTan erTad, baklaneTis omisgan elodeba dauyovnebliv Sedegs, rom iqneboda Rrma da grZelvadiani destabilizacia mTel teritoriaze, da implozia, integrireba ufro metad, vidre momwifeba axalgazrda da daucveli, jer kidev daubadebeli demokratiis – makedoniis, albaneTis, xorvatiisa an bulgaruli tipis qveynebisTvis.(daniel vernetiTavis kvlevaSi gvawodebs maRali klasis balkaneli politikosebis da socialuri mecnierebis azrebs, saTauriT:`balkanelebi ejaxebian agoniis risks dasasrulis gareSe~) magram mas aseve ainteresebs Tu rogor gaixsneba Zaldakarguli politika erisaxelmwifos fesvebis moWriT, da sicocxlisunariano- Temi| 323 ba Seivseba. globaluri sabazro Zalebi, mozeime perspeqtivaze, rom aRar dabrkoldeba da SeCerdeba, albaT gaagrZelebs, gadadgams nabijs, magram maT ar undaT(an moaxexerxes, rom undodeT), rom dainiSnos aryofnis an uZalo politikosebi. aseve ar iqnebian dainteresebulebi Zlieri da darwmunebuli eri-saxelmwifos aRdgeniT teritoriis mTel nawilze. `marSalis sxva gegma~ aris awmyo klanurobaze yve­ laze xSirad SemoTavazebuli pasuxi. es ar arian mxolod generlebi, romlebic mudmivi brZolis gamo ari­ an cnobilni bolo mogebul omSi. magram adamians ar SeuZlia yovel rTul situaciaze erTi gamosavali hqon­des. Tumca didi Sejameba gadaido ganze mizezebTa gamo. balkanuri mdgomareoba eri-saxelmwifos Tavidan aSenebisgan Zalian gansxvavebulia, meore msoflio omis Semdeg misi suvereniteti Tavis moqalaqeebTan erTad. Cven ras vawydebiT balkaneTSi kosovos omis Semdeg ar aris materialuri rekonstruqciis TiTqmis nakawridan mxolod erTi amocana(iugoslaviis sacxovrebeli iyo mTlianad ganadgurebuli) magram aseve sicrue da SpionaJi intereTnikuri Sovinizmi, romelic gaCnda omidan da gaZlierda. balkanelebis CarTuloba globaluri bazris qselSi bevrs daarwmunebda aratolerantulobisa da siZulvilis, isic xom damatebis, vidre daSorebis safrTxes, romelic iyo(rCeba) pirvel mduRare tomuri ganwyobebis wyarod. magaliTad, aris realuri safrTxe, rom dasustebuli serbuli Zala gauZlebs da moemsaxureba, rogorc mdgari mowveva Tavisi mezobelisa, raTa daiwyos axali raundi- mtroba da eTnikuri wmenda. 324| Txevadi modernuloba natos politikosebis uceremonio da arasasiamovno Canawerebis gaTvaliswinebiT, kompleqsuri, delikaturi da safrTxilo, tipuri balkanuri rTuli sakiTxebisa`Sereuli mosaxleobis sartyeli~(rogorc hana ardetma uwoda mas), adamians SeiZleba eSinodes momavali seriebis, Zviri Secdomebis. veravin ver iqneboda Ria im niSnebisa eWvebisTvis dapirispirebaze im momentSi, roca evropeli liderebi, darwmundnen, rom ar iqneba ltolvilebis axali talRa da TavSesafris maZieblebi daemuqrebian mdidar eleqtorats, umarTavi miwebis mimarT dakargaven TavianT interess, radgan ukve aqvT didi xania – somali, sudani, ruanda, aRmosavleT timori an avRaneTi. Cven SeiZleba Semdeg davbrundeT moedanze, romelic Semofarglulia morwyuli cxedrebiT. antonina jeliazkovam, umciresobebis kvlevebis saerTaSoriso institutis direqtorma, gamoxata Tvisi azri(vernetis citirebiT):`ar SeiZleba gadawydes umciresobebis problemebi bombebiT. dartyma faravs eSmaks orive mxridan~. daikavo adgili nacionalur mtkicebebSi, natos moqmedebebma gaaZliera Semdgomi, isedac ukontrolo teritoriis nacionalizmebi da moamzada niadagi momavali genocidis gameorebisTvis. erTerTi yvelaze saSineli Sedegi aris is, rom saerTo sacxovrebeli da megobruli Tanaarseboba enebis, kulturebis da religiebis am adgilis aris yvelaze naklebi, vidre odesme yofila. rac ar unda yofiliyo survili, Sedegebi midis sawinaaRmdego granulisken, rac unda eTikurad wamowyebulis molodini gvqonoda. daskvna, rogorc mosalodnelia, ar aris saimedo. mcdelobebi rom Semsubuqdes tomuri agresia axali Temi| 325 `globaluri polisis qmedebiT~ wyalobiT, jerjerobiT aris aradamajerebeli da ufro metic, kontrproduqtiuli. sastiki globalizaciis saboloo Sedebi gaxda mkveTrad daubalansebeli: ganaxlebuli tomuri areulobis ziani movida manam, sanam wamali dasWirdeboda mas gansakurneblad, saukeTesod gamocdaze(an ufro metad gamocda da Secdoma) safexurze. globalizacia, rogorc Cans, aris gacilebiT ufro warmatebuli Tu emateba axali energia interTemuri SuRli da konfliqti, vidre mSvidobiani da Tanaarsebobrivi Temis xelSewyoba. carieli adgilis Sevseba transnacionaluri korporaciebi(gabneuli globaluri kompaniebi moZravi adgilobrivi interesebiTa da alegoriebi),`idealuri samyaro~`aris saxelmwifos gareSe, an didTan SedarebiT, patara mainc~ – erik hobsbaumma Tqva.`Tu ar aqvT navTobi, rac ufro pataraa saxelmwifo, miT ufro sustia da naklebi fuli sWirdeba mTavrobis sayidlad.~ is, rac dRes Cven gvaqvs, aris dualuri sistemis ormagi efeqti, saxelmwifos oficialuri `nacionaluri ekonomika~, da realuri, magram Zalian araoficialuri transnacionaluri erTeulebisa da instituciebisa... gansxvavebiT, saxelmwifos Tavisi teritoriisa da Zalauflebisa, `eris~ sxva elementebi SeiZleba iyos da iolad 326| Txevadi modernuloba arian gauqmebulni globaluri ekonomikis mier. eTnikuroba da ena, aris ori naTeli ram. waiRe, moaSore saxelmwifo Zalaufleba da iZulebiTi Zalebi, da maTi SefardebiTi umniSneloba naTeli gaxdeba. rogorc ekonomikis globalizacia xtoma-xtomiT agrZelebs`xelisuflebebis yidvas~; rom davrwmundeT, es ufro naklebad mniSvnelovanic kia. xelisuflebis mbzinavi uunaroba, imisTvis, rom dabalansdes fasiani qaRaldebi kontrolis resursebTan(es iseTi resursebia, romlebzec SeuZliaT darwmunebulni iyvnen, rom darCeba maTi kontrolis sferoSi, rogori gzac ar unda aarCion fasiani qaRaldebis balansisTvis) iqneboda sakmarisi rom mTavroba ara mxolod danebebuliyos gardaulebas, magram aqtiurad da mowodebiT iTanamSromlos`globalistebTan~. entoni gidensma apokriptuli`jagernautis~ metafora gamoiyena imisaTvis, raTa aRgveqva`modernizaciis~ msoflio qselis meqanizmi. igive metafora Zalian kargad uxdeba dRevandel ekonomikis globalizaciasac: Zalian rTulia, rom gamoiyos aqtorebi da maTi morCili obieqtebi, rogorc umetesi nacionaluri mTavroba ejibreba erTimeores, imisaTvis, rom Seevedros, moTaflos an Seacdinos globaluri jagernauti, mimarTulebis kursis Sesacvlelad da iyos pirveli(dawves pirveli) im miwebze, romelsac isini ukeTeben administrirebas. ramdenime maT Soris, romlebic Zalian nelebi, sulelebi, araSorsmWvreteli arian, an kidev, ubralod didi, SejibrebaSi Casabmelad, aRmoaCenen sakuTar Tavebs mZime gasaWirSi – araferi ar Temi| 327 eqnebaT satrabaxo, roca es ganxorcieldeba maTi`xmis micema safulis mixedviT~ amomrCevlebi. an iqnebian dauyovnebliv dagmobilebi da gariyulebi, gaZevebulebi`msoflio azris~ Sesabamisi pirferi gundebisgan da ibanaveben bombebSi an daemuqrebian, rom ibanaveben bombebSi, im mizniT, raTa aRdges maTi kargi azrovneba da ganagrZon maTTan. Tu eri-saxelmwifos suverenitetis principi aris sabolood aRwerili da mocilebuli wesdebebidan da saerTaSoriso samarTlidan, Tu saxelmwifo Zalaufleba efeqturadaa gatexili rezistentulobaze, anu mas ar sWirdeba, globaluri Zalauflebis mqoneTa mier seriozulad gamoTvlili kalkulaciebi, Canacvleba msoflios erebis supernacionaluri wesrigiT(globaluri politikuri sistemebi Semowmebis da balansis imisaTvis, rom SezRudon da daareguliron globaluri ekonomikis Zalebi) aris, magram erTi – da dRevandeli perspeqtividan ara yvelaze gasagebi – SesaZlebeli scenarebidan. msoflioSi farTodaa gavrcelebuli is, rac pier burdiem gaaxmovana:`gaRatakebis procesi~ aris Tanabrad, ufro metic, Sedegi. Tu saxelmwifos suverenitets dartma miadgeba fatalurad da sabolood, Tu saxelmwifo kargavs monopolias Zaladobaze (romelic maqs veberma da norbert eliasma erTnairad aRniSnes da ganixiles, rogorc yvelaze gamorCeuli atributi, erTdroulad modernuli racionalobisa da civiluri wesrigis “ Sine qua non” atributi), es maincdamainc ar niSnavs, Tavi mouyaros mTlian Zaladobas, potenciaSi genociduri Sedegebis mqone Zaladobis CaTvliT, Semcirdeba; Zaladoba SeiZleba mxolod dere- 328| Txevadi modernuloba gulirebuli iqnas, daRmavali saxelmwifodan`Temamde~ (neo-tomuri) done. institucionaluri CarCos`arboretulobis~ stru­ q­turis gareSe(rom gamoviyenoT deliozis / gutaris me­tafora), socialurad SeiZleba kargad dabrunebuli Tavisi`feTqebadi~ manifestaciebi, vrceldeba rizomulad(mcenarea) da aferxebs sxvadasxva xarisxiT gangrZobiTobis formaciebs, magram ucvlelad, arastabilurad, cxare kamaTiTa da moklebuli saZirkvels, raTa daeyrdnos – garda Tavisi mimdevrebis vnebiani, frenetikuli qmedebebisa. endemuri arastabiluroba saZirkvels dasWirdeboda yofiliyo konpensirebuli. aqtiuri(survilis qoniT Tu ZaldatanebiT) sirTule danaSaulebSi, romelic mxolod gaagrZelebs arsebobas`feTqebad TemSi~, SeiZleba yvelaze Sesaferisi kandidati, rom Seavsos vakansia, aris gamonaklisi da gaTavisuflebuli adamiani. feTqebad Temebs sWirdebaT Zaladoba, rom daibadon da sWirdebaT Zaladoba imisaTvis, rom ganagrZon cxovreba. maT sWirdebaT mtrebi, romlebic daemuqrebian maT arsebobas da mtrebi, romlebic iqnebian koleqtiurad devnilni, nawamebni da dasaxiCrebulni, imis gamo, rom Temis TiToeuli wevri gaxdes monawile, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu oms waageben, yvelaze didi albaTobiT deklarirdeba danaSauli kacobriobis winaSe, devnian da daisjebian. gamowvevebis swavlebis grZel seriaSi, rene jirardma ganaviTara srulyofili Teoria Temis dabadebasa da prezervaciaSi Zaladobis rolze. Zaladobis ganzraxva aris yovelTvis sicrue wynari zedapiris mSvidi da megobruli TanamSromlobis qveS; mas sWirdeba, rom Temis sazRvrebs miRma iyos gaTiSuli imisa- Temi| 329 Tvis, rom gamoikveTos Temis kunZulis simSvide, sadac Zaladoba akrZalulia. Zaladoba, romelsac sxvanairad SeiZleba vuwodoT Temis erTobis blefi, aris Temis dacvis gadamuSavebuli iaraRi. am gadamuSavebul formaSi is aris Seucvleli; mas sWirdeba aRdges mudmivad Sesawiris ritualis formiT, romlisTvisac surogati msxverpli aris arCeuli im wesebze dayrdnobiT, romlebic ar aris cxadi da, amis miuxedavad, mkacri.`aris saerTo gamyofi, romelic gansazRvravs msxverplSewirvis efeqturobas~. es saerTo denominatori aris Sinagani Zaladoba – yvela gamJRavneba, metoqeoba, eWvianoba da Cxubi Temis SigniT, romelic swiravs Seqmnilia aRsakveTad. msxverplSewirvis mizani TemSi harmoniis aRdgenaa, raTa gaaZlieros socialuri qsovili. is, rac aerTianebs ritualuri Sewirvis bevr formas aris misi mizani – Temur erTianobaze da mis araCveulebrivobaze SenarCundes mogoneba cocxlad. magram rom Sesruldes`surogati msxverplis~ roli, sworad unda iyvnen arCeulebi, is obieqtebi, romlebic Seiwirebian Temuri erTianobis samsxverploze, – da arCevis wesebi aris iseTive momTxovni, rogorebic TviTon arian. Sesawiravad mzad potenciur obieqts`unda hqondes mkveTri msgavseba adamianebis iseT kategoriasTan, romlebic gamoricxulni arian`Sesawiri~ kategoriidan(adamianebs hgoniaT, rom Temis insaiderebi arian)~ sanam jer kidev inarCuneb gansxvavebis xarisxs, romelic krZalavs yvela SesaZlo gaugebrobas~. kandidati unda iyos autsaideri, magram ara Zalian Sors 330| Txevadi modernuloba mdgomi; msgavsi`Cveni, Temis sruluflebiani wevrebis, jer kidev uSecdomod gansxvavebulebi~. am obieqtebis msxverplSewirvis aqti niSnavs, yvelafris miuxedavad, gaavlo mWidro mosalodneli sazRvrebi Temis`SigniT~ da Temis`gareT~. is midis imis Tqmis gareSe, rom kategoriebi, romlidanac msxverplebi regularulad irCevian xolme arian isini, vinc arian gareT an sazogadoebis SuagulSi; omis tyveebi, monebi, farmakosebi... garegani an marginaluri individebi, romlebsac ar SeuZliaT Camoayalibon an gaaziaron socialuri obligaciebi, romelic kavSirSia danarCen macxovreblebTan. maTi statusi, rogorc ucxoelebis an mtrebis, maTi momsaxure mdgomareoba, an ubralod maTi asaki xels uSlis am momaval msxverplebs TemSi mTlianad integrirebas. socialuri kavSirebis arqona Temis`legitimur~ wevrebTan(an akrZalva, rom daamyaro es kavSirebi) aris damatebiTi upiratesoba: msxverplebi`SeiZleba daeqvemdebaros Zaladobas SurisZiebis riskis gareSe~; adamianma SeiZleba dasajos isini dausjelobiT – sakmaod sapirispiro molodinebis gamoxatvisas, msxverplis sikvdilis SesaZleblobebis warmoCenisas, msxverplis gamoxatva yvelaze ufro luridul(Zalian arasasiamovnod Ria) ferebSi da gaxsenebs imas, rom rigebi unda iyos daxuruli, xolo Temis Zala energia da sifxizle unda iyos mxardaWerili umaRles moedanze. Jirardis Teoria gadis grZel gzas imis Sesaxeb, rom Zaladobas hqondes azri, romelic aris uxvi da yovlismomceli Temis moniSnul sazRvarze, konkretu- Temi| 331 lad Temebis, romlebis identobebic arian gaurkvevlebi da sakamaToni, an ufro konkretulad, saerTo gamoyeneba Zaladobis, rogorc sazRvris moxazvis mowyobiloba, roca araa sazRvrebi, forovania an bundovani. sami komentari aris wesrigad, Tumca. pirveli: Tu regularuli msxverplSewirva aris `socialuri kontraqti~ ganaxlebis ceremonia`surogati msxverplebis~, mas SeuZlia iTamaSos es roli misi sxva aspeqtis wyalobiT – koleqtiuri maxsovroba istoriuli an miTologiuri`Seqmnis RonisZieba~, originali kompaqti Sevida brZolis velze mtris sisxliT. Tu aseTi RonisZieba ar yofila, es unda iyos retrospeqtulad konstruirebuli msxverplSewirvis ritualis gulwrfeli warmomadgenlebis mier. namdvili Tu mogonili, Tumca is ayenebs nimuSs Temis statuss yvela kandidatisTvis – eseni iqnebodnen iseTi Temebi, romlebic jer kidev ar arian im poziciaSi, rom Caenacvlebina boroteba`namdvili raRacis~ keTilTvisebiani ritualiT da namdvili msxverplebis mokvliT – surogati msxverplebis mokvlasTan erTad. Tumca gadatanili, sublimirebuli SeiZleba aris ritualizebuli msxverplSewirvis forma, romelsac gadaaqvs Temuri cxovreba gangrZobiTad napasuxeb saswaulSi`damoukideblobis dRis~, Temis Canasaxis mier dasmuli pragmatuli swrafva, gadaudebeli saqmeebis mokle daxvewili da liturgiuli eleganturoba. meore: Temis idea Seasrulos`namdvili mkvleloba~ imis gamo, rom gaxados Tavisi arseboba usafrTxo da daculi da gaamkacros rigebi, aris Jirardis sakuTari terminiT`Seusabamo~; namdvil mkvlelobamde dawesebuli da gamkacrebuli iyo rigebi, xolo Temuri arse- 332| Txevadi modernuloba boba – usafrTxo.(Jirardi TviTon ambobs amas, rodesac xsnis mis me10 Tavs yvelganmyofi simbolikebis daSorebis msxverplSewirvis liturgiaSi:`Temis dabadeba aris pirvelad da umTavresad daSorebis aqti~.) xedva, rom daiTvalo deportacia Sida Zaladobis sazRvrebs miRma(Temi klavs autsiaderebs, imis gamo rom SeinaCunos mSvidoba insaiderebs Soris) aris cdunebis sxva SemTxveva, magram arasworad dafuZnebuli saSualeba funqciis qonis(mogonilia Tu namdvili) yoveldRiuri axsnisTis. es aris namdvili mkvleloba, romelsac TemisTis cxovreba moaqvs, solidarobis dawesebis moTxovnis gamo da saWiroebs rangebTan daaxloebas. legitimacia namdvili msxverplebis, romlebic icaven Temur solidarobas da romlebsac kidev erTxel mivyavarT wlebis manZilze msxverplSewirvis ritualis dadasturebisken. mesame: Jirardis mtkiceba, rom`msxverplSewirva aris pirveladi aqti Zaladobis SurisZiebis riskis gareSe~ sWirdeba Seqeba dakvirvebiT, romelic xdis msxverplSewirvas efeqturs, riskis gareSe unda iyos frTxilad damaluli an ukeTesi – empaTiurad uaryofili. namdvili mkvlelobidan mteri unda gamoCeniliyo ara mTlad mkvdari, aramed cocxali, zombi mzad myofi samaredan asadgomad nebismier dros. namdvilad mkvdari mteri, an mkvdari mteri, romelsac ar SeuZlia mkvdreTiT aRdgoma, sakmarisad ver SeaSinebs an daadasturebs gaerTianebis, erTianobis aucileblobas – da msxverplSewirvis ritualebi arian Semoyvanili regularulad imis gamo, rom gaaxsenos yvelas irgvliv, rom Worebi mtris saboloo daRupvis Sesaxeb TavisTavad aris mtris propaganda da iribi, jer kidev Temi| 333 naTeli dasturi imisa, rom mteri cocxalia, iwixleba da ikbineba. bosniuri genocidis swavlebis SesaniSnav seriebSi, arne iohan velteseni aRniSnavs, rom dasayrdenis arqona(Cven vfiqrobT, gangrZobadi da usafrTxo) instituciuri safuZvlebis – CaurTveli, mdumare an indiferentuli mayurebeli xdeba Temis yvelaze SesaniSnavi mowinaaRmdege da sazizRari mteri:`genocidis mqone agentis TvalTaxedvidan, mayureblebi arian xalxi, romlebsac aqvT mimdinare genocidis SeCerebis potencia~. neba momeciT davamato, rom miuxedavad imisa, mayureblebi gamoiyeneben Tu ar gamoiyeneben am potencials, maTi yofna, rogorc`mayureblebis~(xalxi, romelic arafers akeTebs saerTo mtris gasanadgureblad) aris gamowveva, rom erTaderTi winadadeba, saidanac`feTqebadi Temi~ gamomdinareobs Tavisi raison d’etre : rom is aris an`Cveniani an maTiani~ situacia, rom `maTi~ destruqcia aris Seucvleli`Cveni~ gadarCenisTvis da`maTi~ mokvlis aris: conditio sine qua non `Cveni~ cocxlad darCenis. neba momeciT aseve davamato, rom Temis wevroba arcerT SemTxveavSi araa`gansazRvruli~ an instituciurad Semowmebuli,`naTloba(gayofili) sisxliT~ – personaluri monawileoba koleqtiur danaSaulSi – aris erTaderTi gza, rom SeuerTde da wevrobis gagrZelebis erTaderTi legitimacia. gansxvavebiT saxelmwifos mier administritebuli genocidisgan(da gansakuTerbiT, gansxvavebiT holokostisgan), genocidis tipi, romelic aris feTqebadi Temebis dabadebis-rituali, ar SeiZleba iyos davalebuli eqspertebze an delegitirebuli specializebul oficerebsa da gaerTianebebze. naklebad mniSvnelovania, 334| Txevadi modernuloba ramdeni`mteri~ aris mokluli; mniSvnelovania ramdenad bevria mkvleli. aseve mniSvnelovania, rom mkvleloba Cadenilia Ria, dRis Suqze da sruli xedvT, rom arian danaSaulis mowmeebi, romlebmac ician damnaSaveebi saxelebiT – anu ukan ixeven da malaven angariSsworebis gamo, amas mohyveba sicocxlisunariani arCevanis Sewyveta da ibadeba Temi iniciatori danaSaulidan da is rCeba damnaSavisTvis erTaderT TavSesafrad. eTnikuri wmenda, rogorc arne iohan vetelsenma aRmoaCina, Tavisi kvlevis Sedegad bosniaSi, erTxans warTmeuli da SenarCunebuli arsebuli pirobebi, siaxlove mkvlelsa da msxverpls Soris, sinamdvileSi qmnis iseT pirobebs, rom Tu isini ar arian awmyoSi, agrZelebs maT, rogorc principis, rodesac isini Canan daRlilebi. es aris super personalizebuli Zaladoba, mTeli ojaxebi iyvnen iZulebuli rom enaxaT wameba, gaupatiureba, mkvleloba... kidev erTxel, Zveli stilis genocidisgan gansxvavebiT, da upirveles yovlisa, holokosti, rogorc misi`idealuri tipi~ – Sereuli faqtorebis aucilebeli ingredientebis mowmea, romelSic feTqebadi Temi aris dabadebuli. feTqebadi Temi gonivrulad(Tumca xSirad motyuebiT) eyrdnoba gangrZobiT cxovrebas manam, sanam namdvili danaSauli dauviwyebeli rCeba da aseve misma wevrebma ician, rom maTi danaSaulis mtkicebuleba aris Zalian bevri, erTad da solidarulad darCena – gamyarda, radgan maT aqvT saerTo interesi, Temi| 335 sazRvrebis dasaxurad, radgan ukve Caidina kriminali da es kriminali dasjadi bunebisaa. saukeTeso gza, am pirobebTan periodulad Sesaxvedrad, an gangrZobiTad aris am Zveli danaSaulis mogonebis aRorZneba. vinaidan feTqebadi Temebi arian dabadebulebi wyvilad(ar iqneba`Cven~, rom ar iyos`isini~), da vinaidan genociduri Zaladoba aris gulwrfelad aRdgenili danaSauli, rodesac romelime am wyvilis wevri xdeba momentalurad Zlieri, iq Cveulebriv ar iqneboda SesaZleblobebis deficiti Sesabamisi preteqstis sanaxavad axali `eTnikuri wmendis~, an genocidis mcdeloba. Zaladoba, romelic feTqebad Tems axlavs da Temebis cxovrebis stilia, maSasadame misi narCenebi aris memkvidreobrivad TviT-propagandirebuli, TviT-gacocxlebuli da TviT-gamyarebuli. is agenerirebs gregori batesonis`skizmogenetikur jaWvebs~, romelic stabilurad uZlebs yvela mcdelobas mis mokleebad daWras, rom araferi vTqvaT Secvlaze. maxasiaTeblebi, romelic qmnis feTqebad Tems, Jirardma da vetlesenma gaanalizes gansakuTrebiT saSiS, Seuracxmyofel da brutalurad, rac uzrunvelyofs genocidis potencials, SemoisazRvreba maTi`teritoriuli kavSiriT~. es potenciali Txevadi modernulobis eraSi, SeiZleba moinaxos(kvali datovos) sxva paradoqzec. teritoriuloba mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli myari modernulobis sivrciT SepyrobilobasTan. is maTiT ikvebeba da Tavis mxriv, xels uwyobs maT SenarCunebas an restavracias. feTqebad sazogadoebebSi, piriqiT, isini Tavs grZnoben saxlSi gaTxevadebul (denadi) modernulobaSi. feTqebadi sociumis nazavi teritoriul miswrafebebTan aris dakavSirebuli Se- 336| Txevadi modernuloba degTan, ese igi bevr amazrzen, da`uvargis~ mutaciasTan. alternativa`fagiuris~ da`emikuris~ strategiebis sivrcis dapyrobasa da dacvaSi(romelic, rogorc wesi, iyo pirveladi fsoni(stabiluroba) myari modernulobis konfliqtSi) Cndeba stabilurad adgilidan (ganmavlobaSi)(jer kidev ufro mniSvnelovani,`drois gareT~(ganmavlobaSi) samyaroSi, romelSic dominirebs msubuqi / Txevadi, fluiduri / modernulobis mravalferovneba; aseT samyaroSi, is arRvevs normebs, wesebis miyolis nacvlad. alyaSi moqceuli aramomTabare mosaxleoba uars ambobs, wesebisa da fsonebis miRebaze da axal`momTabare~ Zalauflebis TamaSSi monawileobaze, momavlidan momavali damokidebuleba, globalur momTabare elitas poulobs zedmetad rTulad(iseve rogorc, sruliad mZafrad da arasasurvelad) rom gaigo da ar SegiZlia, magram aRiqva, rogorc niSani CamorCenis da ukansvlis, gonebaSezRudulobis. rodesac xdeba dapirpirispireba, gansakuTrebiT samxedro dapirpispireba, momTabare elitebi Txevadi modernulobis samyaroSi, xedaven aramomTabare xalxis teritoriaze orientirebul strategias, rogorc`barbarosul~ TavianTi sakuTari`civiluri~ samxedro strategiasTan SedarebiT. axla aris momTabare elita, rogorc tonis mimcemi da kriteriumebis mokarnaxe romliTac teritoriuli akviatebebi arian klasificirebuli da gansjili. magida ukve Semobrunda(ZalTa gadanawileba moxda) – da`qronopolitikis~ adre gamocdili iaraRebi, odesRac triumfalurad gamoyenebuli dasaxlebuli mosaxleobis mier momTabareebis gasaZeveblad barbarosul, velur preistoriaSi, axla gaSlilia ga- Temi| 337 marjvebuli momTabare elitis mier TavianTi brZola yvelaferTan, rac darCa teritoriuli suverenitetidan da winaaRmdeg imisa, rac jer kidev eZRvneba mis dac­vas. momTabare elitebis reabilitaciisTvis teritoriuli praqtikebi SeiZleba daeyrdnos mosaxleobis mxardaWeras. aRSfoTeba farTod igrZnoba masiuri afeTqebis saxelad –`eTnikuri wmendis~ danaxvaze, romelic krebs damatebiT energias im faqtidan, rom isini saidumlod gamoiyurebian, rogorc tendenciebis didebuli versia, romlebic arian gamofenilni yoveldRiurad, patara skaliT, axlos saxlTan – mTel urbanul sivrceSi im miwebis Catarebuli civilizaciuri jvarosnebi. ibrZolo`eTnikuri mwmendavebis~, Cven egzorcizms vutarebT, Cvens sakuTar`Sida demonebs~, romelic gvaqezebs, rom arasasurveli`ucxoelebis~ `getozacia~ CavataroT, miesalmo TavSesafris kanonebis gamWidrovebas, daWimvas, moiTxovo sazizRari ucxoebis mocileba qalaqis quCebidan da gadaixado nebismieri fasi, TavSesafrebisTvis garSemortymuli moTvalTvale kamerebiT da SeiaraRebuli dacvisTvis. iugoslaviis omSi, fsonebi orive mxridan iyos aRsaniSnavad msgavsi, imas rasac erTi mxare abobda, obieqturad, iyo moulodneli, gulwrfeli, Tumca uxeSi, inaxavda saidumloebebs meoreze. serbebi ocnebobdnen, rom gaeyaraT TavianTi teritoriidan aramoTanamSromle da ucnauri albanuri umciresoba, maSin, roca natos qveynebma, rom vTqvaT,`upasuxes ase~: maTi militaruli kampania pirvelad gamowveuli iyo sxva evropelebis survilis gamo, rom SeenarCunebinaT albanelebi serbeTSi da ase dasxltomodnen TavianT reinkarnacias, rogorc ucnauri da arasasurveli migrantebisa. 338| Txevadi modernuloba garderobi Temebi kavSiri feTqebadi Temebisa TavianTi gansakuTrebulad Txevadi modernulobis inkarnaciiTa da teritoriulobis aris, Tumca ara maincdamainc aucilebeli da garkveulad – ara universaluri. umetesi Tanamedrove feTqebadi Temebi arian gakeTebuli gazomili Txevadi modernulobis droidan, miuxedavad imisa, Tu isini gavrcelebulebi arian teritoriuli gegmiT; iq Tu ramea, aris eqsteritoriuli(da midis iqiTken, rom yvela saocrad warmatebuli Tavisufalia isini Tavisi teritoriuli SeZRudvebiT) – iseve, rogorc identobebi, isini arian areulebi, konfiguraciulebi da Senaxuli saeWvod cocxlebi, mokle intervalebSi afeTqebasa da gadaSenebas Soris. maTi`feTqebadi~ buneba rekavs kargad Txevadi modernulobis eris identobebTan: msgavsad aseTi identobebisa,`Temebs~ kiTxviT mivyavarT arastabilurobisken, gardamavlobisken da`erTi-aspeqtisken~ an`erTi-miznisken~. maTi sicocxlis brunva, xangrZlivoba aris mokle, sanam savsea xmauriTa da mZvinvarebiT. isini gamomdinareoben Zalauflebas ara maTi mosalodneli xangrZlivobiT, magram, paradoqsia, maTi saeWvo, gaurkveveli momavlidan, sifxizlisgan da emociuri dabandebidan, rasac TavianTi myife arseboba xmamaRla moiTxovs. saxeli`garderoobi Temi~ kargad gadmoscems misi xasiaTis Tvisebebs. vizitorebi specialur SemTxvevis gamo, icvamen speqtaklis kabebs, icaven sartorial kods, gansxvavebuls im kodebisgan, romelsac yoveldRiurad icaven – qceva, romelic uzustesad svams calcalke vizits, rogorc`gansakuTrebul movlenas~ Temi| 339 da ise gamoiyurebian vizitorebi, mTeli RonisZiebis ganmavlobaSi, rogorc uniformaSi gamowyobili xalxi, imasTan SedarebiT, vidre Teatris Senobis gareT. es aris saRamos warmodgena, romelmac Seyara yvela maTgani aq – gansxvavebuli interesebiT da warsuli dRiT, romelic SeiZleba hqonodaT. auditoriaSi, darbazSi Sesvlamde, yvela maTgani tovebs qurTukebs an `anorkebs~, romelsac atarebdnen quCaSi. garderobSi (Tvlian ricxvebs gamoyenebuli kavebisa da sakidebis raodenobas, adamians SeuZlia gansajos, Tu ramdenad savsea warmodgena da rogoria am produqciis uaxloesi momavali). warmodgenis dros, yvela Tvali aris scenisken mimarTuli; aseve yvelas yuradReba. mxiaruleba da daRvremiloba, sicili da siCume, aplodismentebis cikli, mowonebis SeZaxilebi da siurprizebi aris sinqronuli – TiTqos frTxilad dawerili da mimarTuli yofiliyos. fardis bolo daSvebis Semdeg, mayureblebi agroveben TavianT sakuTrebebs garderobidan da rodesac icvamen TavianT quCis tansacmels, Tavidan ubrundebian TavianT Cveulebriv mowyenilobas, uinteresobas da gansxvavebul rolebs, ramdenime wuTis Semdeg isev Seerevian mravalferovan masaSi gavsebul qalaqis quCebSi, saidanac gamovidnen ramdenime saaTis win. garderobis Tems sWirdeba speqtakli, romelic aCens msgavs interesebs gansxvavebuli individebisTvis da ase mohyavs isini erTad droTa ganmavlobaSi, rodesac sxvebis interesebi – isini, vinc hyofs maT, gaerTianebis nacvlad – arian droebiT gadadebulebi gverdze, dadebulni nel fiTilze an sruliad dadumebulni. speqtaklebi, rogorc`garderobis Temis~ 340| Txevadi modernuloba SemTxvevebi mokle arsebobisTvis, ar erTiandeba, ireva da ereva individualur interess`jgufis interesTan~; rom Sevajamo, interesebi kiTxvaSi ar iZens axal xarisxs, da gaziarebis iluzia, romelic speqtaklma SeiZleba generireba moaxdinos, ar gaZlebs ufro met xans, vidre Tavad preformansiT aRfrTovanebaa. speqtaklebi imitomaa, rom modernuli eris aparaturiT Caanacvlos`saerTo mizezi~ mZime / myari / hardvear – romelic Zalian bevr sxvaobas qmnis axali stilis identobebis bunebasa da gadis grZel gzas imisTis, rom azri hqondes emociur daZabulobasa da agresiisgenerirebad tramvebs, romlebic droTa ganmavlobaSi axlavs TavianT sayvarel saqmes. `karnavaluri Temebi~ Cans rom aris sxva msgavsi saxeli iseTi TemisTvis, rogorsac ganvixilavT. aseTi Temebi, yvelafris miuxedavad, gTavazoben droebiT SeRavaTs yoveldRiuri martoxelobis brZolis agoniebisgan, individis daRlili mdgomareobisgan: daarwmuno de jure an aiZulo, rom gaiyvanon sakuTari Tavebi Tavisi yoveldRiuri siZnelebisgan, problemebisgan Tavisive ZaliT, energiiT. feTqebadi Temebi arian RirsSesaniSnaobebi, movlenebi romlebic arRveven yoveldRiuri martoxelobis monotonurobas, da rogorc yvela karnavaluri movlenebi nebas aZleven TavianT represirebul orTqls da nebas rTaven moqeifes, drois mtarebels ukeT moiTminos rutina, romelSic is unda dabrundes, roca garToba dasrulebulia. da rogorc filosofia ludviig vitgenSteinis melanqoliur fiqrebSi, isini`toveben yvelafers ise, rogorc iyo~(Tuki aravin iTvlis imaT daWrili msxverplebisa Temi| 341 da moralur naiarevebs, vinc gaiqca bevri`qolateralur SemTxvevebs~). `garderobi~ an`karnavali~ feTqebadi Temebi arian Txevadi modernulobis landSaftis iseTive Seucvleli maxasiaTeblebi, rogorc arsebiTad martosuli mdgomareoba de jure individebis da maTi mgznebare, jer kidev mTlianad uSedego mcdeloba, amaRldes individualebis done de faqtoze. speqtaklebi, kavebi da sakidebi garderobSi da xalxi gamosuli karnavalis zRapridan aris bevri da sxvadsaxvanairi, ikvebeba nebismieri tipis gemovnebisTvis. haqslma`saocari axal samyaroSi~ isesxa oruelis` 1984 ~-dan strategia siZulvilis(koleqtiuri) 5 wuTi, gonivrulad da gamWriaxad avsebs maT saTanado`xuTi wuTis(koleqtiuri) gaRmerTebiT~. yoveld dRe, presis pirvel gverdze da televizoris gadacemis pirvelive wuTebSi afrialeben axal baners, romlis qveSac ikribeba da marSirebs(virtualurad) mxari(virtualuri) mxarTan. isini gvTavazoben virtualur`saerTo mizans~, romlis irgvlivac virtualur Temebi SeiZleba gaerTiandnen, Sevidnen da gamovidnen alternatiulad sinqronizebuli panikis grZnobebiTa(xandaxan moralis, magram ufro xSirad aramoraluri da amoraluri raRacebiT) da eqstaziT. erTi efeqti, romelic aris garderobis / karnavalis Temebisa, aris is, rom efeqturad aRadgenen`namdvilis~ ganxilvas(romelic aris srulyofili da namdvili Temebi, romlebsac isini mainc moqmedeben da(SecdomiT) hpirdebian, rom replikas gaakeTeben an generirebas gaukeTeben nakawridan. isini ifantebian, imis nacvlad rom Seajeron gamouyenebeli energia socialuri impulsisa da ase wvlili Seitanos martoxelobis 342| Txevadi modernuloba xangrZlivobaSi sasowarkveTilad jer uSedegod Zebnil gamosworebas iSviaT da Sor, konkretul da harmoniul koleqtiur ganxorcielebas Soris. Sors imisgan, rom iyo gankurneba tanjvisgan gamowveuli, dabadebuli uxido da am xidis gakeTebis SeuZlebel ufsklulze individualur de iure bediswerasa da beds individualur de faqtoSi, isini arian simptomebi da xandaxan mniSvnelovani faqtorebi socialuri uwesrigobis specifikurad Txevadi modernulobis mdgomareobaSi. postmodernuli Targmanebis seria zigmunt baumani Txevadi modernuloba PLATFORMA . GE madlobas uxdis`samoqalaqo aqtivizmis kvlevis centrs~ publikaciis beWdvis procesSi gaweuli daxmarebisTvis.