9 789941 836848 © fridrix ebertis fondi © Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung karl polani didi transformacia karl polani didi transformacia Cveni drois politikuri da ekonomikuri sawyisebi © fridrix ebertis fondi publikacia daibeWda fridrix ebertis fondis iniciativiT. publikaciaSi gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi SesaZloa ar emTxveodes fridrix ebertis fondis mosazrebebs. fridrix ebertis fondis mier mxardaWerili nebismieri pub­ likaciis komerciuli miznebiT gamoyeneba, ikrZaleba fondis werilobiTi nebarTvis gareSe. fridrix ebertis fondi samxreT kavkasiis regionuli ofisi ramiSvilis Cixi# 1, 0179 Tbilisi, saqarTvelo karl polani didi transformacia Cveni drois politikuri da ekonomikuri sawyisebi   publikacia momzadebulia proeqtis`kritikuli politekonomikuri azris mxardaWera akademiebSi~ farglebSi, romelic ganxorcielda platformis mier, fridrix ebertis fondis mxardaWeriT. publikaciaSi gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi SesaZloa ar gamoxatavdes frid­rix ebertis fondis mosazrebebs. Sesabamisad, fondi ar aris pasuxism­ gebeli masalis Sinaarsze. mTargmnelTa jgufi: nino xelaia, laSa qavTaraZe, nino miqaSaviZe, giorgi CubiniZe, TamTa xelaia, papuna CivaZe samecniero redaqtori: nino xelaia enobrivi redaqtori: Tamarela woworia teqnikuri redaqtireba: Tamar paiWaZe, manana gelaSvili gamocemaze pasuxismgebeli piri: Temo beJaniZe dakabadoneba: viola tuRuSi ISBN 978-9941-8-3684-8 © fridrix ebertis fondi. akrZalulia fridrix ebertis fondis mier gamocemuli publikaciis komerciuli mizniT gamoyeneba, fondis werilobiTi nebarTvis gareSe. © fridrix ebertis fondi , samxreT kavkasiis regionuli ofisi mis : n . ramiSvilis quCis Cixi 1,#1 www.southcaucasus.fes.de © platforma / Platforma.ge mis . ir . abaSiZis 24 a , Tbilisi el . fosta : platformage@gmail.com www.platforma.ge Beacon Press 25 Beacon Street Boston, Massachusetts 02108-2892 www.beacon.org Beacon Press books are published under the auspices of the Unitarian Universalist Association of Congregations. © 1944,1957, 2001 by Karl Polanyi First Beacon Paperback edition published in 1957 Second Beacon Paperbackedition published in 2001 All rights reserved 11 10 09 08 07 9 8 Polanyi, Karl, 1886-1964. Originally published: New York: Farrar& Rinehart, 1944 and reprinted in 1957 by Beacon in Boston. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-o-8070-5643-1(pa: alk. paper) sarCevi karl polanis„didi transformaciebis“ Sesavali 5 pirveli nawili. saerTaSoriso sistema Tavi 1 . aswliani mSvidoba 43 Tavi 2 . konservatiuli ociani da revoluciuri ocdaaTiani wlebi 72 meore nawili. sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi Tavi 3 .„ekonomikuri winsvla sacxovrebeli pirobebis sapirwoned“ 93 Tavi 4 . sazogadoebebi da ekonomikuri sistemebi 109 Tavi 5 . sabazro modelis ganviTareba 129 Tavi 6 . TviTregulirebadi bazari da fiqtiuri saqonlebi: Sroma, miwa da fuli 147 Tavi 7 . spinhemlendis sistema, 1795 162 Tavi 8 . mizezebi da Sedegebi 176 Tavi 9 . pauperizmi da utopia 201 Tavi 10 . politikuri ekonomika da sazogadoebis aRmoCena 215 Tavi 11 . adamiani, buneba da mwarmoebeli organizacia 247 Tavi 12 . liberaluri mrwamsis dabadeba 254 Tavi 13 . Tavi 14 . Tavi 15 . Tavi 16 . Tavi 17 . Tavi 18 . liberaluri mrwamsis dabadeba(gagrZeleba): klasobrivi interesi da socialuri cvlilebebi 282 bazari da adamiani 304 bazari da buneba 329 bazari da sawarmoo organizacia 353 Sesustebuli TviTregulacia 367 damangreveli daZabuloba 380 mesame nawili. transformacia mimdinareobs Tavi 19 . saxalxo mTavroba da sabazro ekonomika 399 Tavi 20 . socialuri cvlilebebiT datvirTuli istoria 420 Tavi 21 . Tavisufleba kompleqsur sazogadoebaSi 438 SeniSvnebi 457 karl polanis„didi transformaciebis“ Sesavali Targmna soso WauWiZem Sesavali 1 `didi transformaciis~ gavlenisa da gamoxmaurebis mimoxilvisas ekonomikis gamoCenilma istorikosma SeniSna, rom`zogierTi wigni uars ambobs gauCinarebaze~. es gonebamaxviluri mosazrebaa. miuxedavad imisa, rom wigni 1940 -iani wlebis dasawyisSi daiwera, polanis namuSevris mniSvneloba da gavlena dRemde ganagrZobs zrdas. maSin, roca Taroze cxovrebis ramdenime TviTa Tu wliT sul ramdenime wigni Tu amayobs,`didi transformacia~ ramdenime aTwleulis Semdegac axlad gamoiyureba. aSkaraa, es wigni im dilemebis 1 am Sesavlis momzadebisTvis didad davalebuli var, pirvel rigSi, kari polani levitisgan, romelmac zogadi monaxazis ramdenime versias daurTo rogorc Sinaarsobrivi, ise redaqciuli xasiaTis vrceli komentarebi. masTan muSaoba iSviaT­ i privilegia gaxldaT. Rirebuli gamoxmaurebebisaTvis agreTve madlobas vuxdi miqail flotas, miriam iofe-bloks, margarit mendelsa da margaret somerss. es ukanaskneli polanis azrovnebis gagebaSi TiTqmis 30 welia mexmareba; Cemi nawerebis didi nawili mis saazrovno velze refleqsirebs. Sesavlis momzadebasa da axali gamocemis SedarebiT rTuli amocanis 5 gasagebadac gamodgeba, romelTa winaSe globaluri sazogadoeba ocdameerTe saukunis gariJraJze dadga. am gamZleobis kargi axsna arsebobs.`didi transformacia~ aqamde SemoTavazebul mcdelobaTa Soris, sabazro liberalizmis kritikis saukeTeso variants gvTavazobs – kritikas rwmenisa, romlis mixedviTac, nacionaluri sazogadoebebi da globaluri ekonomika TviTregulirebadi baz­rebis meSveobiT unda organizdnen. 1980 -iani wlebidan moyolebuli, da, ufro konkretulad, 90 -ianebis dasawyisSi, civi omis dasrulebis Semdgom, sabazro liberalizmi – sxvadasxva iarliyiT, rogoricaa`tetCerizmi~,`reiganizmi~ da `neoliberalizmi~ – globaluri politikis dominantur Zalad iqca. magram 1944 wlidan, civi omi sabWoTa kavSirsa da amerikis SeerTebul Statebs Soris kidev ufro gamZafrda, riTac polanis Teoriul Rvawls Crdili miayena. kapitalizmisa da sabWouri yaidis socializmis momxreTa ukiduresad polarizebul debatebSi polanis niuansirebuli da kompleqsuri argumentebisTvis adgili ver moiZebna. amrigad, civi omis dasrulebis Semdeg, polanis namuSevris xilvadobis damsaxurebul zrdas, SegviZlia garkveuli gamarTleba movuZebnoT. SesrulebaSi miqael flota medga gverdSi. kari polani levitsa da margaret mendels – karl polanis saxelobis politikuri ekonomiis institutis( Concordia University , Montreal , Quebec ) TanaxelmZRvanelebs – agreTve uzarmazari wvlili miuZRviT am gamocemis momzadebaSi. polanis azrovnebis Cemeuli gageba am adamianebis kolegiurobasTan erTad, polanis statiebis im arqivsac unda umadlodes, romelic maTs sakuTrebaSia. mkiTxveli, romelsac surs, ukeT gaerkves polanis saazrovno aparatSi da mkvlevarTa saerTaSoriso Tems, romelic am tradiciaSi muSaobs, vurCev daukavSirdnen karl polanis instituts da mimarTon wignebis serias saxelwodebiT`kritikuli perspeqtivebi istoriul sakiTxebze~, romelic institutis egidiT monrealSi, BLack Rose Press -is gamomcemlobaSi daibeWda. 6 karl polanis„didi transformaciebis“ Sesavali civi omis Semdgom warmarTuli debatebis ZiriTadi na­wil­i`globalizaciis~ sakiTxis garSemo mimdinareobda. neoliberalebi amtkicebdnen, rom komunikaciisa da trans­p­ortirebis axali teqnologiebi sasurvelsa da gardauvals xdian, rogorc msoflio ekonomikis mWidro integrirebas gafarToebuli vaWrobisa da kapitalis mimoqcevis meSveobiT, ise Tavisufali bazris anglo-amerikuli modelis miRebas. moZraobaTa da TeoretikosTa farTo speqtri globalizaciis am versias sxvadasxva politikuri perspeqtividan ewinaaRmdegeba – erTni eTnikur, religiur, nacionalur Tu regionul identobebs icaven; meoreni ki globaluri koordinaciisa da kooperaciis alternatiul versiebs gvTavazoben. debatebSi monawile yvela mxares kidev bevri aqvs saswavli „ didi transformacidan~. orive mxare, neoliberalebic da maTi kritikosebic, SeZl­ eben codna gaiRrmaon sabazro liberalizmis istoriis da ekonomikuri globalizaciis, SedarebiT adrindel proeqtTa, tragikuli Sedegebis Sesaxeb. polanis cxovreba da moRvaweoba karl polani( 1886 1964 ) budapeStSi, socialuri aqtiurobiTa da inteleqtualuri miRwevebiT gamorCeul ojaxSi gaizarda. 1 misi Zma, mixaili, gavleniani mecnierebis filo1 polanis sruli biografia jer kidev ar gvaqvs xelT, magram, margaret mendeli da kari levit polani mniSvnelovan masalaTa did nawils warmogvidgenen wignSi`karl polani – misi cxovreba da epoqa~ Studies in Political Economy . No . 22 ( Spring 1997 ): 7 39 . agreTve ix. Kari Polanyi Levitt , ed ., Life and Work of Karl Polanyi da misi ese “Karl Polanyi as Socialist” ; Kenneth Mcrobbie , ed . “Humanity , Society and Commitment” On Karl Polanyi” ( Montreal : Black Rose , 1994 ). vrceli biografiuli masalaa mocemuli naSromSi “Karl Polanyi in 7 sofosi gaxda, romlis namuSevrebsac dResac farTo auditoria hyavs. Tavad karli, pirvel msoflio omamde warmoqmnil studentur da inteleqtualur wreebSi gavlenian pirad miiCneoda. 1920 -ian wlebSi, polani venaSi, centraluri evropis wamyvani yovelkvireuli ekonomikuri da finansuri Jurnalis, Der Oesterreichische Volkswirt -is 1 mTavar redaqtorad muSaobda. swored am dros waawyda igi ludvig fon mizesisa da misi moswavlis, fridrix haiekis argumentebs. mizesi da haieki cdilobdnen inteleqtualuri legitimacia aRedginaT sabazro liberalizmisTvis, romelsac pirvelma msoflio omma, ruseTis revoluciam da socializmis aRzevebam saZirkveli Seuryia. 2 mokled rom vTqvaT, mizesisa da haiekis gavlena mizeruli iyo. 1930 -iani wlebidan 1960 iani wlebis CaTvliT, dasavleTis nacionalur politikebs keinzianuri ekonomikuri ideebi kvebavdnen, aniWebdnen ra legitimacias ekonomikaSi samTavrobo menejmentis aqtiur Carevas. 3 magram meore msoflio omis Semdgom aTwleulebVienna ~( Kenneth Mcrobbie and Kari Polanyi Levitt , eds ., Montreal : Black Rose , 2000 ). piter demkeri, menejmentis Teoretikosi, romelic polanis venaSi emigrirebul ojaxs icnobda, Tavis memuarebSi “Adventures of a Bystander” ( New York : John Wiley , 1994 ) TavSesaqcev masalas iZleva, Tumca zogierTi faqti da sakuTari saxeli (mag. polanis da-Zmebis saxelebi) arazustia.(avt. Sen.) 1 (germ.)`avstriuli ekonomika~.(mTargm. Sen.) 2 mizesisa da haiekis 1920 -ian wlebSi dawyebuli da 1990 -ianebSi dasrulebul moRvaweobaTa gasacnobad ix. Richard Cockett , Think ing the Unthinkable : Think Tanks and the Economic Counter Revolution 1931 1993 . London : Fontana Press , 1995 . koqeti ironiulad SeniSnavs, rom ingliss, qveyans, romelmac sabazro liberalizmi daafuZna, misi xelaxali importi venidan dasWirda.(avt. Sen.) 3 polanis wignis pirveli gamocemis TariRs haiekis cnobili naSromis, “The Road to Serfdom” ( Chicago : University of Chicago Press , 1944 ), gamoqveyneba daemTxva. Tuki pirveli maTgani SeerTebuli Statebis mier`axali SeTanxmebis~ politikis gatarebas imitom 8 karl polanis„didi transformaciebis“ Sesavali Si, mizesi da haieki SeerTebul Statebsa da gaerTianebul samefoSi sabazro liberalizmis dauRlel advokatebad gvevlinebian. iseTi gavleniani figurac ki, rogoric milton fridmania, am ori moazrovnis mier iyo STagonebuli. haiekma 1992 wlamde icocxla, sakmarisad didxans, rom sabWoTa kavSiris daSliT misi Teoriis gamarTleba egrZno. gardacvalebamde cota xniT adre, mas ukve sajarod aRiarebdnen neoliberalizmis mamamTavrad – pirovnebad, romelmac margaret tetCerisa da ronald reiganis mier gatarebul deregulaciis, liberalizaciisa da privatizaciis reformebze pirdapiri gavlena iqonia. Tumca, polani jer kidev 1920 -ian wlebSi SeeWida mizesis argumentebs da sabazro liberalizmis mxardamWerTa kritika mis centralur Teoriul amocanad darCa. avstriel ekonomistSi muSaobis periodSi, 1929 wels, po­lani amerikuli safondo birJis dacemas Seeswro, 1931 wels – venis kreditariStaltis marcxs(romelmac didi depresia daaCqara) da faSizmis aRzevebas. magram, 1933 wels, hitleris ZalauflebaSi mosvlam polanis socialistur warmodgenebs rigi problemebi Seuqmna da iZulebuli gaxda, Jurnalis redaqtoris Tanamdebobaze uari eTqva. igi inglisSi gaemgzavra, oqsfordisa da londonis universitetTa Soreul filialSi, studentTa saganmanaTleblo asociaciaSi kiTxulobda leqciebs. 1 kursebis momzadebis procesSi, polani inglisis socialuri da ekonomikuri isuWerda mxars, rom es ukanaskneli sabazro Zalebis gavlenaTa SezRudvisken iyo mimarTuli; meore naSromi amtkicebda, rom `axali SeTanxmebis~ reformebma amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis mcocav ferdobze ganTavseba gamoiwvia, rac, am Tvalsazrisis Tanaxmad, ekonomikur marcxsa da totalitarul reJims moaswavebda.(avt. Sen.) 1 Marguerite Mendell , “Karl Polanyi and Socialist Education” , pp . 25 42 in McRobbie , ed ., Humanity , Society and Commitment. 9 toriis masalebSi gadaeSva.`did transformaciebSi~ polani swored am masalebs iyenebs, mizesisa da haiekis dResdReobiT saocrad gavleniani Sexedulebebis kritikisaTvis. uSualod weris procesi polanim 40 -iani wlebis gariJraJze, vermonSi, beningtonis kolejSi miwveul mkvleva­ rad muSaobisas daiwyo. 1 amxanagTa mxardaWeris fonze, mas SeeZlo werisTvis sruliad daeTmo Tavisufali dro. perspeqtivis cvlileba polanis Tavisi argumentis sxvadasxva ganStoebaTa sinTezSi daexmara. wignis erT-erTi yvelaze myari kontribucia – fokusireba instituciebze, romlebic globalur ekonomikas aregulireben – pirdapir ukavSirdeba polanis emigraciebs. igi budapeStidan venaSi, venidan inglisSi, inglisidan SeerTebul StatebSi miemgzavreba, rac, moraluri pasuxismgeblobis Rrma gancdasTan erTad, polanis erTgvar msoflios moqalaqed warmoaCens. sicocxlis bolo wlebSi, igi Zvel megobars swerda:`Cemi cxovreba`msoflio~ cxovreba iyo – me adamianuri msoflios cxovrebiT vicxovre. Cemi namuSevrebi aziisTvis, afrikisTvis, axali xalxebisTvisaa gankuTvnili.~ 2 miuxedavad imisa, rom polani misTvis mSobliuri ungreTis mimarT yovelTvis grZnobda Rrma mizidulobas. misi`msoflio~ cxovreba daexmara, daeZlia evrocentristul Sexedulebebi da moexelTebina nacionalizmis is agresiuli formebi, romlebsac garkveuli tipis globaluri ekonomikuri wesrigebi aqezebdnen da axalisebdnen. meore msoflio omis ganmavlobaSi, polani niu-iorkSi, kolumbiis universitetSi aswavlida, sadac is studente1 polanim wigni inglisurad dawera. es ena misTvis bavSvobidan kargad iyo nacnobi.(avt. Sen.) 2 Letter to Be de Waard , january 6 , 1959 , cited on p . 313 by Ilona Duczynska Polanyi , “I First Met Karl Polanyi in 1920 ... ” pp . 302 315 in McRobbie and Levitt , eds ., Karl Polanyi in Vienna . 10 karl polanis„didi transformaciebis“ Sesavali bTan erTad Caeba winarekapitalisturi sazogadoebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli fulis, vaWrobisa da bazris formebis anTropologiur kvlevaSi. konrad arensbergTan da hari pirsonTan erTad manve gamoaqveyna naSromi saxelwodebiT `vaWroba da bazrebi adreul imperiebSi~( New York , Free Press , 1957 ); mogvianebiT, polanis gardacvalebis Semdeg, misma studentma gamosacemad moamzada tomebi ungreli mecnieris imdroindel naSromebze dayrdnobiT.`dagomeisa 1 da monebiT vaWrobis~( Seattle : University of Washington , 1966 ) gamoqveynebaSi abraam rotSteini monawileobda; jorj daltonis redaqciiT gamovida misi adre ukve gamoqveynebuli eseebi –`didi transformaciebis~ zogierTi amonaridis CaTvliT – saxelwodebiT`arqauli da modernuli ekonomikebi: karl polanis eseebi~( Boston : Beacon , 1971[1969] ); hari pirsonma polanis mier kolumbiis universitetSi wakiTxuli leqciebis Canawerebisgan`adamianis jamagiri~( New York : Academic Press , 1977 ) Seadgina. polanis argumenti: struqtura da Teoria `didi transformacia~ sam nawiladaa dayofili. pirveli da mesame nawilebi im uSualo garemoebebze fokusirdeba, romlebmac pirveli msoflio omis, didi depresiis, kontinentur evropaSi faSizmis aRzevebis, sabWoTa kavSirSi – pirveli xuTwledis, xolo amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi –`axali SeTanxmebis~ inicireba ganapirobes. am gacnobiT da daskvniT TavebSi polani Tavsatexs adgens: uecrad rogor dauTmo gza evropaSi ase xangrZlivad – 1815 wlidan 1914 wlamde – dasadgurebulma mSvidobam da keTildReobam, ekonomikur kolafssa da ori msoflio omis sisas1 beninis respublikis saxelwodeba 1975 wlamde(mTargm. Sen.) 11 tikes ? meore nawili – wignis sakvanZo Tavi – gvTavazobs polaniseul gamosavals Tavsatexidan. polani, XIX saukunis pirvel wlebs, inglisis industriuli revoluciis epoqas ubrundeba. gvaCvenebs, Tu rogor reagirebdnen ingliseli moazrovneebi industrializaciis talRis naadrev SemoWraze sabazro liberalizmis TeoriaTa moSveliebiT – TavianTi fundamenturi rwmeniT, rom adamianTa sazogadoeba TviT-regulirebad bazrebs unda davumorCiloT. inglisis, rogorc`msoflios saxelosnos~, wamyvani rolis SeZenis Sedegebze dayrdnobiT, polani gviCvenebs Tu rogor iqcnen zemoT xsenebuli rwmenebi msoflio ekonomikis maorganizebel principebad. meore Tavis meore naxevarSi, XII Tavidan XIX Tavis CaTvliT, polani amtkicebs, rom sabazro liberalizmma gardauvali Sedegi – sabazro meqanizmebisgan sazogadoebis dacvis SeTanxmebul mcdelobaTa jaWvi moitana. es mcdelobebi miuTiTebdnen imaze, rom sabazro liberalizmi rwmenebis Sesabamisad ver funqcionirebda, da, garda amisa, globaluri ekonomikis mamoZravebelma instituciebma, mzardi erebs Sida da erTaSorisi daZabulobebi gamoiwvies. mSvidobis kolafsi, ramac pirvel msoflio omamde migviyvana, msgavsad ekonomikuri wesrigis moSlisa, ramac didi depresia gamoiwvia, warmoCenilia, rogorc uSualo Sedegebi globaluri ekonomikis sabazro liberalizmze dafuZnebisa. meore`didi transformacia~ – faSizmis aRzeveba – pirvelis – sabazro liberalizmis aRzevebis – uSualo Sedegia. argumentis Camoyalibebisas polani istoriis, anTropologiisa da socialuri Teoriis sakiTxebSi Rrma ganswavlulobas amJRavnebs. 1 `didi transformacia~ meTxuTmete sau­ ku­nidan meore msoflio omamde intervalSi ganviTarebul 1 polanis argumentis zogierTi centraluri wyaros analizisTvis ix. margarit somersis`karl polanis inteleqtualuri 12 karl polanis„didi transformaciebis“ Sesavali istoriul xdomilebaTa mniSvnelovan detalebs warmoaCens; garda amisa, naSroms TemaTa iseT farTo speqtrSi Seaqvs wvlili, rogoricaa Tanaziarobisa da redistribuciis roli winare modernul sazogadoebebSi, klasikuri ekonomikuri azrovnebis limitebi da ganmasagnebeli bunebis safrTxeebi. uamravi Tanamedrove socialuri mecnieri – anTropologi, politikis mecnieri, sociologi, istorikosi da ekonomisti – iRebs Teoriul STagonebas polanis argumentebisgan da wignebisa da statiebis mzardi raodenobac`didi transformaciis~ amonaridebis meSveobiT iZenen erTian CarCos. wignis aseTi simdidre misi Sejamebis mcdelobas usargeblos xdis; saukeTeso, rac SeiZleba aqedan gamovides, polanis argumentis zogierT mniSvnelovan wanamZRvrebze dayrdnobiT msjelobis gavrcobaa. magram amis gakeTeba Tavad karl polanis Teoriuli poziciis originalurobis aRiarebasac moiTxovs. polani politikuri landSaftis Cveneul, standartul mepingSi ar jdeba; miuxedavad imisa, rom igi sabazro liberalizmis keinziseul kritikas metwilad iziarebda, rTulia, keinzianeloba daabralo. sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi is Tavs socialistad acxadebda, magram amave dros distancias iWerda sxvadasxva juris ekonomikuri determinizmisgan, marqsizmis ZiriTadi nakadis CaTvliT. 1 Tavad kapitalizmisa da socializmis miseuli ganmarteba Sordeba am cnebaTa Cveneul, momxmareblur gagebas. memkvidreoba~, gv. 152 159 , levitis redaqtorobiT gamocemul naSromSi`karl polanis cxovreba da moRvaweoba~.(avt. Sen.) 1 polanis urTierToba marqsizmTan erT-erT yvelaze kompleqsuri da sakamaTo sakiTxia literaturaSi. ix. Mendell and levitt Polanyi , “Karl Polanyi – His Life and Times” ; Fred Block and Margaret Somers , “Beyond the Economistic Fallacy : The Holistic Social Science of Karl Polanyi” pp . 47 94 in Theda Skocpol , ed . Vision and Method in Historical Sociology ,( Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 1994 ); Roth H . Harper in , Cultural Economies : Past and Present ( Austin : University of Texas Press , 1994 )(avt. Sen.) 13 „mimagrebulobis“( EMBEDDEDNESS ) polaniseuli koncefcia polanis azrovnebis gadmocemisTvis aTvlis logikur wer­ tilad`mimagrebulobis~ miseuli koncefcia unda miviC­ nioT. garda imisa, rom igi polanis yvelaze cnobili kon­ tribuciaa socialur azrovnebaSi, xsenebuli koncepti avtoris argumentis gagebaSi mTel rig gaugebrobebs warmoSobs. polani imis xazgasmiT iwyebs, rom mTeli Tanamedrove ekonomikuri tradicia ekonomikas warmosaxavs, rogorc bazrebis gamaerTianebel sistemas, romelic moTxovnasa da miwodebas Soris balanss, fasis meqanizmis meSveobiT, avtomaturad amyarebs. maSinac ki, roca ekonomistebi acnobiereben, rom saba­ z­ro sistema gancdil marcxTa gadasalaxad xandaxan sa­ xelm­wifo Carevas saWiroebs, isini ganagrZoben koneptualizacias, romelic ekonomikas integrirebul bazarTa damabalansebel sistemad warmosaxavs. polanis mizania, aC­ venos, mTeli istoriis manZilze Tu rogor radikalurad gansxvavdeba amgvari konceptualizacia, adamianTa sazogadoebis realobisgan. mecxramete saukunemde, amtkicebs polani, adamianTa ekonomikuri aqtivoba mudmivad CabeWdili iyo sazogadoebaSi. termini`mimagrebuloba~ asaxavs ideas, romlis mixedviTac ekonomika aris ara iseTive avtonomiuri, rogoric igi ekonomikis TeoriaSi unda iyos, aramed mudmivad emorCileba politikas, religiasa da socialur urTierTobebs. 1 terminis polaniseuli gamoyeneba gvTavazobs mets, 1 `mimagrebulobis~ polaniseuli koncepti isesxes da ganaviTares iseTma mniSvnelovanma Tanamedrove mkvlevarebma, rogorebicaa John Ruggie , “International Regimes , Transactions and Change : Embedded Liberalism in the Postwar Economic Order” , International Orga nization 362 ( Spring 1992 ): 379 415 , Mark Grariovetter ,` Economic Action 14 karl polanis„didi transformaciebis“ Sesavali vidre sabazro tranzaqciebis ndobaze, urTierTgagebasa da kontraqtebis legalur valdebulebebze damokidebulebis cnobili idea. is am cnebas imis xazgasasmelad iyenebs, Tu rogori radikaluri iyo klasikuri ekonomistebis – gansakuTrebiT malTusisa da rikardos – gamoyofa maTive winamorbedi moazrovneebisagan. ekonomikis sazogadoebaze damorCilebis istoriulad cnobili praqtikis sawinaaRmdegod, TviT-regulirebadi bazris maTeuli sistemebi axla ukve sazogadoebas umorCilebdnen bazris logikas: `umTavresad swored esaa mizezi, Tu ratom moaqvs ekonomikur sistemaze damyarebul sabazro kontrols SemaZrwunebeli efeqtebi sazogadoebis mTels organizaciaze: is niSnavs, arc meti, arc naklebi, sazogadoebis funqcionirebas axla ukve bazris`TanaSemwis~( adjunct ) rolSi. nacvlad ekonomikis socialur urTierTobebze mimagrebisa, socialuri urTierTobebi ebmian ekonomikuri sistemas.~ ( 57 ) da mainc, es da msgavsi pasaJebi polanis argumentis araswori wakiTxvisken gvibiZgeben. xSirad ise esmiT, TiTqos polani amtkicebs, rom mecxramete saukuneSi, kapitalizand Social Structure : The Problem of Embeddedness” , American Journal of Sociology 91 : 3 November 1995 ): 491 510 , and Peter Evaris , “Embed ded Autonomy : States and Industrial Transformation . ” ( Princeton : Princeton University Press , 1995 ). terminis damkvidrebis zusti inspiracia cnobili ar aris, magram damajereblad JRers mosazreba, romlis mixedviTac, polanim metafora qvanaxSiris mrewvelobidan isesxa. inglisis ekonomikuri istoriis kvlevisas igi detalurad ecnoboda am qveynis samrewvelo industriis istoriasa da teqnologiebs, romelTa meSveobiTac Saxtis qvis kedlebze `mimagrebul~ naxSirs moipovebdnen.(avt. Sen.) 15 mis aRzevebasTan erTad, ekonomika warmatebiT Camoscilda sazogadoebas da masze batonoba daiwyo. 1 es araswori wakiTxva bundovans xdis polanis argumentis originalurobasa da mis Teoriul simdidres. diax, polani ambobs, rom klasikur ekonomistebs surdaT SeeqmnaT sazogadoeba, romelSic ekonomika efeqturad Camoscildeboda sociums da aqezebdnen kidec politikosebs am survilis realobaSi gansaxorcieleblad. magram polani imazec apelirebs, rom maT arc SeeZloT da verc SeZles am miznis miRweva. realurad, is xSirad imeorebs, rom`Camocilebuli~( disembedded ), TviT- regulirebadi sabazro ekonomika utopiuri proeqtia; is ganasaxierebs imas, ramac SeuZlebelia iarsebobs. wignis pirvelive gverdze polani wers: `Cveni Tezisi gaxlavT is, rom TviT-momwesrigebeli ( self adjusting ) bazris idea srul utopias gulisxmobda. aseTi institucia didi xnis ganmavlobaSi ver iarsebebda sazogadoebis adamianur da bunebriv substanciaTa ganadgurebis gareSe; igi fizikurad gaanadgurebda adamians, xolo garemomcvel sivrceebs udabnod gadaaqcevda.( 3 ) ratom ver iqneba„Camocileba“ warmatebuli polani amtkicebs, rom absoluturad TviTregulirebadi sabazro ekonomika moiTxovs adamianebisa da bunebrivi garemos wminda gasagnebas, rac, Tavis mxriv, bunebrivi da sazogadoebrivi sivrceebis ganadgurebas moaswavebs. misi 1 iseTi gamoCenili istorikosic ki, rogoric frangi fernand brodelia, polanis argumentis msgavs interpretacias gvTavazobs. ix. Civilization and Capitalism 15th 19th Century , vol . 2 , The Wheels of Commerce , tr . by Sian Reynolds ( Berkeley : University of California Press , 1992 ), pp . 225 229 (avt. Sen.) 16 karl polanis„didi transformaciebis“ Sesavali TvalsazrisiT, TviT-regulirebadi bazris Teoretikosebi da maTi momxreebi ganuwyvetliv erekebian sazogadoebebs ufskrulisken mimaval gzaze. magram rogorc ki SeuzRudavi sabazro ekonomikis Sedegebi naTeli xdeba, adamianebi uars amboben gzis gagrZelebaze; isini aRar eguebian im lemingTa 1 bedisweras, romlebic cicabo ferdobze cocviT winaswarmetyveleben TviTganadgurebas. amis sapirispirod, isini TviTregulirebadi bazris principebze amboben uars, raTa sazogadoeba da buneba gadaarCinon ganadgurebas. am azriT, SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom bazris`Camocileba~ uzarmazari, elastikuri zonaris gawelvas gavs. ufro da ufro vrceli avtonomiis mopovebis mcdeloba daZabulobis ufro da ufro Zlier nakadebs warmoqmnis. rac ufro metad`gavwelavT~, miT ufro didia Sansi, an zonari gawydes – gawyvetili zonari am SemTxvevaSi socialur dezintegracias ganasaxierebs – anda ekonomika ufro`mimagrebul~ poziciaSi aRdges. logika, romelic am argumentis ukan imaleba, realuri da fiqtiuri saqonlis polaniseul gansxvavebas emyareba. polanisTvis saqoneli aris is, rac bazarze gasayidadaa warmoebuli. am gansazRvrebis Tanaxmad, miwa, Sroma da fuli fiqtiuri saqonlis kerZo SemTxvevebia, ramdenadac isini Tavdapirvelad sabazro produqtebad ar SeuqmniaT. Sroma ubralod adamianuri aqtivobaa, miwa – danawilebuli buneba, xolo fulisa da kreditis mimoqceva Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi aucileblobiTaa Seferili samTavrobo politikiT. Tanamedrove ekonomika iwyeba imis warmodgeniT, TiTqos am fiqtiur saqonels SeeZlos realuri saqoneliviT moqceva. magram polani xazs usvams imasac, rom am Jongliorobas fataluri Sedegebi SeiZleba mohyves. es imas 1 patara zomis mRrRneli; binadrobs tundrasa da CrdiloeTis tyeebSi(mTargm. Sen.) 17 niSnavs, rom ekonomikuri Teoretizacia tyuils efuZneba – tyuils, romelic sazogadoebas riskis qveS ayenebs. polanis es argumenti or doneze SegviZlia ganvixiloT. pirveli – moraluri – amtkicebs, rom ubralod arasworia adamianebsa da bunebas movepyroT ise, rogorc obieqtebs, romelTa fasi mTlianad bazris mier ganisazRvreba. aseTi warmodgena arRvevs im principebs, romelTa mixedviTac, sazogadoebebi saukuneTa manZilze imarTebodnen: bunebasa da adamianur cxovrebaSi TiTqmis yovelTvis SegveZlo amogvecno sakraluri ganzomileba. am sakraluris Serigeba Sromisa da bunebis bazrisTvis damorCilebis imperativTan SeuZlebelia. bunebis saqonlad warmoCenis kritikisas, polani winaswarmetyvelebs Tanamedrove garemos damcvelTa zogierT argumentsac. 1 polanis argumentis meore done ekonomikaSi saxelmwifo rolis xazgasmas cdilobs. 2 miuxedavad imisa, rom ekonomikas TviTmaregulirebel meqanizmad miviCnevT, saxelmwifom fulisa da kreditis mimoqcevis maregulireblis roli mainc unda iTamaSos, raTa inflaciisa da deflaciis tyupi safrTxeebi airidos Tavidan. msgavsad amisa, saxelmwi1 garemos dacvis ekonomikaze polanis gavlenis amosacnobad ix. Hennan E . Daly and John B . Cobb , Jr ., For the Common Good : Redirecting the Economy Toward Community , the Environment , and a Sustainable Future .( Boston : Beacon Press , 1999 ).(avt. Sen.) 2 polanis argumentis implicituri mxare bazris, rogorc TviTmaregulirebeli meqanizmis eWvqveS dayenebis specifikur mcdelobas warmoaCens. warmoebuli saqonlis SemTxvevaSi, Warb saqonelze daklebuli fasi aRadgens wonasworobas, erTi mxriv, gazrdili moxmarebis waxalisebiT da, meore mxriv, imave saqonlis xelaxali warmoebis SeferxebiT. fiqtiuri saqonlis SemTxvevaSi ki, fasis meqanizmis efeqturoba iklebs imitom, rom miwodebis kleba-zrdis avtomaturi procesebis winaswar ganWvreta SeuZlebelia.(avt. Sen.) 18 karl polanis„didi transformaciebis“ Sesavali fom unda ganagos damsaqmeblebze moTxovnis cvlilebebi samuSao adgilebis simwiris periodebSic, rac momaval dasaqmebulTa momzadebiTa da migraciul talRaze gavlenis gzebis moZiebiT gamoixateba. miwis SemTxvevaSi, mTavrobam sakvebis warmoebis uwyvetoba unda uzrunvelyos sxvadasxva meqanizmis meSveobiT, romlebic mosavlis aramdgradobisa da meryevi fasebisgan fermerebis dazRvevas axerxeben. urbanul sivrceebSi mTavrobebi, rogorc garemos dacviTi, ise miwaTsargeblobis regulaciebis meSveobiT, arsebuli miwebis gamoyenebas uzrunvelyofen. mokled rom SevajamoT, fiqtiuri saqonelis mmarTvelis roli saxelmwifos mniSvnelovan bazarTa sameulis SigniT aTavsebs; amgvarad, SeuZlebelia, SevinarCunoT sabazro liberalizmis xedva, romlis mixedviTac saxelmwifo ekonomikis`gareTaa~. 1 swored fiqtiuri saqonlis fenomeni gvixsnis ekonomikis`Camocilebis~ SeuZleblobas. realur sabazro principebze daSenebul sazogadoebebs bazarTa samarTavad saxelmwifos aqtiuri Careva esaWiroebaT da saxelmwifos es roli politikuri gadawyvetilebebis formirebasac moiTxovs; saxelmwifos am ganzomilebas wmindad teqnikur an administraciul funqciamde ver daviyvanT. 2 rodesac 1 sxva saqonelTa SemTxvevaSic asea – mTavrobis CarTuloba sabazro konkurenciis winapirobaa. ix. stiven fogelis maxvilgonivrulad dasaTaurebuli naSromi Freer Markets , More Rules : Regulatory Reform in Advanced Industrial Countries ( Ithaca : Cornell Univer sity Press , 1996 ). 2 monetaristebi ganuwyvetliv(uSedegod) cdilobdnen moeZebnaT myari wesebi fulis miwodebis zrdis menejmentisa, romelic centraluri bankebis upiratesobas bolos mouRebda. am formulis xelT arqonis SemTxvevaSi, meore nabijad centralur bankTa politikuri rolis gabundovnebaa maTTvis kvazi-religiuri da orakuluri warmoSobis avtoritetis statusis miniWebiT. ix. William Greider , Secrets of the Temple : How the 19 saxelmwifo – bazris TviT-regulirebis meqanizmebisadmi ndobis kidev ufro gazrdiT –`Camocilebis~ politikas irCevs gzamkvlevad, Cveulebriv adamianebs ufro maRali safasuris gadaxda uwevT. muSebi da maTi ojaxebi umuSevrobisadmi ufro mowyvladebi xdebian, fermerebi importis zrdiT gamowveul maRal konkurencias eCexebian da orive jgufs yovelgvari mxardaWeris gareSe uwevs aseT pirobebTan gamklaveba. xSirad, saxelmwifos imaze ufro meti fuli exarjeba, rom am jgufebma gazrdili safasuri damangrevel politikur moqmedebebSi Cabmis gareSe gadaixadon. nawilobriv swored amas gulisxmobs polani, roca amtkicebs, rom` Laissez faire ~ dagegmili iyo~; 1 es sistema saxelmwifos aqtiur Carevasa da represias saWiroebs, raTa sabazro logika da misi Tanmxlebi riskebi Cveulebriv adamianebs moaxvios Tavs. 2 Federal Reserve Runs the Country ( New York : Simon and Schuster , 1997 ). (avt. Sen.) 1 ( “Laissez nous faire” – sityvasityviT:`neba mogveciT, vakeToT~) ; ekonomikuri moZRvreba, romelic bazarze moTamaSe kerZo aqtorebs Soris tranzaqciebis samTavrobo regulaciebisgan gaTavisuflebas iTxovs. am moZRvrebis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifos erTaderTi funqcia kerZo sakuTrebis usafrTxoebis garantirebaa.(mTargm. Sen.) 2 swored es gaxlavT polanis centraluri argumenti inglisSi miRebuli`siRaribis axali kanonmdeblobis~ Sesaxeb msjelobisas; Sromis bazrisaTvis niadagis momzadebisTvis saWiro gaxda saxelmwifos represiuli Zalauflebis gaaqtiureba.polanis am interpretaciaSi gamoxatul mosazrebas SedarebiT gviandeli mkvlevarebic uWerdnen mxars – gansakuTrebiT karel uiliamsi, naSromSi “From Pauperism to Poverty ~( London : Routledge , 1991 ); K . D . M . Snell , Annals of the Labouring Poor : Social Change and Agrarian England , 1660 1900 ( Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 1995 ), and George Boyer , An Economic History of the English Poor Law , 1750 1950 . ( Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 1990 ).(avt. Sen.) 20 karl polanis„didi transformaciebis“ Sesavali SeuZleblobis Sedegebi Tavisufali bazris Teoretikosebi cdiloben ekonomika sazogadoebrivi moRvaweobis sferos Camoacilon. es mcdelobebi, garkveuli drois Semdeg, gardauval marcxs ganicdian. magram sabazro liberalizmis, swored es utopiuri ganzomilebaa, misi gamaognebeli inteleqtualuri elastikurobis wyaro. vinaidan sazogadoebebi ucvlelad ixeven ukan, TviTregulirebadi bazriT eqsperimentirebis radikaluri sazRvrebidan, Teoretikosebs yovelTvis SeuZliaT amtkicon, rom eqsperimentirebis dros gancdili nebismieri marcxi ara sistemis, aramed misi implementaciisTvis arasakmarisi politikuri nebis bralia. amgvarad, TviT-regulirebadi bazris kredo, negatiuri istoriuli gamocdilebisgan imunuria; misi advokatebi bazris marcxTa gasamarTleblad hermetul argumentebs pouloben. sul axlaxan, identur SemTxvevas hqonda adgili, yofili sabWoTa kavSirisTvis sabazro kapitalizmis Tavsmoxvevis mcdelobisas,`Sokuri Terapiis~ meSveobiT. 1 miuxedavad imisa, rom am mcdelobis warumateblobis Sesaxeb ukve yvelam viciT,`Sokuri Terapiis~ advokatebi ganagrZoben marcxis politikosebisTvis gadabralebas, romelTac, am mosazrebis Tanaxmad, iCqares, ukan, politikuri zewolisken daexiaT; ai mtkice xasiaTi 1 aRmosavleT-evropisa da yofili sabWoTa kavSiris qveynebis tranziciebis eqpliciturad polaniseuli ganxilvebi ix. Maurice Glasman , Unnecessary Suffering : Managing Markets Utopia ( London : Verso , 1996 , John Gray , False Dawn : the Delusions of Global Capitalism ( London : Granta Books , 1999 ), and David Woodruff , Money Unmade : Barter and the Fate of Russian Capitalism .( Ithaca : Cornell University Press , 1999. (avt. Sen.) 21 rom gamoemJRavnebinaT, bazarze swrafi gadasvlis dapirebuli sargebeli, dRes ukve saxeze gveqneboda. polanis ukiduresi skepticizmi ekonomikis`Camocilebis~ mimarT misi meore,`ormagi moZraobis~, mZlavri argumentis safuZvlad iqca. ramdenadac ekonomikis sazogadoebisgan`Camocilebis~ mcdelobebi gardauvlad awydebian winaaRmdegobas, polani askvnis, rom sabazro sazogadoebebs safuZvlad ori urTierTsapirispiro nakadi udevT; erTi mxriv, Laissez faire nakadi, romelic bazris limitebs afarToebs, xolo, meore mxriv – proteqciuli kontr-nakadi, romelic ekonomikis`Camocilebas~ ewinaaRmdegeba. rodesac muSaTa klasi am proteqciuli kontr-nakadis mamoZravebel Zalad iTvleboda, polani Riad amtkicebda, rom am proeqtSi sazogadoebis yvela jgufi iyo CarTuli. magaliTad, rodesac perioduli ekonomikuri daRmasvlebi anadgurebdnen sabanko sistemas, biznes-jgufebi iTxovdnen centraluri bankis gaZlierebas, raTa qveynis SigniT kreditis miwodeba globaluri bazris wnexisgan exsnaT. 1 erTi sityviT, periodulad, kapitalistebic ki ewinaaRmdegebian im gaurkvevlobasa da ryevebs, romelTac TviT-regulirebadi bazrebi warmoSoben; da, proteqciuli formebis gamoyenebiT, monawileobas iReben stabilurobisa da winaswarmetyvelebadobis aRdgenis procesSi. polani daJinebiT amtkicebs, rom` Laissez faire dagegmilia, xolo dagegmva – daugegmavi~. polani Riad utevs Tavisufali bazris bazarTa gaumarTavad aRmarTvis gamo – liberal ideologebs, romlebic funqcionirebas – proteqciuli globalur barierebis`koleqtivistur SeTqmulebas~ 1 `Sedegad, Tanamedrove centraluri banki, arsebiTad, warmoadgens meqanizms, romlis mizanic dacvis im meqanizmebs gamoimuSavebs, romelTa gareSec bazari Tavisive Svilebs – yvela saxis biznes-sawarmos – moaxrCobda.~( 192 )(avt. Sen.) 22 karl polanis„didi transformaciebis“ Sesavali abraleben. amis sapirispirod, is aCvenebs, rom barierebis aRmarTva realurad sazogadoebis yoveli jgufis spontanuri da daugegmavi reaqciaa, TviT-regulirebadi sabazro sistemis SeuzRudav wnexze. proteqciuli kontr-nakadi unda daZruliyo, raTa`Camocilebuli~ ekonomikis katastrofuli Sedegebisgan gadaverCineT. polani gvTavazobs mosazrebas, romlis mixedviTac Laissez faire ekonomikisken moZravi nakadi stabilurobis SesanarCuneblad kontr-nakadsac moiTxovs. rodesac Lais sez faire nakadi zedmetad mZlavria, magaliTisTvis, iseTive mZlavri, rogoric igi 1920 -iani(an, Tundac, 1990 - iani) wlebis amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi gaxldaT, spekulaciurma eqscesebma da mzardma uTanasworobam, keTildReobis kontinuums fundamenti gamoacala. Tumca, miuxedavad imisa, rom polanis simpaTiebi zogadad zemoT xsenebuli proteqciuli kontr-nakadisken ixreba, igi amCnevs, rom am ukanasknels, xandaxan, saSiSi politikur-ekonomikuri Cixebis warmoqmnac SeuZlia. evropaSi faSizmis aRzevebis polaniseuli analizi acnobierebs, rom rodesac ori nakadidan. arc erTs ar SeuZlia krizisidan gamosavlis SemoTavazeba, daZabuloba iqamde izrdeba, sanam faSizmi Zalebs moikrebs da, Laissez faire -is kvalad, demokratiasac etyvis uars. 1 `ormagi moZraobis~ polaniseuli Tezisi, erTi mxriv, sabazro liberalizmTan, meore mxriv ki – dogmatur marqsizmTan mkveTr kontrasts qmnis SesaZleblobaTa im speqtrSi, romelic romelime konkretul, mocemul momentSia dasaxuli. oriveni – sabazro liberalizmica da marqsizmic – amtkiceben, rom sazogadoebas mxolod ori realuri arCevani aqvs: kapitalizmi an socializmi. miuxedavad imi1 polani faSizms aanalizebs naSromSi “The Essence of Fascism” pp . 359 394 in J . Lewis , K . Polanyi , and D . K . Kitchin , eds , Christianity and the Social Revolution .( London : Gollancz , 1935 ).(avt. Sen.) 23 sa, rom sxvadasxva rames aniWeben upiratesobas, nebismieri sxva alternativis gamoricxvaze, orive maTgani Tanxmdeba. amis sapirispirod, polani aCvenebs, rom Tavisufali bazari ar aris realuri arCevani, aramed utopiuri xedvaa. garda amisa, igi socializms gansazRvravs, rogorc`industriuli civilizaciis Sinagani tendencia, gadalaxos TviT-regulirebadi sabazro sistema, misi demokratiul sazogadoebaze cnobieri damorCilebis gziT.~( 234 ) es gansazRvreba bazris rols socialistur sazogadoebebSic xedavs. polani gvTavazobs, rom yvela istoriuli momenti SesaZleblobaTa farTo horizonts gviSlis, ramdenadac bazris `mimagreba~ gansxvavebuli gzebiT SeiZleba ganxorcieldes. cxadia, zogierTi forma sxvebze efeqturi aRmoCndeba Tavisi produqtiulobiTa da inovaciurobiT, zogi ki ufro `socialisturi~ – demokratiuli kursis dominirebiT bazarze. Tumca, polani imasac gulisxmobs, rom rogorc XIX , ise XX saukuneebSi arsebobda alternativebi, romelTac arc produqtiuloba aklda da arc demokratiuloba. 1 1 polanim uSualo gavlena iqonia skolaze, romelic 1980 90 ianebSi aRmocenda da`kapitalizmis nairsaxeobebi~ gaaana­ liza – aCvena ra mniSvnelovani gansxvavebebi im formebs Soris, romelTa meSveobiTac bazrebi, magaliTad, amerikis SeerTebul Statebsa da safrangeTSi, germaniaSi, iaponiasa da sxva qveynebSi`emagrebian~ saxelmwifos. ix. Rogers Hollingsworth and Robert Boyer , eds ., Contemporary Capitalism : the Embeddedness of Institutions ( Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 1997 , and Cohn Crouch and Wolfgang Streeck , Political Economy of Modern Capitalism : Mapping Convergence and Diversity ( Thousand Oaks , Ca .: Sage , 1997 ).(avt. Sen.) 24 karl polanis„didi transformaciebis“ Sesavali globaluri reJimis centraluroba magram polani zedmetad gamocdili moazrovne gamodga, raTa warmoedgina, rom calkeuli qveynebi Tavisuflad irCeven gzas, romelic zemoT xsenebuli`ormagi moZraobis~ TiToeul nakads erTmaneTTan Searigebda. piriqiT, polanis argumenti swored imitomaa TanamedroveobisTvis mniSvnelovani, rom igi globaluri ekonomikis marTvis wesebs sakuTari Teoriuli CarCos centrSi aTavsebs. or msoflio oms Soris periodSi, faSizmis aRzevebis miseuli argumenti yuradRebas amaxvilebs saerTaSoriso oqros standartze, ramac konkretuli qveynebis politikuri aqtorebisTvis micemuli, politikuri arCevanis speqtris daviwroeba gamoiwvia. polanis argumentis am nawilis gasagebad oqros standartis logikaSi mokle eqskursiis Catareba mogviwevs. Tumca am eqskursias naklebad SegviZlia gadaxveva vuwodoT, ramdenadac Tavisufali, avtonomiuri, trans-nacionaluri kapitalis mimoqcevis logika sabazro liberalizmis Tanamedrove advokatebzec inarCunebs Zlier gavlenas. polanim SeamCnia oqros standartis ganmacvifrebeli inteleqtualuri miRwevebi; 1 swored oqros standarti gamodga is instituciuri inovacia, romelmac TviT- maregulirebeli bazris Teorias praqtikuli ganzomileba mianiWa da, amas garda, SeZlo, am bazris naturalur fenomenad warmoCena. sabazro liberalizmis warmomadgenlebs surdaT maqsimaluri SesaZleblobebis mqone samyaro SeeqmnaT, raTa bazarTa internacionaluri masStabebi gaefarTovebinaT. amisTvis, sxvadasxva valutis mqone sxvadasxva qveynis 1 The idea was first elaborated by Isaac Gervaise and David Hume in the 19th Century . Frank Fetter , Development of British Monetary Orthodoxy 1797 1975 .( Cambridge , Mass .: Harvard University Press , 1965 ), p . 4 .(avt. Sen.) 25 sxvadasxva moqalaqis moZieba iyo saWiro – moqalaqeebisa, romlebic erTmaneTTan tranzaqciebSi Tavisuflad Caebmebodnen. isini varaudobdnen, rom globaluri ekonomika TviT-regulaciis srulyofili meqanizms gamoimuSavebda, Tu yvela qveyana Semdeg sam martiv wess daicavda: pirveli – yvela qveyana Tavisi valutis Rirebulebas oqros fiqsirebul raodenobasTan mimarTebiT daawesebda da oqros swored am fasad SeiZenda; meore – yoveli qveyana fulis Sida mimoqcevas oqros im raodenobas Seusabamebda, rac mis rezervebSi iyo Semonaxuli; amgvarad, misi valutis mimoqceva oqroTi iqneboda gamyarebuli; da mesame – yoveli qveyana maqsimalurad waaxalisebda saerTaSoriso ekonomikur tranzaqciebSi TavianTi moqalaqeebis CarTulobas. amrigad, oqros standartma globaluri TviT-regulaciis fantastikuri meqanizmi aamuSava. inglisSi firmebs SesaZlebloba miecaT, nawarmi sazRvargareT gaetanaT da, darwmunebulebs, rom gamomuSavebuli valutis absoluturi umravlesoba`oqrosaviT myari~ aRmoCndeboda, mSvidad CaedoT investiciebi msoflios yvela regionSi. Teoriulad, Tuki moqalaqeTa sazRvargareT daxarjuli fuli maT mier gamomuSavebul Tanxebs aRemateba, qveyana deficitSi aRmoCndeba da samTavrobo rezervebidan wamosuli oqro ucxoelebs uxdis gasamrjelos. 1 qveynis SigniT fulisa da 1 meqanizmi, romliTac samTavrobo rezervebi oqrosgan iclebian, aranakleb gamWriaxia da saxelmwifos Carevas arc is moiTxovs. ramdenadac deficitSi Cavardnili qveynis moqalaqeebs sazRvrebs gareT ufro meti gaaqvT, vidre SigniT SemoaqvT, erovnuli valutis Rirebuleba – romlis miwodebis komponenti gazrdilia – sxvebTan SedarebiT dabla iwevs. rogorc ki es Rirebuleba im niSnulze dabla aRmoCndeba, rasac`oqros niSnuls~ vuwodebT, saerTaSoriso bankebi momgebian situaciaSi aRmoCndebian – imdenad, ramdenadac maT saSualeba eZlevaT TavianTi valutebi oqroze gacvalon da es ukanaskneli saz26 karl polanis„didi transformaciebis“ Sesavali kreditis miwodeba avtomaturad iklebs, interesis wili imatebs, fasebi, xelfasebi da moTxovna importze iklebs, xolo saeqsporto seqtori ufro konkurentunariani xdeba. maSasadame, deficiti TviT-likvidaciis tolfasia. maSasadame, saxelmwifos mZime xelis Carevis gareSe, balanss nebismieri qveynis saerTaSoriso angariSi miaRwevda. samyaro erT bazarSi gaerTiandeboda yovelgvari mTavrobebisa da finansuri avtoritetebis dauxmareblad; suverenuloba ganawildeboda uamrav er-saxelmwifoze, romelTa erovnuli interesebic, oqros standartis yovelgvari Zaldatanebis gareSe SemoRebas waaxalisebda. oqros standartis Sedegebi oqros standarts integrirebuli globaluri sabazro sivrce unda Seeqmna – sivrce, romelic erovnuli mTavrobebisa da nacionaluri erTeulebis rols Seamcirebda, magram misi dawesebis Sedegebi sapirispiros amtkiceben. 1 polani aCvenebs, rom 1870 -ian wlebSi standartis sayovelTaod gatarebis mcdelobas ironiuli Sedegi, eris, rogorc unificirebuli warmonaqmnis mniSvnelobis gazrda mohyva. maSin, roca sabazro liberalizmis mxardamWerebi ocnebobdnen samyaroze, sadac saerTaSoriso brZolebi mxolod individebisa da kompaniebis konkurentunarian reJimRvargareT mimarTon – iq, sadac igi ufro met fass SeiZens. am gziT oqro deficituri qveynebidan Warbi dovlaTis mqone qveynebSi inacvlebs(avt. Sen.) 1 rogorc polanim ganWvrita, oqros standartis praqtikaSi gatareba misi Teoriuli prognozebisgan mniSvnelovanwilad gansxvavdeboda. ix. Barry Eichengreen , Globalizing Capital : A History of the International Monetary System .( Princeton : Princeton University Press , 1996 )(avt. Sen.) 27 Si warimarTeboda, ocnebebis asrulebis meqanizmad oqros standartis amuSavebiT, ori SemaZrwunebeli msoflio omi miviReT. saqme is gaxldaT, rom oqros standartis martivma wesebma xalxs iseTi ekonomikuri safasuri dauwesa, romelic am ukanasknelisTvis pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT autaneli aRmoCnda. rodesac qveynis Sida fasebis struqtura saerTaSoriso fasis standarts CamorCa, oqros rezervebis eroziasTan Seguebis erTaderT legitimur saSualebad deflacia daisaxa. es ki qveynis ekonomikis Sekvecas niSnavda im niSnulamde, saidanac daklebuli xelfasebi garegani balansis aRsadgenad moxmarebasac Seamcirebda; aman moitana xelfasebis odenobis, iseve rogorc sameurneo Semosavlis dramatuli kleba, umuSevrobis zrda da biznesebisa da bankebis marcxTa mkveTri tendencia. Tumca, mxolod muSebi da fermerebi ar yofilan is jgufebi, romelTac adaptirebisTvis gaRebuli safasuri maRali moeCvenaT. Tavad biznes-wreebi veRar itandnen Se­ degad miRebul araprognozirebad da arastabilur mdgo­ mareobas. amrigad, TiTqmis maSinve, rogorc ki oqros standarti dainerga, sruliad sazogadoebebma Sekres piri misi Sedegebis kompensirebis moTxovnis garSemo. qveynebma pirvelad sasoflo sameurneo da industriuli nawarmisTvis gankuTvnili, damcavi tarifebis SemoReba scades. 1 fasebTan mimarTebiT savaWro mimoqcevis sensitiurobis Semcirebis meSveobiT, qveynebs saerTaSoriso tranzaqciebSi garkveuli saxis prognozirebis SesaZlebloba miecaT 1 Peter Gourevitch , Politics in Hard Times : Comparative Responses to Interna tional Economic Crises ( Ithaca : Cornell University Press , 1996 ), ch 3 ; Chris topher Chase Dunn , Yilicio Kawano , and Benjamin Brewer , “Trade Global ization Since 1795 : Waves of Integration in the World System” ( American Sociological Review . 65 : 1 ( February 2000 ): 77 95 (avt. Sen.) 28 karl polanis„didi transformaciebis“ Sesavali da oqros gadinebis uecari da moulodneli procesebis mimarT naklebad mowyvladebi gaxdnen. Semdegi xriki ZiriTadi evropuli Zalebis, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebisa da iaponiis miswrafeba gaxldaT, dae­fuZnebinaT formaluri koloniebi mecxramete saukunis bolo meoTxedis intervalSi. Tavisufali vaWrobis logika mZlavrad anti-koloniuria, ramdenadac imperiis mier gaweuli xarjebs Sesabamisi mogeba ver akompensirebs Tu erTsa da imave bazarze investirebis SesaZlebloba yvela sabazro moTamaSes Tanabrad mieca. magram saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi proteqcionizmis aRzevebasTan erTad, es gaTvlac Tavdayira dadga. axaldapyrobili koloniebi imperiuli Zalebis tarifebiT iqneboda daculi, xolo kolonizatori vaWrebi koloniaTa nedleulsa da sabazro sivrceze privilegiebs moipovebdnen. am periodisTvis damaxasiaTebelma `miswrafebam imperiulobisken~ inglissa da germanias Soris politikuri, militaristuli da ekonomikuri paeqroba gaamZafra, ramac kulminacia pirvel msoflio omSi hpova. 1 polanisTvis imperialisturi impulsi erTa genetikur kodSi sulac araa Cawerili; piriqiT, igi materializdeba rogorc eris TavdacviTi brZola oqros standartis ulmobeli wnexis winaaRmdeg. sarfiani koloniidan resursebis gamodevnas, oqros maragis amowurvis uecari procesiT gamowveuli krizisuli ryevebis Sexideba SeuZlia; swored 1 polanis argumenti mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba leninis Tezisisgan imis Sesaxeb, rom inter-imperialistur konfliqtTa gamZafreba kapitalisturi ganviTarebis finalur stadiaSi finansuri kapitalis zdis produqtia.(avtors mxedvelobaSi aqvs Tezisi, romelsac lenini Tavis naSromSi`imperializmi: kapitalizmis umaRlesi stadia~ aviTarebs.(mTargm. Sen.)) polani imis mtkicebis tvirTsac iRebs sakuTar Tavze, rom finansuri kapitalizmi omis mTavar Semakavebel Zaladac ki SeiZleba mogvevlinos.(mTarg. Sen.) 29 ise, rogorc okeanis miRma mosaxleobebis eqpluatacias ZaluZs qveynis Sida klasobrivi antagonizmis afeTqeba Seakavos. polani amtkicebs, rom sabazro liberalizmis mxardamWerebi swored maTive utopiuri Sexedulebebis Sedegad mividnen oqros standartis dawesebamde, romelic, maTi rwmeniT, usazRvro samyaros mzardi keTildReobis garantad unda qceuliyo. amis sapirispirod, ulmobelma Sokma, romelic oqros standartma gamoiwvia, saxelmwifoebs gafarToebuli nacionaluri da Semdeg – imperiuli sazRvrebis garSemo konsolidirebisken ubiZga. oqros standarti saxelmwifoebze disciplinur wnexs aZlierebda, magram misi funqcionireba efeqturad iyo SeniRbuli proteqcionizmis sxvadasxva formaTa aRzevebiT – dawyebuli tarifTan dakavSirebuli barierebiT, damTavrebuli imperiebiT. da mainc, miuxedavad imisa, rom pirvelma msoflio omma mTeli es winaaRmdegobrivi sistema daasamara, oqros standarti imdenad iyo aRiarebuli, rom saxelmwifo moxeleebma misi aRdgenis moTxovnis garSemo iwyes mobilizeba. mTeli es drama kidev erTxel gaTamaSda tragikulad 1920 -ian da 1930 -ian wlebSi, radgan erebs savaWro tarifebsa da moqalaqeTa dacvas Soris mouwiaT arCevanis gakeTeba. faSizmi swored am gamouvali mdgomareobidan amoizarda. polanis mixedviT, sazogadoebis bazris wnexisgan dasacavad, adamianis Tavisuflebis gawirvis faSisturi impulsi, universaluri iyo, TumcaRa Zalauflebis mopovebis mcdelobaTa warmateba, lokalurma SemTxveviTobebma ganapirobes. 30 karl polanis„didi transformaciebis“ Sesavali Tanamedrove mniSvneloba polanis argumentebi Zalze mniSvnelovania globalizaciis garSemo warmoqmnili Tanamedrove debatebisTvis, radgan neoliberalebi imave utopiur xedvas uWeren mxars, romelmac oqros standartis SemoRebaze iqonia gavlena. civi omis dasrulebis Semdeg, gamudmebiT gvimeoreben, rom globaluri ekonomikis integracia erovnul sazRvrebs moZvelebuls xdis da globaluri mSvidobis axali epoqis fundaments yris. rogorc ki erebi globaluri sabazro sivrcis logikas moixelTeben da TavianT ekonomikebs produqtebisa da kapitalis Tavisufal mimoqcevaSi Caabamen, saerTaSoriso konfliqtebs kidev ufro saocari produqtebisa da servisebis warmoebiT STagonebuli, keTili zraxvebis mqone konkurencia Caanacvlebs. TavianTi winamorbedebis msgavsad, neoliberalebi acxadeben, rom erebs isRa darCeniaT, TviTregulirebadi bazris efeqturobas brmad endon. cxadia, dRevandeli globaluri safinanso sistema aSkarad gansxvavdeba oqros standartisgan. mimocvlis koeficientebi da erovnuli valutebi oqrosTan fiqsirebul urTierTobaSi aRaraa; valutaTa umravlesobas ucxour savaWro bazrebze mimoqcevis saSualeba eZleva. amas garda, arseboben Zlieri saerTaSoriso safinanso institutebi – iseTebi, rogorebicaa saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi( IMF ) da msoflio banki, romlebic globaluri sistemis marTvaSi centralur rols TamaSoben. magram am mniSvnelovani gansxvavebebis ukan fundamenturi msgavseba mosCans – mxedvelobaSi maqvs rwmena imisa, rom Tuki individebsa da sawarmoebs TavianTi ekonomikuri interesebis gasatareblad maqsimalur Tavisuflebas mivaniWebT, maSin globaluri bazaric yvelas sasargeblod amuSavdeba. swored es fundamenturi rwmena udevs safuZvlad neoliberalebis sistematur mcdelobebs, moSalon barierebi 31 vaWrobasa da kapitalis mimoqcevaze da, amasTan, ekonomikuri cxovrebis organizebaSi samTavrobo`Carevebi~ minimumamde daiyvanon. globalizaciis erT-erTi yvelaze gavleniani mxardamWeri wers: `rodesac Seni qveyana scnobs... wesebs, romliTac Tavisufali bazari dRevandel globalur ekonomikaSi TamaSobs, scnobs da gadawyvets, rom misi erTguli darCes, igi uecrad aRmoCndeba imaSi, rasac me`oqros jaWvis perangs~ vuwodeb. es oqros jaWvis perangi globalizaciis epoqis ganmsazRvreli politikur-ekonomikuri samosia. civ oms maos kostumi, nehrus Jaketi da rusuli bewveuli emosa. globalizaciis garderobSi mxolod oqros jaWvis perangia. Tu Sens qveyanas jer kidev ar mouzomavs es perangi, ara uSavs, male mouwevs.~ 1 avtori imasac amtkicebs, rom xsenebuli jaWvis perangi saxelmwifos CaZirvas, vaWrobasa da kapitalis mimoqcevaze SezRudvebis moxsnas da kapitaluri bazrebis deregulirebas moiTxovs. garda amisa, igi enTuziazmiT aRwers Tu rogor aZliereben am samosis SemboWvel Zalebs saerTaSoriso movaWreTa`eleqtronuli jogebi~ sazRvargareT vaWrobasa da finansur bazrebze. sami fiqtiuri saqonlis polaniseuli analizi gvaswav­ lis, rom globalur doneze bazris avtomaturi regulirebis es neoliberaluri xedva sxva araferia, Tu ara saxifaTo fantaziis nayofi. rogorc erovnuli ekonomikebi moiTxoven mTavrobis aqtiur rols, globalur ekonomikasac iseve sWirdeba Zlieri maregulirebeli instituciebi, ukidures SemTxvevebSi, fulis gamsesxeblis CaTvliT. aseTi instituciebis gareSe, partikularuli ekonomikebi – da, 1 Thomas Friedman , The Lexus and the Olive Tree .( New York : Farrar Straus , 1999 ), p . 96 . 32 karl polanis„didi transformaciebis“ Sesavali savaraudod, mTlianad globaluri ekonomikac – damangreveli krizisebisTvis arian ganwirulni. magram ufro fundamenturia imis gaazreba, rom sabazro liberalizmi Cveulebrivi adamianebisgan moiTxovs imas, ris miwodebac SeuZlebelia. muSebi, fermerebi da wvrili biznesis warmomadgenlebi erTi wuTiTac ki ver aitanen ekonomikuri organizaciis im meqanizms, romelSic Tavad, TavianT yoveldRiurobaSi, periodul, dramatul ryevebze arian damokidebuli. mokled rom SevajamoT, usazRvro da mSvidobiani samyaros neoliberaluri utopia milionobiT Cveulebrivi adamianis moqnilobas da tolerantobas moiTxovs – imas, rom ubralo adamianebma aitanon is uvado wyevla, romelsac ganaxevrebuli SemosavlebiT – SesaZloa yovel 5 10 weliwadSi – unda dausxltnen. polanis swams, rom aseTi moqnilobis molodini Rrmad ararealisturi da moralurad gaumarTlebelia. misTvis xalxTa mobilizeba ekonomikuri Sokisgan Tavdasacavad gardauval aucileblobas warmoadgens. amas garda, aRzevebis gzaze mdgari neoliberalizmis uaxlesi periodi, ukve Tavad gaxda momswre mTeli msof­ lios masStabiT gaSlili, farTo saprotesto gamosvlebisa, sadac adamianebi globalizaciis ekonomikur usiamovnebebs ebrZvian. rogorc ki amgvari ukmayofilebebi izrdeba, socialuri wesrigi kidev ufro problematuri xdeba. 1 amasTan, izrdeba safrTxe imisa, rom politikuri liderebi saxalxo ukmayofilebas Sida Tu gareSe mtrebis gantevebis vacad warmoCenisTvis gamoiyeneben. amgvarad, neoliberalTa utopiuri xedva ara mSvidobas, aramed gamZafrebul konfliqts moaswavebs. 1 John Walton and David Seddon , Free Markets& Food Riots : The Politics of Global Adjustment .( Cambridge , Mass .: Blackwell , 1994 ). 33 magaliTisTvis, afrikis bevr regionSi struqturuli regulaciis politikaTa gamanadgurebeli Sedegebi sazogadoebis daSla-danawilebis winapirobad iqca da SimSili da samoqalaqo omi gamoiwvia. sxvagan, civi omis Semdgomi periodi, mebrZoli nacionalisturi reJimebis aRzevebis momswre gaxda – reJimebisa, romelTac gare mezoblebisa da Sida eTnikuri umciresobebis mimarT Riad agresiuli ganzraxvebi amoZravebT. 1 ufro metic, dedamiwis yvela kuTxeSi militanturi moZraobebi, romlebic xSirad erwymian religiur fundamentalizms, sruli seriozulobiT emzadebian globalizaciiT gamowveuli ekonomikuri da socialuri Sokis TavianT sasargeblod gamoyenebisTvis. Tu polanis msjeloba sworia, amboxis es niSnebi momavalSi kidev ufro saxifaTo mdgomareobas moaswaveben. demokratiuli alternativebi miuxedavad imisa, rom`didi transformacia~ meore msoflio omis msvlelobisas daiwera, momavalze saubrisas polani optimizms inarCunebda; igi Tvlida, rom saerTaSoriso konfliqtTa ciklis dasruleba SesaZlebeli iyo. sakvanZo mniSvnelobis nabijad polanis im rwmenis gadalaxva esaxeboda, romlis mixedviTac, sazogadoebrivi cxovreba sabazro meqanizms unda davumorCiloT. 1 im argumentis gasamyareblad, romlis mixedviTac globaluri uwesrigobis zogierTi magaliTi saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri reJimisken miuTiTebs, ix. Michel Cossudovsky , The Globalisation of Poverty : Impacts of IMF and World Bank Reforms .( Penarig , Malaysia : Third World Network , 1997 ). 34 karl polanis„didi transformaciebis“ Sesavali am`moZvelebuli sabazro mentalitetisgan~ 1 gaTavisuflebis Semdeg, gaixsneboda gza rogorc nacionaluri ekonomikebis, ise globaluri sabazro sistemis demokratiul politikaze daqvemdebarebisken. aseTi momavlis SesaZleblobad polanis ruzveltis`axal SeTanxmeba~ esaxeboda. ruzveltis reformebi amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis ekonomikis bazrisa da sabazro aqtivobebis garSemo organizebis gagrZelebas gulisxmobda, Tumca igi agreTve moicavda maregulirebeli meqanizmebis axal wyebas, romliTac erTdroulad adamianebisa da bunebis sabazro wnexisgan Tavdacva gaxdeboda SesaZlebeli. 2 demokratiuli politikis meSveobiT, adamianebi iReben gadawyvetilebas imis Sesaxeb, rom xandazmulebi daculi unda iyvnen socialuri usafrTxoebis gavliT Semosavlis miRebis saWiroebisgan. msgavsad amisa, demokratiuli politikis gatarebiT muSebis uflebebis sakiTxi efeqturi profkavSirebis farglebs scdeba da SromiTi urTierTobis erovnul aqtSi( National Labor Relations Act ) ewereba. polani am iniciativebs im procesis sawyis etapad Tvlis, romlis meSveobiTac sazogadoebam individebi da bunebrivi garemo garkveuli tipis ekonomikuri safrTxeebisgan demokratiuli saSualebebis gamoyenebiT unda daicvas. 1 1947 wels swored am saTauriT gamoqveynda polanis gavleniani ese, romelic jorj daltonis redaqciiT xelaxla gamoica naSromSi` Primitive , Archaic , and Modern Economies ~(avt. Sen.) 2 realurad`axalma SeTanxmebam~ mxolod mciredi wvlili Seitana garemos dacvis saqmeSi. miuxedavad amisa, mas Semdeg, rac garemos damcvelebma politikuri reformebis inicirebisTvis saWiro Zala moikribes, iseTi agentebi, rogoric`garemos dacvis saagentoa( Environmental Protection Agency ),`axali SeTanxmebis~ mier SemuSavebuli regulirebis modelis kvals mihyvnen.(avt. Sen.) 35 globalur masStabze polani saerTaSoriso vaWrobisa da TanamSromlobis maRali standartis mqone internacionalur ekonomikur wesrigs winaswarmetyvelebda. igi ara mxolod programaTa wyebas, aramed zust principebsac ayalibebs: `Tumca, oqros standartis avtomaturi meqanizmis gauCinarebasTan erTad, mTavrobebi absoluturi suverenulobis damabrkolebel elementebs, maT Soris saerTaSoriso ekonomikur procesSi monawileobaze uaris Tqmasac etyvian uars. amave dros, SesaZlebeli gaxdeba imis nebayoflobiT Segueba, rom sxva erebi TavianT Sida instituciebs TavianTi midrekilebebis mixedviT moawyoben. amrigad, gadalaxaven XIX saukunisaTvis damaxasiaTebel mavneblur dogmas saSinao reJimebisa da globaluri ekonomikis orbitis aucilebeli Sexmatkbilebulobis Sesaxeb.~ sxva sityvebiT, mTavrobaTaSorisi TanamSromloba warmoqmnida SeTanxmebaTa wyebas, raTa xeli Seewyo saerTaSoriso vaWrobis mniSvnelovani fenebisTvis, magram, amave dros, sazogadoebebs globaluri ekonomikis wnexisagan distancirebis formaTa mravalferovani arsenali CauvardebodaT xelSi. garda amisa, ualternativo ekonomikuri modelis Tavsmoxvevis warumatebeli mcdeloba ganviTarebad qveynebs TavianTi mosaxleobis keTildReobis gasaumjobeseblad gafarToebul SesaZleblobebs miscemda. es xedva agreTve iTvaliswinebda globaluri maregulirebeli struqturebis wyebasac, romelic sabazro moTamaSeebisTvis garkveuli limitebis dawesebas moiazrebda. 1 polanis xedva mTavrobis saSinao da sagareo rolis zrdis ideas emyareba. is kiTxvis niSnis qveS ayenebs dRes1 am versiis konkretizebis uaxlesi mcdelobis gasacnobad ix. John Eatwell and Lance Taylor , Global Finance at Risk : The Case for Inter national Regulation .( New York : New Press , 2000 .)(avt. Sen.) 36 karl polanis„didi transformaciebis“ Sesavali dReobiT modur Sexedulebebs imis Sesaxeb, rom meti samTavrobo Careva cud ekonomikur Sedegebsa da sazogadoebriv cxovrebaze dawesebul gadametebul kontrols moaswavebs. polanisTvis arsebiTi samTavrobo roli ganuyofelia fiqtiuri saqonlis marTvisagan. am azriT, ar SegviZlia seriozulad miviRoT sabazro liberalizmis aqsioma, romlis mixedviTac mTavroba gansazRvrebisamebr araefeqturia. magram igi agreTve Riad uaryofs Sexedulebas imaze, rom mTavrobis eqspansia aucileblobiT iRebs represiul formas. sapirispirod amisa, polani amtkicebs, rom: `sabazro ekonomikis gadalaxva uprecendento Tavisuflebis epoqis dasawyisi SeiZleba aRmoCndes. iuridiuli da faqtobrivi Tavisufleba SeiZleba aqamde arnaxuli masStabebiT gaizardos; regulaciasa da kontrols Tavisuflebis motana ara mxolod adamianTa mcire jgufisTvis, aramed yvelasTvis SeuZlia. magram Tavisuflebis is koncefcia, romelsac polani us­vams xazs, ekonomikuri da socialuri usamarTlobis aRmofxvraze Sors midis; amaxvilebs ra yuradRebas Semdegze, is samoqalaqo TavisuflebaTa eqspansiiskenac mogviwodebs: `Camoyalibebul sazogadoebaSi arakonformulobis uf­ leba instituciurad unda iyos garantirebuli. individs unda SeeZlos, Tavisuflad mihyves sindisis xmas da ar eSinodes Zalebisa, romelTac sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis zogierTi sferos administrirebis samuSao miandes.~( 255 ) sakuTar naSroms ki polani am maxvilgonivruli sityvebiT asrulebs: `manam, sanam [ adamiani ] uerTgulebs sayovelTao Tavisuflebis ideas, mas ar unda eSinodes, rom Zalaufleba an dagegmva mis winaaRmdeg Semobrundeba da im Tavisuflebasac waarTmevs, riskenac igi maTi(Zalauflebis an dagegmvis; mTargm. Sen.) instrumentaliis gamoyenebiT miiltvis. swored esaa Tavisuflebis Sinaarsi kompleqsur sazogadoe37 baSi; igi gvaniWebs Tavdajerebulobas, romelic ase Zlier gvWirdeba~( 259B ). 1 rasakvirvelia, polanis optimizmi uSualod meore msoflio omis Semdgom epoqaSi ganviTarebul movlenaTa msvlelobam ar gaamarTla. civi omis gaCaReba amerikis Seer­ Tebul StatebSi`axali SeTanxmebis~ reformis dasasruls niSnavda da ara mis dasawyiss. gegmiuri globaluri ekonomikuri TanamSromloba met-naklebad swrafad Caanacvla bazrebis saerTaSoriso rolis zrdis axalma iniciativam. cxadia, evropuli social-demokratiuli mTavrobebis mniSvnelovani miRwevebi, saxeldobr skandinaviaSi, 1940 -iani wlebidan 1990 -ian wlebamde, polanis xedvis simZlavresa da realisturobas konkretul safuZvels aZlevs. magram SedarebiT did qveynebSi, polaniseuli xedva daoblda da haiekisa da sabazro liberalizmis sxva advokatTa sapirispiro mosazrebebma myari Zalaufleba Caigdes xelSi, rac 1990 -ian wlebSi am ideologiis sruli triumfiT dagvirgvinda. da mainc, dRes, roca civi omi ukve istorias Cabarda, polanis Tavdapirveli optimizmi SegviZlia sabolood gaviz­iaroT. msgavsi scenaris realuri alternativa ukve xelT gvaqvs – scenarisa, romelSic sabazro liberalizmis aramdgradoba ekonomikur krizissa da avtoritaruli Tu agresiuli reJimebis xelaxal warmoqmnas iwvevs. alternativa msoflios sxvadasxva saxelmwifos moqalaqeTa im saerTo mcdelobaSi CarTvaa, romelic – saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis safuZvelze – ekonomikas demokratiul 1 polanis swams, rom kompleqsuri sazogadoeba aucileblobiT moiTxovs saxelmwifos mxridan Zaladobis monopolizebas. Zalaufleba da Zaldataneba am realobis [ adamianTa sazogadoebis ] nawilia; ideali, romelic maT kvals sazogadoebidan amoSlida, mcdari unda iyos.( 259A )(avt. Sen.) 38 karl polanis„didi transformaciebis“ Sesavali politikas dauqvemdebarebs. rasakvirvelia, ganvlili 90 ianeb­is manZilze, aSkara niSnebi gamoikveTa amgvari saerTaSoriso socialuri moZraobebis mier globaluri ekonomikis xelaxali formirebis mcdelobisa. dRes ki es mcdeloba ufro metia, vidre mxolod Teoriuli SesaZlebloba. 1 ganviTarebul da ganviTarebad qveynebSi aqtivistebi saerTaSoriso instituciebis, msoflio savaWro organizaciis ( WTO ), saerTaSoriso savaluto fondisa( IMF ) da sxvaTa winaaRmdeg mimarTul saprotesto moZraobebs ayalibeben – erTi sityviT, im organizaciebis winaaRmdeg, romlebic neoliberalizmis wesebs aZliereben. sxvadasxva jgufebma mTeli msoflios masStabze wamoiwyes intensiuri globaluri dialogi msoflio finansuri wesrigis rekonstruirebis sakiTxze. 2 es safuZvelwarmomqmneli moZraoba uzarmazar dabrkolebebs eCexeba; advili ar iqneba xangrZlivi aliansis gamoZerwva, romelic globaluri samxreTisa da globaluri CrdiloeTis moqalaqeTa xSirad konfliqtur interesebs Searigebs. ufro metic, rac ufro warmatebulia iqneba aseTi moZraoba, miT ufro sazareli iqneba strategiuli barierebi, romelTan gamklavebac mas mouwevs. Rrmad saeWvod rCeba garemoeba, SesaZlebelia Tu ara globaluri wesrigis reforma qvemodan, msoflio ekonomikis iseTi tipis krizisSi CaTrevis gareSe, romelic investorTa panikas iwvevs. miuxedavad amisa, uzarmazari mniSvnelobisaa faqti, rom globaluri ekonomikuri struqturis marTva istoria1 ix. Peter Evans , “Fighting Marginalization with Transnational Networks : Counter Hegemonic Globalization , ” Contemporary Sociology 29 : 1 ( January 2000 ): 230 241 .(avt. Sen.) 2 am diskusiebis CrdiloeT amerikuli perspeqtivisa da sasargeblo damatebiTi resursebis gidad sara andersonisa da jon kavanagis naSromi “ Field Guide to the Global Economy” ( New . York : New Press , 2000 ) gamodgeba. 39 Si pirvelad moeqca saerTaSoriso socialuri moZraobis aqtivobaTa centralur samizneSi. es saerTaSoriso moZraoba polanis xedvis uwyveti sicocxlisunarianobisa da praqtikulobis indikatoria. polanisTvis sabazro liberalizmis yvelaze Rrma Cavardna is gaxlavT, rom es ukanaskneli adamianis miznebs anonimur sabazro meqanizms uqvemdebarebs. amis sapirispirod, is amtkicebs, rom individualuri da koleqtiuri saWiroebaTa dasakmayofileblad, adamianebma demokratiuli marTvis meqanizmebs unda mimarTon, raTa ekonomikis marTva da kontroli SeZlon. polanim aCvena, rom am gamowvevis armiRebam gasuli saukunis sazareli tanjvebi warmoSva. SeuZlebelia misi winaswarmetyveleba amaze ufro naTeli iyos axali saukunisTvis. qarTulenovani Targmani Tavdapirvelad gamoqveynda `socialuri samarTlianobis centris~ vebgverdze. 40 pirveli nawili saerTaSoriso sistema Tavi 1 aswliani mSvidoba XIX saukunis civilizacia daemxo. winamdebare wigns am movlenis politikuri da ekonomikuri sawyisebi da misi Tanmxlebi didi transformacia ainteresebs. XIX saukunis civilizacia oTx institucias eyrdnoboda: pirveli iyo ZalTa balansis sistema, romelmac mTel­ i saukunis ganmavlobaSi Tavidan aicila xangrZlivi da gamanadgurebeli omi saerTaSoriso Zalebs Soris; meore-saerTaSoriso oqros standarti gaxldaT, romelic msoflio ekonomikis unikalur organizebas ganasaxierebda; mesames warmoadgenda TviTregulirebadi bazari, romelmac iqamde gaugonari materialuri keTildReoba Seqmna; meoTxe say­ rdeni ki iyo liberaluri saxelmwifo. erTi tipis klasifikaciiT, am oTxi instituciidan ori warmoadgenda ekonomikur, xolo ori – politikur institucias. sxvagvari klasifikaciiT ki, ori maTgani erovnuli da oric saerTaSoriso instituti iyo. maT Soris urTierToba gansazRvravda Cveni civilizaciis istoriis saxasiaTo Strixebs. oqros standarti am instituciaTagan yvelaze mniSvnelovani aRmoCnda; misi moSla katastrofis uSualo ga43 pirveli nawili saerTaSoriso sistema momwvevi Seiqna. oqros standartis dacemis periodisaTvis, sxva instituciebis umetesoba amaod Seewira mis gadarCenas. magram sistemis macocxlebel wyarosa da matricas TviTregulirebadi bazari warmoadgenda. es swored is inovacia iyo, romelmac dasabami daudo konkretul civilizacias. oqros standarti mxolod adgilobrivi sabazro sistemis saerTaSoriso doneze gavrcelebis mcdeloba iyo; ZalTa balansis sistema warmoadgenda superstruqturas, romelic oqros standartze iyo daSenebuli da nawilobriv misi saSualebiT axerxebda muSaobas; Tavad liberaluri saxelmwifo TviTregulirebadi bazris warmonaqmni gaxldaT. XIX saukunis institucionaluri sistemisTvis sakvanZo iyo is kanonebi, romelTa mixedviTac sabazro ekonomika imarTeboda. am wignis mTavari Tezisi is gaxlavT, rom TviTregulirebadi bazris idea calsaxa utopia iyo. msgavsi institucia drois mcire monakveTSic ki ver moaxerxebda arsebobas sazogadoebis adamianuri da bunebrivi arsis mospobis gareSe; is fizikurad gaanadgurebda adamians da mis garemo-samyofels ukacrielad aqcevda. rogorc mosalodneli iyo, sazogadoebam sakuTari Tavis damcavi zomebi SeimuSava, magram miRebuli zomebiT daaziana bazris TviTregulireba, qaoturi gaxada industriuli cxovreba da amgvarad, gansxvavebuli safrTxe Seuqmna sakuTar Tavs. swored es iyo dilema, romelmac sabazro sistemis gansazRvruli gziT ganviTareba gamoiwvia da sabolood, CamoSala masze dafuZnebuli socialuri organizebis struqtura. kacobriobis istoriaSi erT-erTi yvelaze Rrma krizisis amgvari axsna erTi SexedviT, zedmetad martivad gamoiyureba. Zalzed uadgilo da arakompetenturi iqneboda civilizaciis arsisa da eTosis dayvanis mcdeloba konkretuli odenobis institutebamde; an romelime institutis calke gamoyofa, misi fundamentur institutad miCneva da 44 Tavi 1 aswliani mSvidoba msjelobis gagrZeleba civilizaciis gardauval TviTdekonstruqciaze, romelic TiTqos civilizaciis ekonomikuri organizebis zogierTi teqnikuri maxasiaTebliT iqna gamowveuli. civilizacia, sicocxlis msgavsad, mravali damoukidebeli faqtoris urTierTqmedebis Sedegad ibadeba. es faqtorebi, rogorc wesi, ar daiyvanebian konkretul institutebamde. civilizaciis daRmasvlis instituciur meqanizms Tu mivadevnebT Tvals, es SesaZloa uimedo Zalisxmevadac mogveCvenos. miuxedavad amisa, Cven swored es ganzraxva gvaqvs. amiT, Cven Segnebulad vuaxlovebT Cveni kvlevis mizans sakiTxis gansakuTrebul Taviseburebas. vinaidan, XIX saukunis civilizaciis unikaluroba swored is iyo, rom es civilizacia konkretul instituciur meqanizms efuZneboda. damakmayofilebeli ver iqneba axsna, romelic ar iTvaliswinebs kataklizmis uecar bunebas. TiTqos cvlilebaTa Zalebi erTi saukunis manZilze Sekavebulni iyvneno, ise uecrad gadmoiRvara movlenaTa nakadi kacobriobaze. planetaruli masStabis socialuri transformacia sruliad axleburi saxis omebma daasrula. am omebSi ki, saxelmwifoebma sruli marcxi ganicades da sisxlis zRvebidan axali imperiebis konturebi aRmocenda. magram es demonuri Zaladobis faqti mxolod zed daerTo cvlilebaTa swraf da Cum dinebas, romelmac warsuli didwilad uxmaurod, zedapirze talRis warmoqmnis gareSe STanTqa. winamdebare naSromi istoriuli kvleva ar aris; Cven gamorCeul movlenaTa damajerebeli Tanmimdevrobis gamokveTa ki ar gvsurs, aramed, vcdilobT am movlenaTa tendenciis axsnas adamianuri instituciebis WrilSi. Cven ar moveridebiT warsulis konkretul scenebSi Cakirkitebas im mizniT, rom cxadi gavxadoT awmyosTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi; amasTan, detalurad gavaanalizebT kritikul periodebs da TiTqmis ugulebelvyofT am periodebs Soris 45 pirveli nawili saerTaSoriso sistema arsebul drois monakveTebs. swored am erTaderTi miznis misaRwevad SeviWrebiT calkeul disciplinarul sferoebSi . upirvelesad, ganvixilavT saerTaSoriso sistemis CamoSlas. SevecdebiT imis warmoCenas, rom ZalTa balansis sistemam ver uzrunvelyo mSvidobis SenarCuneba mas Semdeg, rac msoflio ekonomikam – romelsac es mSvidoba emyareboda – marcxi ganicada. swored amiT SeiZleba aixsnas sistemis moulodneli da warmoudgeneli siswrafiT CamoSla. magram Tuki Cveni civilizaciis CamoSlis dro msoflio ekonomikis marcxma gansazRvra, es ukanaskneli am movlenis gamomwvevi sulac ar yofila. es procesi saTaves as welze meti xnis win – socialuri da teqnologiuri Zvrebidan iRebs. es is movlenebia, romelTaganac dasavleT evropaSi TviTregulirebadi sabazro sistemis idea warmoiSva. es sarisko wamowyeba Cvens droSi damTavrda da man industriuli civilizaciis istoriaSi gamorCeuli etapi daasrula . wignis bolo nawilSi SevexebiT im meqanizms, romelmac Cveni drois socialuri da erovnuli cvlilebebi warmarTa. aqve ganvixilavT adamianTa yofas. zogadad, Cven gvjera, rom adamianis amJamindeli mdgomareoba krizisis institucionaluri sawyisebis perspeqtividan unda iqnas axsnili. XIX saukunem dasavleTis civilizaciis istoriul qronikebSi gaugonari fenomeni – 1815 1914 wlebis aswliani mSvidoba – warmoSva. yirimis omis garda, romelic met naklebad koloniuri movlena iyo – inglisi, safrangeTi, prusia, avstria, italia da ruseTi, jamSi mxolod 18 Tvis ganmavlobaSi iyvnen CarTuli erTmaneTis winaaRmdeg omSi. wina ori saukunis erTmaneTTan Sedarebadi cifrebis aRricxvis Sedegad vaskvniT, rom TiToeul saukuneSi, didi omebi, saSualod 60 wlidan 70 amde grZeldeboda. magram XIX saukunis yvelaze mZvinvare omis qarcecxlic ki – safran46 Tavi 1 aswliani mSvidoba geT prusiis 1870 1871 wlis omi – weliwadze nakleb droSi dasrulda, ris Semdegac damarcxebulma saxelmwifom gaugonari odenobis kompensaciis gadaxda SeZlo, arsebuli valutis ryevebis gamowvevis gareSe. pragmatuli pacifizmis amgvari triumfaluri gamarjveba konfliqtis mniSvnelovani mizezebis ararsebobis Sedegi namdvilad ar iyo. Zlieri saxelmwifoebisa da diadi imperiebis saSinao Tu sagareo viTarebebi TiTqmis uwyvetad icvleboda da es cvlilebebi Tan sdevda am „ samSvidobo sanaxaobas “ . saukunis pirveli naxevris dRis wesrigs samoqalaqo omebi, revoluciuri da antirevoluciuri Carevebi qmnida. espaneTSi, asiaTasianma jarma angulemis hercogis meTaurobiT aiRo kadisi; ungreTSi, ungrulma revoluciam Tavad imperators gadamwyvet brZolaSi damarcxebis safrTxe Seuqmna; brZolebi sabolood ungrul miwaze mebrZolma rusulma armiam CaaxSo. SeiaraRebulma intervenciebma germaniis kavSirSi, belgiaSi, poloneTSi, SveicariaSi, daniasa da veneciaSi, saRvTo aliansis siZlieris kvali datova. saukunis meore naxevarSi, progresis dinamika Senelda: otomanTa, egvipturi da SerifTa imperiebi daiSalnen an danawevrdnen; dampyrobelma jarma CineTi aiZula kari gaexsna ucxoelebisaTvis, xolo afrikis kontinenti erTi didi galaSqrebis Sedegad danawevrda. amavdroulad, msoflio mniSvnelobis ori Zala wamoimarTa: SeerTebuli Statebi da ruseTi. erovnuli erToba miRweul iqna germaniisa da italiis mier; belgiam, saberZneTma, rumineTma, bulgareTma, serbeTma da ungreTma kidev erTxel miiCines suverenuli saxelmwifoebis adgilebi evropis rukaze. Ria omebis TiTqmis uwyveti seriebis fonze , industriuli civilizacia marSiT Sevida gacveTili kulturebisa Tu primitiuli xalxebis adgil mamulebSi. rusuli samxedro Zala ipyrobs centralur azias, xolo inglisis uricxvi omebi indoeTsa da afrikaSi, iseve rogorc safrangeTis eqsplua47 pirveli nawili saerTaSoriso sistema taciebi egvipteSi, alJirSi , tunisSi, siriaSi, madagaskarSi, indo CineTsa da siamSi, iseT problemebs warmoqmnis am Zalebs Soris, romlebic, rogorc wesi, mxolod isev Zalas SeuZlia moagvaros. Tumca, TiToeuli es konfliqti lokalizebuli iyo, xolo Zaladobrivi cvlilebis sxva mraval SemTxvevas an erToblivi qmedebebiT umklavdebodnen, an – saerTaSoriso ZalTa Soris kompromisiT arbilebdnen. imis miuxedavad, Tu rogor icvleboda meTodebi, Sedegi igive dgeboda. Tu saukunis pirvel naxevarSi konstitucionalizmi akrZaluli iyo da saRvTo kavSiri Tavisuflebas mSvidobis saxeliT axSobda, meore naxevarSi – isev mSvidobis saxeliT – biznesze gonebamomarTulma bankirebma dauokebel despotebs konstituciebi moaxvies Tavs. Sesabamisad, sxvadasxva formebiTa da mudmivad cvalebadi ideologiebis qveS – zogjer progresisa da Tavisuflebis saxeliT, xanac monarqisa da sakurTxevlis avtoritetiT, safondo birJisa da Cekis wignakebis madliT, korufciiTa da meqrTameobiT, moraluri argumentiTa da ganmanaTlebluri mowodebebiT, xan ki sulac zarbazniTa da xiStze wamogebis SiSiT – erTi da igive Sedegi miiRweoda – mSvidoba narCundeboda . es TiTqmis saswaulebrivi movlena ganpirobebuli iyo ZalTa balansiT, ramac am SemTxvevaSi iseTi Sedegi gamoiRo, rac misTvis Cveulebriv ucxo iyo. misi bunebis mixedviT, balansi gavlenas axdens sruliad gansxvavebul Sedegze, kerZod, masSi CarTul ZalTa gadarCenaze. magram sinamdvileSi, is eyrdnoba daSvebas, rom sami an meti erTeuli, romelsac Zalis gamoyeneba SeuZlia, mudam Seecdeba, rom SedarebiT susti Zalebi nebismieri Zlieri Zalis odnavi zrdis winaaRmdeg gaaerTianos. universaluri istoriis WrilSi, ZalTa balansis sistemisaTvis is saxelmwifoebi iyo saintereso da mniSvnelovani, romelTa damoukideblobis SenarCunebasac Tavad emsaxureboda. magram aseT Sedegs es sistema mxolod mudmivad cvalebad partniorebs Soris 48 Tavi 1 aswliani mSvidoba uwyveti omebiT aRwevda. antikuri saberZneTisa da CrdiloeT italiis qalaq saxelmwifoebis Cveuleba amis magaliTi iyo: mebrZolTa cvalebad jgufebs Soris warmoebulma omebma am saxelmwifoebs didi xnis ganmavlobaSi SeunarCuna damoukidebloba. igive principis moqmedebam oras welze meti xniT daicva im saxelmwifoTa suvereniteti, romlebic miunsterisa da vestfaliis zavis periodSi ( 1648 w . ) evropas ayalibebdnen. rodesac 75 wlis Semdeg, utrextis zavis xelmomwerebma am principisadmi TavianTi formaluri erTguleba daafiqsires, am nabijiT maT es principi sistemis nawilad gaxades, da am omebis saSualebiT Camoayalibes Zlierisa da sustisTvisac gadarCenis ormxrivi da Tanabari garantiebi. im faqtis axsna, rom XIX saukuneSi igive meqanizmma, mSvidobaSi ufro hpova gamoxatuleba, vidre omSi, istorikosebisaTvis problemur Tavsatexs warmoadgens . Cveni mtkicebiT, mSvidobis gamZafrebuli interesis aRmoceneba aq sruliad axal faqtors warmoadgenda. tradiciulad, msgavsi interesi sistemis farglebs gareT yofnad aRiqmeboda. mSvidoba, mTeli misi aRkazmulobiT, cxovrebis ubralo morTulobaTa Soris iyo ganTavsebuli. eklesias SesaZloa eloca mSvidobisTvis, iseve rogorc uxvi mosavlisTvis, Tumca saxelmwifoebrivi qmedebis sivrceSi is mainc SeiaraRebul intervencias dauWerda mxars. mTavrobebma mSvidoba usafrTxoebasa da suverenitets dauqvemdebares, anu im zraxvebs, romelTa miRwevac, sxvagvarad, am ukiduresi zomebis miRebis gareSe, SeuZlebeli iqneboda. cota rame iyo miCneuli sazogadoebisaTvis imaze ufro zianis momtanad, vidre organizebuli mSvidobisadmi carieli interesi. ise axlo warsulSi, rogoric XVIII saukunis meore naxevaria, Jan Jak rusom, vaWrebi patriotizmis deficitSi daadanaSaula, radgan gaCnda eWvi, rom maT Tavisuflebas mSvidoba arCies . 49 pirveli nawili saerTaSoriso sistema 1815 wlis Semdgom momxdari cvlileba uecari da damagvirgvinebelia. safrangeTis revoluciis Sedegebma, mSvidobiani biznesis, rogorc universaluri interesis damkvidrebis procesSi, industriuli revoluciis talRa gaaZliera. meternixma gamoacxada, rom is, rac evropel xalxs undoda, iyo ara Tavisufleba, aramed mSvidoba. gencma patriotebs axali barbarosebi uwoda. eklesiam da samefo xelisuflebam evropis denacionalizacia daiwyes. maTma argumentebma ganapirobes ara mxolod arsebuli saxalxo saomari moqmedebebis mrisxane formebis mxardaWera, aramed, axali ekonomikis pirobebSi mSvidobis usazRvrod gazrdili Rirebulebisadmi rwmenac. axali “ mSvidobis interesis ” gamtareblebi Cveulebriv isini iyvnen, vinc misgan gansakuTrebuli sargebeli naxa. eseni iyvnen dinastiebisa da feodalebis is nawili, romelTa memkvidreobiT miRebul poziciebsac safrTxe daemuqra patriotizmis revoluciuri talRis Sedegad, romelic Tavis mxriv, mTels kontinentze vrceldeboda. amdenad, saukunis daaxloebiT mesamedis ganmavlobaSi, saRvTo aliansi aqtiuri samSvidobo politikis sasargeblod uzrunvelyofda Zalis gamoyenebasa da ideologiur impulsebs; misi jarebi evropaSi aRma daRma daexetebodnen, akninebdnen umciresobebs da aviwrovebdnen umravlesobebs. 1846 wlidan daaxloebiT 1871 wlamde – “ evropis istoriaSi erT erTi yvelaze burusiT moculi da xalxmravali meoTxedi saukunis manZilze , ” 1 – mSvidoba bolomde uzrunvelyofili ar iyo. vinaidan, swored am dros, reaqciis milevadi Zala industrializmis mzard Zalas gadaawyda. safrangeT prusiis omis momdevno meoTxed saukuneSi ganaxlebuli mSvidobis interess ukve axali Zlevamosili erTeuli – evropis koncertis sistema warmoadgenda. 1 Sontag, R. J., European Diplomatic History,1871 1932, 1933. 50 Tavi 1 aswliani mSvidoba Tumca, interesebi, msgavsad zraxvebisa, ganuxorcielebeli rCeba, Tuki isini garkveuli socialuri instrumentalobis saSualebiT politikad ar iqcevian. erTi SexedviT, amgvari qmedebis ganxorcielebis saSualebebi ar arsebobda; orive – saRvTo aliansica da koncertis sistemac, sabolo jamSi, damoukidebel, suvenerul saxelmwifoTa ubralo gaerTianebas da maSasadame, ZalTa balansisa da misi omis meqanizmis subieqtebs warmoadgendnen. maS, rogorRa narCundeboda mSvidoba ? danamdvilebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ZalTa balansis nebismieri sistema Seecdeba Tavidan airidos iseTi omebi, romlebic ganpirobebulia erTi romelime saxelmwifos uunarobiT, winaswar ganWvritos is garemoeba, rom mis mier status kvos Secvlis mcdelobam, SesaZloa ZalTa gadanawileba gamoiwvios. amis cnobili magaliTia 1875 wels, bismarkis mier safrangeTis winaaRmdeg ruseTisa da britaneTis intervenciebis Taobaze agorebuli presis kampaniis SeCereba ( avstriis mier safrangeTis daxmarebis sakiTxi kiTxvis niSnis qveS ar damdgara ) . am droisaTvis, germaniis winaaRmdeg muSaobda evropis koncertis sistema, romelic Tavis mxriv, sruliad izolirebuli aRmoCnda. 1877 78 wlebSi germaniam ver SeZlo Tavidan aecilebina ruseT TurqeTis omi, magram warmatebiT moaxerxa misi lokalizeba inglisis eWvianobis gamZafrebiT, romelic am ukanasknels ruseTis dardanelis srutisken gadaadgilebisadmi gauCnda; germania da inglisi TurqeTs ucxadebdnen mxardaWeras ruseTis winaaRmdeg, da amgvarad icavdnen mSvidobas. berlinis kongresze otomanTa imperiis evropisadmi mikuTvnebulobis gauqmebis grZelvadiani gegmis ganxorcieleba daiwyo; aman, status kvoSi mTeli rigi cvlilebebi gamoiwvia, vinaidan, CarTul mxareebs axla ukve praqtikulad winaswar SeeZloT darwmunebiT scodnodaT, Tu visTan mouwevdaT brZolaSi dapirispireba. miuxedavad aRniSnuli cvlilebebisa, am 51 pirveli nawili saerTaSoriso sistema gegmam saerTaSoriso Zalebs Soris omebi Tavidan aicila. amgvar viTarebaSi, ZalTa balansis sistemisaTvis mSvidoba, rogorc wesi, sasurvel gverdiT efeqts warmoadgenda. amasTanave, zogjer Tu mxolod mcire Zalebis beds exeboda saqme, omebs maTi gamomwvevi mizezebis mizanmimarTuli alagmviT icilebdnen xolme Tavidan. patara saxelmwifoTa qmedebebi mowmdeboda da aucileblad xeli eSleboda status kvoze maT imgvar zemoqmedebas, romelsac nebismieri saSualebiT omis gaCaReba SeeZlo. 1831 wels holandiis mier belgiaSi SeWram, saboloo jamSi, am qveynis neitralizacia gamoiwvia. 1855 wels norvegia gaxda neitraluri. 1867 wels holandiam luqsemburgi safrangeTs mihyida; germaniam es gaaprotesta da moxda luqsemburgis neitralizeba. 1856 wels otomanTa imperiis mTlianoba gamocxadda evropis wonasworobisaTvis sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis mqoned, xolo evropis koncertis sistema Seecada am imperiis SenarCunebas; 1878 wlis Semdeg, rodesac ukve imperiis daSla CaiTvala am wonasworobis SenarCunebisaTvis aucilebel winapirobad, misi danawevreba, Ceulebisamebr, mwyobrad da auRelveblad moxda. miuxedavad imisa, rom orive SemTxvevaSi, es gadawyvetileba araerTi mcire eTnosisaTvis samkvdro sasicocxlo sakiTxi iyo. 1852 1863 wlebSi dania, xolo 1851 1856 wlebSi germaniis kavSiri imuqreboda, rom isini balanss daarRvevdnen; yovel jerze, didi saxelmwifoebi mcire saxelmwifoebs daTanxmebas aiZulebdnen. aseT SemTxvevebSi, moqmedebis Tavisufleba, romelsac sistema maT sTavazobda, ZalTa mier gamoiyeneboda saerTo interesis, anu mSvidobis misaRwevad. Tumca, Zalauflebrivi mdgomareobis drouli SecnobiT iyo es gamowveuli Tu patara saxelmwifoebis iZulebiT, mniSvnelovani sxvaoba arsebobs omebis drogamoSvebiT acilebasa da aswliani mSvidobis miRwevis umniSvnelovanes faqts Soris. wonasworobis ararseboba saerTaSoriso 52 Tavi 1 aswliani mSvidoba doneze uamravi mizeziT SeiZleba iyos gamowveuli – dinastiebs Soris sasiyvarulo urTierTobidan dawyebuli – mdinaris deltis SlamiT amovsebiT damTavrebuli; Teologiuri winaaRmdegobriobidan – teqnologiur gamogonebamde. simdidrisa Tu mosaxleobis ubralo matebas an klebas, politikuri Zalebi moZraobaSi mohyavs; xolo gare balansi ucvlelad ireklavs Sida balanss. miuxedavad amisa, omis mudmivi safrTxis gareSe ZalTa balansis organizebul sistemasac ki mxolod maSin SeuZlia mSvidobis uzrunvelyofa, Tuki SesaZlebloba eqneba pirdapir am Sida faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebiT imoqmedos da disbalansi Canasaxis stadiaSive aicilos Tavidan. rodesac disbalansis impulsebi gaZlierdeba, mxolod Zalas SeuZlia misi gamosworeba. Cveulebriv miRebulia, rom mSvidobis uzrunvelsayofad omis gamomwvevi mizezebis aRmofxvraa saWiro; magram gacnobierebuli ar aris, rom amis misaRwevad, saqmis mimdinareoba sawyisSive unda iqnas gakontrolebuli. saRvTo aliansma am miznis miRweva misTvis damaxasiaTebeli instrumentebis saSualebiT moaxerxa. evropis mefeebma da aristokratebma, naTesaobaze dafuZnebuli saerTaSoriso kavSiri Camoayalibes; romis eklesiam ki isini moxaliseobrivi samoqalaqo samsaxuriT uzrunvelyo, romelic samxreT da centraluri evropis socialuri kibis yvela safexurisgan Sedgeboda. sisxliT naTesaobasa da mowyalebaze dafuZnebuli ierarqia Serwymuli iyo adgilobrivad efeqtur wesebSi, romelsac kontinenturi mSvidobis uzrunvelsayofad mxolod Zala esaWiroeboda. magram evropis koncerts, romelmac saRvTo aliansi Caanacvla, aklda rogorc feodaluri, ise klerikaluri elementebi. saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi, is warmoadgenda sust federacias, romelic TanmimdevrulobiT verc ki Seedreboda meternixis Sedevrs. am sistemaSi mxolod iSviaT SemTxvevebSi Tu SeiZleboda saerTaSoriso Zalebis Sexve53 pirveli nawili saerTaSoriso sistema dris mowveva, xolo maTi eWvianoba kvebavda farTomasStabian intrigebs, winaaRmdegobebsa da diplomatiur sabotaJs. erToblivi samxedro qmedebebi gaiSviaTda. da mainc, is, risi miRwevac evropaSi saRvTo alianss misi fiqrebisa da miznebis srulyofili erTobiTa da mxolod xSiri SeiaraRebuli Carevebis daxmarebiT SeeZlo, aq, msoflio masStabiT aRsrulda Crdilovani subieqtis mier. am subieqts evropis koncerti erqva da am yvelafers iSviaTi da naklebad mCagvreli Zalis gamoyenebiT aRwevda. am gmirobis asaxsnelad, Cven axal wesrigSi amuSavebuli, aRmouCeneli, Tumca Zlieri socialuri instrumentuloba unda veZeboT, romelic SeZlebda im rolis Sesrulebas, rasac Zvel wesrigSi dinastiebi da saepiskoposoebi asrulebdnen da romelic efeqturs gaxdida mSvidobis interess. es idumali faqtori, Cveni azriT, iyo saerTaSoriso finansebi – „ haute finance “ . XIX saukunis saerTaSoriso sabanko saqmianobis buneba srulyofilad jer ar gamoukvleviaT; am idumal instituts iSviaTad Tu dauRwevia Tavi politikuri da ekonomikuri miTologiis Suq-Crdilebidan 1 . zogni amtkicebdnen, rom is ubralod mTavrobebis iaraRi iqneboda; sxvebi ambobdnen, rom mTavrobebi Tavad iyvnen am institutis mogebis dauokebeli wyurvilis instrumentebi; zogierTi imasac aRniSnavda, rom es instituti saerTaSoriso uTanxmoebas Tesavda; danarCenebi fiqrobdnen, rom mas susti kosmopolitizmi Semohqonda, riTac daSrita Zlieri erebis energia. arcerTi mosazreba bolomde mcdari ar iyo. saerTaSoriso finansebi , rogorc TavisTavadi institucia, damaxasiaTebeli iyo XIX saukunis bolosa da XX saukunis pirveli mesamedisTvis, da funqcionirebda rogorc ZiriTadi damakav1 Feis , H ., Europe , the World ’ s Benker , 1870 1914 , 1930 . naSromi romelis teqstsac xSirad veyrdnobiT. 54 Tavi 1 aswliani mSvidoba Sirebeli msoflios politikur da ekonomikur organizaciebs Soris. is warmoqmnida instrumentebs saerTaSoriso mSvidobis sistemisaTvis, romelic saerTaSoriso ZalTa daxmarebiT funqcionirebda, magram aseTi sistemis Seqmna da SenarCuneba Tavad am Zalebs ar SeeZloT. maSin, rodesac evropis koncerti intervalebSi moqmedebda, saerTaSoriso finansebi yvelaze moqnili da mudmivi instituciis saxiT funqcionirebda. calkeuli mTavrobebisgan damoukidebeli, maT Soris yvelaze Zlierebisganac ki, is yvelasTan inarCunebda kavSirs; iyo ra aseve centraluri bankebisgan damoukidebeli, inglisis bankisganac ki, es instituti mainc mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli bankebTan. saxeze iyo Zalian axlo kavSiri finansebsa da diplomatias Soris; erTmaneTis keTilganwyobis gareSe, arc erTi maTgani grZelvadian gegmebs – iqneboda es mSvidobiani Tu omTan dakavSirebuli – ar dasaxavda. miuxedavad amisa, eWvgareSe iyo, rom saerTo mSvidobis warmatebiT SenarCunebis saidumlo mdgomareobda saerTaSoriso finansuri sistemis poziciaSi, mis organizaciasa da teqnikaSi. am calkeuli institutis miznebma da personalma mas imgvari statusi Camouyalibes, romelsac fesvebi Rrmad hqonda gadgmuli zedmiwevniT komerciuli interesis matarebel kerZo sferoSi. rotSildebi mxolod erT mTavrobas ar eqvemdebarebodnen; rogorc ojaxi, isini ganasaxierebdnen internacionalizmis abstraqtul princips; maT kompaniis mimarT hqondaT loialuroba, risi damsaxurebiTac, swrafad mzard msoflio ekonomikaSi, swored kompania gaxda erTaderTi supranacionaluri kavSiri politikur mTavrobasa da industriul aqtivobebs Soris. dasasruls, rotSildebis damoukidebloba im periodis saWiroebebidan warmoiSva, romelic moiTxovda rogorc erovnuli donis saxelmwifo moRvaweebis, ise saerTaSoriso investorebis TviTrwmenis kontrols suverenuli aqtorebis mier. 55 pirveli nawili saerTaSoriso sistema swored am sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis gamo iyo, rom evropis dedaqalaqebSi mcxovreb ebrael bankirTa dinastiis metafizikurma eqstrateritoriulobam TiTqmis srulyofili gamosavali moZebna. maT pacifistebisa araferi ecxoT: simdidre omebis dafinansebiT iSoves, moraluri mosazrebebis mimarT ki Seuvalni iyvnen. rotSildebi ar ewinaaRmdegebodnen nebismieri sixSiris mcire, xanmokle Tu adgilobriv omebs. magram Tuki sistemis monetarul safuZvlebSi saerTaSoriso ZalTa Soris sayovelTao omi Caereoda, maTi biznesi daziandeboda. am garemoebebidan gamomdinare, Sua revoluciuri transformaciis procesSi, romelic planetaruli masStabiT cvlilebebs uqadda sxvadasxva xalxebs, rotSildebis xelSi aRmoCnda sayovelTao mSvidobis SenarCunebis pasuxismgebloba. organizaciulad, saerTaSoriso finansebi warmoadgenda erT-erT yvelaze kompleqsuri instituciis birTvs, rac ki kacobriobis istoriaSi Seqmnila. miuxedavad imisa, rom am institucias didxans ar uarsebia, Tavisi universalurobiTa da sididiT, instrumentebisa da formebis siuxviT, is mxolod kacobriobis industriul da savaWro qmedebebs SeiZleba SevadaroT da SesaZloa, maTi garkveuli tipis anareklad da asladac ki moviazroT. garda saerTaSoriso donis centrisa – rasac saerTaSoriso finansebi warmoadgenda – erovnul doneze arsebobda daaxloebiT eqvsi centri, romlebic TavianT fulis Semqmnel bankebsa ( e.w. „ banks of issue ”) da safondo birJebs efuZnebodnen. aseve, saerTaSoriso bankebi SezRudulni ar iyvnen mTavrobebisa da maTi saomari Tu samSvidobo Tavgadasavlebis dafinansebaSi. isini, agreTve, afinansebdnen ucxour investiciebs industriaSi, sajaro infrastruqturasa Tu bankebSi, aseve – grZelvadian sesxebs sazRvargareTis sajaro da kerZo korporaciebisTvis. erovnuli finansebi mxolod da mxolod mikrokosmosi iyo. marto inglisi ormocdaaTi 56 Tavi 1 aswliani mSvidoba saxeobis banks iTvlida. safrangeTisa da germaniis sabanko sistemebic Taviseburi iyo; TiToeul am qveyanaSi, xazinis moqmedebebi da misi urTierTobebi kerZo finansebTan yvelaze gasaocari, da xSirad yvelaze daxvewili gziT icvleboda. fulis bazari umklavdeboda mravalgvar komerciul gadasaxads, ucxour gasanaRdebel Tamasuqebs – aqceptebs, wminda finansur gadasaxadebs, iseve rogorc moklevadian bankTaSoris sesxebs ( e.w. „ call money ”) da sxva sabrokero momsaxurebis xarjebs. es sivrce aWrelebuli iyo uricxvi raodenobis erovnuli jgufebiTa da pirovnebebiT, TiToeuli gamorCeuli iyo prestiJiTa da mdgomareobiT, avtoritetiTa da erTgulebiT, Tavisi fuladi aqtivebiTa da kontaqtiT, patronaJiTa da socialuri garemoTi. saerTaSoriso finansebi mSvidobis instrumentad ar iyo Cafiqrebuli. rogorc istorikosebi CaTvlidnen, es funqcia mas SemTxveviT daekisra; sociologebi ki aseT movlenebs albaT, ufro „ sargeblianobis kanonzomierebad “ miiCnevdnen. saerTaSoriso finansebis umTavresi mizani mogeba iyo. mis misaRwevad ki saWiro iyo normaluri urTierTobebis SenarCuneba mTavrobebTan, romelTac, Tavis mxriv, Zalauflebisken swrafva da sxvaTa damorCileba amoZravebdaT. msjelobis am etapze, calsaxad SegviZlia uarvyoT raime tipis gansxvavebis arseboba mTavrobebis politikur da ekonomikur Zalauflebebs Soris, an maT ekonomikur da politikur miznebs Soris. faqtobrivad, am periodis er-saxelmwifoebs aseTi gansxvavebebi naklebad axasiaTebdaT, vinaidan, ra miznebic ar unda hqonodaT, mTavrobebi maT miRwevas erovnuli Zalauflebis gamoyenebiTa da gazrdiT cdilobdnen. meore mxriv, saerTaSoriso finansebi – misi organizacia da personali – miuxedavad imisa, rom saerTaSoriso iyo, is bolomde mainc ar iyo damoukidebeli erovnuli struqturisagan: rogorc instituti, romelmac gaaaqtiura bankirebis monawileoba sindikatebsa 57 pirveli nawili saerTaSoriso sistema da konsorciumebSi, sainvesticio jgufebsa da ucxour sesxebSi, finansur makontroleblebsa Tu sxva ambiciur tranzaqciebSi, is iZulebuli iyo eTanamSromla erovnul sabanko sistemasTan, erovnul kapitalTan da finansebTan. rogorc wesi, erovnuli finansebis saSualebiT, erovnuli industria ufro metad eqvemdebareboda mTavrobas, vidre saerTaSoriso finansebi . miuxedavad amisa, mTavrobaze damokidebuleba mainc arsebobda. es situacia saerTaSoriso finansebis aqtorebs aiZulebda, rom mTavrobebTan Tavad SeenarCunebina kavSiri. da mainc, es kavSiri, organizaciis poziciisa da personalis damsaxurebiT, da aseve misi piradi simdidrisa da kavSirebis saSualebiT, im doziT arsebobda, ramdenadac organizacia faqtobrivad, nebismieri calkeuli mTavrobisagan damoukidebeli iyo da SeeZlo axali interesis gatareba. am interess raime konkretuli arsi ar gaaCnda da misi gatarebisaTvis sxva raime institucia ar arsebobda. amis miuxedavad, mas sazogadoebisaTvis sasicocxlo mniSvneloba hqonda – saxeldobr, mSvidobis uzrunvelyofa. es iyo mSvidoba ara nebismier fasad, da ara damoukideblobis, suverenitetis, didebis, an dainteresebuli saerTaSoriso ZalTa samomavlo miswrafebebis romelime komponentis sanacvlod, aramed mSvidoba, romelic msgavsi msxverplis gaRebis gareSe miiRweoda. sxvanairad verc moxerxdeboda, Zalaufleba mogebis interesze win idga. rac ar unda mWidrod yofiliyo gadajaWvuli erTmaneTTan mogebisa da Zalauflebis sferoebi, sabolood, bizness wesebi mainc omma ganusazRvra. magaliTisaTvis, 1870 wlidan, safrangeTi da germania erTmaneTis mtrebi iyvnen. am faqts xeli ar SeuSlia maT Soris urTierTvaldebulebis gareSe tranzaqciebis ganxorcielebisaTvis. alag-alag Seiqmna droebiTi sabanko sindikatebi; sazRvris miRma sawarmoebSi germanuli sainvesticio bankebi individualurad monawileobdnen, rac sabalanso angariSe58 Tavi 1 aswliani mSvidoba bSi ar aisaxeboda; franguli bankebis mxares, moklevadiani sesxebis bazarze moqmedebda fasdakleba gadacvlis sakomisioze, xolo moklevadiani sesxebi gaicemoda sagarantio da komerciuli qaRaldebis safuZvelze. pirdapiri investiciebi arsebobda iseT sferoebSi, rogoric iyo rkinisa da koqsis SeduReba, an kidev normandiaSi tisenis qarxnis SemTxveva, magram msgavsi investiciebi safrangeTSi mxolod zogierT sferoSi iyo daSvebuli da rogorc nacionalistebis, ise socialistebis mxridan mudmivi kritikis qarcecxlSi exveoda. pirdapiri investicia ufro xSiri iyo koloniebSi. amis magaliTad SegviZlia moviyvanoT germaniis Seupovroba alJiris umaRlesi xarisxis madnis mosaxelTeblad, an Tundac misi monawileoba marokos movlenebSi. da mainc, utyuar faqtad rCeba is, rom 1870 wlis Semdeg, parizis safondo birJaze erTxelac ar moxsnila da uxmaurod arsebobda oficialuri akrZalva germanul fasian qaRaldebze. safrangeTma ubralod „ airCia, riskis qveS ar daeyenebina nasesxebi kapitalis Zala “ 1 , razec Tavad iyo damokidebuli. eWvebi arsebobda avstriazec; 1905 06 wlebis marokos krizisis dros, akrZalva gavrcelda ungreTzec. parizis finansuri wreebi iTxovdnen birJaze ungruli fasiani qaRaldebis daSvebas, magram industriuli wreebi mxars uWerdnen mTavrobis mtkice winaaRmdegobas SesaZlo samxedro mowinaaRmdegesTan nebismier daTmobaze wasvlis Sesaxeb. politikur-diplomatiuri metoqeoba ar neldeboda. mTavrobebi vetos adebdnen nebismieri qmedebas, romelic savaraudo mtris potenciur SesaZleblobebs gazrdida. zedapirze xSirad ise Canda, rom TiTqos konfliqti gaqra, magram Sida wreebisaTvis cnobili iyo, rom konfliqturi sakiTxi megobrulad SeniRbul zedapirqveS Rrmad imaleboda. 1 Feis , H ., op . cit ., gv. 201 59 pirveli nawili saerTaSoriso sistema magaliTad aviRoT germaniis ambiciebi aRmosavleTiT. aqac, miuxedavad imisa, rom politika da finansebi urTierTgadajaWvuli iyo, politikas mainc upiratesi adgili ekava. meoTxedi saukunis manZilze mimdinare saxifaTo kinklaobis Semdeg, germaniam da inglisma 1914 wlis ivnisSi xeli moaweres yovlismomcvel xelSekrulebas baRdadis rkinigzis Sesaxeb. rogorc xSirad aRuniSnavT, didi omis asacileblad es ukve dagvianebuli iyo. am mosazrebis sapirispirod, sxvebi amtkicebdnen, rom xelSekrulebaze xelmoweram sabolood daamtkica, rom inglissa da germanias Soris omi ekonomikuri eqspansionizmiT ar iyo gamowveuli. arcerTi es mosazreba faqtebs ar eyrdnoba. sinamdvileSi, xelSekrulebam mTavari sakiTxi gadauwyveteli datova. britaneTis mTavrobis Tanxmobis gareSe, germanuli sarkinigzo xazis gayvana qalaq basras iqiT kvlav ar iqna daSvebuli, xolo xelSekrulebis ekonomikuri aspeqtebi samomavlod aucileblad gamoiwvevdnen konfrontacias. amasobaSi, saerTaSoriso Zalebi agrZelebdnen im diadi dRisTvis momzadebas, romelic ufro axlos iyo, vidre isini varaudobdnen. 1 saerTaSoriso finansebis sistema unda gamklaveboda didi da patara Zalebis urTierTsawinaaRmdego ambiciebsa da intrigebs; diplomatiuri manevrebis saSualebiT misi gegmebi ifuSeboda, safrTxe eqmneboda grZelvadian investiciebs, xeli eSleboda konstruqciul qmedebebs politikuri sabotaJiTa da faruli dabrkolebebiT. erovnuli sabanko organizaciebi, romelTa gareSec saerTaSoriso finansebis sistema uZluri iyo, xSirad TavianTi mTavrobebis Tanamzraxvelni iyvnen. arcerTi gegma usafrTxod ar iTvleboda, Tuki igi winaswarve ar qmnida sargebels TiToeu1 ixileT SeniSvnebi wyaroze, gv. 273 ( sabolood gverdi Caswor­ des SeniSvnebSi ) 60 Tavi 1 aswliani mSvidoba li monawilisaTvis. Tumca, saerTaSoriso ZalTa finansebi, dolaris diplomatiiT iseTive sixSiriT xeirobda, rogoriTac zaraldeboda. diplomatiis xaverdovan safarqveS dolaris diplomatia finansebisTvis rkinis sarCulis rols asrulebda da erTi SexedviT rbili, magram sinamdvileSi ki xisti iyo. es imitom, rom biznesis warmateba moiTxovda susti saxelmwifoebis winaaRmdeg uxeSi Zalis gamoyenebas, Zvelmodur administratorTa sistemur moqrTamvasa da miznis misaRwevad yvela faruli saSualebis gamoyenebas. msgavsi qmedebebi damaxasiaTebeli iyo koloniuri Tu naxevradkoloniuri junglebisTvis. da mainc, funqciuri TvalsazrisiT, saerTo omebis Tavidan acileba saerTaSoriso finansebis prerogativad rCeboda. pirvel rigSi, samTavrobo fasiani qaRaldebis mflobelTa umetesi nawili, iseve rogorc sxva investorebi da movaWreebi, aucileblad dazaraldebodnen msgavsi omebiT. gansakuTrebiT ki im SemTxvevebSi, Tu msgavsi movlenebi valutebze iqoniebda gavlenas. is gavlena ki, romelic saerTaSoriso finansebs saerTaSoriso Zalebze hqonda, evropuli mSvidobisaTvis mudmivad xelsayreli iyo. msgavsi gavlena efeqturi iyo imdenad, ramdenadac Tavad mTavrobebi mravalmxriv iyvnen damokidebulni aseT TanamSromlobaze. amdenad, evropis koncertis sabWoebSi mSvidobis interesi yovelTvis iyo warmodgenili. Tu amas davamatebT mSvidobis mzard interess qveynebs SigniT, sadac sainvesticio Cvevebs ukve Rrmad hqonda fesvebi gadgmuli, maSin mivxvdebiT, Tu ratom moaxerxa aTobiT mobilizebuli saxelmwifos saSinelma gamogonebam – SeiaraRebulma mSvidobam – evropis dacva omis damangreveli qarcecxlisgan 1871 wlidan 1914 wlamde. finansebi am instituciisaTvis gavlenis erT-erTi mTavari saSualeba iyo. is asrulebda Zlieri moderatoris rols mTel rig mcire zomis suverenuli saxelmwifoebis politikebsa da sabWoebSi. sesxebis gacema Tu ganaxleba 61 pirveli nawili saerTaSoriso sistema damokidebuli iyo kreditze, xolo krediti ki – saxelmwifoTa karg qcevaze. vinaidan, konstituciuri mmarTvelobis pirobebSi ( arakonstituciuri mmarTveloba mkacrad iyo dagmobili ) nebismieri qceva biujetze aisaxeba, xolo valutis sagareo Rirebuleba ver iqneba ganyenebuli biujetis Sefasebisgan, movale mTavrobebs marTebulad urCevdnen, rom sifrTxiliT mokidebodnen valutis mimocvlas da Tavidan aecilebinaT iseTi politikis gatareba, romelic aisaxeboda sabiujeto poziciebis sijansaReze. es sasargeblo maqsima qcevis udavo wesad gadaiqca qveynebis mier oqros standartis SemoRebisas, vinaidan, am wess valutis SesaZlo ryevebi minimumamde dahyavda. oqros standartisa da konstitucionalizmis saSualebiT, „ london sitis “ xma im patara qveynebSi JRerda, romelTac SemuSavebuli hqondaT axali saerTaSoriso wesrigis erTgulebis simboloebi. „ paqs britanika “ xan mZime gemis zarbaznis avismomaswavebeli wonasworobiT inarCunebda gavlenas, xan ( ufro xSirad ) ki – saerTaSoriso monetaruli qselis saTaviso marTviT. saerTaSoriso finansebi Tavis gavlenas msoflios mTeli rigi naxevradkoloniuri regionebis finansebis araoficialuri marTvis saSualebiT uzrunvelyofda. maT Soris iyvnen axlo aRmosavleTisa da CrdiloeT afrikis yvelaze cxeli da aalebadi zonisa da daSlis piras myofi islamuri imperiebi. swored am adgilebSi ikveTeboda finansistTa dRiuri Sroma da iqauri Sida wesrigis ganmsazRvreli saTuTi faqtorebi, da iqmneboda de-faqto administraciebi im problemuri regionebisTvis, sadac mSvidoba yvelaze myife iyo. ase xdeboda winapirobebis uzrunvelyofa grZelvadiani kapitaldabandebebisaTvis TiTqmis gadaulaxavi dabrkolebebis pirispir. rkinigzis mSeneblobebis sidide balkaneTSi, anatoliaSi, siriaSi, sparseTSi, egvipteSi, marokosa da CineTSi gamZleobisa da gansacvifrebeli 62 Tavi 1 aswliani mSvidoba cvlilebebis istorias warmogvidgens da mogvagonebs aseve msgavsi simamacis ambavs CrdiloeT amerikis kontinentze. Tumca, umTavresi safrTxe, romelic evropel kapitalistebs Tan sdevdaT, teqnologiuri an finansuri marcxi ki ar iyo, aramed – omi. omi ara mcire qveynebs Soris ( romlisgan izolirebac advilad SeiZleboda ) , arc omi patara qveyanasTan didi saerTaSoriso Zalebis mxridan ( rac xSiri da amasTanave xelsayreli movlena iyo ) , aramed – saerTo omi Tavad did saerTaSoriso Zalebs Soris. evropa carieli kontinenti ki ar iyo, aramed es iyo milionobiT Zveli da axali mofusfuse xalxebis saxli; yovel axal rkinigzas gza gansxvavebul simyaroebs Soris unda gaekafa. am samyaroebTan kontaqtis Sedegad, zogierTi, SesaZloa, fatalurad dasustebuliyo, zogi ki – gaZlierebuliyo. mxolod CamorCenili regionebis muqTaxora mTavrobebis finansebze mkacr kontrols SeeZlo katastrofis Tavidan acileba. rodesac 1875 wels TurqeTma ver SeZlo Tavisi finansuri valdebulebebis Sesruleba, myisierad daiwyo samxedro saomari moqmedebebi, rac 1876 78 w.w.-mde, anu berlinis xelSekrulebis dadebamde gagrZelda. mas Semdeg, 36 wlis manZilze mSvidobam daisadgura. am gasakviri mSvidobiani periodis SenarCuneba moxerxda 1881 wlis muharemis dekretis safuZvelze, romelmac konstantinopolSi „ osmaleTis vali “ – “ Dette Ottomane ” – daafuZna. saerTaSoriso finansebis warmomadgenlebs TurqeTis finansebis administrirebis tvirTi daekisraT. umravles SemTxvevaSi, isini saerTaSoriso ZalTa Soris kompromisebs uzrunvelyofdnen; sxva dros, ki TurqeTs problemebis Seqmnis uflebas ar aZlevdnen; danarCen periodebSi, isini mxolod saerTaSoriso ZalTa politikuri agentebis rols asrulebdnen; sabolood ki kreditorTa fulad interesebs emsaxurebodnen da Tu SesaZlebloba hqondaT, im kapitalistebis interesebsac, romlebic am qveyanaSi mogebis naxvas cdilobdnen. 63 pirveli nawili saerTaSoriso sistema am valdebulebas metad arTulebda is faqtic, rom „ valis komisia “ ar iyo is organo, romelic kerZo kreditorebis interesebs daicavda. amis nacvlad, is iyo evropis sajaro samarTlis instituti, sadac saerTaSoriso finansebi mxolod araoficialurad iyo warmodgenili. swored am „ amfibiuri unarebis “ farglebSi moaxerxa saerTaSoriso finansebma epoqis politikuri da ekonomikuri organizaciebis dakavSireba. vaWroba mSvidobas daukavSirda. warsulSi vaWrobis organizeba samxedro tipisa da omis msgavsi iyo; is warmoadgenda mekobris, moxetialis, SeiaraRebuli meqaravnis, monadirisa da xafangebis damgebis, xmliani vaWris, qalaqebis SeiaraRebuli mcxovreblebis, Tavgadasavlebis maZieblebis, plantatorebisa da dampyroblebis, adamianebze monadireebisa da monebiT movaWreebisa da privlegirebuli kompaniebis koloniuri jarebis damatebiT saqmianobas. axla es yvelaferi daviwyebas mieca. vaWroba daeqvemdebara saerTaSoriso monetarul sistemas, romelic saerTo omis pirobebSi ver imuSavebda. is saWiroebda mSvidobas da saerTaSoriso Zalebi mis SenarCunebas cdilobdnen. Tumca, rogorc vnaxeT, mxolod ZalTa balansis sistema ver iqneboda mSvidobis garanti. es moaxerxa saerTaSoriso finansebis sistemam, romlis arseboba vaWrobis mSvidobaze damokidebulebis axal princips ganasaxierebda. Cven Zalian miveCvieT imgvarad fiqrs, rom kapitalizmis gavrceleba iseTi procesia, romelsac mSvidobasTan saerTo araferi aqvs, da rom finansuri kapitali auracxeli koloniuri danaSaulisa da eqspansionisturi agresiebis umTavresi gamomwvevia. mZime industriebTan kapitalizmis mWidro siaxlovem aiZula lenini emtkicebina, rom swored finansuri kapitali iyo pasuxismgebeli imperializmze. ufro konkretulad ki, is iyo pasuxismgebeli gavlenis sferoebis, konsesiebis, eqstrateritoriuli uflebebisa da im 64 Tavi 1 aswliani mSvidoba uTvalavi saSualebisaTvis brZolis warmoebaze, romelTa meSveobiTac dasavleTis Zalebi ganuviTarebel regionebs yelSi uWerdnen, raTa investiciebi sakuTari mZime industriebisaTvis momgebian sferoebSi – rkinigzaSi, sajaro infrastruqturaSi, portebsa da sxva mudmiv struqturebSi CaedoT. sinamdvileSi, biznesi da finansebi arian pasuxismgebelni uamrav koloniur omze, magram maT pasuxismgeblobas amavdroulad miewereba saerTo omis Tavidan acilebac. maTi kavSirebi mZime industriasTan ( miuxedavad imisa, rom es kavSirebi yvelaze mWidro germaniaSi iyo ) orive faqtis amxsnelad gvevlineba. finansuri kapitali, rogorc mZime industriis mTavari maorganizebeli Zala, mravalnairad iyo dakavSirebuli industriis sxvadasxva ganStoebebTan im mizniT, raTa erTi jgufisTvis saSualeba mieca ganesazRvra industriaTa politika. TiToeul interesze, romelic sargebels omiT iRebda, aTobiT iseTi interesi modioda, romlisTvisac omi sapirispiro Sedegs iqoniebda. ra Tqma unda, omis SemTxvevaSi saerTaSoriso kapitali aucileblad waagebda; magram omis dros, erovnuli finansebic ki, mxolod gamonaklisis SemTxvevaSi naxavdnen sargebels; Tumca, erovnuli finansistebi omebiT iseTi sixSiriT mainc sargeblobdnen, rom aTobiT koloniuri omi ewarmoebinaT manam, sanam Tavad am omebisgan izolirebulni iqnebodnen. TiTqmis yvela omi finansistebis mowyobili iyo, magram mSvidobasac isini uwevdnen organizebas. am mtkiced pragmatuli sistemis zusti buneba – sistemisa, romelic mTeli ZalisxmeviT cdilobda saerTo omis Tavidan acilebas, mcire omebis dausrulebel seriebs Soris, biznesisaTvis mSvidobas mainc uzrunvelyofda. es yvelaze kargad im cvlilebebidan Cans, romelic man saerTaSoriso samarTalSi SemoiRo. maSin, rodesac nacionalizmsa da industrias aSkarad hqondaT midrekileba sastiki da totaluri omebis warmoebisken, omebis periodSi, biznesis 65 pirveli nawili saerTaSoriso sistema mSvidobiani da daubrkolebeli muSaobisTvis efeqturi damcavi garantiebi gaCndeboda xolme. fridrix didi cnobilia imiT, rom man 1752 wels, SurisZiebis mizniT, britaneTis qveSevrdomTaTvis sileziis valebis gadaxdaze uari Tqva 1 . herSi ambobs, rom „ mas Semdeg aseTi mcdeloba ar yofila, “ da rom „ safrangeTis revoluciis omebi gvaZleven ukanasknel mniSvnelovan magaliTebs mtrisaTvis im kerZo sakuTrebis konfiskaciisa, romelic omis gaCaRebis Semdgom saomar teritoriaze aRmoCndeba xolme “ . yirimis omis dawyebis Semdgom, mowinaaRmdegis vaWrebs SesaZlebloba eZleodaT, rom daetovebinaT porti. es praqtika momdevno 50 wlis ganmavlobaSi zedmiwevniT xorcieldeboda prusiaSi, safrangeTSi, ruseTSi, espaneTSi, iaponiasa da SeerTebul StatebSi. yirimis omidan moyolebuli, meomar mxareebs komerciul saqmianobaSi udidesi SeRavaTebi eZleodaT. amdenad, espaneT-amerikis omSi, neitraluri xomaldebi, romlebic amerikuli tvirTiT iyvnen datvirTulebi espanur portebs tovebdnen im SemTxvevebSi, roca es tvirTi omis kontrabandas ar warmoadgenda. is mosazreba, rom XVIII saukunis omebi, XIX saukunis omebTan SedarebiT yvela aspeqtSi naklebad destruqciuli iyo, mxolod crurwmenaa. XIX saukune gadamwyveti aRmoCnda imgvari zomebis misaRebad, romlebic omis periodSi ekonomikur sistemas icavdnen mTel rig iseT sakiTxebTan mimarTebaSi, rogoric aris ucxoeli mtrebis statusi, mtruli saxelmwifos moqalaqeebis mier warmoebuli sasesxo momsaxureba, mtris sakuTreba, an kidev mteri movaWris ufleba portis datovebaze. es tendencia, mxolod meoce saukunem Semoatriala. amdenad, ekonomikuri cxovrebis axleburi organizeba fonad sdevda aswlian mSvidobas. pirvel periodSi aR1 Hershey, A. S., Essentials of International Public Law and Organization, 1927, gv. 965-9. 66 Tavi 1 aswliani mSvidoba mocenebuli saSualo klasebi ZiriTadad is revoluciuri Zalebi iyvnen, romlebmac mSvidoba iseTive safrTxis qveS daayenes, rogorc es napoleoniseuli socialuri cvlilebebis dros xdeboda: swored am tipis erovnuli areulobis axali faqtoris winaaRmdeg iyo, rom saRvTo aliansma am procesebis reaqciad mSvidoba uzrunvelyo. meore periodSi, axalma ekonomikam gaimarjva. axla ukve Tavad saSualo klasebs hqondaT mSvidobis interesi, da es interesi ufro Zlieri iyo, vidre maTi reaqcioneri winamorbedebisa, xolo mSvidobis interess axali ekonomikis erovnuli da saerTaSoriso buneba kvebavda. Tumca, orive SemTxvevaSi, mSvidobis SenarCunebis interesi efeqturi aRmoCnda mxolod imitom, rom mas SeeZlo ZalTa balansis sistema sakuTari miznebisaTvis gamoeyenebina. is ki amas sistemisaTvis imgvari socialuri instituciebis momaragebiT axerxebda, romelTac SeeZloT mSvidobis sakiTxSi aqtiur Sida Zalebs uSualod gamklavebodnen. saRvTo aliansSi aseTi instituciebi iyo feodalizmi da samefo taxti, da isini gamyarebuli iyo eklesiis sulieri da materialuri ZalauflebiT; evropis koncertis pirobebSi ki, aseT instituciebs warmoadgenda saerTaSoriso finansebi da maTi mokavSire erovnuli sabanko sistemebi. am or periods Soris gansxvavebebis gamokveTa aucilebeli ar aris. 1816 46 wlebSi, 30 wliani omis dros, didi britaneTi ukve qmnida wnexs mSvidobisa da vaWrobis sakeTildReod. arc saRvTo aliansi iyo negatiurad ganwyobili rotSilebis daxmarebis mimarT. evropis koncertis dros, saerTaSoriso finansebis sistemas xSirad uwevda dinastiur da aristokratul kavSirebze dayrdnoba. magram aseTi faqtebi ubralod amyareben Cvens arguments, rom yvela SemTxvevaSi, mSvidoba narCundeboda ara ubralod saerTaSoriso ZalTa kanclerebis daxmarebiT, aramed, im konkretuli organizebuli aqtorebis meSveobiT, romlebic saerTo interesis samsaxurSi moqmedebdnen. 67 pirveli nawili saerTaSoriso sistema sxvanairad rom vTqvaT, mxolod axali ekonomikis fonze SeeZlo ZalTa balansis sistemas saerTo saomari viTarebis Tavidan acileba. magram evropis koncertis miRwevebi saRvTo aliansisas Seudareblad aRemateboda; imitom, rom es ukanaskneli mSvidobas inarCunebda mcire regionis masStabiT mxolod erT kontinentze, es maSin, rodesac evropis koncerti igive davalebas warmatebiT gaumklavda msoflio doneze. isic im periodSi, roca socialuri da ekonomikuri progresi globalur rukas revoluciur gardaqmnebs umzadebda. es uzarmazari politikuri simamace ki konkretuli erTeulis – saerTaSoriso finansebis – aRmocenebis Sedegi iyo; swored es erTeuli akavSirebda saerTaSoriso cxovrebis politikur da ekonomikur organizaciebs. am etapze ukve calsaxad unda aRiniSnos, rom mSvidobis organizacia emyareboda ekonomikur organizacias. Tumca, orive maTgani gansxvavebuli Sedgenilobisa iyo. msoflio politikuri mSvidobis organizaciaze saubari mxolod am terminis uzogadesi gagebiT aris SesaZlebeli, vinaidan, evropis koncerti, upirveles yovlisa, ara mSvidobis, aramed, ubralod damoukidebeli suverenebis sistema iyo, romelic omis meqanizmiT iyo daculi. msoflios ekonomikuri organizebis sistema, amis sapirispiro magaliTad SegviZlia moviazroT. manam, sanam cota xniT gadavdebT im ukritiko praqtikas, rodesac cneba „ organizaciis “ dayvana im centralurad marTul organoebamde xdeba, romlebic sakuTari funqcionarebis saSualebiT moqmedeben, unda vaRiaroT, rom cxadze cxadi iyo is sayovelTaod miRebuli principi, romelsac organizacia daemyareboda; xolo zedmiwevniT konkretuli iyo misi faqtobrivi elementebi – biujetebi da SeiaraRebebi, sagareo vaWroba da nedleuliT momarageba, erovnuli damoukidebloba da suvereniteti – yvelaferi es, axla ukve valutisa da kreditis funqcia gaxda. XIX saukunis meoTxe kvartalSi, msoflios sasaqonlo fasebi 68 Tavi 1 aswliani mSvidoba milionobiT kontinenturi glexis cxovrebaSi umTavresi realoba iyo; biznesmenebi msoflio masStabiT yoveldRiurad iniSnavdnen londonis fulis bazris gamoZaxils; xolo mTavrobebi samomavlo gegmebs ganixilavdnen msoflio kapitalis bazrebSi arsebuli situaciis kvaldakval. WkuaTmyofeli namdvilad ar Seitanda eWvs imaSi, rom am Sejibris materialuri arsebobis umTavresi RerZi saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri sistema iyo. vinaidan, am sistemas funqcionirebisaTvis mSvidoba sWirdeboda, ZalTa balansi imisaTvis Seiqmna, rom mSvidoba uzrunveleyo. ekonomikuri sistemis gareSe, mSvidobis interesi politikidan gaqreboda. ekonomikuri sistemis miRma, ar arsebobda mSvidobis interesis sakmarisi mizezi, da arc mSvidobis SenarCunebis raime SesaZlebloba garda imisa, rac ukve saxeze iyo. evropis koncertis warmateba amoizarda swored ekonomikis axleburi saerTaSoriso organizebis saWiroebidan da mis daSlasTan erTad aucileblad damTavrdeboda. bismarkis periodi ( 1861 1890 w.w. ) evropis koncertisaTvis saukeTeso aRmoCnda. germaniis mier saerTaSoriso Zalis statusis mopovebidan or aTwleulSi, germania mSvidobis interesis umTavresi beneficiari gaxda. gza mowinave rigebamde man avstriisa da safrangeTis xarjze gaikvala; status-kvos SenarCuneba misi upiratesobis SenarCuneba iyo, xolo omis Tavidan acileba – mis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli SurismaZieblobis Tavidan acileba. bismarki mSvidobas ganzrax warmoaCenda rogorc ideas, romelic saerTaSoriso ZalTaTvis saerTo riskis Semcveli iyo, da Tavidan icilebda nebismier valdebulebas, romelic germanias samSvidobo Zalis pozicias daaTmobinebda. is ewinaaRmdegeboda eqspansionistur ambiciebs balkaneTsa Tu sazRvargareTis sxva qveynebSi; avstriisa da Tavad safrangeTis winaaRmdegac ki, is mudmivad iyenebda Tavisufali vaWrobis iaraRs; man CaSala ruseTisa da avstriis balkanuri ambiciebi ZalTa balan69 pirveli nawili saerTaSoriso sistema sis TamaSis daxmarebiT. am yvelafriT, bismarki inarCunebda potenciur mokavSireebs da Tavidan icilebda situaciebs, romelsac germaniis omSi CaTreva SeeZlo. amdenad, 1863 70 wlebis damgegmavi agresori, 1878 wlisaTvis patiosan Suamavlad da koloniuri Tavgadasavlebis mtrad iqca. is Segnebulad gauZRva win im drois mSvidobis SenarCunebis tendencias germaniis erovnuli interesebis gasaxorcieleblad. miuxedavad amisa, 70 -iani wlebis bolosken, Tavisufali vaWrobis epizodi ( 1846 79 w.w. ) dasasrulisken midioda; germaniis mier oqros standartis realuri gamoyeneba proteqcionizmisa da koloniuri eqspansiis epoqis dasawyisis mauwyebeli gaxda. 1 germania Tavis pozicias axla ukve avstro-ungreTTan da italiasTan myari da swrafi kavSiris damyarebiT ganamtkicebda; arc ise didi xnis Semdeg, bismakrma dakarga raixis politikaze kontroli. am periodidan dawyebuli, didi britaneTi gaxda evropaSi mSvidobis interesis winamZRoli. evropa ki am droisaTvis, jer kidev warmoadgenda damoukidebeli, suverenuli saxelmwifoebis jgufs, da amdenad, ZalTa balansis subieqts. XIX saukuneSi saerTaSoriso finansebi ganviTarebis mwvervalze idga da mSvidoba yvelaze ufro daculi iyo, vidre odesme. britanuli da franguli interesebi gansxvavebuli iyo afrikaSi; britanelebi da rusebi erTmaneTs aziaSi ejibrebodnen; evropis koncerti ki, marTalia koWlobiT, magram funqcionirebas mainc agrZelebda; sammxrivi aliansis miuxedavad, jer isev orze meti damoukidebeli Zala arsebobda imisaTvis, raTa erTmaneTisTvis eWvis TvaliT eyurebinaT. Tumca, ase didxans ar gagrZelebula. 1904 wels, britaneTma marokosa da egviptesTan dakavSirebiT safrangeTTan 1 Eulenburg, F., Aussenhandel und Aussenhandelspolitik,” in Grundriss der Sozia­ lökonomik, Vol. VIII, 1929, gv. 209. 70 Tavi 1 aswliani mSvidoba mniSvnelovani garigeba dado; ramdenime wlis Semdeg, is sparseTTan dakavSirebiT ruseTTanac kompromisze wavida da amdenad, kontraliansi Camoyalibda. evropis koncerti – damoukidebel ZalTa es susti konfederacia, sabolood, Canacvlebul iqna ori erTmaneTis mimarT mtrulad ganwyobil ZalTa dajgufebiT; ZalTa balansi, rogorc sistema, axla unda dasrulebuliyo. mxolod ori, erTmaneTis mimarT moqiSpe ZalTa jgufis darCeniT, ZalTa balansis meqanizmma funqcionireba Sewyvita. ukve aRar arsebobda mesame jgufi, romelic erTTan an meoresTan gaerTiandeboda im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mesame Zala gaZlierebas Seecdeboda. amave periodisTvis, aSkara gaxda arsebuli msoflio ekonomikis CamoSlis iseTi simptomebi, rogorebic iyo koloniuri metoqeoba da konkurencia egzotikuri bazrebisaTvis. Zalian swrafad ileoda saerTaSoriso finansebis Zala da unari, Tavidan aecilebina omebis gavrceleba. momdevno Svidi wlis ganmavlobaSi, mSvidoba raRaca manqanebiT jer kidev arsebobda, Tumca mxolod drois sakiTxi iyo, vidre XIX saukunis ekonomikuri organizaciis CamoSla aswlian mSvidobas daasrulebda. am analizis Suqze, istorikosisaTvis ukiduresad mniSvnelovani xdeba im uaRresad xelovnuri ekonomikuri organizebis realuri buneba, romelzec mSvidoba iyo dafuZnebuli. 71 Tavi 2 konservatiuli ociani da revoluciuri ocdaaTiani wlebi saerTaSoriso oqros standartis CamoSla iyo uxilavi kavSiri saukunis dasawyisSi dawyebuli msoflio ekonomikis daSlasa da ocdaaTian wlebSi civilizaciis transformacias Soris. am faqtoris sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis gacnobierebis gareSe SeuZlebelia im meqanizmis sworad gageba, romelmac evropas sakuTari ganadgurebisaken gaukvala gza; an Tundac im meqanizmis aRqma, ramac ganapiroba is gasaocari faqti, rom civilizaciis formebi da Sinaarsebi msgavs arasaimedo safuZvlebs unda daeyrdnos. mxolod sistemis kraxis Semdgom iqna gaazrebuli im saerTaSoriso sistemis WeSmariti buneba, romlis pirobebSic Cven vcxovrobdiT. iSviaTad Tu vinmes esmoda saerTaSoriso monetaruli sistemis politikuri funqcia. amitomac, transformaciis saxifaTo moulodnelobam msoflio sruliad gaaogna. da mainc, oqros standarti tradiciuli msoflio ekonomikis ukanaskneli sayrdeni iyo; mis CamoSlas ki aucileblad myisieri efeqti eqneboda. liberaluri ekonomistebisTvis oqros standarti wmindad ekonomikuri institucia iyo; maT imazec ki uari Tqves, rom es institucia socialuri meqanizmis nawilad moeazrebinaT. Sesaba72 Tavi 2 konservatiuli ociani da revoluciuri ocdaaTiani wlebi misad, ise moxda, rom demokratiulma qveynebma, yvelaze bolos gaiazres katastrofis namdvili buneba da yvelaze neli tempiT SeebrZolnen mis Sedegebs. maSinac ki, rodesac kataklizma Tavs daatydaT, maTma liderebma ver SeniSnes, rom saerTaSoriso sistemis kolafsis ukan, yvelaze progresuli qveynebis grZelvadiani ganviTareba idga, ramac es sistema anaqronistuli gaxada; sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, Tavad sabazro ekonomikis kraxi liderebs gamorCaT. transformacia imaze ufro moulodnelad moxda, vidre es Cveulebriv xdeba xolme. pirveli msoflio omi da omisSemdgomi revoluciebi jer kidev XIX saukunis nawili iyo. 1914 18 wlebis konfliqtma mxolod daaCqara da ganuzomlad gaaRrmava is krizisi, romelic sakuTriv am konfliqtis ar warmouqmnia. Tumca, im droisaTvis, dilemis warmomavlobis garkveva ver xerxdeboda; omidan gadarCenilTa gadmosaxedidan, „ diadi omis “ saSinelebebi da ngrevebi, saerTaSoriso wesrigis winaSe moulodnelad aRmocenebuli dabrkolebebis wyaros Camohgavda. vinaidan, uecrad aRmoCnda, rom ar funqcionirebda msoflios arc ekonomikuri da arc politikuri sistemebi, xolo am situaciis axsna pirveli msoflio omis mier kacobriobis arsisadmi miyenebulma saSinelma Wrilobebma ganaviTares. sinamdvileSi, omisSemdgomi mSvidobisa da stabilurobis xelisSemSleli faqtorebi, igive wyaroebidan aRmocenda, saidanac warmoiSva Tavad „ diadi omi “ . 1900 wels dawyebuli msoflio ekonomikuri sistemis CamoSla pasuxismgebeli iyo 1914 wels amoxeTqil politikur daZabulobaze. omisa da dadebuli xelSekrulebebis Sedegebma, daZabuloba zedapirulad ki Seamsubuqa germanuli konkurenciis aRmofxvriT, magram daZabulobis mizezebi gaamwvava da Sesabamisad, mniSvnelovnad gazarda mSvidobis politikuri da ekonomikuri xelis SemSleli faqtorebi. 73 pirveli nawili saerTaSoriso sistema politikuri TvalsazrisiT, xelSekrulebebi sabediswero winaaRmdegobebs malavdnen. damarcxebuli qveynebis mudmivma calmxrivma ganiaraRebam Tavidan aicila ZalTa balansis sistemis nebismieri ganaxleba, vinaidan Zala am sistemisTvis aucilebel rekvizits warmoadgenda. Jeneva tyuilad eloda sistemis aRdgenas evropis koncertis gafarToebul da gaumjobesebul versiaSi, romelsac „ erTa liga “ erqva; fuWi iyo ligis paqtiT gaTvaliswinebuli konsultaciisa da erToblivi qmedebebis SesaZleblobebi, radgan ZalTa damoukidebeli erTeulebisaTvis aucilebeli winapirobebi aRar arsebobda. ligis Seqmna realobaSi verasdros moxerxda; arc xelSekrulebebis aRsrulebis Sesaxeb me16 -e muxli da arc maT mSvidobiani gadaxedvis Taobaze me19 -e muxli Sesrulebula. amgvarad, mSvidobis mwvave problemis erTaderTi sicocxlisunariani gadawyveta – ZalTa balansis sistemis aRdgena – sruliad miuwvdomeli iyo; imdenad, rom sazogadoebam, romelic arsebobas dabneulobis aRuwerel mdgomareobaSi agrZelebda, verc ki gaiazra ociani wlebis yvelaze konstruqciuli saxelmwifo moRvaweebis WeSmariti mizani. erebis erTi mxriv, ganiaraRebuli jgufisa da meore mxriv, SeiaraRebuli jgufis SemaZrwulebeli faqtis Semxedvare – situaciisa, romelic gamoricxavda nebismier konstruqciul nabijs mSvidobis uzrunvelsayofad – emociuri ganwyoba batonobda, rom liga, raRac idumali gzebiT mSvidobiani epoqis garantori iyo, romelsac mudmivad arsebobisaTvis mxolod sityvieri gamxneveba sWirdeboda. amerikaSi gavrcelebuli mosazreba iyo, rom mxolod amerika rom SeerTeboda ligas, saqme sul sxvagvarad warimarTeboda. e.w. „ omisSemdgomi sistemis “ organuli sisusteebis gagebis uunarobis samtkiceblad ukeTesi argumenti ver moiZebneboda; e.w. imitom, rom Tu sityvebs mniSvneloba gaaCniaT, evropa axla yovelgvari politikuri sistemis gareSe iyo. msgavsi gaSiSvlebuli sta74 Tavi 2 konservatiuli ociani da revoluciuri ocdaaTiani wlebi tus-kvo mxolod imden xans SeiZleba gagrZeldes, ramdenic – mxareTa fizikuri gadaRla. gasakviri ar aris, rom XIX saukunis sistemasTan mibruneba erTaderTi gamosavali aRmoCnda. amasobaSi, „ ligis sabWos “ SesaZloa minimum ise efunqcionira, rogorc erTgvar evropul direqtorats, swored ise, rogorc evropis koncerti funqcionirebda misi zenitisas, sabediswero erTsulovnebis wesisamebr, romelmac daumorCilebeli patara qveyana msoflio mSvidobis arbitrad gaamwesa. damarcxebuli qveynebis mudmivi ganiaraRebis absurdulma wesma gamoricxa yvela konstruqciuli gadawyveta. am katastrofuli mdgomareobis erTaderTi alternativa organizaciuli ZaliT dajildovebuli saerTaSoriso wesrigis damyareba iyo, romelic gadawonida erovnul suverenitets. Tumca ki, msgavsi kursi sruliad scildeboda im periodis Tvalsawiers. arcerTi evropuli qveyana, rom araferi vTqvaT SeerTebul Statebze, aseT sistemas ar daemorCileboda. ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT, Jenevis politika – romelic mSvidobis dacvis meore variantad msoflio ekonomikis aRdgenas uWerda mxars, gacilebiT Tanmimdevruli iyo. maSinac ki, Tu ZalTa balansis sistema warmatebiT aRdgeboda, es sistema mSvidobis sasargeblod mxolod im SemTxvevaSi imuSavebda, Tu ZalTa balansis sistemasTan erTad saerTaSoriso fuladi sistemac ganaxldeboda. stabiluri mimocvlisa da Tavisufali vaWrobis ararsebobis pirobebSi, sxvadasxva qveynis mTavrobebi, warsulis msgavsad, mSvidobas minimaluri interesiT moekidebodnen da mSvidobisTvis mxolod im SemTxvevaSi ibrZolebdnen, Tu is maT umTavres interesebSi ar Caereoda. im drois saxelmwifo moRvaweTa Soris, pirvelma vudro uilsonma gaacnobiera mSvidobisa da vaWrobis urTierTdamokidebuleba, da gaacnobiera ara mxolod rogorc vaWrobis, aramed aseve rogorc mSvidobis garantia . ra gasakviria, rom liga jiutad cdilobda saer75 pirveli nawili saerTaSoriso sistema TaSoriso savaluto da sakredito organizaciis aRdgenas, rogorc suverenul saxelmwifoebs Soris mSvidobis uzrunvelyofis erTaderT garants, da rom msoflio, rogorc arasdros, damokidebuli iyo saerTaSoriso finansebze, romelic amJamad, nacvlad n.m. rotSildisa, warmodgenili iyo j. p. morganis mier. XIX saukunis standartebis mixedviT, omisSemdgomi pirveli aTwleuli revoluciur epoqad gamoiyureboda; Cvens uaxles gamocdilebaze dayrdnobiT ki, sworedac rom piriqiT iyo : es aTwleuli Rrmad konservatiuli iyo da gamoxatavda lamis universalur rwmenas, rom 1914 wlamde arsebuli sistemis „ amjerad myar safuZvlebze “ aRorZineba, aRadgenda mSvidobasa da keTildReobas. sinamdvileSi, warsulSi dabrunebis am warumatebeli Zalisxmevis Sedegad daiwyo ocdaaTiani wlebis transformacia. miuxedavad imisa, rom omisSemdgomi aTwleulis revoluciebi da kontrevoluciebi sanaxaobrivi iyo, isini an ubralod samxedro marcxis meqanikur reaqciebs warmoadgendnen, an maqsimum – dasavluri civilizaciisaTvis cnobili liberaluri da konstitucionalisturi dramis ganmeorebas centralur da aRmosavleT evropis scenaze; mxolod ocdaaTian wlebSi iyo, rom sruliad axalma elementebma iCines Tavi dasavleTis istoriaSi. ruseTis gamoklebiT, 1917 1920 wlebis Zvrebi centralur da aRmosavleT evropaSi, maTi scenaris miuxedavad, brZolis velze danebebuli reJimebis gadawyobisTvis ubralod SemovliT gzebs warmoadgendnen. rodesac kontrrevoluciuri kvamli gaifanta, aRmoCnda, rom budapeStis, venisa da berlinis politikuri sistemebi didad ar gansxvavdebodnen maTi omamdeli mdgomareobisgan. ociani wlebis Sua periodamde, daaxloebiT igive SeiZleba iTqvas fineTze, baltiispireTis qveynebze, poloneTze, avstriaze, ungreTze, bulgareTze, da TviT italiisa da germaniazec 76 Tavi 2 konservatiuli ociani da revoluciuri ocdaaTiani wlebi ki. zogierT qveyanaSi, erovnuli Tavisuflebisa da miwis reformis TvalsazrisiT didi winsvla hqondaT – msgavsi miRwevebi evropisaTvis 1789 wlidan iyo damaxasiaTebeli. am mxriv, arc ruseTi warmoadgenda gamonakliss. im droebis tendencias warmoadgenda iseTi sistemis damyareba ( an aRdgena ) , rac Cveulebriv, inglisis, amerikisa da safrangeTis revoluciebis idealebTan asocirdeboda. aramarto hinderburgi da uilsoni, lenini da trockic ki, farTo gagebiT, dasavluri tradiciis gamziareblebi iyvnen. adreul ocdaaTian wlebSi cvlilebebi moulodnelad daiwyo. mis gardamtex momentebs warmoadgendnen : didi britaneTis mier oqros standartis datoveba; ruseTis xuTwliani gegma; “ axali garigebis ”( New Deal ) – CaSveba; nacionalur-socialisturi revolucia germaniaSi; da ligis daSla avtarqistuli imperiebis sasargeblod. maSin, roca XIX saukunis idealebi „ diadi omis “ bolosTvis umaRlesi Rirebuleba iyo da maTi gavlena momdevno aTwleulSic dominirebda, 1940 wlisTvis saerTaSoriso sistemis yvela narCeni gamqrali iyo da garda zogierTi anklavisa, saxelmwifoebi sruliad axal saerTaSoriso garemoSi cxovrobdnen. Cveni mtkicebiT, krizisis safuZveli saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri sistemis safrTxis Semcveli dacema iyo. es sistema saukunis dasawyisidan xarvezebiT muSaobda, xolo „ diadma omma “ da xelSekrulebebma is sabolood CamoSales. es faqti cxadi ociani wlebidan gaxda, rodesac evropaSi iseTi Sida krizisic ki Zlivs moiZebneboda, romelmac Tavis piks sagareo ekonomikis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT ar miaRwia. politikis mkvlevrebma axla ukve sxvadasxva qveynebi ara kontinentebis mixedviT, aramed myari valutisadmi maTi erTgulebis xarisxis mixedviT daajgufes. ruseTma msoflio gaaoca rublis ganadgurebiT, romlis Rirebulebac inflaciis primitiuli gziT faqtobrivad nulamde Semcirda. es sasowarkveTili simamace germaniam 77 pirveli nawili saerTaSoriso sistema gaimeora imisaTvis, raTa xelSekrulebis mxareebi gaecurebina; rantieebis klasisTvis sakuTrebis eqspropriaciam safuZveli daudo nacistur revolucias. Jenevis prestiJi damokidebuli iyo mis warmatebaze, avstriasa da ungreTs valutebis aRdgenaSi daxmareboda, xolo vena gaxda liberaluri ekonomistebis meqa avstriul kronaze warmatebiT Catarebuli qirurgiuli operaciis gamo, romlis pacientic, samwuxarod, ver gadarCa. bulgareTSi, saberZneTSi, fineTSi, latviaSi, lietuvaSi, estoneTSi, poloneTsa da rumineTSi valutis aRdgenam kontrrevolucia gamoiwvia ZalauflebaSi mosvlis moTxovniT. belgiaSi, safrangeTsa da inglisSi memarcxeneebi Tanamdebobebidan myari monetaruli standartebis saxeliT gayares. savaluto krizisebis TiTqmis uwyvetma jaWvma Raribi balkanelebi saerTaSoriso sakredito sistemis moqnilobis saSualebiT SeZlebul SeerTebul Statebs daakavSira, romelmac arasrulad aRdgenili valutebi jer aRmosavleTidan dasavleT evropaSi gadaisrola, xolo iqidan – SeerTebul StatebSi. sabolood, SeerTebuli Statebi Tavad moemwyvdia evropuli valutebis umwifari stabilizaciis yureSi. saboloo CamoSla dawyebuli iyo. pirveli Soki erovnuli donis sferoebSi gaCnda. zogierTi valuta, magaliTad rusuli, germanuli, avstriuli da ungruli – erT weliwadSi gaqra. valutaTa Rirebulebis uprecedento cvlilebis miRma, is garemoebac saxeze iyo, rom es cvlileba srulad monetarizebul sistemaSi moxda. adamianTa sazogadoeba ujreduli procesebis winaSe dadga, romlis Sedegebic scdeboda arsebuli gamocdilebis farglebs. rogorc Signidan, ise garedan, gaufasurebul valutebs sayrdeni eclebodaT. saxelmwifoebma mezoblebisgan gancalkeveba igrZvnes, TiTqos ufskruli yofdeTo. es maSin, rodesac mosaxleobis sxvadasxva fenaze am yvelafers sul sxvagvari, xSirad sawinaaRmdego gavlena 78 Tavi 2 konservatiuli ociani da revoluciuri ocdaaTiani wlebi hqonda. inteleqtualuri saSualo fena faqtobrivad pauperizda; finansurma zvigenebma auracxeli qoneba daaxvaves. scenaze uTvalavi maintegrirebeli Tu dezintegraciis xelSemwyobi Zalebi gamoCnden. „ kapitalis frena “ axali xili iyo. arc 1848 wels, arc 1866 wels, da 1871 welsac ki, msgavsi SemTxveva ar yofila. da mainc, aSkara iyo misi gadamwyveti roli safrangeTis liberaluri mTavrobebis CamogdebaSi 1925 da mogvianebiT isev 1938 wels, iseve rogorc germaniis faSisturi moZraobis ganviTarebaSi 1930 wels. valuta erovnuli politikebis sayrdeni wertili gaxda. Tanamedrove fulis ekonomikis pirobebSi aravis unda ganecada marcxi da gamoecada finansuri tarifebis yoveldRiuri Semcireba Tu gafarToeba. mosaxleobebi valutaSi gacnobierdnen; realur Semosavalze inflaciis gavlena winaswar iyo gaTvlili da Semosavlidan Camowerili masebis mier; kacebic da qalebic stabilur fuls adamianTa sazogadoebaSi uzenaes saWiroebad ganixilavdnen. magram aseTi gacnobierebuloba imis aRiarebasac niSnavda, rom valuta SesaZloa erovnul sazRvrebs miRma arsebul politikur faqtorebze yofiliyo damokidebuli. Sesabamisad, socialurma gadatrialebam , romelmac ndoba Searyia monetaruli saSualebebis Tandayolili stabilurobisadmi, aseve daamsxvria urTierTdamokidebul ekonomikaSi finansuri suverenitetis gulubryvilo koncefcia. aqedan gamomdinare, valutasTan dakavSirebuli Sida krizisi mniSvnelovan sagareo problemebs gamoiwvevda. oqros standartisadmi rwmena epoqis rwmena iyo. zogTan es rwmena gulubryvilo iyo, zogTan kritikuli, sxvebTan – eSmakeuli kredoTi gamoxatuli, romelic gulisxmobda xorcielad miRebas da sulierad uaryofas. Tumca, Tavad rwmena erTnairi iyo, da saxeldobr Semdegs gulisxmobda : banknotebs aqvT Rirebuleba, radgan isini warmoadge79 pirveli nawili saerTaSoriso sistema nen oqros. mniSvneloba ar hqonda Tu Tavad oqros ratom hqonda Rirebuleba : socialistebi rogorc ambobdnen, Sromas rom ganasaxierebda imitom, Tu rogorc orTodoqsuli doqtrina amtkicebda, sasargeblo da iSviaTi rom iyo im mizezis gamo. samoTxesa da jojoxeTs Soris brZolam ugulvebelyo fulis sakiTxi, ramac kapitalistebi da socialistebi saswaulebrivad gaaerTiana. sadac rikardo da marqsi erTmaneTs eTanxmebodnen, mecxramete saukune eWvs ver Seitanda. bismarki da lasali, jon stiuart mili da henri jorji, filip snoudeni da qelvin quliji, mizesi da trocki – yvelani Tanabrad danebdnen beds. karl marqsma udidesi tkivilebi gaiara imisaTvis, raTa eCvenebina, rom prudonis utopiuri Canawerebi Sromaze ( romelic valutis Canacvlebas exeboda ) sakuTari Tavis motyuebas emyareboda; da „ kapitali “( Das Kapital ) gulisxmobda fulis sasaqonlo Teorias, rikardoseuli formiT. rusi bolSeviki sokolnikovi iyo pirveli omisSemdgomi saxelmwifo moRvawe, romelmac sakuTari qveynis valuta oqros pirobebiT aRadgina; germanelma social-demokratma hilferdingma safrTxeSi Caagdo sakuTari partia myari savaluto principebis erTguli advokatirebiT; avstrieli social-demokrati oto baueri mxars uWerda monetarul principebs kronis aRdgenis xazgasmiT, rac misi Seuvali oponentis, zaipelis mier iyo aseve nacadi; ingliseli socialisti, filip snoudeni leiboristebis winaaRmdeg gamovida, rodesac irwmuna, rom funti sterlingi maT xelSi usafrTxod ver iqneboda; xolo duCem lira oqrosTan mimarTebaSi 90 -ze daamkvidra, razec daifica, rom Tavsac gaswiravda misi simyaris dasacavad. am sakiTxze rTuli iqneboda raime tipis winaaRmdegobis moZebna huverisa da leninis, CerCilisa da musolinis gamonaTqvamebs Soris. marTlac, oqros standartis mniSvneloba saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri sistemis funqcionirebisTvis erTaderTi dogma iyo im droSi yvela eris, klasis, 80 Tavi 2 konservatiuli ociani da revoluciuri ocdaaTiani wlebi religiuri mrwamsisa da socialuri filosofiis adamianisTvis. es uxilavi realoba iyo, romelzedac sicocxlis survils CabRauWeba SeeZlo, rodesac kacobrioba emzadeboda misi dafSvnili arsebobis aRsadgenad. Zalisxmeva, romelic Caflavda, yvelaze masStaburi iyo rac ki msoflios unaxavs. avstriaSi, ungreTSi, bulgareTSi, fineTSi, rumineTsa da saberZneTSi, ganadgurebuli valutebis dastabilureba mxolod rwmenis aqti ki ar iyo am patara da susti saxelmwifoebis mxridan, romlebic pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT SimSilobdnen oqros sanapiroebis misaRwevad, aramed aman maTi Zlieri da mdidari sponsorebi – dasavleT evropeli gamarjvebulebic mkacri gamocdis winaSe daayena. sanam gamarjvebulTa valutebi meryeobda, daZabuloba TvalSisacemi ar gamxdara; isini isev ise agrZelebdnen sazRvargareT gasesxebas, rogorc omamde, da amdenad, xels uwyobdnen damarcxebuli erebis ekonomikebis SenarCunebas. magram rodesac didi britaneTi da safrangeTi oqros miubrundnen, maT mier stabilizebul mimocvlaze arsebuli wnexi problemuri gaxda. saboloo jamSi, funtze saidumlo SfoTvam wamyvan oqros qveynamde – SeerTebul Statebamdec miaRwia. am wuxilma, romelic atlantikis sivrceSi trialebda, moulodnelad amerika safrTxis zonaSi gadaiyvana. es teqnikur nawilad gamoiyureba, magram kargad unda iqnas gaazrebuli. 1927 wels, amerikis mier funti sterlingis mxardaWera gulisxmobda dabal saprocento ganakveTebs niu-iorkSi. es im mizniT xorcieldeboda, raTa mas Tavidan aeridebina msxvili kapitalis moZraoba londonidan niu-iorkamde. federaluri sarezervo sabWo inglisis banks Sehpirda, rom dabal saprocento ganakveTs SeinarCunebda, magram am periodSi, Tavad amerika maRal ganakveTebs saWiroebda, vinaidan misi fasebis sistemaSi saxifaTo inflacia daiwyo ( es movlena stabiluri fasebis sistemis 81 pirveli nawili saerTaSoriso sistema arsebobam SeaCera, rac Rirebulebis uzarmazari vardnis miuxedavad SenarCunda ) . rodesac qanqaras mosalodnelma cvlilebam, Svidwliani keTildReobis Semdeg, 1929 wels karga xniT gadavadebuli fasebis vardna gamoiwvia, situacia ukve ukiduresad iyo damZimebuli kriptoinflaciis arsebuli mdgomareobiT. deflaciis gamo wonadakarguli movaleebi gaufasurebuli kreditorebis kolafss uyurebdnen. es avismomaswavebeli iyo. amerikam, gaTavisuflebis instinqturi JestiT, oqrosgan 1933 wels daaRwia Tavi da amiT, tradiciuli msoflio ekonomikis ukanaskneli kvalic gaqra. miuxedavad imisa, rom ganviTarebuli movlenebis siRrmiseul mniSvnelobas im droisaTvis Znelad Tu amCnevda vinme, istoriam arsebuli tendenciebi ucabedad Semoabruna. aTwleulze meti xnis ganmavlobaSi, oqros standartis aRdgena msoflio solidarobis simbolo iyo. briuselidan spasa da JenevaSi, da londonidan lokarnosa da lozanaSi, auracxeli konferenciebi Catarda stabiluri valutebis politikuri winapirobebis SesamuSaveblad. Tavad erTa ligas Sromis saerTaSoriso ofisi nawilobriv im mizniT daamates, rom erebs Soris konkurenciis pirobebis gaTanabreba momxdariyo ise, rom gaTavisuflebuliyo vaWroba cxovrebis standartis gauaresebis gareSe. valuta warmoadgenda vol stritis mier amuSavebuli kampaniebis mTavar sakiTxs. es kampaniebi miznad isaxavdnen transferis problemis daZlevas da pirvel rigSi, reparaciebis komercializebas, da Semdgom ki – maT mobilizebas. reabilitaciis procesis damfinanseblis rols Jeneva asrulebda, xolo am procesSi, londonis sitisa da venis neoklasikuri monetaruli puristebis kombinirebuli wnexi oqros standartis samsaxurSi iyo Camdgari. yvela saerTaSoriso mcdeloba sabolood am miznisken iyo mimarTuli, da es maSin, rodesac erovnuli mTavrobebi, rogorc wesi, sakuTar 82 Tavi 2 konservatiuli ociani da revoluciuri ocdaaTiani wlebi politikebs valutis SenarCunebisaken mimarTavdnen : gansakuTrebiT ki im politikebs, romlebic exeboda sagareo vaWrobas, sesxebs, sabanko saqmianobas, da mimocvlas. miuxedavad imisa, rom yvela Tanxmdeboda, rom stabiluri valuta vaWrobis gaTavisuflebaze iyo damokidebuli, Tavisufali vaWrobis dogmatikosebis garda yvelam icoda, rom aucilebeli iyo iseTi zomebis myisierad miReba, romlebic yovel mizezs gareSe SezRudavda ucxour vaWrobas da ucxour gadaxdebs. igive garemoebebis gasamklaveblad, umravles qveynebSi SeimuSaves kvotebi importze, moratoriumebi da SemaCerebeli xelSekrulebebi, angariSsworebis sistemebi da ormxrivi savaWro xelSekrulebebi, barteris zomebi, embargoebi kapitalis eqsportze, ucxouri vaWrobis kontroli, da mimocvlis gamaTanabrebeli fondebi. magram TviTkmarobis koSmari mudmivad Tan sdevda valutis dasacavad gadadgmul nabijebs. maSin, rodesac vaWrobis gaTavisufleba iyo mizani, Sedegad mis SeboWvas iRebdnen. msoflio bazrebze wvdomis mopovebis nacvlad, mTavrobebi, sakuTari qmedebebiT, TavianT qveynebs yovelgvar saerTaSoriso kavSirebs ukrZalavdnen : mudmivad mzardi msxverpli iyo saWiro imisaTvis, rom vaWroba minimalurad mainc SenarCunebuliyo. valutis sagareo Rirebulebis, rogorc sagareo vaWrobis mediumis dacvisken mimarTulma giJurma Zalisxmevebma, xalxi, maTi survilis sawinaaRmdegod, avtarqizebul ekonomikaSi CaiTria. mTeli rigi SemzRudveli zomebi, romlebmac tradiciuli ekonomikidan radikaluri CamoSoreba ganapirobes, sinamdvileSi konservatiuli Tavisufali vaWrobis Sedegi iyo. oqros standartis saboloo dacemiT, es tendencia mkveTrad Seicvala. msxverpli, romelic mis aRsadgenad iqna gaRebuli, axla kidev unda ganxorcielebuliyo amjerad imisaTvis, raTa oqros standartis gareSe cxovreba gamxdariyo SesaZlebeli. igive institutebi, romlebic stabi83 pirveli nawili saerTaSoriso sistema luri valutebis sistemebis SesanarCuneblad cxovrebisa da vaWrobis SesaboWad moifiqres, axla imisTvis gamoiyeneboda, rom industriuli cxovreba Seeguebina msgavsi sistemis samudamo gaqrobisaTvis. Tanamedrove industriis meqanikuri da teqnologiuri struqtura SesaZloa swored imitom gadaurCa oqros standartis dacemas, rom am institutis SenarCunebisaTvis brZolis procesSi, msoflio qvecnobierad emzadeboda iseTi qmedebisa da iseTi organizaciebisaTvis, romlebic misTvis aucilebeli gaxdeboda oqros standartis gauqmebis SemTxvevaSi. miuxedavad amisa, axla sapirispiro ganzraxva arsebobda; qveynebSi, romlebmac miuRweveli sawadelisaTvis gaWianurebul brZolaSi yvelaze metad izarales, ukan daxevis procesSi titanuri Zalebi iqna gaSvebuli. arc erTa ligas, da arc saerTaSoriso finansebs ar uarsebia oqros standartze met xans; mis gaqrobasTan erTad, ligis organizebuli mSvidobis interesic da misi uzrunvelyofis umTavresi instrumentebic – rotSildebi da morganebi – politikidan gaqrnen. oqros Zafis gawyveta msoflio revoluciis niSani iyo. magram oqros standartis marcxs bevri araferi gamouwvevia garda imisa, rom am movlenam moniSna im RonisZiebis TariRi, romelic bevrad ufro mniSvnelovani iyo, vidre oqros standartis marcxs SeeZlo gamoewvia. msoflios umetes nawilSi, kriziss Tan mohyva – arc meti, arc naklebi – XIX saukunis erovnuli institutebis sruli ngreva. am institutebs yvelgan radikalurad cvlidnen da axals ayalibebdnen. bevr qveyanaSi, liberaluri saxelmwifo Caanacvla totalitarulma diqtaturebma, xolo saukunis umTavresi instituti – Tavisufal bazrebze dafuZnebuli warmoeba – ekonomikis axali formebiT Canacvlda. maSin, rodesac didi saxelmwifoebi Tavidan iazrebdnen maTi azrovnebis sawyisebs, da msoflios damorCilebis mizniT 84 Tavi 2 konservatiuli ociani da revoluciuri ocdaaTiani wlebi erTvebodnen omebSi samyaros bunebis aqamde gaugonari koncefciebis saxeliT, kidev ufro didi saxelmwifoebi Tavisuflebis dacvisken iswrafodnen, ramac maT xelSi aseve aqamde gaugonari mniSvneloba SeiZina. saerTaSoriso sistemis marcxi, miuxedavad imisa, rom aman transformacia gamoiwvia, ver axsnida am cvlilebis siRrmesa da Sinaarss. marTalia CvenTvis cnobilia, Tu ratom moxda es yvelaferi ase swrafad, magram Cven jer kidev ar viciT imis Sesaxeb, Tu saerTod ratom moxda es. SemTxveviTi ar iyo, rom transformacias Tan daerTo uprecedento masStabis omebi. istoria socialuri cvlilebiT aRiWurva; saxelmwifoTa bedi daukavSirda maT rols instituciur transformaciaSi. aseTi simbiozi sakiTxTa bunebaSi Zevs; miuxedavad imisa, rom erovnuli donis jgufebsa da socialur instituciebs sakuTari sawyisebi gaaCniaT, gadarCenisTvis brZolis procesSi isini erTmaneTs exmarebian. aseTi simbiozis cnobilma magaliTma kapitalizmi atlantikis sanapiros qveynebs daukavSira. komerciuli revolucia, romelic ase mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli kapitalizmis aRzevebasTan, gaxda portugaliis, espaneTis, holandiis, safrangeTis, inglisisa da SeerTebuli Statebis Zalauflebis saSualeba. TiToeulma maTganma sargebeli naxa farTo da Rrmad fesvebgamdgari moZraobiT, maSin rodesac, meore mxriv, Tavad kapitalizmi swored am amomavali Zalebis saSualebiT imkvidrebda Tavs planetaze. es wesi sapirispirodac moqmedebs. gadarCenisaTvis brZolaSi saxelmwifo SesaZloa imis gamo aRmoCndes uunaro, rom misi institutebi, an zogierTi maTgani dasustebulia – meore msoflio omis dros, oqros standarti magaliTi iyo aseTi moZvelebuli mowyobisa. meore mxriv, qveynebi, romlebic sakuTari mizezebiT, status-kvos ewinaaRmdegebian, swrafad aRmoaCendnen arsebuli instituciuri wesrigis sisusteebs da moifiqrebdnen iseTi institutebis 85 pirveli nawili saerTaSoriso sistema Seqmnas, romlebic ukeT moergeboda maT interesebs. msgavsi jgufebi xels kraven xolme iseTebs, romlebic isedac waqcevis piras arian, xolo ikaveben maT, romlebis sakuTari orTqliT isedac agrZeleben arsebobas. amitomac, SesaZloa ise Candes, TiTqos maT wamoiwyes socialuri cvlilebis procesi, maSin, rodesac sinamdvileSi, misi beneficiarebi iyvnen da SesaZloa tendencias kidevac cvlidnen imisaTvis, rom am tendencias maTi miznebisaTvis emsaxura. amdenad, wagebis Semdeg, germania im poziciaze iyo, rom SeeZlo SeemCnia XIX saukunis wesrigis faruli xarvezebi da es codna wesrigis CamoSlis dasaCqareblad gamoeyenebina. 30 -ian wlebSi, germaniis im saxelmwifo moRvaweTagan, vinc amgvari ngrevisaken mimarTa goneba, avismomaswavebeli inteleqtualuri upiratesoba igrZnoboda. es amocana xSirad gulisxmobda finansebis, vaWrobis, omisa da socialuri organizebis sakiTxebSi axali meTodebis ganviTarebas, ra drosac es moRvaweebi sakiTxebis sakuTari politikebisaTvis sasikeTod momarTvas cdilobdnen. Tumca, Tavad es problemebi ar iyo ganzrax Seqmnili mTavrobebis mier, romlebmac isini TavianTTvis sasargeblo problemebad aqcies; es realuri, obieqturad arsebuli problemebi iyo, da aseve darCebodnen miuxedavad calkeuli qveynebis bedisa. isev da isev, gansxvaveba pirvel da meore msoflio omebs Soris TvalsaCinoa : pirveli, jer kidev Seesatyviseboda XIX saukunis omebs – es iyo ZalTa ubralo konfliqti, romelic ZalTa balansis sistemis Secdomis gamo gaCaRda; xolo meore ukve didwilad qmnida mniSvnelovan socialur cvlilebebs msoflioSi. am yvelaferis gagebam unda SegvaZlebinos am periodis mtkivneuli erovnuli istoriebis gansxvaveba im socialuri transformaciisagan, romelic ukve mimdinareobda. amis Sedegad, gamartivdeba imis danaxva, Tu rogor Seuwyo an SeuSala xeli umTavres socialur procesebTan kavSirma 86 Tavi 2 konservatiuli ociani da revoluciuri ocdaaTiani wlebi Zalauflebis aqtorebs – germaniasa da ruseTs, did britaneTsa da SeerTebul Statebs. magram igive SeiZleba vTqvaT Tavad socialur procesebzec : faSizmma da socializma gza im calkeuli Zalebis aRmavlobaSi gamonaxes, romlebic maT TavianTi mrwamsis gavrcelebaSi daexmarnen. Sesabamisad, germania da ruseTi gaxdnen faSizmisa da socializmis warmomadgenlebi msoflio masStabiT. samwuxarod Tu sabednierod, am socialuri moZraobebis namdvili masStabi mxolod im SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba gaizomos, Tu maT transcendentul xasiaTs gavacnobierebT da mas im erovnuli interesebisagan ganyenebulad aRviqvamT, romlebic am moZraobebis samsaxurSi iyvnen mobilizebulni. rolebi, romelsac meore msoflio omSi germania da ruseTi, italia da iaponia, an didi britaneTi Tu SeerTebuli Statebi TamaSoben, universalur istorias ki qmnian, magram am wignis uSualo interesi maTi Seswavla ar aris; Tumca, faSizmi da socializmi, instituciur transformaciaSi – romelic wignisaTvis mTavar sakiTxs warmoadgens – cocxali Zalebi iyvnen. sasicocxlo Zalam ( Élan vital) , romelmac gaugebari biZgi warmoqmna germanel, rus da amerikel xalxSi, ramac maT kacobriobis istoriaSi ufro didi wvlilis aRiareba moaTxovnina, nawilobriv ayalibebs im winapirobebs, romlis konteqstSic Cveni ambavi viTardeba. xolo faSizmisa da socializmis, an Tundac e.w. „ new deal ” -is idea Tavad ambis nawilia. amas ki mivyavarT Cvens mTavar Tezisamde, romelic jer kidev damtkicebas saWiroebs : kataklizmis wyaro iyo ekonomikuri liberalizmis utopiuri mcdeloba, rom TviTregulirebadi sabazro sistema Seeqmna. aseTi Tezisi, sistemas TiTqmis miTiur ZalebTan erTad warmogvidgens; esenia ZalTa balansi, oqros standarti, da liberaluri saxelmwifo; XIX saukunis civilizaciis es safuZvlebi, saboloo jamSi, 87 pirveli nawili saerTaSoriso sistema erTi saerTo matricis – TviTregulirebadi bazris mier iyo Seqmnili. es mtkiceba Sokismomgvrelad Tu ara, eqstremalurad mainc gamoiyureba. magram im civilizaciis Tavisebureba, romlis dacemasac Cven moveswariT, swored is iyo, rom is ekonomikur safuZvlebs eyrdnoboda. sxva sazogadoebebi da civilizaciebic yofilan SezRuduli maTi arsebobis materialuri pirobebiT – es adamianTa cxovrebis maxasiaTebeli Tvisebaa; da saerTod, es yvelanairi cxovrebis maxasiaTebelia – religiuris Tu arareligiuris, materialisturis Tu sulieris. ekonomikuri faqtorebiT SezRudulia yvela tipis sazogadoeba. mxolod XIX saukunis civilizacia iyo ekonomikuri bunebis sruliad gansxvavebuli da gamorCeuli azriT, vinaidan man sakuTari Tavi imgvar motivze daafuZna, romelic iSviaTad Tu iyo dasabuTebulad miCneuli adamianTa sazogadoebebis istoriaSi. danamdvilebiT SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom manamde, civilizacia im donemde ar misula, rom yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi qceva da qmedeba, konkretulad ki, mogebisaken swrafva gaemarTlebinos. TviTregulirebadi sabazro sistema erTaderTi iyo, romelic am principidan amoizarda. meqanizmi, romelmac mogebis interesi aamoZava, Tavisi efeqturobiT mxolod religiuri sificxis yvelaze Zaladobriv afeTqebas SeiZleba SevadaroT. erT TaobaSi, misi Seuqcevadi gavlena adamianTa mTels samyaros Seexo. rogorc yvelasTvis cnobilia, is XIX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi, industriuli revoluciis dros, inglisSi momwifda. kontinentamde da amerikamde man daaxloebiT 50 wlis Semdeg CaaRwia. sabolood, inglisSi, kontinentze Tu Tavad amerikaSic, msgavsma alternativebma praqtikad aqcies yoveldRiuri sakiTxebi, xolo am axladdamkvidrebuli praqtikis maxasiaTeblebi dasavluri civilizaciis yvela qveyanaSi identuri iyo. amgvarad, kataklizmis sawyisebis 88 Tavi 2 konservatiuli ociani da revoluciuri ocdaaTiani wlebi gamosavlenad, sabazro ekonomikis aRmavlobasa da marcxs unda mivubrundeT. sabazro sazogadoeba inglisSi daibada, Tumca, misma sisusteeebis yvelaze tragikuli sirTuleebi kontinentze gamoixata. imisaTvis, rom gavigoT germanuli faSizmi, rikardos ingliss unda davubrundeT. gazviadebuli ar iqneba Tu vityviT, rom XIX saukune inglisis saukune iyo. industriuli revolucia inglisuri movlena iyo. sabazro ekonomika, Tavisufali bazari, da oqros standarti, inglisuri gamogonebebi iyo. 20 -ian wlebSi es institutebi yvelgan CamoiSalnen, magram germaniaSi, italiasa da avstriaSi, es movlenebi ubralod ufro dramatuli iyo. magram miuxedavad imisa, Tu ra scenariTa da temperaturiT ganviTarda saboloo movlenebi, grZelvadiani faqtorebi, romlebmac am civilizaciis marcxi ganapirobes, industriuli revoluciis dabadebis adgilze, anu inglisSi unda iqnas Seswavlili. 89 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi [ I . Satanic Mill , anu, eSmakis wisqvili ] Tavi 3 „ekonomikuri winsvla sacxovrebeli pirobebis sapirwoned“ XVIII saukunis industriuli revoluciis safuZvels sawarmoo saSualebebis arnaxuli gaumjobeseba warmoadgenda, rasac ubralo xalxis sacxovrebeli pirobebis katastrofuli gauareseba mohyva Tan. Cven SevecdebiT am cvlilebebis xasiaTis ganmsazRvreli faqtorebis gamovlenas. cvlilebebisa, romelTac yvelaze negatiuri gamovlineba inglisSi daaxloebiT erTi saukunis win poves. unda avxsnaT, ras warmoadgenda is “ eSmakis wisqvili “ –“ satanic mill ” – romelic adamianebs sresda da erTian, ganurCevel masad aqcevda ? ramdenad iyo es gamowveuli axali viTarebiT ? an Tundac im ekonomikuri damokidebulebebiT, romlebic axal viTarebaSi warmoiqmnen ? ra meqanizmi iyo is, ra mizeziTac dairRva Zveli socialuri qsovili da ganxorcielda adamianisa da bunebis integraciis axali, Tumca ki warumatebeli mcdeloba ? liberalur filosofias arsad ganucdia iseTi aSkara kraxi, rogorc cvlilebis problemis gaazrebisas. spontanurobis emociuri rwmeniT gulanTebulma misma ideologe93 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi bma, cvlilebis Sesaxeb saRi azriT nakarnaxevi Sefasebebi uaryves da mis sanacvlod, gamoaaSkaraves mistikuri mzaoba upirobod mieRoT ekonomikuri winsvlis nebismieri socialuri Sedegi. politikis mecnierebisa da saxelmwifo moxeleobis elementaruli WeSaritebebi Tavdapirvelad eWvqveS dadga, Semdgom ki – daviwyebas mieca. bevri gansja ar unda sWirdebodes imas, rom umarTavi cvlilebis procesi, romelic zedmetad swrafad mimdinareobs, SeZlebisdagvarad unda Seneldes sazogadoebis keTildReobis dacvis mizniT. tradiciuli politikisa da saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis Sesaxeb arsebuli aseTi banaluri WeSmaritebebi, romlebic xSirad ubralod ireklavdnen ZvelTagan SemorCenil socialuri filosofiis moZRvrebebs, XIX saukuneSi uxeSma utilitarizmma ganaTlebuli sazogadoebis azrovnebidan amoZirkva da ukvalod gaaqro. utilitarizmTan erTad, adamianTa gonebaSi daisadgura Seuvalma rwmenam gaukontrolebeli ekonomikuri zrdis regeneraciuli Tvisebebis arsebobis Sesaxeb. ekonomikurma liberalizmma arasworad gaigo industriuli revoluciis istoriis arsi, vinaidan, igi jiutad cdilobda socialuri movlenebis ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT Sefasebas. am mosazrebis TvalsaCinoebisaTvis ganvixilavT movlenas, romelic, erTi SexedviT, SesaZloa sruliad gansxvavebul sakiTxad mogveCvenos: inglisSi, tiudorebis mmarTvelobis adreul periodSi, vrceli mindvrebis RobiT SemosazRvrisa da saxnav-saTesi miwebis saZovrebad gadaqcevis mizniT, lordebma uzarmazari sivrceebi da saerTo miwebi SemoRobes. Sedegad, mTel sagrafoebs depopulaciis safrTxe daemuqra. rodesac SemoRobvis Sedegad gasaWirSi Cavardnili xalxis mdgomareobas vixsenebT, ori mizani gvamoZravebs: erTis mxriv, gvsurs paraleli gavavloT saerTo miwebis ( saboloo jamSi sasargeblo ) SemoRobvis gamanadgurebel Sedegebsa da im zians Soris, 94 Tavi 3 „ekonomikuri winsvla sacxovrebeli pirobebis sapirwoned“ romelic industriul revolucias moyva; xolo meores mxriv – da ufro zogadi TvalsazrisiT – gvinda cxadvyoT is alternativebi, romelic xelSi SerCa dauregulirebeli ekonomikuri ganviTarebis marwuxebSi myof sazogadoebas. miwis SemoRobva aSkara win gadadgmuli nabiji iqneboda im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki maT saZovrebad ar gadaaqcevdnen. SemoRobili miwis fasi, SemouRobavTan SedarebiT ormagi, da xandaxan sammagic ki iyo. im adgilebSi, sadac saxnav-saTesi savargulebi SenarCunda, dasaqmeba ar Sewyvetila, aseve sagrZnoblad imata sakvebis maragma. amave dros, TvalsaCinod gaizarda miwisgan miRebuli sargebeli, gansakuTrebiT ki im adgilebSi, sadac miwa ijariT iyo gacemuli. Tumca, garSemo mcxovrebTaTvis saxnav-saTesi miwebis cxvrebis saZovrebad gadaqcevac ar yofila bolomde saziano miuxedavad imisa, rom amiT samosaxloebi ganadgurda da samuSao adgilebi Semcirda. Sinamrewveloba, anu kotejebis industria – cottage industry – XV saukunis meore naxevridan viTardeboda da erTi saukunis Semdeg, is inglisuri soflis maxasiaTeblad iqca. cxvrebis fermebSi matylis warmoeba samuSaoTi uzrunvelyofda im wvril moijareebsa da umiwawylo kotejerebs, romelTac saxnav-saTesebi daatovebines. matylis industriis axali centrebi ki uamravi xelosnisaTvis iqca garantirebuli Semosavlis wyarod. magram yvelaze mniSvnelovani is aris, rom aseTi sakompensacio meqanizmis garantiis qona, mxolod sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSia SesaZlebeli. aseTi sistemis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi ki, cxvris moSenebisa da matylis gayidvis sarfiani saqmianoba SesaZloa qveynisaTvis damRupvelic ki gaxdes. cxvrebs, romelTac „ qviSa oqrod “ aqcies, amave warmatebiT SeeZloT „ oqros qviSad “ gadaqceva. sabolood, swored es bedi ewia saukunis espaneTis miwis resurss, rodesac mecxvareobis saqmianobis metismeti ganviTarebis gamo niadagi gamoifita da aRaraferi eSvela. 95 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi 1607 wlis samefos lordTaTvis momzadebul oficialur dokumentSi, cvlilebis problema erTi STambeWdavi fraziT iyo gadmocemuli: „ Rarib adamians Tavisi mizani – anu sacxovreblis problema – unda daukmayofildes; xolo jentlmenebs ar unda SeeSaloT xeli TavianTi miswrafebebis – anu winsvlisa da ganviTarebis miznebis ganxorcielebaSi “ . rogorc Cans, es formula ukritikod iziarebda wminda ekonomikuri progresis Tvisebas, rom ekonomikuri ganviTareba socialuri cxovrebis moSlis xarjze unda moxdes. Tumca, es fraza aseve mianiSnebda im tragikul aucileblobaze, romliTac Raribi kaci Tavis qoxs ebRauWeba, xolo misi bedi ganpirobebulia mdidari kacis sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebisadmi miswrafebebiT, romelsac sargebeli mxolod misTvis moaqvs. saerTo miwebis SemoRobvis process marTebulad uwodes mdidrebis revolucia, mimarTuli Raribebis winaaRmdeg. lordebisa da warCinebuli sazogadoebis survilebma socialur wesrigSi areuloba Semoitana: isini arRvevdnen tradiciul wesebsa da Cveulebebs xandaxan Zalis, ufro xSirad ki – zewolisa da daSinebis meSveobiT. saerTo miwidan wilis warTmeviT, isini pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT, Zarcvavdnen Raribebs da angrevdnen maT saxlebs, romelTac Raribebi aqamde daurRveveli adaT-wesebis Tanaxmad, didi xnidan miiCnevda Tavisad da misi memkvidreebis sakuTrebad. sazogadoebis qsovili moirRva: gaveranebuli soflebi da adamianTa sacxovrisebis nangrevebi imas mowmobda, Tu rogor mZvinvarebda revolucia, romelic safrTxes uqmnida qveynis Tavdacvas, acamtverebda mis qalaqebs, anadgurebda qveynis mosaxleobas, mtvrad aqcevda mis gamofitul niadags, akninebda da Seuracxyofda xalxs, da miwis dammuSavebel, mSromel da wesier adamianebs maTxovrebisa da qurdebis brbod aqcevda. miuxedavad imisa, 96 Tavi 3 „ekonomikuri winsvla sacxovrebeli pirobebis sapirwoned“ rom es procesebi mxolod zogierT adgilas xdeboda, isini SesaZloa yovlismomcvel katastrofad qceuliyvnen 1 . mefe da misi mrCevlebi, kanclerebi da samRvdelo pirebi, gapartaxebisagan icavdnen sazogadoebis simdidres. amiT, isini aseve icavdnen sazogadoebis adamianur da bunebriv arss. 1940 -iani wlebidan vidre 1640 -ian wlebamde, faqtobrivad, saukunenaxevris ganmavlobaSi, isini SeuCereblad ibrZodnen depopulaciis procesebis winaaRmdeg. kontrrevoluciam, romelmac kanonTa krebulidan gaaqro kanonebi SemoRobvis Sesaxeb da mesaqonle lordebis diqtatura daamyara, Seiwira lord proteqtor somersetis sicocxlec. es moxda „ ketis ajanyebis “ CaxSobis Semdeg, romelsac ramdenime aTasi glexis sicocxle emsxverpla. somersets brali arc Tu usafuZvlod imaSi dasdes, rom man miwis SemoRobvis dagmobiT, amboxebuli glexebi Seaguliana. mxolod asi wlis Semdeg moikribes imave mowinaaRmdegeebma Zala da erTmaneTs isev daupirispirdnen. Tumca, amjerad SemoRobvis iniciatorebi lordebi da didgvarovnebi ki ar iyvnen, aramed, maT metwilad vaWrebi da soflis mdidari jentlmenebi warmoadgendnen. didi politika, saero Tu saeklesio doneze, axla ukve CarTuli iyo monarqis mier kargad dagegmil procesSi, risi saSualebiTac monarqi mis prerogativas iyenebda SemoRobvis procesebis Tavidan asacileblad. aranakleb kargad iyo dagegmili procesi, romlis saSualebiTac SemoRobvis sakiTxis gamoyeneba xdeboda msxvil da saSualo burJuaziasTan – jentrisTan – konstituciur brZolaSi monarqis poziciebis gasaZliereblad. es swored is brZola iyo, romelmac parlamentis xeliT sasikvdilo ganaCeni gamoutana strafordsa da lods. magram maTi es politika ara mxolod ekonomikurad, aramed politikuradac reaqciuli iyo; metic, SemoRobili miwe1 Tawney , R . H ., The Agrarian Problem in the Sixteenth Century , 1912 97 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi bi adrindelisgan gansxvavebiT, axla ukve ara saZovrebad, aramed saxnav-saTesad undodaT. maleve, samoqalaqo omis talRam samudamod STanTqa tiudorebisa da stiuartebis adreuli periodis sazogadoebrivi politika. XIX saukunis istorikosebi erTxmad gmobdnen tiudorebisa da stiuartebis adreuli xanis politikas da Tu pirdapir reaqciuls ar uwodebdnen, demagogiurad mainc miiCnevdnen mas. bunebrivia, maT simpaTias parlamenti imsaxurebda, xolo es organo SemomRobvelTa mxares iyo. henri de beltengs gibinsi, miuxedavad imisa, rom ubralo xalxis gulmxurvale mxardamWeri iyo, werda: „ aseTi damcavi kanonebi, rogorc zogadad, damcavi kanonebis SemTxvevaSi xdeba xolme, sruliad fuWi aRmoCnda. 1 “ inesi Tavis SefasebaSi kidev ufro mkafio iyo: „ rogorc mosalodneli iyo, mawanwalaTa dasjis Cveulma zomebma, mcdelobam, rom industria ZaliT gadaetanaT misTvis Seuferebel sferoSi, da samuSao adgilebis uzrunvelsayofad kapitalis mimarTvam naklebad momgebian investiciebze- ar gaamarTla. 2 “ gerdneri Tavisufali vaWrobis cnebebs uyoymanod miiCnevda „ ekonomikur kanonad: “„ TavisTavad cxadia, rom maSin ekonomikuri kanonebisa ara gaegebodaT ra, “ – werda is, – „ amitom iyo, rom kanonmdebloba cdilobda Tavidan aecilebina mSromelebis sacxovreblebis dangreva miwis mesakuTreTa mxridan, romelTaTvisac sarfiani iyo saxnavi miwis saZovrebad gadaqceva matylis odenobis gasazrdelad. am sakanonmdeblo aqtebis xSiri da ganmeorebiTi miReba mxolod imas adasturebs, Tu ramdenad araefeqturi iyo isini praqtikaSi. “ 3 sul axlaxan, iseTi ekonomisti, rogoric hekSeria, daJinebiT amtkicebda, rom merkantilizmi, didwi1 Gibbins , H . de B ., The Industrial History of England , 1895 . 2 Innes , A . D ., England under the Tudors , 1932 . 3 Gairdner , J ., “ Henry VIII , ” in Cambridge Modern History , Vol . ll , 1918 . 98 Tavi 3 „ekonomikuri winsvla sacxovrebeli pirobebis sapirwoned“ lad im gaugebrobiT unda aixsnas, romelic Tan axlavs ekonomikuri fenomenis sirTules. vinaidan, adamianis gonebas am sagnis siRrmiseuli gagebisa da dauflebisaTvis aSkarad sWirdeboda kidev ramdenime saukune. 1 sinamdvileSi, cxadi iyo, rom miwis SemoRobvis sawinaaRmdego kanonmdeblobiT verasdros xerxdeboda SemoRobvis moZraobis SeCereba. metic, mas am procesisaTvis seriozulad xelic ki ar SeuSlia. jon heilsma, romelic inglisis Tanamegobrobis xalxTa principebis TavgamodebiT dacvaSi tols aravis udebda, aRiara, rom SeuZlebeli aRmoCnda mtkicebulebebis Segroveba SemomRobvelTa winaaRmdeg, vinaidan, nafic msajulTa rigebSi, xSirad maTi msaxurebi xvdebodnen, da rom maTi „ damqaSebisa da maTze damokidebuli muqTaxorebis ricxvi imdeni iyo, rom maT gareSe warmoudgeneli iyo msajulTa rigebis Sevseba. “ zogjer, mindvris gaswvriv erTi saxnavi kvalis gavlebac ki Sveloda da sasjelisagan aTavisuflebda samarTaldamrRvev lords. kerZo interesebis sasargeblod samarTlis aseTi martivi dajabna xSirad kanonmdeblobis araefeqturobis damadasturebel niSnad ganixileba xolme. xolo am amaod SebrZolebuli tendenciis gamarjveba miCneulia manamdec fuWad Seracxili „ reaqciuli intervencionizmis “ saboloo mtkicebulebad. Tumca, aseTi xedva umTavres sakiTxs mTlianad ugulebelyofs. ratom unda miviCnioT am tendenciis saboloo gamarjveba imis dasturad, rom mTeli am procesis Senelebisken mimarTuli Zalisxmevebi araefeqturi iyo ? da ratom ar unda davuSvaT, rom miRebuli zomebis mizani swored is iyo, rasac maT miaRwies cvlilebis tempis Senelebis saxiT ? garkveuli aspeqti, romelic mTliani procesis SesaCereblad araefeqturi aRmoCnda, sulac ar niSnavs, rom am mizeziT igi mTlianobaSic araefeqturad 1 Heckscher , E . F ., Mercantilism , 1935 , Vol . II , p . 104 . 99 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi unda miviCnioT. cvlilebis tempi xSirad aranakleb mniSvnelovania, vidre Tavad cvlilebis mimarTuleba; magram Tu mimarTulebis gansazRvra xSirad Cvens neba-survilze ar aris xolme damokidebuli, swored cvlilebis tempi SesaZloa aRmoCndes Cvens nebaze damokidebuli. spontanuri progresis rwmeniT dabrmavebulni unda viyoT, rom ekonomikur cxovrebaSi mTavrobis roli ver gaviazroT. aseTi roli SesaZloa iyos cvlilebis siCqareze zemoqmedeba: misi daCqareba an Seneleba viTarebis Sesabamisad. Tu miviCnevT, rom tempze zemoqmedeba SeuZlebelia – an kidev uaresi, Tu am procesSi Carevas miuReblad miviCnevT, maSin, cxadia, CarevisaTvis adgili aRar rCeba. miwis SemoRobvis procesi amis magaliTia. dRevandeli gadmosaxedidan, Zalzed TvalsaCinoa ekonomikuri progresis dasavleT evropuli tendencia, romelic miznad isaxavda sasoflo sameurneo teqnikis, zolmiwianobisa da saerTo miwebis pirvelyofili institutis xelovnurad SenarCunebuli erTgvarovnebis aRmofxvras. rac Seexeba ingliss, eWvgareSea, rom matylis industriis ganviTareba qveynisaTvis momgebiani aRmoCnda, ramac, Tavis mxriv, SemdgomSi bambis mrewvelobis Camoyalibebas Seuwyo xeli. bambis mrewveloba ki, industriuli revoluciis mTavari mamoZravebeli Zala iyo. metic, cxadia, rom saSinao safeiqro warmoebis zrda damokidebuli iyo qveynisaTvis matylis momaragebaze. es faqtebi kmara imis dasturad, rom saxnav-saTesi miwebis saZovrebad gadaqceva da misi Tanamdevi SemoRobvis moZraoba ekonomikuri progresis maniSnebel tendenciad miviCnioT. miuxedavad amisa, rom ara tiudorebisa da stiuartebis adreuli periodis saxelmwifo moRvaweebis Tanmimdevruli politika, es swrafi cvlilebebi SesaZloa damangreveli yofiliyo da mTeli es procesi konstruqciulis nacvlad, destruqciul movlenad qceuliyo. didwilad swored cvlilebis tempze iyo damokidebuli is, 100 Tavi 3 „ekonomikuri winsvla sacxovrebeli pirobebis sapirwoned“ Tu ramdenad SeZlebdnen sakuTrebaCamorTmeuli glexebi Secvlil pirobebTan Seguebas ise, rom axal viTarebas fataluri ziani ar mieyenebina maTi adamianuri, ekonomikuri, fizikuri Tu moraluri stabilurobisaTvis; an ramdenad ipovidnen isini axal samuSao adgils im SesaZleblobebis farglebSi, romelic iribad swored cvlilebebs ukavSirdeboda; an kidev, eqsportis zrdis Sedegad gazrdili importi ramdenad SeaZlebinebda maT, vinc am cvlilebebis gamo samuSao dakarges, axali saarsebo wyaroebis moZiebas. am SekiTxvebze pasuxi nebismier SemTxvevaSi damokidebuli iyo cvlilebisa da masTan Seguebis fardobiT tempebze. ekonomikuri TeoriisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli „ grZelvadiani “ gaTvlebi aq dauSvebelia. msgavsi Teoriuli gaTvlebiT, imTaviTve gansjili da navaraudevi iqneboda, rom es movlena sabazro sistemis farglebSi ganxorcielda. aseTi varaudi ki, rac ar unda bunebrivad mogveCvenos, gaumarTlebelia: miuxedavad imisa, rom Zalian advilad gvaviwydeba xolme, aseTi sistema is instituciuri struqturaa, romelic, Cvens dromde arasdros arsebula da im periodSic ki, mxolod nawilobriv iyo warmodgenili. am garemoebis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe, „ grZelvadian “ gaTvlebze saubars azri ara aqvs. Tu cvlilebis myisieri Sedegi sazianoa, maSin, saboloo Sedegic saziano iqneba sapirispiros dadasturebamde. Tuki saxnav-saTesi miwebis saZovrebad gadaqceva gamoiwvevs garkveuli odenobis saxlebis ngrevas, da garkveuli odenobiT samuSao adgilebisa da adgilobrivad xelmisawvdomi sakvebis maragebis Semcirebas, maSin isini saboloo Sedegebad unda iqnas miCneuli manam, sanam sapirispiro mtkicebuleba ar gaCndeba. es sulac ar niSnavs iseTi sakiTxebis gauTvaliswineblobas, rogoric aris gazrdili eqsportis SesaZlo gavlenebi miwaTmflobelTa Semosavlebze, adgilobrivi warmoebis matyliT momaragebis zrdis Sedegad gaCenili dasaqmebis SesaZlo Sansebi, an Tundac, miwaTm101 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi flobelTa gazrdili Semosavlis gamoyenebis sakiTxi Semdgomi investirebisa Tu fufunebis sagnebisaTvis. cvlilebis tempis Sedareba adaptaciis tempTan gviCvenebs, Tu ra unda iqnas miCneuli cvlilebis realur Sedegad. magram arc erT SemTxvevaSi ar unda vivaraudoT sabazro kanonebis funqcionireba manam, sanam TviTregulirebadi bazris arseboba mtkicebulebebiT ar dadasturdeba. sabazro kanonebi relevanturia mxolod sabazro ekonomikis instituciur garemoSi; amdenad, tiudorebis xanis inglisis saxelmwifo moRvaweebi ki ar ugulebelyofdnen faqtebs, aramed, Tanamedrove ekonomistebi, vinaidan, maTi mxridan, tiudorebis misamarTiT gamoTqmuli mkacri kritika swored sabazro sistemis arsebobis varauds efuZneboda. inglisma mxolod imitom SeZlo SemoRobviT gamowveuli katastrofuli zianis acileba, rom tiudorebi da adreuli periodis stiuartebi monarqis Zalauflebas procesis dasamuxruWeblad iyenebdnen. ase grZeldeboda manam, sanam procesiT gamowveuli ziani xalxisaTvis asatani gaxdeboda. transformaciis msxverplTa xvedris Semsubuqebis mizniT, isini iyenebdnen centraluri mTavrobis Zalauflebas. amasTan, cvlilebis warmarTvas ise cdilobdnen, rom is socialurad nakleb damangreveli yofiliyo. maTi kanclerebi da sasamarTloebi – courts of prerogative – ideurad konservatiulebi sulac ar iyvnen; maT saxelmwifos marTvis mecnieruli suliskveTeba amoZravebdaT: mxars uWerdnen ucxoeli xelosnebis Camoyvanas, gulmodgined nergavdnen axal teqnikas, iTvisebdnen statistikur meTodebsa da zusti angariSgebis Cvevebs, arafrad agdebdnen tradiciebsa da wes-Cveulebebs, ewinaaRmdegebodnen CveulebiT dadgenil uflebebs, amcirebdnen saeklesio privilegiebsa da ugulebelyofdnen saerTo samarTlis normebs. Tuki inovacia revolucioners warmoqmnis, maSin isini TavianTi epoqis revolucionerebi iyvnen. maTi Tavdadeba ubralo 102 Tavi 3 „ekonomikuri winsvla sacxovrebeli pirobebis sapirwoned“ xalxis keTildReobisken iyo mimarTuli da monarqis Zlevamosilebasa da sidiades ganamtkicebda; miuxedavad amisa, momavali ekuTvnoda konstitucionalizmsa da parlaments. monarqiulma mmarTvelobam adgili dauTmo klasis mmarTvelobas – klasisa, romelic win wauZRva industriul da komerciul progress. konstitucionalizmis diadi principi Seerwya politikur revolucias. am ukanasknelma uflebebi CamoarTva monarqs, romelsac im droisaTvis yvelanairi SemoqmedebiTi unari dakarguli hqonda, xolo misi damcavi funqcia im qveynisaTvis, romelsac gardamavali periodis qariSxali ukve gadalaxuli hqonda, sasicocxlo aRar iyo. monarqiulma finansurma politikam qveynis Zliereba metismetad SezRuda da axla ukve misi vaWrobis SezRudvac daiwyo. privilegiebis SenarCunebas monarqia maTi borotad gamoyenebiT cdilobda, da amiT azianebda qveynis resursebs. Sromisa da industriis arnaxuli gankargva da SemoRobvis moZraobis frTxili da windaxeduli kontroli monarqis ukanasknel miRwevebs warmoadgenda. magram, vinaidan, kapitalistebi da mzardi saSualo klasis damsaqmeblebi gvevlinebodnen damcavi zomebis umTavres dazaralebulebad, es miRwevebi advilad mieca daviwyebas. momdevno ori saukune dasWirda imas, rom ingliss xelaxla hqonoda iseTive efeqturi da mowesrigebuli socialuri politika, rogoric Tanamegobrobam mospo. unda vaRiaroT, rom msgavsi paternalisturi politikis saWiroeba axla naklebad idga. magram orsaukunovanma wyvetam uzarmazari ziani moitana im TvalsazrisiT, rom xeli Seuwyo eris mexsierebidan amoSliliyo SemoRobvis periodis saSinelebani da is miRwevebi, romlebic mTavrobis mier depopulaciis safrTxis daZleva iyo. SesaZloa am faqtiT aixsnas is, Tu ratom ver moxerxda krizisis realuri bunebis gaazreba 150 wlis Semdegac, rodesac industriuli revoluciis 103 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi formiT, msgavsi katastrofa daemuqra qveynis cxovrebasa da keTildReobas. amjeradac, es specifikuri inglisuri movlena iyo; rogorc maSin, ise axlac, sazRvao vaWroba warmoadgenda im moZraobis mizezs, romelmac gavlena mTels qveyanaze iqonia; da amjeradac, uzarmazari masStabis ekonomikurma ganviTarebam gamoiwvia ubralo xalxis sacxovrebeli pirobebis aqamde arnaxuli gauareseba. sanam procesi Zalze Sors wavidoda, mSromelma xalxma axlad aoxrebul-gapartaxebul adgilebSi, inglisis e.w. industriul qalaqebSi moiyara Tavi; soflis xalxs jurRmulebSi cxovrebisagan adamianuri saxe daekargaT; ojaxebi daRupvis pirad iyvnen; xolo soflebis vrceli teritoriebi swrafad qrebodnen „ eSmakis wisqvilebidan “ gadmonTxeuli industriuli narCenebis – qvanaxSiris mtvrisa da jarTis grovebis qveS. nebismieri mikuTvnebulobisa Tu msoflmxedvelobis warmomadgeneli komentatorebi, ganurCevlad imisa, konservatorebi iyvnen Tu liberalebi, kapitalistebi Tu socialistebi, industriuli revoluciis mier warmoqmnil socialur pirobebs adamianis degradaciisken mimarTul namdvil ufskrulad moiazrebdnen. am movlenis amomwuravi axsna jerac ar arsebobs. Tanamedroveebma warmoidgines, rom maT am wyevlis safuZvels simdidrisa da siRaribis warmmarTvel im mkacr kanonzomierebebSi miagnes, rasac isini anazRaurebis kanonsa da mosaxleobis kanons uwodebdnen; es kanonzomierebebi ar dadasturda. simdidrisa da siRaribis kidev erT amxsnel faqtorad eqspluatacia iqna moazrebuli, magram es faqtori ver xsnida im garemoebas, rom anazRaureba momdevno saukunis ganmavlobaSi, mTlianobaSi mzardi iyo. yvelaze xSirad, sxvadasxva mizezTa erTobliobas iSveliebdnen, rac aseve ar iyo damajerebeli. 104 Tavi 3 „ekonomikuri winsvla sacxovrebeli pirobebis sapirwoned“ Cven mier SemoTavazebuli axsna martivi sulac ar aris: metic, is am wignis udides nawils Seadgens. Cven miviCnevT, rom ingliss socialuri ryevebis talRam gadauara, romelic SemoRobvis periodis farglebs gascda; rom es katastrofa Tan sdevda ekonomikuri ganviTarebis farTomasStabian cvlilebebs; rom dasavlur sazogadoebaze sruliad axalma instituciurma meqanizmma daiwyo zemoqmedeba; rom misi safrTxeebi, romelTac Tavidanve uzarmazari zarali gamoiwvies, arasodes gadalaxula; da rom XIX saukunis civilizaciis istoria didwilad Sedgeba sazogadoebis mcdelobisagan daecva Tavi aseTi meqanizmis gamanadgurebeli Sedegebisagan. industriuli revolucia mxolod dasawyisi iyo iseTi eqstremaluri da radikaluri revoluciisa, romlis msgavsic seqtantebs Tu mouvidodaT TavSi. magram axali kredo ukiduresad materialisturi iyo da efuZneboda rwmenas, rom adamianTa nebismieri problemis gadaWra mxolod SeuzRudavi materialuri keTildReobis SemTxvevaSi iyo SesaZlebeli. bevrjer Tqmula imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor gamoiwvia industriuli revolucia bazrebis gafarToebam, qvanaxSirisa da rkinis madnebis arsebobam, bambis industriisaTvis xelsayrelma notio klimatma, im adamianTa simravlemac, romelTac XVIII saukunis SemoRobvis cnobili procesebis Sedegad sakuTreba CamoerTvaT, aseve Tavisufali institutebis arsebobam, danadgarebis gamogonebam da sxva urTierTdakavSirebulma mizezebma. daskvnis saxiT warmoCinda, rom am mizezTa jaWvisgan arc erTis gamoyofa da am ucabedi da moulodneli movlenis mTavar gamomwvevad miCneva ar iqneba marTebuli. magram rogor unda ganvmartoT Tavad es revolucia ? ra iyo misi ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli – industriuli qalaqebis gaCena da jurRmulebis warmoqmna, Tu bavSvTa ugrZesi samuSao saaTebi da dabali anazRaureba garkveuli kategoriis 105 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi mSromelebisTvis, Tu mosaxleobis swrafi zrda da industriaTa koncentracia ? Cven vfiqrobT, rom yvelaferi es, ubralod Tan daerTo erT ZiriTad cvlilebas – sabazro ekonomikis damyarebas, xolo am instituciis bunebis sruli gaazreba SeuZlebelia imis gacnobierebis gareSe, Tu ra gavlena hqonda manqana-danadgarebs komerciul sazogadoebaze. Cven ar vapirebT imis mtkicebas, rom yvelaferi rac moxda, manqana-danadgarebma gamoiwvia. Tumca, Cven vamtkicebT, rom mas Semdeg, rac komerciul sazogadoebaSi warmoebis procesSi daxvewili manqanebisa da danadgarebis gamoyeneba daiwyes, TviTregulirebadi sabazro sistemis idea aucileblad Seisxamda xorcs. agrarul da komerciul sazogadoebaSi, specializebuli manqana-danadgarebis gamoyeneba yovelTvis iwvevs konkretul Sedegebs. aseTi sazogadoeba Sedgeba soflis meurneobis mimdevrebisa da vaWrebisagan, romlebic yiduloben da yidian miwisgan miRebul dovlaTs. specializebuli, daxvewili da ZviradRirebuli xelsawyoebiTa da danadgarebiT warmoebas msgavs sazogadoebaSi mxolod im SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba hqondes azri, Tu is yidva-gayidvas daeqvemdebareba. vaWari aq erTaderTi figuraa, romelsac amis uzrunvelyofa SeuZlia, da is mzadaa amis sakeTeblad im SemTxvevaSi, Tu es saqmianoba mas ar azaralebs. is saqonels iseve gayidis, rogorc sxva dros yidda, anu moTxovnis Sesabamisad. Tumca, saqonels is amjerad gansxvavebulad Seisyidis. kerZod, mza produqts ki ar iyidis, aramed SeiZens aucilebel Sromasa da nedleuls. vaWris miTiTebis mixedviT am ori elementis Sejereba da zed damatebuli garkveuli sacdeli dro, saboloo jamSi, warmoqmnis axal produqts. es yvelaferi mxolod Sinamrewvelobis an e.w. „ gadabarebis sistemis “ aRweras ki ar warmoadgens, aramed nebismieri tipis, maT Soris Cveni drois industriuli kapi106 Tavi 3 „ekonomikuri winsvla sacxovrebeli pirobebis sapirwoned“ talizmis raobas. socialuri sistemisaTvis mniSvnelovani Sedegebi am yvelafris mxolod Tanamdevia. daxvewili manqana-danadgarebi vinaidan Zviria, maTi daxmarebiT didi odenobis saqoneli ar iwarmoeba, amitom isini amonagebs ar iZlevian. 1 am danadgarebis amuSaveba danakargis gareSe mxolod maSin aris SesaZlebeli, Tu saqonlis gasaRebis sakiTxi uzrunvelyofilia, xolo warmoebis procesi ar brkoldeba warmoebisaTvis aucilebeli nedleulis arqonis gamo. movaWrisaTvis es niSnavs, rom warmoebis yvela faqtori unda iyidebodes, anu, isini sasurveli raodenobiT xelmisawvdomi unda iyos nebismierisaTvis, vinc Tanxas gadaixdis. manam ki, sanam es piroba ar dakmayofildeba, specializebuli manqana-danadgarebiT warmoebis dawyeba Zalze sariskoa rogorc vaWrisaTvis, romelic procesSi Tanxas abandebs, ise mTlianad sazogadoebisaTvis, romelic Semosavlis, dasaqmebisa da aucilebeli maragebis kuTxiT, damokidebuli xdeba warmoebis uwyvet procesze. agrarul sazogadoebaSi, aseTi pirobebi bunebrivad ver warmoiqmneboda: isini gangeb unda SeeqmnaT. is faqti, rom msgavsi pirobebi mxolod TandaTanobiT Seiqmneboda, aranairad ar cvlis mosalodneli cvlilebebis gansakuTrebul xasiaTs. transformacia gulisxmobs sazogadoebis wevrebis mxridan qmedebis motivis Secvlas: sarCos mopovebis motivi mogebis motivs unda Caenacvlebina. aseT dros, yvela garigeba fulad garigebad iqceva da es, Tavis mxriv, saWiroebs gacvlis saSualebis damkvidrebas industriuli cxovrebis nebismier sferoSi. amgvar sistemaSi, yvela Semosavali raimes gayidvidan unda warmoiSvas, da saidanac ar unda iRebdes pirovneba realur Semosavals, mis wyarod gayidvebi unda CaiTvalos. martivi termini – „ sabazro sistema “ 1 Clapham , J . H ., Economic History of Modern Britain , Vol . III . 107 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi – romelsac Cven zemoT aRwerili instituciuri modelis saxelad viyenebT, swored amas gulisxmobs. magram amgvari sistemis metad sakvirveli Tavisebureba is aris, rom Tu is erTxel ukve damyardeba, misi funqcionireba uzrunvelyofili unda iqnas yovelgvari gare Carevis gareSe. aq ukve mogeba garantirebuli aRar aris – axla vaWarma sargebeli bazarze unda naxos. fasebs TviTregulirebis saSualeba unda mieceT. swored bazrebis aseTi TviTregulirebadi sistemaa is, rasac Cven sabazro ekonomikas vuwodebT. adreuli ekonomikis am sistemad gardaqmna imdenad dasrulebuli procesia, rom is muxluxos metamorfozas ufro waagavs, vidre nebismier sxva saxecvalebadobas, romelic SesaZloa uwyveti zrdisa da ganviTarebis terminebiT aRiweros. SeadareT magaliTad vaWar-mwarmoeblis gayidvebis saqmianoba, mis Sesyidvebis saqmianobas: is warmoebul saqonels yidis; is, Tu ramdenad warmatebuli iqneba myidvelis moZiebaSi, sazogadoebis struqturaze gavlenas ar iqoniebs. magram rasac Tavad yidulobs , es nedleuli da Sroma, anu buneba da adamiania. komerciul sazogadoebaSi, manqana-danadgarebis saSualebiT warmoeba, faqtobrivad, moiTxovs sazogadoebis bunebrivi da adamianuri safuZvlis saqonlad gadaqcevas. daskvna ucnauri, magram garduvalia da misi gacxadebis gareSe Cveni mizani miuRweveli darCeba; aSkaraa, rom aseTi meqanizmebiT gapirobebuli socialuri qsovilis morRveva, adamianuri urTierTobebis moSlas gamoiwvevda, xolo mis bunebriv garemos ganadgurebiT daemuqreboda. faqtobrivad, aseTi safrTxe gardauvali iyo. Cven am safrTxis realuri maxasiaTeblebis gaazrebas mxolod im SemTxvevaSi SevZlebT, Tuki im kanonebs gamovikvlevT, romlebic TviTregulirebad bazars marTavdnen. 108 Tavi 4 sazogadoebebi da ekonomikuri sistemebi sabazro ekonomikis kanonebi XIX saukuneSi yalibdeboda. sanam am kanonebis ganxilvas gavagrZelebT, pirvel rigSi, kargad unda gaviazroT is ucnauri varaudebi, romlebic am sistemas edo safuZvlad. sabazro ekonomika gulisxmobs bazrebis TviTregulirebad sistemas; odnav ufro teqnikuri maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT, es aris ekonomika, romelic imarTeba sabazro fasebiT, da arafriT sabazro fasebis garda. aseT sistemas mTliani ekonomikuri cxovrebis gare daxmarebisa Tu Carevis gareSe organizeba rom SesZleboda, maSin namdvilad daimsaxurebda „ TviTregulirebad “ sistemad moxseniebas. es uxeSi maCvenebeli sakmarisi unda iyos kacobriobis istoriaSi am sarisko wamowyebis yovlad uprecedento bunebis saCveneblad. modiT ufro TvalsaCino gavxadoT is, Tu ras vgulisxmobT amaSi. bunebrivad, verc erTi sazogadoeba, erTi dRec ver iarsebebda raime tipis ekonomikis gareSe; magram Cvens dromde, arc erTi arsebuli ekonomika, principebis donezec ki ar yofila marTuli bazrebiT. XIX saukuneSi gavrcelebuli jgufuri akademiuri Selocvebis miuxedavad, gacvlis Sedegad miRebuli sargebeli da mogeba arasdros TamaSob109 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi da mniSvnelovan rols adamianTa ekonomikur cxovrebaSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom bazari, rogorc instituti sakmaod farTod iyo gavrcelebuli gviani qvis xanidan moyolebuli, misi roli ekonomikur cxovrebaSi arasdros aWarbebda Tanmxlebis rols. am Tezisis gansamtkiceblad kargi mizezi gvaqvs, vinaidan Cvens xelTaa yvela argumenti. adam smitis masStabis moazrovnem SemogvTavaza, rom Sromis danawileba sazogadoebaSi damokidebuli iyo bazrebis arsebobaze. an, rogorc man Tqva adamianis „ midrekilebaze ganaxorcielos barteruli qmedeba, mimocvla, da erTi sagnis meoreze gacvla. “ am frazam mogvianebiT „ ekonomikuri adamianis “ koncefcia warmoqmna. retrospeqtiulad rom SevxedoT, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom warsulis araswori wakiTxva, arasdros yofila momavlis ase zedmiwevniT ganmWvreteli. Tu adam smitis periodamde, arc erTi gamokvleuli sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi, es midrekileba didad ar arsebobda da is metwilad ekonomikur cxovrebas daqvemdebarebuli maxasiaTebeli iyo, asi wlis Semdeg, industriuli sistema planetis udides nawilSi srulad Semotrialda. praqtikasa Tu TeoriaSi, es niSnavda, rom adamianTa modgma politikur, inteleqtualur, da sulierebis sferoebSi Tu ara, ekonomikur aqtivobebSi SeiWra am konkretuli midrekilebiT. herbert spenserma, mecxramete saukunis meore naxevarSi, Sromis danawilebis principi gaaigiva bartersa da gacvlasTan, xolo momdevno 50 wlis Semdeg, ludvig von mizesma da valter lipmanma igive Secdoma gaimeores. im periodisaTvis, argumentebisa da kamaTis aucilebloba ar idga. mTeli rigi avtorebi politikur ekonomikaSi, socialur istoriaSi, politikur filosofiasa da zogad sociologiaSi smitis gzas gayvnen da misi paradigma veluri barteris Sesaxeb sakuTar samecniero sferoebSi aqsiomad daafuZnes. faqtobrivad, adam smitis gaazrebebi adreuli 110 Tavi 4 sazogadoebebi da ekonomikuri sistemebi adamianis ekonomikuri fsiqologiis Sesaxeb iseve mcdari iyo, rogorc rusos mosazrebebi velurTa politikur fsiqologiaze. Sromis danawileba, rac Zveli sazogadoebis fenomenia, iseTi gansxvavebebidan aris wamozrdili, rogoric aris sqesi, geografia, da bunebiT miniWebuli individualuri niWi; xolo mtkiceba adamianis barterisa da mimocvlisken midrekilebis Sesaxeb, TiTqmis mTlianad apokrifulia. miuxedavad imisa, rom istoria da eTnografia icnobs uamravi tipis ekonomikas, romelTa umetesoba moicavda sabazro institutebs, Cvens dromde, igi istoria ar icnobs arc erT ekonomikas, romelic Tundac miaxloebuli doziT kontroldeba da regulirdeba bazrebis mier. ekonomikuri sistemebisa da bazrebis istoriisaTvis Tvalis Sevlebac sakmarisia imisaTvis, raTa es faqti TvalsaCino gaxdes. am istoriaSi gamoCndeba, rom is roli, romlebic bazrebma sxvadasxva qveynebis Sida ekonomikebSi Seasrules, Tanamedrove epoqamde umniSvnelo iyo, da mkafiod gamoikveTeba is gansxvavebebi, rac sabazro qceviT dominirebul ekonomikaze gadasvlas axasiaTebs. dasawyisisaTvis, XIX saukunis is zogierTi crurwmena unda gavabaTiloT, romelic safuZvlad edo adam smitis hipoTezas imis Sesaxeb, rom primitiul adamians momgebiani saqmianobisken swrafva axasiaTebs. vinaidan misi aqsioma ufro metad momavals miesadageboda, vidre mkrTal warsuls, smitis mimdevrebSi am azrma ucnauri damokidebuleba warmoSva adamianis adreuli istoriis mimarT. amis sapirispirod, mtkicebulebebi imas miuTiTebdnen, rom primitiuli adamiani, romelic Sors iyo kapitalisturi fsiqologiisgan, atarebda komunistur fsiqologias ( mogvianebiT, es daSvebac Secdoma aRmoCnda ) . Sedegad, ekonomikis istorikosebi sakuTar interesebs istoriis SedarebiT adreul periods uTmobdnen, ra droSic gacvlisa da mimocvlis povna nebismieri masStabiT SeiZleboda. primitiuli ekonomikebi 111 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi ki preistoriul periodSi iqna gadasrolili. aman gaucnobiereblad is gamoiwvia, rom sabazro fsiqologiiT aixsna bevri ram, vinaidan ise mokle drois ganmavlobaSi, rogorc gasuli ramdenime saukunea, miuxedavad am periodSi arsebuli yvela sxva tendenciisa romelic droebiT Caiylapa, nebismier movlenas SeeZlo daefuZnebina is, rac SemdgomSi dafuZnda – anu, sabazro sistema. am „ viwro droiTi perspeqtivis “ koreqtireba is iqneboda, Tu ekonomikis istorias socialur anTropologias davukavSirebT, rasac mudmivad icileben xolme Tavidan. am gziT svlas dRes ukve veRar gavagrZelebT. Cveva, rom aTi aTasi wlis win arsebuli situacia, iseve rogorc adreuli sazogadoebebis maxasiaTeblebi, im Cveni civilizaciis namdvili istoriis ubralo preludiad aRviqvaT, romelic aTvlas daaxloebiT 1776 wels, „ xalxTa simdidris “ gamoqveynebisas iwyebs – rogorc minimum, moZvelebulia. es swored is epizodia, romelmac Cvens droSi sakuTari Tavi ukve amowura, da samomavlo alternativebis gaazrebis mcdelobisas, Cven aucileblad unda SevasustoT Cveni bunebrivi midrekileba mivyveT mamebis miswrafebebs. magram igive mikerZoebam, romelmac adam smitis Taobas pirvelyofili adamiani barterisa da gacvlisken midrekilad warmoaCenina, ganapiroba maTi memkvidreebis mier adreuli adamianis mimarT interesis ar arseboba. vinaidan amjerad, mas icnobdnen rogorc aqtors, romelsac ar hqonia roli am sanaqebo vnebebis ganviTarebaSi. klasikur ekonomistTa tradiciam – romelic cdilobs sabazro kanonebi adamianis bunebriv midrekilebebze daafuZnos – gaaqro nebismieri interesi „ aracivilizebuli “ kulturebis adamianebis mimarT, vinaidan es ararelevanturad CaiTvala Cveni epoqis problemebis gagebis procesSi. adreul civilizaciebTan mimarTebaSi amgvar subieqtivizmiT gamsWvalul damokidebulebas mecnieruli gonisken 112 Tavi 4 sazogadoebebi da ekonomikuri sistemebi swrafva ar unda hqondes. gansxvavebebi, romlebic civilizebulsa da „ aracivilizebul “ xalxebs Soris arsebobs, didwilad gazviadebulia, gansakuTrebiT ki ekonomikis sferoSi. istorikosTa mixedviT, sasoflo-sameurneo evropaSi, industriuli cxovrebis wesebi bolo periodamde didad ar gansxvavdeboda im wesebisagan, romlebic ramdenime aTasi wliT adre arsebobda. saxnavi guTnis SemoRebis Semdeg – romelic cxovelebis saSualebiT farTod Toxnida miwas – soflis meurneobis meTodebi dasavleT da centraluri evropis udides nawilSi Tanamedrove epoqamde ar Secvlila. faqtobrivad, civilizaciis progresi am regionebSi gamoixateboda politikur, inteleqtualur, da sulier aspeqtebSi; xolo materialur pirobebs rac SeexebaT, qristesSobidan 1100 wels, dasavleT evropa aTasi wliT ukan myof romaul samyaros Znelad Tu udebda tols. Tundac SemdgomSi, cvlileba ufro advilad vrceldeboda saxelmwifo saqmis, literaturis, da xelovnebis, gansakuTrebiT ki religiisa da codnis arxebiT, vidre industriaSi. ekonomikis sferoSi, Sua saukuneebis evropa didwilad uZvelesi sparseTis, indoeTisa da CineTis doneze idga, da misi simdidriTa da kulturiT verc ki Seedreboda ori aTasi wlis winandel egviptis axal samefos. Tanamedrove ekonomikis istorikosebs Soris, maqs veberi pirveli iyo, vinc gaaprotesta primitiuli ekonomikis ugulebelyofa civilizebuli sazogadoebebis motivebisa da meqanizmebis gagebis mcdelobisas. Tavisi Semdgomi naSromiT socialur anTropologiaSi, is empaTiurad marTali aRmoCnda. vinaidan Tu adreuli sazogadoebebis bolo kvlevebisagan erTi daskvna meoreze ufro mkafiod gansxvavdeba, es adamianis, rogorc socialuri arsebis ucvlelobas unda davabralo. adamianis bunebrivi niWebi gasaocari mudmivobiT iCens xolme Tavs yvela droisa da mdebareobis sazogadoebebSi; 113 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi xolo adamianTa sazogadoebis gadarCenisaTvis aucilebeli winapirobebi yovelTvis erTi da igivea. bolodroindeli istoriuli da anTropologiuri kvlevebis gamorCeuli aRmoCena is aris, rom adamianis ekonomika, rogorc wesi, mis socialur urTierTobebSia Cabetonebuli. misi qceva ar aris ganpirobebuli misi individualuri interesiT flobdes materialur sagnebs; misi qceva ganpirobebulia misi socialuri poziciis, socialuri moTxovnebis, socialuri aqtivebis uzrunvelyofis surviliT. is afasebs materialur sagnebs mxolod imdenad, ramdenadac isini am miznebis miRwevaSi exmarebian. arc warmoebis, da arc distribuciis procesi dakavSirebuli ar aris konkretul ekonomikur interesTan, romelic materialuri sagnebis flobas gulisxmobs; magram am procesSi, yoveli nabiji morgebulia socialur interesebs, romlebic sabolood uzrunvelyofen am nabijebis ganxorcielebas. es interesebi did despotur sazogadoebebSi gansxvavebuli iqneba monadireTa an meTevzeTa mcire komunebis interesebisagan, magram nebismier ekonomikur sistemaSi warmarTuli iqneba araekonomikuri motivebiT. TviTgadarCenis TvalsazrisiT Tu SevxedavT, es martivi axsnaa. magaliTad aviRoT traibaluri sazogadoeba. aq individs msxvili ekonomikuri interesi iSviaTad axasiaTebs, vinaidan sazogadoeba Tavis wevrebs SimSilisagan icavs im SemTxvevis garda, Tu Tavadac katastrofis msxverpli ar aris, romlis drosac interesebi ara individualurad, aramed koleqtiurad dgeba safrTxis qveS. meore mxriv, socialuri kavSirebis SenarCunebas gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs. upirvelesad imitom, rom sazogadoebisaTvis misaRebi pativiscemisa Tu guluxvobis kodeqsebis ugulebelyofiT, individi wyvets kavSirs sazogadoebasTan da gandevnili xdeba. meorec, vinaidan grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi, yvelanairi socialuri valdebuleba ormxrivia, maTi Sesruleba 114 Tavi 4 sazogadoebebi da ekonomikuri sistemebi gacemisa da miRebis mimarT adamianis interesebsac akmayofilebs. aseTma situaciam individze mudmivi wnexi unda ganaxorcielos, raTa is cnobierebaSi ebrZolos sakuTari ekonomikuri interesisken swrafvas im donemde, rom bevr SemTxvevaSi ( Tumca ara yvelaSi ) man aseTi interesis arsebobis SemTxvevaSic ki veRar SeZlos sakuTari qmedebebis gavlenis gaazreba. es damokidebuleba Zlierdeba imgvari komunaluri aqtivobebis sixSiriT, rogoric aris saerTo kulturaTa resursebidan sakvebis ganawileba, an kidev Soreuli da saSiSi traibaluri eqspediciebis nadavlis gaziareba. xelgaSlilobisaTvis gansazRvruli saboloo jildo, romelic socialuri prestiJis sazomebSia gamoTvlili, imdenad didia, rom sakuTari Tavis daviwyebis garda, nebismieri sxva tipis qceva aranair Sedegs ar iZleva. pirovnul xasiaTs am sakiTxTan didi kavSiri ar aqvs. adamiani erTi tipis RirebulebebTan mimarTebaSic iseTive keTili an boroti, socialuri an asocialuri, Suriani an xelgaSlili SeiZleba iyos, rogorc sxva RirebulebebTan mimarTebaSi. eWvianobis Sesaxeb msjelobis akrZalva ceremoniuli distribuciisaTvis miRebuli principia, iseve rogorc qebis sajarod gamoTqmaa savaldebulo Sromismoyvare, daostatebuli, an sxva raime kuTxiT warmatebuli mebaRis misamarTiT ( Tu is zedmetad warmatebuli ar aris, ra SemTxvevaSic mas SesaZloa miscen neli sikvdilis neba im iluziis SeqmniT, rom is Savi magiis msxverplia ) . adamianis vnebebi, kargi Tu cudi, mimarTulia mxolod araekonomikuri miznebisaken. ceremoniuli demonstracia SejibrebiTobis ukiduresad gaRvivebas uwyobs xels, xolo komunaluri Sromis Cveva uaRresad maRal raodenobriv da Tvisebriv standartebs awesebs. mimocvlis aqti ufaso saCuqrebis saSualebiT, romelsac Tan axlavs ormxrivobis, anu nacvalgebis molodini – Tumca ara aucileblad igive individebis mier – warmoadgens proceduras, romelic yo115 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi velwuTierad artikulirebuli da SesaniSnavad daculia sajaroobis saguldagulod SemuSavebuli meTodebiT, magiuri wesebiTa da dafuZnebuli „ dualobebiT, “ romelTa mixedviTac, jgufebi erTmaneTTan valdebulebebiT arian dakavSirebulni. mimocvlis aseTma qmedebam TavisTavad unda axsnas mogebisa Tu simdidris cnebebis ararseboba, garda imgvari SemTxvevisa, rodesac magaliTad simdidre gulisxmobs socialuri prestiJis ganmsazRvrel tradiciul sagnebs. dasavleT melaneziuri sazogadoebis maxasiaTeblebis am zogad monaxazSi, Cven ar gagviTvaliswinebia misi seqsualuri Tu teritoriuli organizeba, razec gavlena aqvs Cveulebas, kanons, magiasa da religias. Cven mxolod imis Cveneba gvindoda, Tu rogor ibadeba e.w. ekonomikuri motivebi socialuri cxovrebis konteqstidan. swored am negatiur sakiTxebze Tanxmdebian Tanamedrove eTnografebi: mogebis motivis ararsebobaze; anazRaurebisaTvis ganxorcielebuli Sromis principis ararsebobaze; yvelaze naklebi Zalisxmevis principis ararsebobaze; da gansakuTrebiT, nebismieri imgvari calkeuli da gamorCeuli institutis ararsebobaze, romelic ekonomikur motivebze iqneboda dafuZnebuli. Cndeba kiTxva: maS rogor xdeboda warmoebisa da distribuciis procesSi wesrigis uzrunvelyofa ? amis pasuxi umTavresad qcevis im or principSia, romlebic uSualod ekonomikasTan ar asocirdebian. es principebia: nacvalgeba da redistribucia 1 . dasavleT malaneziis trobrianis kunZulelebisaTvis, romlebic am tipis ekonomikis ilustracias warmoadgenen, nacvalgeba metwilad muSaobs sazogadoebis seqsualuri organizebis sakiTxSi, rac gulisxmobs ojaxsa da naTesaobas; redistribucia ki, ume1 Cf . Notes on Sources , p . 277 . am TavSi xSirad aris gamoyenebuli malinovskisa da Turnvaldis naSromebi. 116 Tavi 4 sazogadoebebi da ekonomikuri sistemebi tesad qmediTia maTTan mimarTebaSi, visac saerTo xelmZRvaneli hyavs, da Sesabamisad, is teritoriuli xasiaTisaa. modiT TiToeuli es principi cal-calke ganvixiloT. ojaxis – anu qalisa da Svilebis dapureba warmoadgens dedis mxridan naTesavebis valdebulebas. mamakaci, romelic misi disa da dis ojaxisaTvis zrunavs da maT mosavlis saukeTeso saxeobebiT amaragebs, ndobas ZiriTadad misi kargi qcevis gamo imsaxurebs, magram sanacvlod raime gansakuTrebul pirdapir materialur sargebels ver iRebs; Tuki is sustia, maSin pirvel rigSi, misi reputacia zaraldeba. swored misi colisa da Svilebis sasargeblod muSaobs nacvalgebis principi, romelic mis Sromas ekonomikur kompensacias ukeTebs mis mier ganxorcielebuli samoqalaqo sikeTis gamo. sakvebis ceremoniuli demonstrireba rogorc mis sakuTar baRSi, ise sakvebis mimRebis sawyobSi uzrunvelyofs imas, rom yvelasTvis cnobili iyos misi umaRlesi xarisxis mebaReobis Sesaxeb. aSkaraa, rom am sazogadoebaSi, baRCisa da Sinameurneobis ekonomika qmnis socialuri urTierTobebis im nawils, romelic dakavSirebulia karg qmrobasa da karg moqalaqeobasTan. nacvalgebis farTo principi exmareba da uzrunvelyofs rogorc warmoebas, ise ojaxis dapurebas. aranakleb efeqturia redistribuciis principi. kunZulis mTeli warmoebis mniSvnelovani nawili midis soflis TavkacTan, romelic nawarms Sesanax sawyobebSi inaxavs. magram vinaidan yvela komunaluri qmedeba nadimebis, cekvebisa da sxva movlenebis irgvliv trialebs, romlis drosac kunZulelebi erTmaneTs da sxva kunZulebidan mosul mezoblebs arToben ( sadac erTmaneTs gadascemen xolme Sor manZilze SeZenil navaWrsa da saCuqrebs, da etiketis wesebis mixedviT axorcielebdnen nacvalgebas, xolo ufrosi piri CveulebiT miRebul saCuqrebs gadascems yvelas ) Sesanaxi sistemis udidesi mniSvneloba aSkara xdeba. 117 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi ekonomikurad, es yvelaferi Sromis danawilebis arsebuli sistemis, sagareo vaWrobis, sajaro miznebisaTvis akrefili gadasaxadebisa da Tavdacvis momaragebisaTvis aucilebeli movlenebia. magram namdvili ekonomikuri sistemis es funqciebi mTlianad aris STanTqmuli im intensiuri da cocxali gamocdilebebis mier, romlebic socialuri sistemis CarCoebSi Sesrulebuli TiToeuli qmedebiT gvacnoben uamrav araekonomikur motivacias. Tumca, qcevis amgvari principebi efeqturi ver gaxdeba Tu damkvidrebuli instituciuri praqtika am principebis gamoyenebas ar uzrunvelyofs. nacvalgebisa da redistribuciis principebs SeuZliaT ekonomikuri sistemis muSaoba werilobiTi aRricxvisa da saguldagulod SemuSavebuli administrirebis gareSe uzrunvelyon mxolod imitom, rom am sazogadoebebis organizeba miesadageba amgvari gamosavlis moTxovnebs iseTi paternebis saSualebiT, rogoric aris simetria da centruloba . nacvalgeba – anu ormxrivi urTierToba – didwilad xorcieldeba simetriis instituciuri praqtikis meSveobiT, rac xSirad axasiaTebs gaunaTlebeli xalxebis socialur organizebas. is gasaocari „ dualoba, “ romelsac Cven traibalur qvejgufebSi vxvdebiT, individualur urTierTobebs awyvilebs da Sedegad, xels uwyobs saqonlisa da servisebis cirkulacias ( miRebasa da gacemas ) permanentuli aRricxvebis ararsebobis fonze. veluri sazogadoebis jgufebi, romlebic TiToeuli qvejgufisaTvis „ mewyviles “ qmnian xolme, nacvalgebis qmedebebis Sedegad warmoiqmnebian. garda amisa, es dawyvileba xels uwyobs nacvalgebis qmedebis ganxorcielebas, romelic sistemis sayrdenic aris. „ dualobis “ sawyisebze cota ram aris cnobili, Tumca, trobrianis kunZulebze, sanapiroze ganfenil TiToeul sofels, kunZulis SigniT Tavisi mewyvile sofeli hyavs, romelTan erTadac, saCuqrebis ormxrivi distribuciis 118 Tavi 4 sazogadoebebi da ekonomikuri sistemebi saxeliT, drodadro organizebas uwevs puris nayofisa da Tevzis produqtebis mniSvnelovan mimocvlas. kulas vaWrobisasac, TiToeul individs hyavs partniori meore kunZulze, rac sakmao doziT axdens nacvalgebis personificirebas. magram tomis qvedanayofebSi, dasaxlebis adgilebSi, da tomTaSoris urTierTobebSi, simetriis praqtikis sixSiris gamo, farTo masStabis nacvalgeba, romelic grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi eyrdnoba miRebisa da gacemis gancalkevebul qmedebebs praqtikaSi ver ganxorcieldeboda. centrulobis instituciuri praqtika, romelic garkveuli doziT adamianTa yvela jgufSi arsebobs, akontrolebs saqonlisa da servisebis Segrovebas, dasawyobebasa da redistribucias. xSirad, monadire tomis wevrebi nanadirevs gadasanawileblad ufross gadascemen xolme. samonadiro saqmianobis buneba is aris, rom nanadirevi koleqtiuri Zalisxmevis Sedegad aris mopovebuli da Tanac araregularuloba axasiaTebs. amgvar pirobebSi, gadanawilebis sxva meTodis praqtikaSi ganxorcieleba warmoudgenelia Tu ar gvinda rom yoveli nadirobis Semdgom jgufi daiSalos. miuxedavad amisa, rac ar unda mravalricxovani jgufi iyos, yvela aseTi tipis ekonomikas msgavsi saWiroebebi axasiaTebs. rac ufro didia teritoria, da mravalferovania nawarmi, misi gadanawileba miT ufro metad gamoiwvevs Sromis efeqtur gadanawilebas, vinaidan es xels uwyobs mwarmoebelTa geografiulad gansxvavebuli jgufebis dakavSirebas. simetria da centruloba nawilobriv akmayofileben nacvalgebisa da redistribuciis moTxovnebs; qcevis instituciuri praqtikebi da principebi ormxrivad aris SemuSavebuli. ramdenadac socialuri organizeba mis kalapotSi mimdinareobs, aranairi individualuri ekonomikuri motivi ar aris saWiro; personaluri Zalisxmevebis maqsimalurad Seusrulebloba SiSebs ar iwvevs; avtoma119 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi turad aris uzrunvelyofili Sromis ganawileba; xdeba ekonomikuri valdebulebebisgan drouli gaTavisufleba; da rac mTavaria, yvela saxalxo festivalze, siuxvis Warbi demonstrirebisaTvis saWiro materialuri saSualebebi mravlad aris. aseT sazogadoebaSi, mogebis idea akrZalulia; sajarod igmoba morigeba da SevaWreba; ufasod gacema saTnoebad da sikeTed miiCneva; barteris, gacvlisa da mimocvlisadmi adamianis aqamde navaraudevi midrekileba arsad Cans. faqtobrivad, ekonomikuri sistema socialuri organizaciis ubralo funqciaa. azrsmoklebulia davaskvnaT, rom aseTi socio-ekonomikuri principebi SezRudulia primitiuli procedurebiT an mcire sazogadoebebiT. arc is unda gvegonos, rom mogebis gareSe an bazris gareSe arsebuli ekonomika aucileblad martivia. dasavleT melaneziaSi, kulas mimocvlis rkali ( e.w. – “ Kula Ring ” ) , romelic nacvalgebis principzea agebuli, kacobriobisaTvis cnobili erT-erTi yvelaze daxvewili savaWro tranzaqciebis sistemaa; xolo redistribucia giganturi masStabiT iyo warmodgenili piramidebis civilizaciaSi. trobrianis kunZulebi miekuTvneba arqipelags, romelic uxeSad wres qmnis, xolo am arqipelagis mosaxleobis mniSvnelovani nawili drois did nawils kulas vaWrobaze xarjavs. miuxedavad imisa, rom mogeba iq ar figurirebs, Cven amas aRvwerT rogorc vaWrobas – fuliT an saxeobiT; aq saqonels arc imarageben da arc permanentulad floben; saqoneli, romelsac iReben aseve siamovnebiT gascemen; ar arsebobs morigeba da SevaWreba, arc mimocvla, barteri da gacvla; mTeli es procedura marTulia etiketisa da magiis mier; da mainc, es vaWrobaa, da periodulad, adgilobrivebi rkalis formis arqipelagis gaswvriv did eqspediciebs awyoben, raTa erTi tipis Rirebuli sagani gadascen xalxs, romelic saaTiseburad ganlagebul Soreul kunZulebze 120 Tavi 4 sazogadoebebi da ekonomikuri sistemebi cxovrobs; sxva dros sxva eqspediciebi ewyoba gansxvavebuli Rirebuli sagnis gadasacemad arqipelagis im kunZulebisaTvis, romlebic saaTis sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT arian ganlagebuli. xangrZliv perspeqtivaSi, orive tipi sagnebi – TeTri niJarisagan gakeTebuli samklavurebi, da wiTeli niJarisan gakeTebuli tradiciuli yelsabamebi – imoZraveben arqipelagis irgvliv, im traeqtoriiT, romlis dasrulebasac SesaZloa 10 weli dasWirdes. metic, rogorc wesi, kulaSi individualuri partniorebi hyavT, romlebic erTmaneTSi axorcieleben kulas saCuqrebis mimocvlas Tanabrad Rirebuli samklavurebisa da yelsabamebis meSveobiT. sasurvelia, rom es saCuqrebi adre vinme gamorCeuli adamianebis naqoni yofiliyo. Rirebuli da grZel distanciaze transportirebuli sagnebis amgvari sistematuri da organizebuli aReb-micemoba samarTlianad iwodeba vaWrobad. miuxedavad amisa, es kompleqsuri sistema eqskluziurad nacvalgebis principiT aris marTuli. drois, sivrcisa da adamianis es urTierTgadajaWvuli sistema, romelic aTasobiT milis gadalaxvasa da aTwleulebs moiTxovs, da aTasobiT mkacrad individualizebuli obieqtebis saSualebiT aseulobiT adamians akavSirebs, aq xorcieldeba ara mxolod nebismieri administraciisa Tu aRricxvis gareSe, aramed nebismieri mogebisa da gacvlis motivaciis gareSe. aqaur socialur qcevaSi dominirebs ara barterisken midrekileba, aramed ormxrivi nacvalgeba. miuxedavad amisa, Sedegad viRebT gasaocar organizaciul miRwevebs ekonomikis sferoSi. marTlac, saintereso iqneboda Segvemowmebina, Tu ramdenad SeZlebda Tundac yvelaze zust sabuRaltro aRricxvaze dafuZnebuli Tanamedrove sabazro organizacia aseTi amocanis Sesrulebas, im SemTxvevaSi Tu saerTod msgavs wamowyebas gabedavda. savaraudod, uiRblo gadamyidvelebi, romelTac uamravi monopolistis pirispir mouwevdaT saqmianoba, romlebic Tavis mxriv, yiduloben 121 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi da yidian individualur sagnebs da TiToeul tranzaqcias uamrav ugunur SezRudvebs uweseben, ver naxavdnen standartul mogebas da SeiZleba biznesidan gasvlac erCiaT. im masStabebis redistrubucia, romelsac piramidis mSeneblebi eweodnen, mxolod im ekonomikebamde ar daiyvaneboda, romelTaTvisac fulis fenomeni ucxo iyo. marTlac, arqauli samefoebi gadasaxadebis gadaxdisTvis da gasamrjelos gasacemad metalis valutas iyenebdnen, Tumca nebismieri sxva tipis gadasaxads naturiT ixdidnen, xorblis sacavebidan da sawyobebidan sxvadasxva saxis saqonlis gacemiT. am sacavebidan Tu sawyobebidan gamotanil sxvadasxva saqonels mosaxleobis mxolod aramwarmoebeli nawili moixmarda, anu xelisufalni, samxedroebi da Tavisufali klasi. swored es sistema funqcionirebda antikur CineTSi, inkebis imperiaSi, indoeTis samefoebsa da babilonis samefoSi. am da ekonomikuri miRwevebis mqone sxva mraval civilizaciaSi Sromis zedmiwevniTi danawileba redistribuciis meqanizmebis meSveobiT gaxda SesaZlebeli. feodalizmis pirobebSic swored msgavsi principi moqmedebda. rig SemTxvevebSi, afrikis eTnikurad stratificirebul sazogadoebebSi umaRlesi fena mwyemsebisgan Sedgeboda, romlebic miwaTmoqmedTa Soris dasaxldnen da saTxrel joxsa Tu nals dRemde iyeneben. mwyemsebis mier Segrovebuli ZRveni metwilad soflis meurneobis nobaTs warmoadgenda ( xorbalsa da svias ) , maSin, rodesac Tavad mwyemsebi ZRvenad saqonels gascemdnen, rogorc wesi cxvarsa da Txebs. am SemTxvevaSi, saqme gvaqvs sazogadoebis sxvadasxva fenas Soris Sromis uTanasworo gadanawilebasTan: gacema / ganawileba, rogorc wesi gadafaravda xolme eqspluatacias xarisxs, amavdroulad, simbiozi orive fenis standartebisTvis iyo sasargeblo, rac Tavis mxriv Sromis gaumjobesebuli danawilebis upiratesobebidan gamomdinareobda. politikuri TvalsazrisiT es sazogadoe122 Tavi 4 sazogadoebebi da ekonomikuri sistemebi bebi feodaluri reJimis pirobebSi cxovrobdnen, upirates Rirebulebas an saqoneli warmoadgenda an miwa. „ aRmosavleT afrikaSi mudmivi feodebi arsebobs “ . turnvaldi, romelsac gadanawilebis sakiTxebze msjelobda albaT ityoda, rom feodalizmi TavisTavad gulisxmobda gadanawilebiTi sistemis arsebobas. ganadawilebiTi sistema arsebiTad politikur xasiaTs mxolod gaumjobesebuli pirobebisa da gamonaklisi garemoebebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi iZens, rogorc es dasavleT evropaSi moxda, sadac cvlileba vasalis usafrTxoebis usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis saWiroebam warmoSva, xolo ZRveni feodalur xarkad gadaiqca. mocemuli magaliTebi gviCvenebs, rom gadanawileba aseve midrekilia ekonomikuri sistema mWidrod daukavSiros socialuri urTierTobebs. gadanawilebis procesi, rogorc wesi, dominanti politikuri reJimis mdgenel nawilad gvevlineba, iqneba es tomisa Tu qalaq – saxelmwifos despotizmi, Tu feodsa da miwebSi gabatonebuli feodalizmi.saqonlis warmoebisa da ganawilebis / gacemis procesi Segrovebis, dasawyobebisa da gadanawilebis meSveobiT organizdeba,xolo mocemuli struqturis mTavar elements beladi, taZari, despoti an xelisufali warmoadgens. gamomdinare iqidan, rom mmarTvelTa da marTulTa urTierTobebi gansxvavebulia im safuZvelTan SedarebiT, romelzec Tavad politikuri Zalaufleba Zevs, gadanawilebis principi aseve moicavs individualur miznebsa da miswrafebebs. am naSromSi Cven mizanmimarTulad ugulebelvyaviT arsebiTi gansxvavebebi homogenursa da stratificirebul sazogadoebebs Soris, sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, sazogadoebebs, romlebic mTlianobaSi gaerTianebulni arian, Tumca Tavad mmarTvelebad da marTulebad arian gaxleCilni. monebisa da ostatebis Tavisuflebis xarisxi axlosac araa tomebis monadireTa Tavisuflebasa da TanasworobasTan da Sesabamisad, am ori sazogadoebis motivebi erTmaneTisgan 123 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba. miuxedavad imisa, rom SesaZloa sazogadoebebis ekonomikuri sistemebi erTnair principebs emyarebodes, maTi Tanmdevi kulturuli Cveulebebi erTmaneTisgan Zalian gansxvavdeba, ukiduresad gansxvavebuli adamianuri urTierTobebisada gamo, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, mWidrodaa gadaxlarTuli ekonomikur sistemasTan. mesame principi, romelmac mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa istoriaSi Sinameurneobis saxelwodebiT aris cnobili, terminis arsi sakuTari moxmarebisTvis warmoebaSi mdgomareobs. berZnebi amas „ oekonomia “ -s (oeconomia) uwodebdnen, saidanac terminis „ ekonomika “ fuZe momdinareobs. eTnografiuli Canawerebis damowmebisada miuxedavad, marTebuli ar iqneba Tu davaskvniT, rom piradi moxmarebis mizniT warmoebis procesi win uswrebda nacvalgebasa da gadanawilebas. orTodoqsuli tradiciac, iseve, rogorc zogierTi SedarebiT Tanamedrove Teoria am mosazrebas upirispirdeba. sakvebis individualur Segrovebasa da sakuTari Tavis Tu ojaxis rCenis mizniT nadirobis praqtikas arasdros uarsebia da marTlac, konkretulad romelime Sinameurneobis momaragebis praqtika SedarebiT dawinaurebul safexurze mdgomi soflis meurneobis ekonomikur cxovrebis maxasiaTebels warmoadgens da mas araferi aqvs saerTo mogebis miRebis mizanTan an bazris institutTan. msgavs praqtikas erTgvar modelad Tu moviazrebT, maSin is Caketili jgufebis struqturad SegviZlia miviCnioT. im dros, rodesac ojaxis, dasaxlebis Tu mamulebis gansxvavebuli erTeulebi TviTkmar erTobebs ayalibebdnen, principi igive rCeboda – jgufis wevrebis saWiroebebis dakmayofilebis mizniT saqonlis warmoeba da momarageba. nacvalgebis da gadanawilebis msgavsad mocemul principsac farTo gamoyeneba aqvs. instituciur birTvs am SemTxvevaSi didi mniSvneloba ar eniWeba: es SesaZloa sqesi iyos patriarqalur ojaxSi, sasoflo dasaxlebis SemTxvevaSi adgilobrivis statusi, xolo 124 Tavi 4 sazogadoebebi da ekonomikuri sistemebi senioriis SemTxvevaSi ki politikuri Zalaufleba ( seigneu rial manor – ing. senioria – feodaluri mamuli safrangeTsa da dasavleT evropis sxva qveynebSi. memamule iyo senioriaSi Semavali yvela miwis uzenaesi mesakuTre ) . arc jgufis Sida organizebis tips aqvs didi mniSvneloba. is SesaZloa iseTive despoturi yofiliyo, rogorc romauli familiaa (familia) an iseTive demokratiuli, rogorc samxreT slavuri zadruga (zadruga) ; iseTive didi, rogorc karolingi xelmwifeebis didebuli samflobeloebi an iseTive mcire, rogorc saSualo SeZlebis glexis meurneoba iyo dasavleT evropaSi. vaWrobisa da sabazro urTierTobebis saWiroeba arafriT aRemateboda nacvalgebisa Tu gadanawilebis saWiroebas. 2000 welze meti xnis ukan aristotele Seecada saqmeTa msgavsi viTareba normad daemkvidrebina. msoflio sabazro ekonomikuri swrafad klebadi simaRleebidan ukan Tu gavixedavT aucileblad vaRiarebT, rom aristoteles mier „ politikis “ Sesaval nawilSi gamokveTili sxvaoba Sinameurneobasa da fulis gamomuSavebas Soris SesaZloa erT-erT yvelaze winaswarmetyvelur miTiTebas warmoadgendes socialuri mecnierebebis istoriaSi da amavdroulad sakiTxis saukuTeso analizsac. aristotele sargeblis mizniT warmoebis nacvlad mtkiced emxroba warmoebas moxmarebisTvis rasac zogadad Sinameurneobis arsadac ganixilavs; da mainc, bazrisTvis meorexarisxovan warmoebas ar daukninebia Sinameurneobis TviTkmaroba manam, sanam simindi saqonlisa da xorblis nacvlad ar gaxda saarsebo moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebis mniSvnelovani komponenti. mxolod aristoteles msgavsi saRi azris mqone geniosi Tu miemxroboda im mosazrebas, rom mogeba uSalod bazrebisTvis gankuTvnili warmoebis maxasiaTebels warmoadgenda. manam, sanam fuli SinameurneobaSi meorexarisxovan rols TamaSobda, moxmarebis mizniT warmoebis 125 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi principi Zalas ar kargavda. eWvgareSea, rom aristotele am sakiTxTan mimarTebiT ar cdeboda, Tumca man ver ganWvrita, rom bazrebis arsebobis ugulebelyofa ukiduresad aramizanSewonili iyo im pirobebSi, rodesac saberZneTis ekonomika sabiTumo vaWrobasa da nasesxeb kapitalze gaxda damokidebuli. delosi da rodosi tvirTis dazRvevis bazars, sazRvao sesxebsa da fuladi tranzaqciebis ( „ giro banking “ ) praqtikas aviTarebdnen, dasavleT evropa ki aTasi wlis Semdegac ki mxolod primitiulobis suraTs warmoadgenda. baliolis batoni, joueti mwared Secda, rodesac CaTvala, rom viqtorianuli inglisSi aristoteleze ukeT xvdebodnen Sinameurneobasa da fulis gamomuSavebas Soris arsebul sxvaobaTa bunebas. jouetma aristotele imiT gaamarTla, rom „ adamianTan dakavSirebuli codnebi erTmaneTTan mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli, aristoteles xanaSi ki maTi erTmaneTisgan garCeva arc Tu ise martivi iyo “ . marTalia, rom aristotelem Sromis danawilebis gavlenebisa da maTi bazrebTan Tu fulTan arsebuli kavSiris Secnoba ver SeZlo; isic marTalia, rom kreditisa da kapitalisTvis fulis mniSvneloba sakmarisad ver Seafasa. amdenad, jouetis simkacre garkveulwilad gamarTlebulia. Tumca, swored baliolis batoni iyo da aristotele is, vinc fulis gamomuSavebisas adamianis gavlenebi ugulebelyo. jouetma ver SeZlo imis gaazreba, rom swored moxmarebis principsa da mogebas Soris arsebuli gansxvaveba warmoadgenda arsebiTad gansxvavebuli civilizaciis gasaRebs, civilizaciis, romlis konturebic aristotelem sabazro ekonomikis jer kidev myife safuZvlebis gamoCenamde, 2000 wliT adre iwinaswarmetyvela, jouetma ki saerTodac ver SeamCnia misi arseboba. mogebis mizniT warmoebis SeuzRudav procesad warmoCenisas da am procesis „ adamianisTvis arabunebriv “ fenomenad Seracxvisas aristoteles mTavar samiznes ekonomikuri motivebis yovelgvar mtkice socialur urTier126 Tavi 4 sazogadoebebi da ekonomikuri sistemebi Tobas Camocilebis sakiTxi warmoadgenda, romlebic Tavisi bunebidan gamomdinare zRvars dauwesebdnen am ekonomikur zraxvebs. farTo gagebiT, mocemuli daSveba gulisxmobs, rom dasavleT evropaSi feodalizmis dasasrulamde arsebuli ekonomikuri sistemis yvela tipi nacvalgebisa,gadanawilebis Sinameurneobis an am sami principis raime kombinaciis garSemo iyo organizebuli. mocemuli principebi socialuri organizebis wyalobiT institucionalizda, maT Soris, centrulobis, simetriisa da avtarkiis meSveobiT. am CarCoSi, gegmuri warmoeba da saqonlis gadanawileba qcevis zogadi principebiT mowesrigebuli individualuri motivebis mravalferovnebiT iyo daculi. am motivebs Soris mogeba naklebad mniSvnelovani iyo. Cveuleba da samarTali, magia da religia erToblivi ZalebiT cdilobdnen individis waqezebas qcevis im wesebis dacvisken, romlebmac, sabolood, ekonomikur sistemaSi adamianis funqcionireba uzrunvelyo. berZnul-romaul periodSi, maRalganviTarebuli vaWrobisada miuxedavad, am mxriv, raime mniSvnelovani garRveva ar momxdara; mocemul periodSi romauli administracia Sinameurneobaze damyarebul ekonomikaSi marcvleulis farTomasStabur gadanawilebas eweoda, xolo bazrebi ekonomikaSi umniSvnelo rols asrulebdnen ( Tumca sxva instituciuri modelebi dominirebdnen ) , rac Suasaukuneebis dasasrulamde cvlilebebis gareSe gagrZelda. XVI saukunidan bazrebis raodenobac da maTi mniSvnelobac gaizarda. merkantiluri sistemis pirobebSi, isini mTavrobis mTavar sazrunavad gadaiqcnen. Tumca, bazrebis mier sazogadoebaze kontrolis damyarebis raime niSani kvlavac arsad Canda. amis sapirispirod ,regulaciam da reglamentirebam imaze mkacri forma SeiZina, vidre odesme; bazris TviT-regulirebis raime idea ki CanasaxSic ar arsebobada. 127 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi XIX saukuneSi arsebiTad axali tipis ekonomikaze uecari gadasvlis gasaazreblad bazrebis istorias unda mivmarToT – im instituciebis istorias, romlebic warsulis ekonomikuri sistemebs Cveneul mimoxilvaSi sruliad ugulebelvyaviT. 128 Tavi 5 sabazro modelis ganviTareba kapitalistur ekonomikaSi bazrebis wamyvani roli, agreTve barterisa da gacvlis principis pirvelxarisxovani mniSvneloba am ekonomikisTvis, saWiroebs, Tu XIX saukunis ekonomistur crurwmenebze gvinda uari vTqvaT, frTxil Seswavlas bazrebis bunebisa da maTi warmoSobis Taobaze. 1 barteri, naturiT anazRaureba [ truck ] da gacvla ekonomikuri qcevis principia da misi efeqturoba sabazro modelzea damokidebuli. bazari Sexvedris adgilia sadac unda moxdes barteri an yidva da gayidva. sanam aseTi modeli ar arsebobs, Tundac kunZulovani saxiT, barterisadmi mzaoba sakmaris masStabs ver SeiZens: ver moxdeba faswarmoqmna. 2 rogorc Tanabar ukugebas [ reciprocity ] uwyobs xels organizebis simetriuli modeli, rogorc redistribucia 1 Sed. danarTi wyaroebze 2 Hawtrey , G . R ., The Economic Problem , 1925 , p.13 .`individualizmis principis praqtikuli gamoyeneba mTlianad damokidebulia gacvlis praqtikaze . ~ Tumca hovtri mcdarad warmoidgenda rom bazrebis arseboba ubralod gacvlis praqtikis logikuri gagrZelebaa . 129 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi advildeba garkveuli dozis centralizebiT, da rogorc Sinameurneoba unda efuZnebodes avtarkias, aseve barteris principi Tavisi efeqturi muSaobisTvis damokidebulia sabazro modelze. Tanabari ukugebis msgavsad, redistribucia an Sinameurneoba SeiZleba mimdinareobdes sazogadoebaSi ise, rom isini masSi ar gabatondnen. barteris principmac SeiZleba daqvemdebarebuli roli iTamaSos im sazogadoebaSi romelSic sxva principebia wamyvani. Tumca, raRac mxriv, barteris principi srulad erT doneze ar dgas danarCen sam principTan. sabazro modeli, romelTanac is asocirdeba, gacilebiT konkretulia vidre simetria, centruloba an avtarkia – romlebic, gansxvavebiT sabazro modelisgan, ubralod “ maxasiaTeblebs ”[ traits ] warmoadgenen da ar qmnian institutebs romlebic mxolod erT funqciaze iqnebian morgebuli. simetria sxva araferia Tu ara socialuri meqanizmi, romelic qmnis ara axal damoukidebel institutebs, aramed axdens mxolod ukve arsebulis modelirebas ( tomi an sofeli simetriuladaa mowyobili Tu ara, ar gulisxmobs masSi instituciuri danawilebis arsebobas ) . centruloba, marTalia xSirad qmnis gamokveTil institutebs, Tavis TavSi ar Seicavs safuZvels ris Sedegad miRebul instituts mxolod erTi konkretuli funqcia eqneboda ( magaliTad, soflis Tavkacma an centraluri xelisuflebis sxva warmomadgenelma instituciuri gamijvnis gareSe SeiZleba Seasrulon sxvadasxva politikuri, samxedro, religiuri an ekonomikuri funqciebi ) . rac Seexeba ekonomikur avtarkias, is mxolod ukve arsebuli Caketili jgufis damatebiTi maxasiaTebelia. meore mxriv, sabazro models, romelic dakavSirebulia TavisTvis saxasiaTo gacvlis an barteris motivTan, SeuZlia Seqmnas konkretuli instituti, saxeldobr, bazari. saboloo jamSi, swored amitomaa rom bazris mier ekonomikuri sistemis kontrols uzarmazari zegavlena aqvs 130 Tavi 5 sabazro modelis ganviTareba mTlianad sazogadoebis organizebaze: es arc meti, arc naklebi niSnavs sazogadoebis funqcionirebas bazris danamatad. nacvlad imisa rom ekonomika socialur urTierTobebSi iyos Caqsovili [ embedded ] , socialuri urTierTobebia Caqsovili ekonomikur sistemaSi. sazogadoebis arsebobisTvis ekonomikuri faqtoris sasicocxlo mniSvneloba gamoricxavs nebismier sxva Sedegs. pirvelad ekonomikuri sistema damoukidebel institutadaa organizebuli, dafuZnebuli konkretul motivebze da gansakuTrebuli statusiT aRWurvili, sazogadoeba ise unda moewyos rom sistemam misi kanonebis mixedviT ifunqcioniros. swored amas niSnavs cnobili Tezisi rom sabazro ekonomikas mxolod sabazro sazogadoebaSi SeuZlia funqcionireba. nabiji rac izolirebul bazrebs sabazro ekonomikad aqcevs, xolo regulirebul bazrebs TviTregulirebad bazrebad, marTlac gadamwyveti mniSvnelobisaa. XIX saukunem – miuxedavad imisa adides es faqti civilizaciis mwvervalad Tu dagmes rogorac simsivnuri warmonaqmni – gulubryvilod warmoidgina rom aseTi ganviTareba bazrebis gavrcelebis bunebrivi gagrZeleba iyo. ar moxda imis gacnobiereba, rom bazrebis gardaqmna uzarmazari Zalauflebis mqone TviTregulirebad sistemebad ar iyo Sedegi gafarToebisken bazrebis Sinagani midrekilebisa, aramed Sedegi iyo socialur sxeulze uaRresad xelovnuri zemoqmedebisa, raTa is SesabamisobaSi mosuliyo viTarebasTan romelic am manqanis aranakleb xelovnuri fenomeniT Seiqmna. sabazro modelis SezRuduli da aragafarToebadi bunebis aRiareba ar momxdara; arada Tanamedrove kvlevebSi swored es faqti vlindeba damajerebeli sicxadiT. “ bazrebs yvelgan ver SexvdebiT; maTi ararseboba ki, marTalia miuTiTebs garkveul izolaciasa da midrekilebaze gancalkevebisken, iseve araa dakavSirebuli ganviTarebis calkeul gzasTan, rogorc maTi arseboba. ” es uferuli 131 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi winadadeba Turnveldis naSromidanaa ekonomika primitiul sazogadoebebSi, romelic am sakiTxze Tanamedrove kvlevebis sagulisxmo Sedegebs ajamebs. kidev erTi avtori imaves imeorebs fulze, rasac Turnveldi bazrebze ambobs: “ mxolod is faqti, rom calkeuli tomi fuls iyenebda, mas ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT mcirediT ganasxvavebs imave kulturul doneze myofi sxva tomebisgan, romlebsac fuli ar hqondaT. ” Cven isRa dagvrCenia am winadadebebisgan ubralod sxva ufro sakvirveli daskvnebi gamovitanoT. bazrebis an fulis arseboba da ararseboba aucileblad gavlenas ar axdens primitiuli sazogadoebis ekonomikur sistemaze – es abaTilebs XIX saukunis miTs rom fuli iyo gamogoneba, romlis gamoCenam gardauvalad Seqmna bazrebi da gardaqmna sazogadoeba, aaCqara Sromis danawileba da gamoaTavisufla adamianis bunebrivi midrekileba gacvlisa da barterisken. Sedegad, orTodoqsuli ekonomikuri istoria dafuZnebuli iyo bazrebis rogorc aseTis uaRresad gazviadebuli mniSvnelobis warmodgenaze. “ garkveuli izolacia ” an, albaT, “ midrekileba gancalkevebisken ” erTaderTi ekonomikuri maxasiaTebelia romelic SeiZleba sworad gamoviyvanoT maTi ararsebobisgan; rac Seexeba ekonomikis Sida organizebas, maTi arseboba an ararseboba bevrs arafers cvlis. amis mizezebi martivia. bazrebi ar arian ZiriTadad ekonomikis farglebSi moqmedi institutebi, aramed maT gareSe. isini Sexvedris adgilebs warmoadgenen Soreuli vaWrobisTvis [ long-distance trade ] . sakuTriv adgilobrivi bazrebi umniSvnelo rols asrulebs. metic, arc Soreuli da arc adgilobrivi bazrebia arsebiTad konkurentuli, Sesabamisad, dabali moTxovna arsebobs teritoriuli vaWrobis Seqmnaze, e.w. Sida an erovnul bazrebze. TiToeuli es mtkiceba klasikuri ekonomistebis aqsiomurad miRebul daSvebas urtyams, Tumca isini efuZnebian faqtebs, romlebic Tanamedrove kvlevebma gamoavlina. 132 Tavi 5 sabazro modelis ganviTareba marTlac, am SemTxvevis logika TiTqmis mTlianad sapirispiroa imisa rasac klasikuri doqtrinebi efuZnebian. orTodoqsuli swavleba iwyeboda individis midrekilebiT gacvalos; aqedan gamohyavdaT rogorc adgilobrivi bazrebis, ise Sromis danawilebis aucilebloba; Semdeg vaWrobis, aqedan ki sagareo vaWrobis aucilebloba, maT Soris Soreuli vaWrobis. Cveni dRevandeli codnis fonze, Cven argumenti TiTqmis mTlianad unda SevatrialoT: namdvili sawyisi wertili Soreuli vaWrobaa, Sedegi saqonelTa geografiuli adgilmdebareobisa, da sivrcis gansazRvruli “ Sromis danawileba ” . Soreuli vaWroba xSirad qmnis bazrebs, instituti romelic gulisxmobs barters, da Tu masSi fulia CarTuli, yidva-gayidvasac, Sedegad, Tumca ara gardauvalad, calkeul individebs es SesaZleblobas aZlevs Tavs ufleba miscen gaaxaron TavianTi swrafva vaWrobisa da bazrobisken. am doqtrinis mTavari ganmasxvavebeli Tezisia rom vaWrobis dasabami ekonomikis Sida organizebis sferos miRmaa: “ monadireobisas daculi principebis gamoyenebam, raionis sazRvrebs gareT napovni saqonlis mopovebasTan dakavSirebiT, gacvlis garkveul formebamde migviyvana, romlebic mogvianebiT vaWrobad mogvevlinnen. ” 1 vaWrobis sawyisebis ZiebaSi Cveni amosavali wertili unda iyos saqonlis Soridan mopoveba, rogorc es nadirobaSia. “ centraluri avstraliis dieris tomi yovelwliurad, ivlisSi an agvistoSi, samxreTis eqspediciaSi midis, raTa moipovon wiTeli oxra, romelsac isini iyeneben TavianTi sxeulis mosaxatad... maTi mezoblebi, iantruvunta, msgavs saqmianobas ewevian wiTeli oxrisa da balaxis Teslis sanayi qviSaqvis filebis mosapoveblad flindersis gorakebSi, kilometrebis daSorebiT. orive SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba aucilebeli gaxdes sasurveli sagne1 Thurnwald , R . C ., Economics in Primitive Communities , 1932 , p . 147 . 133 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi bisTvis brZola, Tu adgilobrivi mosaxleoba winaaRmdegobas gauwevs maT mopovebas. ” aseTi rekviziciis ganxorcieleba an saganZurze nadiroba iseve hgavs Zarcvasa da mekobreobas, rogorc imas rasac Cven Cveulebriv vaWrobas veZaxiT; arsebiTad es calmxrivi saqmianobaa. xSirad is xdeba ormxrivi, e.i. “ gacvlis erTgvari forma ” , adgilze myofi Zalebis mier SantaJis gamoyenebiT; an ormxrivi garigebiT, rogorc es kulas wris SemTxvevaSia, an dasavleT afrikis pengves tomis stumari mxareebis SemTxvevaSi, andac kpeles SemTxvevaSi, roca beladi monopolizebas ukeTebs sagareo vaWrobas yvela stumris garTobis moTxovniT. marTalia aseTi stumrebi ara SemTxveviTi, aramed – Cveni perspeqtividan da ara maTi – namdvil savaWro mogzaurobebs warmoadgenen; Tumca, saqonelTa gacvla yovelTvis xdeba ormxrivi dasaCuqrebebis gziT da xSirad Semxvedri stumrobebiT. aqedan Cven vaskvniT, rom marTalia, adamianTa sazogadoebebs srulad arasdros uTqvamT uari sagareo vaWrobaze, aseTi vaWroba aucileblad ar gulisxmobda bazrebs. Tavdapirvelad, sagareo vaWroba ufro metad Tavgadasavlebis, aRmoCenebis, nadirobis, mekobreobisa da omis saxes atarebda, vidre barteris. is iSviaTad gulisxmobda rogorc mSvidobas, ise ormxrivobas, da maSinac ki, roca is orives gulisxmobda, is xSirad mowyobili iyo Tanabari ukugebis da ara barteris principiT. mSvidobian barterze gadasvlis safuZvlebi ori mimarTulebiT SegviZlia veZeboT, saxeldobr, barterisa da mSvidobis. tomis eqspedicia SeiZleba daeqvemdebaros, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, adgilze myofi Zalebis pirobebs, romlebmac SeiZleba ucxoebs mosTxovon garkveuli kompensacia; aseTi urTierToba, marTalia araa srulad mSvidobiani, Tumca man SeiZleba gza gauxsnas barters – calmxrivi brunva SeiZleba ormxrivSi gadaizardos. ganviTarebis meore gza “ Cumi vaWrobaa ” , rogorc es afrikis buSSia, 134 Tavi 5 sabazro modelis ganviTareba sadac brZolis saSiSroebis arideba zavze garigebiT xdeba da saTanado sifrTxilis farglebSi vaWrobaSi Semodis mSvidobis, ndobisa da erTmaneTisadmi rwmenis elementi. ufro gvian etapze, rogorc ukve yvelam viciT, bazrebi dominireben sagareo vaWrobis mowyobas. Tumca, ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT sagareo bazrebi sruliad gansxvavebul rames warmoadgenen adgilobriv an Sida bazrebTan SedarebiT. isini ar gansxvavdebian mxolod zomiT; isini warmoadgenen sxva funqciisa da sawyisebis mqone institutebs. sagareo vaWroba tvirTebis zidvaa [ carrying ] ; misi azri erT regionSi garkveuli tipis saqonlis ar arsebobaSia; amis magaliTia inglisuri Salis gacvla portugaliur Rvinoze. adgilobrivi vaWroba regionuli saqonliT Semoifargleba, romelic ver gauZlebs gadazidvas radgan isini zedmetad mZime, didi da fuWebadia. amgvarad, sagareo da adgilobrivi vaWroba geografiuli manZiliTaa ganpirobebuli, erTi Semoifargleba im saqonliT romelsac am manZilis daZleva ar SeuZlia, xolo meore piriqiT. aseT vaWrobas samarTlianad aRweren rogorc Semavsebels. adgilobrivi gacvla qalaqsa da sofels Soris, sagareo vaWroba gansxvavebul klimatur zonebs Soris swored am princips efuZneba. aseTi vaWroba aucileblad konkurencias ar gulisxmobs, da Tu konkurencia vaWrobas xels SeuSlis, maSin logikuri iqneba misi aRmofxvra. sagareo da adgilobrivi vaWrobisgan gansxvavebiT, Sida vaWroba, erTi mxriv, arsebiTad konkurentulia; garda Semavsebeli gacvlisa, is gulisxmobs, erTmaneTTan konkurenciis pirobebSi, sxvadasxva wyaroebidan motanili erTmaneTis msgavsi bevrad didi odenobis saqonelTa gacvlas. Sesabamisad, swored Sida an erovnuli vaWrobis gaCenasTan erTad xdeba konkurencia vaWrobis zogadad miRebuli principi. vaWrobis es sami tipi, romlebic TavianTi ekonomikuri funqciiT mkveTrad gansxvavdeba, aseve gansxvavdeba warmo135 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi SobiTac. Cven visaubreT sagareo vaWrobis sawyisebze. bazrebi bunebrivad ganviTarda iq, sadac tvirTmzidebi unda gaCerebuliyvnen; aseT adgilebs warmoadgendnen fonebi, sazRvao portebi, mdinaris saTaveebi an is adgilebi sadac ori saxmeleTo eqspediciis marSruti xvdeboda erTmaneTs. “ portebi ” tvirTebis erTi mzididan meoreze gadatanis adgilebSi ganviTarda. 1 cnobili evropuli bazrobebis [ fair ] moklevadiani yvavilobebi, morigi magaliTia imisa, Tu ra mniSvnelovan rols asrulebda Soreuli vaWroba konkretuli tipis bazrebis SeqmnaSi; inglisis Sua saukuneebis saerTaSoriso savaWro qalaqebi [ staples ] amis kidev erTi magaliTia. marTalia es saerTaSoriso qalaqebi da bazrobebi ise moulodnelad gauCinarda rom dogmatikos evolucionistSi dabneulobas gamoiwvevda, portebi ganwirulebi iyvnen SeesrulebinaT uzarmazari roli dasavleT evropis qalaqebis gaSenebaSi. miuxedavad amisa, iq sadac qalaqebi saerTaSoriso bazrebis adgilebSi gaCnda, adgilobrivi bazrebi xSirad mainc gancalkevebulebi rCebodnen ara mxolod funqciuri, aramed mowyobis TvalsazrisiTac. arc porti, arc bazroba da arc savaWro qalaqi ar gamxdara Sida an erovnuli bazris mSobeli. maSin sad unda veZeboT maTi safuZveli ? bunebrivi iqneba vivaraudoT, rom individualuri barteruli qmedebis xasiaTidan gamomdinare, es droTa ganmavlobaSi adgilobriv bazrebSi gadaizrdeboda, xolo aseTi bazrebi gaCenisTanave bunebrivad Seqmnida Sida an erovnul bazrebs. miuxedavad amisa, arc erTi moxda da arc meore. barteris an gacvlis individualuri qmedebebi – es SiSveli faqtia – rogorc wesi ar gadaizrdeba xolme bazrebis SeqmnaSi im sazogadoebebSi, sadac ekonomikuri qcevis sxva principebi batonobs. aseTi qceva saer1 Pirenne , H ., Medieval Cities , 1925 , p . 148( SeniSvna 12). 136 Tavi 5 sabazro modelis ganviTareba Toa TiTqmis yvela tipis primitiuli sazogadoebisTvis, Tumca isini SemTxveviTobebad miiCnevian, radgan isini ar uzrunvelyofen pirveladi moTxovnilebis sagnebis arsebobas. gadanawilebis uzarmazar uZveles sistemebSi, barteruli qceva da adgilobrivi bazrebi Cveul, Tumca mxolod daqvemdebarebul fenomens warmoadgendnen. igive SeiZleba iTqvas Tanabari ukugebis wesebzec; barteruli qmedebebi xSirad Caqsovili iyo grZelvadian urTierTobebSi, rac gulisxmobda ndobasa da mxareebis mier erTmaneTisadmi rwmenas, viTarebas romelic Slis tranzaqciis ormxriv bunebas. aseTi urTierTobis SemzRudavi faqtorebi socialuri kompasis mTel gayolebazea: adaTebsa da kanonebs, religiasa da jadoqrobas Tanabari wvlili Seaqvs SedegSi, rac aris gacvlis SezRudva adamianebsa da sagnebTan, drosa da viTarebasTan mimarTebiT. rogorc wesi, is vinc barters akeTebs mxolod mza tipis produqtebs cvlis, sadac sagnebi da maTi ekvivalenti moculobebi winaswaraa mocemuli. utu tikopias 1 enaze ewodeba aseT tradiciul ekvivalents, rogorc Semadgenel nawils Tanabari gacvlisa [ reciprocal exchange ] . is rac XVIII saukunis azrovnebas gacvlis aucilebel maxasiaTeblad moeCvena, savaWro garigebis nebayoflobiTi elementi, da gacvlis motivis saukeTesod gamomxatveli SevaWrebis fenomeni, sinamdvileSi mxolod mcirediTaa warmodgenili realur tranzaqciaSi; Tuki es motivi udevs safuZvlad proceduras, mas iSviaTad aZleven xolme uflebas zedapirze amovides. Cveuli qceva aseT viTarebaSi sapirispiro motivaciis Cvenebaa. gamcemma obieqti SeiZleba ubralod miwaze daagdos, xolo mimRebma Tavis moaCvenos rom mas SemTxveviT iRebs an mis romelime Tanmxlebs dautovos rom man aiRos mis nacvlad. araferi SeiZleba iyos miRebuli qcevis sapi1 Firth , R ., Primitive Polynesian Economics , 1939 , p . 347 137 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi rispiro, vidre monagebis kargad daTvaliereba. Cven yvela mizezi gvaqvs davijeroT, rom es gamobrZmedili damokidebuleba Sedegi ki araa tranzaqciis materialuri mxarisadmi namdvili dauintereseblobis, aramed warmoadgens barteris etikets, romelic misi sapirispiro fenomenia da miznad am qmedebis masStabis SezRudvas emsaxureba. marTlac, am faqtebis safuZvelze naCqarebi iqneba daskvna rom adgilobrivi bazrebi odesRac individualuri barteruli qmedebebisgan warmoiqmnen. raoden bundovanic ar unda iyos adgilobrivi bazrebis sawyisebi, sul mcire imis mtkiceba mainc SegviZlia: rom TavSi es instituti garSemortymuli iyo damzRvevi meqanizmebiT romelTa mizani sabazro praqtikebisgan sazogadoebaSi gabatonebuli ekonomikuri wyobis dacva iyo. bazarze mSvidobis uzrunvelyofa ritualebisa da ceremoniebis meSveobiT xdeboda, romlebic misi moqmedebis farglebs adgendnen da amavdroulad, uzrunvelyofdnen uaRresad viwro CarCoSi mis funqcionirebas. bazrebis yvelaze mniSvnelovani Sedegi – qalaqebisa da urbanuli civilizaciis dabadebas – paradoqsul ganviTarebas mohyva. qalaqebi, ramdenadac isini bazrebisgan warmoiqmnen, ara mxolod am bazrebis damcvelebi iyvnen, aramed instrumentebic romlis meSveobiTac soflebze maTi ganvrcoba izRudeboda da Sesabamisad, amiT xdeboda sazogadoebaSi gabatonebuli ekonomikuri wyobis usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa. qalaqebis am ormag funqcias yvelaze ukeT sityva “ moTokvis ” ormagi mniSvneloba gamoxatavs, kerZod, bazrebTan mimarTebiT, roca isini erTi mxriv, maT Tavian sivrceebSi eqaCebodnen, xolo meore mxriv, ar anebebdnen maT saqalaqo sazRvrebis miRma gaSvebas. Tu barters garSemo tabuebi ertya, rogorc meqanizmebi Seqmnili imisTvis, rom aseTi tipis adamianur urTierTobebs ar daezianebinaT Tavad ekonomikuri wyobis muSaoba, maSin bazris kontroli kidev ufro mkacri iyo. moviyvanoT 138 Tavi 5 sabazro modelis ganviTareba kidev erTi magaliTi Cagas qveynidan: “ bazarSi xalxi regularulad midis sabazro dReebSi. Tu raime movlena xels SeuSlis bazrobis gamarTvas erTi an ramdenime dRiT, saqmianoba ver gagrZeldeba sanam bazroba ar ganiwmindeba... nebismieri dazianeba romelic bazrobaze xdeba da sisxlis daRvras gulisxmobs, myisierad ayenebs danaSaulis gamosyidvis aucileblobas. am wamidan arc erT qals aq hqonda bazrobis datovebis ufleba da arc erT saqonelze ar SeiZleboda mikareba; isini unda ganwmendiliyvnen iqamde sanam maT gaitandnen da sakvebad gamoiyenebdnen. sisxlis daRvras sul mcire Txis Sewirva unda mohyoloda. ufro Zviriani da ufro seriozuli gamosyidva iyo aucilebeli Tu bazrobaze qali bavSvs gaaCenda an muceli moeSleboda. am SemTxvevaSi aucilebeli xdeboda mewveli cxoveli. garda amisa, mewveli Zroxis msxverplad Sewiruli sisxliT unda ganwmendiliyo beladis kar-midamoc. xolo am qveynis yvela qals es sisxli unda Sesxureboda. ” 1 aseTi wesebi bazrebis gavrcelebs xels ar Seuwyobda. tipuri adgilobrivi bazari, romelzedac diasaxlisebi damokidebulebi arian zogierTi maTi saWiroebis gamo, da sadac rogorc marcvleulis an bostneulis momyvanebi, ise adgilobrivi ostatebi TavianT produqtebs yidian, aCvenebs imas rom am bazrebis formaze gavlenas ar axdens dro da sivrce. aseTi Tavyrilobebi ara mxolod sayovelTaodaa gavrcelebuli primitiul sazogadoebebSi, aramed TiTqmis ucvleli saxiT SenarCunda XVIII saukunis Sua wlebamde yvelaze mowinave dasavleT evropul qveynebSi. isini adgilobrivi cxovrebis damxmare meqanizmebs warmoadgenen da mxolod mcirediT gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan, iqnebian isini centraluri afrikis tomobrivi cxovrebis nawili, merovinguli safrangeTis qalaqis [ Cité ] Tu adam smitis 1 Thurnwald , R . C ., op . cit ., pp . 162 – 164 . 139 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi droindeli Sotlandiuri soflis nawili. am mxriv sofeli da qalaqi erTi da igivea. adgilobrivi bazrebi arsebiTad samezobloebis bazrebia da, marTalia, mniSvnelovania am TemTa cxovrebisTvis, ar arsebobs imis miniSneba rom isini sadme yvelaze gavrcelebul ekonomikur sistemebs TavianT modelze awyobdnen. bazrebi ar warmoadgenen amosaval wertils Sida an erovnul vaWrobaSi. sinamdvileSi, dasavleT evropaSi Sida vaWroba saxelmwifos Carevam Seqmna. komerciul revoluciamde is rac erovnul vaWrobad gveCveneba, iyo ara erovnuli, aramed saqalaqo. hanza warmoadgenda ara germanel vaWrebs, aramed movaWre oligarqTa gaerTianebas, rac safuZvels iRebda CrdiloeTis zRvisa da baltiispireTis rigi qalaqebidan. germanuli ekonomikuri cxovrebis “ gaerovnulebis ” nacvlad, hanzam mizanmimarTulad mowyvita vaWrobas qalaqebisgan daSorebuli raionebi. arc antverpenis da arc hamburgis, arc veneciis da arc lionis vaWroba ar warmoadgenda holandiurs an germanuls, italiurs an franguls. am mxriv arc londoni iyo gamonaklisi: is iseve ar warmoadgenda “ inglisurs ” , rogorc liubeki ar warmoadgenda “ germanuls ” . am periodis evropis savaWro ruka samarTlianad aRniSnavs mxolod qalaqebs da cariels datovebs soflebs – organizebuli vaWrobis perspeqtividan am ukanasknels SeiZleba saerTodac ar earseba. egreT wodebuli erebi mxolod politikur erTeulebs warmoadgendnen, SigniT uaRresad daukavSireblebs, romlebic, ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT, Sedgebodnen uricxvi patara da didi TviTkmari komlebisgan da soflebSi arsebuli patara adgilobrivi bazrobebisgan. vaWroba organizebuli dabebiT Semoifargleboda, romlebic an adgilobriv doneze vaWrobdnen, samezobloebs Soris vaWrobis an Soreuli vaWrobis saxiT – es ori erTmaneTisgan mkacrad iyo gamijnuli, Tavisuflad arc erTs hqonda sofelSi saqmianobis dawyebis ufleba. 140 Tavi 5 sabazro modelis ganviTareba qalaqis cxovrebaSi aseTi myari gamijvna adgilobriv da Soreul vaWrobas Soris, kidev erTi gamaognebeli faqtia evolucionistisTvis, romlisTvisac yvelaferi erTimeoreSi martivad gadaizrdeba. miuxedavad amisa, es Taviseburi faqti dasavleT evropaSi urbanuli cxovrebis socialuri istoriis gasaRebs warmoadgens. is mniSvnelovnad amyarebs Cvens Teziss bazrebis warmoSobasTan dakavSirebiT, romelic davaskveniT primitiuli ekonomikebis agebulebebidan gamomdinare. adgilobriv da Soreul vaWrobas Soris mkveTri gamijvna SeiZleba zedmetad uxeSi Candes, gansakuTrebiT maSin, roca mas raRac mxriv moulodnel daskvnebamde mivyavarT, rom arc Soreuli vaWroba da arc adgilobrivi vaWroba ar warmoadgenen Tanamedrove Sida vaWrobis mSobels – da amgvarad sxva gzas ar gvitovebs garda imisa rom es avxsnaT deus ex machina saxelmwifo CareviT. Cven vnaxavT rom am mxriv Cvens daskvnebs uaxlesi kvlevebic daadasturebs. Tumca, pirvel rigSi, gavakeToT ubralod monaxazi urbanuli civilizaciis istoriisa, rogoradac is Sua saukuneebis qalaqTa farglebSi ganviTarda adgilobrivi da Soreuli vaWrobis erTmaneTisgan Taviseburi gamijvnis gamo. marTlac, aseTi mkveTri gamijvna Sua saukuneebis urbanuli centrebis mTavari maxasiaTebeli iyo. 1 qalaqi iyo biurgerebis anu moqalaqeebis gaerTianeba. mxolod maT hqondaT moqalaqeobis ufleba da swored biurgersa da arabiurgers Soris gamijvnaze idga sistema. arc soflis glexebi da arc sxva qalaqebis vaWrebi, cxadia, ar warmoadgendnen biurgerebs. Tumca, Tu qalaqis samxedro da politikurma gavlenam SesaZlebeli gaxada mimdebare teritoriebze mcxovreb glexebTan gamklaveba, igivenairi Zalauflebis ganxorcieleba SeuZlebeli iyo ucxoel vaWre1 Cveni eqspozicia efuZneba h. pirenis cnobil naSromebs . 141 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi bTan mimarTebiT. aqedan gamomdinare, biurgerebi or srulad gansxvavebul mimarTebaSi aRmoCndnen adgilobriv da Soreul vaWrobasTan dakavSirebiT. sakvebi produqtebiT momaragebasTan dakavSirebiT, regulacia gulisxmobda iseTi meTodebis gamoyenebas, rogoric iyo tranzaqciebis savaldebulo sajarooba da Suamavlebis gamoTiSva, raTa gakontrolebuliyo vaWroba da uzrunvelyofiliyo maRali fasebisgan daculoba. Tumca, aseTi regulacia efeqturi iyo mxolod qalaqsa da mis uSualo midamoebs Soris vaWrobis mimarT. Soreul vaWrobasTan dakavSirebiT viTareba srulad gansxvavebuli iyo. saneleblebi, damarilebuli Tevzi an Rvino Sori manZilidan unda gadmoziduliyo, Sesabamisad es iyo ucxoeli vaWrebisa da maTi kapitalisturi sabiTumo vaWrobis meTodebis sfero. am tipis vaWroba adgilobriv regulacias usxlteboda, xolo sul risi gakeTebac SeiZleboda iyo misi adgilobrivi bazridan gamoTiSva. am miznis misaRwevad Seiqmna ucxoeli vaWrebis mier sacalo vaWrobis sruli akrZalva. rac ufro izrdeboda kapitalisturi sabiTumo vaWroba, roca saqme imports Seexeboda miT ufro mkacrad izRudeboda maTi adgilobriv bazrebze wvdoma. industriul produqtebTan mimarTebiT gamijvna adgilobriv da Soreul vaWrobas Soris kidev ufro Rrma iyo, rac am SemTxvevaSi srulad gardaqmnida saeqsporto warmoebis mTel mowyobas. amis mizezi xelosanTa gildiebis xasiaTSi Zevs, sadac industriuli warmoebis organizeba xdeboda. adgilobriv bazarze warmoeba mwarmoebelTa saWiroebebis mixedviT regulirdeboda, rac warmoebas gasamrjelos doneze tovebda. es principi TavisTavad ver miesadageboda eqsports, sadac mwarmoebelTa interesi ar awesebda warmoebis sazRvrebs. aqedan gamomdinare, roca adgilobrivi vaWroba mkacrad regulirebuli iyo, am dros saeqsporto warmoebas mxolod formalurad akontroleb142 Tavi 5 sabazro modelis ganviTareba dnen xelosanTa gaerTianebebi. am periodis mTavari saeqsporto industria, qsovilebiT vaWroba, realurad kapitalisturi saxelfaso Sromis safuZvelze iyo mowyobili. adgilobrivi vaWrobis saeqsporto vaWrobisgan ufro da ufro mkacri gayofa warmoadgenda urbanuli cxovrebis reaqcias, romelic moqnil kapitalSi xedavda safrTxes rom is moarRvevda saqalaqo instituciebs. tipuri Sua saukuneebis qalaqi am safrTxes ar umklavdeboda kontrolirebad adgilobriv bazarsa da ukontrolo Soreuli vaWrobis axirebebs Soris arsebul napralze xidis gadebiT, piriqiT, am safrTxes is mxolod meti gamijvnisa da proteqciis umkacresi politikebiT umklavdeboda, rac misi arsebobis safuZvels warmoadgenda. praqtikaSi es imas niSnavda rom erovnuli an Sida bazrebis Camoyalibebas – rasac kapitalisti biTumad movaWreebi iTxovdnen – qalaqebi yvela SesaZlo dabrkolebas uqmnidnen. adgilobrivi vaWrobis konkurenciaSi arCarTvis principisa da Tanabrad arakonkurentuli saqalaqTaSoriso Soreuli vaWrobis dacviT, biurgerebi maT xelT arsebuli yvela saSualebiT cdilobdnen xeli SeeSalaT savaWro kompasze soflis CarTvisTvis da qveynis qalaqebs Soris ukontrolo vaWrobisTvis. swored ganviTarebis am tendenciam aiZula teritoriuli saxelmwifo gamxdariyo bazris “ nacionalizebis ” instrumenti da Sida bazris Seqmnis avtori. XV da XVI saukuneebSi saxelmwifom mizanmimarTuli ZalisxmeviT merkantiluri sistemis qveS iZulebiT moaqcia mkacrad proteqcionistuli qalaqebi da samTavroebi. merkantilizmma gaanadgura adgilobriv da qalaqTaSorisi vaWroba imiT, rom man moSala is zRudeebi romlebic erTmaneTisgan mijnavdnen am ori tipis arakonkurentul vaWrobas da amiT gza gaukafa erovnuli bazris Camoyalibebas, romelic ufro da ufro ugulebelyofda dayofas, 143 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi rogorc qalaqsa da sofels Soris, ise sxvadasxva qalaqebsa da regionebs Soris. realurad, merkantiluri sistema sxvadasxva gamowvevaze pasuxs warmoadgenda. politikuri TvalsazrisiT, centralizebuli saxelmwifo axali warmonaqmni iyo, romelic komerciulma revolucia wamowia win da romelmac dasavlur samyaroSi gravitaciis centri xmelTaSua zRvidan atlantis okeanis sanapiroebze gadaitana da amiT didi agraruli qveynebis CamorCenil xalxebs aiZula komerciisa da vaWrobis Sesabamisad gadawyobiliyvnen. sagareo politikis TvalsazrisiT, suverenuli Zalebis Camoyalibeba im drois saWiroebas warmoadgenda; Sesabamisad, merkantilisturi saxelmwifo gulisxmobda sagareo amocanebisTvis mTel erovnul teritoriaze arsebuli resursebis Tavmoyras. saSinao politikis TvalsazrisiT, aseTi politikis gardauvali arapirdapiri Sedegi iyo ganyenebuli feodaluri da saqalaqo erTeulebis politikur mTlianobaSi moqceva. ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT, gaerTianebis instrumenti kapitali iyo, e.i. fulad formaSi mocemuli kerZo resursebi, romelic gansakuTrebiT xelsayreli iyo komerciis ganviTarebisTvis. bolos ki, administraciuli meTods, romelic centraluri mTavrobis ekonomikur politikas edo safuZvlad, avsebda tradiciuli municipaluri sistemis ganvrcoba saxelmwifos ufro did teritoriaze. safrangeTSi, sadac xelosanTa gildiebi saxelmwifo organoebi xdebodnen xolme, gildiebis sistema erTnairad gavrcelda qveynis mTel teritoriaze; inglisSi, sadac cixe-qalaqebis daRmasvlam es sistema usaSvelod daaziana, soflis industrializeba gildiebis zedamxedvelobis gareSe moxda, Tumca, orive qveyanaSi Sedegi is iyo, rom vaWrobam da komerciam eris mTeli teritoria moicva da ekonomikuri saqmianobis mTavari forma gaxda. swored amiT 144 Tavi 5 sabazro modelis ganviTareba aixsneba merkantilizmis xSirad ucnauri Sida savaWro politika. saxelmwifo Careva, romelmac vaWroba privilegirebuli qalaqebis sazRvrebisgan gaaTavisufla, axla or erTmaneTTan dakavSirebul safrTxes unda gamklaveboda, romelsac aqamde qalaqi warmatebiT arTmevda Tavs, kerZod, monopolia da konkurencia. is rom konkurencia sabolood monopoliaSi gadaizrdeba im drois kargad cnobil WeSmaritebas warmoadgenda, xolo sakuTriv monopoliis maSin gansakuTrebiT eSinodaT, radgan is xSirad pirvelad saWiroebis produqtebs exeboda da amitom martivad SeiZleboda gamxdariyo safrTxe sazogadoebisTvis. erovnuli, da ara ubralod saqalaqo, masStabiT ekonomikuri cxovrebis mravalmxrivi regulireba am safrTxeebis gamklavebis gza iyo. is rac TanamedroveebisTvis martivad SeiZleba gamoCndes, rogorc konkurenciis gamoTiSvis windauxedavi gadawyvetileba, sinamdvileSi, maSin arsebul pirobebSi is bazrebis funqcionirebis uzrunvelyofisa da maTi dacvis saSualebas warmoadgenda. es xdeboda imitom, rom bazarze myidvelebis an gamyidvelebis nebismieri droebiTi SeWra anadgurebda balanss da afrTxobda regularul myidvelebs an gamyidvelebs, rac sabolood iwvevda bazris funqcionirebis Sewyvetas. Zveli momwodeblebi Sewyveten TavianTi saqonlis miwodeba, radgan veRar iqnebian darwmunebulebi rom maTi saqoneli misaReb fasad gaiyideba, xolo saTanado miwodebis gareSe bazari monopolistis nadavli gaxdeba. SedarebiT nakelebi xarisxiT, igive safrTxeebi arsebobda moTxovnis mxrivac, roca mis swraf vardnas SeiZleba mohyoloda moTxovnis monopolia. saxelmwifos gadadgmuli TiToeuli nabiji romelic bazrebis eqskluziurobis, sabaJo gadasaxadebisa [ tolls ] da akrZalvebis moxsnas emsaxureboda, amavdroulad safrTxis qveS ayenebda warmoebisa da ganawilebis organizebul sistemas, romelsac axla 145 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi emuqreboda araregulirebuli konkurencia da unebarTvod movaWreebis SemoWra, romlebic bazrisgan swraf mogebas iRebdnen, Tumca ar iZleodnen stabilurobis garantias. marTalia, axali erovnuli bazrebi gardauvalad ufro met konkurencias gulisxmobdnen, Tumca mTavari maTSi kvlavac tradiciuli regulaciis meqanizmebi iyvnen da ara konkurenciis axali elementebi. 1 TviTkmari Sinameurneoba romelzedac glexi Tavisi arsebobisTvis muSaobda, kvlav rCeboda zogad safuZvlad ekonomikuri sistemisa, romelic Sida bazris Camoyalibebis meSveobiT gaaerTianes ufro did erovnul erTeulebSi. erovnulma bazarma Tavisi adgili daikava adgilobrivi da Soreuli bazrebis gverdiT da nawilobriv maT emTxveoda kidec. soflis meurneoba Sida komerciam Seavso – SedarebiT izolirebuli bazrebis sistemam, romelic srulad Tavsebadi iyo soflad arsebul Sinameurneobebis jer kidev wamyvan principTan. amiT vasrulebT industriuli revoluciis epoqamde bazris istoriis reziumes. kacobriobis istoriis Semdegi etapi, rogorc ukve viciT, mcdeloba iyo SeeqmnaT erTi didi TviTregulirebuli bazari. merkantilizmSi, dasavluri eri-saxelmwifoebis am gamorCeul politikaSi, araferi iyo iseTi rac aseT unikalur ganviTarebis gzas moaswavebda. merkantilizmis mier Sesrulebulma “ gaTavisuflebis ” operaciam vaWroba mxolod misi eqskluziurobisgan gaaTavisufla, magram, amave dros, gaafarTova regulirebis sfero. ekonomikuri sistema zogad socialur urTierTobebs eqvemdebareboda; bazrebi mxolod damxmare nawils warmoadgendnen instituciuri mowyobisa, romelic, ise rogorc arasdros, kontroldeboda da regulirdeboda socialuri Zalebis mier. 1 Montesquieu , L’Esprit des lois , 1748 . “ ingliselebi zRudaven vaWars, Tumca es komerciisTvis sasargeblo saqmes emsaxureba . ” 146 Tavi 6 TviTregulirebadi bazari da fiqtiuri saqonlebi: Sroma, miwa da fuli TviTregulirebadi bazari da fiqtiuri saqonlebi ekonomikuri sistemisa da bazrebis es calkeuli konturebi gviCveneben, rom istoriulad, dRemde, bazrebi arasdros yofilan ekonomikuri cxovrebis aqsesuarebze ufro meti mniSvnelobis mqoneni. rogorc wesi, ekonomikuri sistema, yovelTvis socialuri sistemis nawili iyo, xolo qcevis ra principic dominirebda ekonomikaSi, sabazro qcevac masTan SesabamisobaSi iyo. barteris an gacvlis principi, romelic sabazro qcevas edo safuZvlad, ar aaSkaravebda gafarToebis raime tendencias sxva sivrceebSi SeWris xarjze. iq, sadac bazrebi yvelaze metad iyo ganviTarebuli – rogorc magaliTad merkantilur sistemaSi – isini viTardebodnen centralizebuli administraciis kontrolis qveS, rac axalisebda avtarkias rogorc glexTa SinameurneobebSi, ise qveynis cxovrebaSic. faqtobrivad, regulacia da bazrebi erTdroulad ganviTardnen. TviTregulirebadi bazari ucnobi fenomeni iyo: marTlac, TviTregulirebadi bazris ideis aRmoceneba ganviTarebis tendenciis mTlian Semobrunebas warmoadgenda. im ucnauri daSvebebis siRrmiseuli gageba, romlebic safuZvlad udevs sabazro ekonomikas, swored am faqtebis saSualebiT aris SesaZlebeli. 147 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi sabazro ekonomika is ekonomikuri sistemaa, romelic kontroldeba, regulirdeba da imarTeba sabazro fasebis mier; am sistemaSi, warmoebisa da distribuciis procesis organizeba mindobilia TviTregulirebad meqanizmze. aseTi tipis ekonomika miiReba molodinisgan, rom adamianebis qcevas maqsimaluri fuladi mogebisaken swrafva ganapirobebs. am ekonomikis arseboba efuZneba iseTi bazrebis arsebobis varauds, romelSic saqonlisa da servisebis gansazRvrul fasSi miwodeba, uTanabrdeba moTxovnas imave fasSi. is varaudobs fulis arsebobas, romelic msyidvelunarianobis funqcias aniWebs fulis mflobelebs. amdenad, warmoeba aq gakontroldeba fasebiT, xolo warmoebis procesis ganmkargvelTa mogeba damokidebuli iqneba swored am fasebze; saqonlis distribuciac fasebze iqneba damokidebuli, vinaidan swored fasebi warmoqmnian xelfasebs, xolo swored am xelfasebis daxmarebiT moxdeba nawarmoebi saqonlis distribucia sazogadoebis wevrTa Soris. am varaudebis mixedviT, saqonlis warmoebisa da distribuciis procesSi wesrigs mxolod fasebi uzrunvelyofen. TviTregulireba gulisxmobs, rom bazarze nebismieri produqcia iyideba, da rom yvela tipis Semosavali aseTi gayidvebisgan aris nawarmoebi. Sesabamisad, arsebobs bazrebi ara mxolod saqonlisa da servisebisaTvis, aramed industriis yvela elementis, maT Soris, Sromis, miwisa da fulisaTvis. maT fasebs, ki Sesabamisad, uwodeben sasaqonle fasebs: xelfasis, qirisa, da procentis gadasaxads. swored es terminebi miuTiTeben, rom fasebi warmoqmnian Semosavlebs: procenti aris fulis gamoyenebisaTvis gadaxdili fasi da qmnis Semosavals maTTvis, visac fulis mowodeba SeuZlia; qira aris miwis gamoyenebis fasi da Semosavals maTTvis qmnis, visac bazarze misi gamotana SeuZlia; xolo xelfasi aris Sromis Zalis gamoyenebis fasi, da warmoqmnis maT Semosavals, vinc Sromas yidis. sabolod ki saqonlis 148 Tavi 6 TviTregulirebadi bazari da fiqtiuri saqonlebi fasebi maT Semosavlebs qmnian, vinc sakuTar samewarmeo servisebs yidian. Semosavali ki aq niSnavs mogebas, romelic sinamdvileSi warmoadgens gansxvavebas orgvar fass – warmoebuli saqonlis fassa da mis xarjs – anu im saqonlis fass Soris, romelic mis sawarmoeblad iyo saWiro. Tu es winapirobebi sruldeba, maSin yvela arsebuli Semosavali miiReba bazarze gayidvebisagan, xolo Semosavlebi mxolod imisaTvis iqneba sakmarisi, rom misiT warmoebuli saqonlis Sesyidva moxdes. arsebobs varaudebis kidev erTi jgufi, romelic ukve saxelmwifosa da mis politikas Seexeba. am varaudebis mixedviT, saxelmwifos mxridan, iseTi araferi unda iqnas daSvebuli, rac bazrebis Camoyalibebas daabrkolebs; amasTan, gayidvebis garda sxva tipis Semosavlebis arseboba ar unda iqnas nebadarTuli; garda amisa, sabazro pirobebis cvlilebis SemTxvevaSi, fasebis dasaregulireblad – iqneba es saqonlis, Sromis, miwisa Tu fulis fasi – aranairi Careva ar unda ganxorcieldes. amdenad, ara mxolod bazrebi unda arsebobdes industriis yvela elementisaTvis, aramed nebismieri imgvari zomisa Tu politikis ganxorcieleba ar unda iqnas nebadarTuli, romlebic am bazrebis qmedebaze gavlenas moaxdendnen. arc fasi, arc miwodeba, da arc moTxovna, ar unda iyos fiqsirebuli an regulirebuli; aseTi varaudebis mixedviT, mxolod imgvari politikebisa Tu zomebis arsebobaa nebadarTuli, romlebic uzrunvelyofen bazrebis TviTregulirebas. es ki, Tavis mxriv, iseTi pirobebis SeqmniT unda moxdes, romlebic bazars ekonomikur sferoSi erTaderT maorganizebel Zalad aqcevs 1 . 1 Henderson . H . D ., Supply and Demand , 1992 . bazris funqcia orgvaria: faqtorTa proporciuli gadanawileba sxvadasxva gamoyenebisaTvis, da im Zalebis organizeba, romlebic gavlenas axdenen faqtorTa agregatul miwodebaze. 149 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi imisaTvis, raTa srulyofilad gaviazroT, Tu ras niSnavs es, modiT cota xniT davubrundeT merkantilur sistemas da erovnul bazrebs, romlebic merkantilurma sistemam sakmaod ganaviTara. feodalizmisa da gildiebis sistemaSi, miwa da Sroma Tavad socialuri mowyobis nawili iyo ( fuli am droisaTvis, jer kidev ar iyo industriis elementad Camoyalibebuli ) . miwa, romelic feodaluri wesrigis umTavres elements warmoadgenda, iyo samxedro, sasamarTlo, administraciuli da politikuri sistemis sayrdeni: misi statusi da funqcia gansazRvruli iyo samarTlebrivi da CveulebiTi kanonebiTa da wesebiT. is, Tu ramdenad SeiZleboda misi sakuTrebad gadacema sxvaze, da Tu es SeiZleboda maSin ra SezRudvebiT, sakuTrebis ra uflebebiT, da miwis ra daniSnulebiT gamoyenebis SesaZleblobiT – yvela es SekiTxva yidva-gayidvis msgavsi organizebis sakiTxebidan amoRebuli iyo da isini sruliad gansxvavebuli tipis instituciur regulaciebs eqvemdebarebodnen. igive SegviZlia vTqvaT Sromazec. gildiebis sistemaSi, iseve rogorc istoriaSi arsebul yvela sxva ekonomikur sistemaSi, sawarmoo qmedebebis motivebi da garemoebebi gadajaWvuli iyo sazogadoebis zogadi organizebis wesTan: urTierTobebi ostats, Segirdsa da maSindel daqiravebul kvalificiur muSaks Soris ( e.w. journeyman) , xelobis pirobebi, SegirdTa raodenoba, mSromelTa xelfasebi – yvelaferi es wesrigdeboda gildiisa Tu qalaqis wesisa da Cveulebis mixedviT. merkantilurma sistemam, iqamde arsebul amgvar pirobebs mxolod Tavi mouyara da gaaerTiana, rogorc es inglisSi moxda magaliTad „ erTian kanonTa krebulis “ SemoRebiT, xolo safrangeTSi gildiebis „ nacionalizaciiT. “ 1789 wlis did revoluciamde, safrangeTSi miwebis floba socialuri privilegiebis wyaros warmoadgenda xolo inglisSi ki am periodis Semdegac ki, „ inglisis saerTo samarTali “ miwis sakiTxSi didwilad Suasaukuneobrivi iyo. 150 Tavi 6 TviTregulirebadi bazari da fiqtiuri saqonlebi merkantilizms, miuxedavad mTeli Tavisi midrekilebisa komercializaciisaken, arasodes dauyenebia safrTxis qveS is garantiebi, romlebic warmoebis am or sabaziso elements – miwasa da Sromas – komerciis obieqtebad gaxdomisagan icavdnen. inglisSi, „ xelosanTa kanonisa “ (1563) , da „ RaribTa kanonis “ (1601) meSveobiT ganxorcielebulma Sromis kanonmdeblobis „ nacionalizaciam, ” Sroma saSiSi zonidan gaiyvana. garda amisa, tiudorebisa da adreuli xanis stiuartebis miwis SemoRobvis sawinaaRmdego politikac mogebis mizniT miwis sakuTrebis gamoyenebis principis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli erTi Tanmimdevruli protesti iyo. merkantilizmma rom industriaSi saxelmwifo Careva gazarda, am faqtidan yvelaze mkafiod im daskvnis gamotana SeiZleba, rom es sistema, miuxedavad misi empaTiuri da daJinebuli swrafvisa komercializaciisaken, rogorc erovnuli politikisaken, bazrebis Sesaxeb sabazro ekonomikisagan sruliad sawinaaRmdegos fiqrobda. am periodSi, didi gansxvaveba ar iyo merkantilistebsa da feodalebs Soris, samefo gvirgvinian damgegmareblebsa da kerZo interesebs Soris, centralizaciis ganmaxorcielebel biurokratebsa da konservatiul partikularistebs Soris. maT Soris uTanxmoeba mxolod regulaciis meTodebze iyo: gildiebi, qalaqebi, da provinciebi mimarTavdnen Cveulebisa da tradiciis Zalas, maSin rodesac axali saxelmwifo xelisufalni upiratesobas kanonebsa da dadgenilebebs aniWebdnen. Tumca, yvelani erTnairad ewinaaRmdegebodnen Sromisa da miwis komercializaciis ideas – anu ideas, romelic sabazro ekonomikis winapiroba iqneboda. xelosanTa gildiebi da feodaluri privilegiebi safrangeTSi mxolod 1790 wels gauqmda; inglisSi „ xelosanTa kanoni “ mxolod 1813 14 wlebSi anulirda, xolo „ elizabetis RaribTa kanoni “ ki – 1834 wels. meTvramete saukunis bolo aTwleulamde, arc erT qveyanaSi, Sromis Tavisufali bazris Seqmna arc ki ga151 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi nixileboda, xolo ekonomikuri cxovrebis TviTregulireba am epoqis TvalsawierSi saerTod ar iyo. merkantilists vaWrobisa da komerciis saSualebiT qveynis resursebis ganviTareba ainteresebda, maT Soris sruli dasaqmebac. miwisa da Sromis tradiciul organizebas is arsebul mocemulobad aRiqvamda. am TvalsazrisiT, is aqac iseve daSorebuli iyo Tanamedrove koncefciebs, rogorc politikis sferoSi: politikaSi mas ganmanaTlebeli despotis absoluturi Zalauflebis swamda da am rwmenas sruliad ar amsubuqebda demokratiis daTqmebi. da iseve, rogorc demokratiul sistemasa da warmomadgenlobiT politikaze gadasvlam epoqis tendenciebis sruli Semobruneba ganapiroba, meTvramete saukunis bolosaTvis, regulirebulidan TviTregulirebad bazrebze gadasvla warmoadgenda sazogadoebrivi struqturis srul transformacias. TviTregulirebadi bazari, arc meti da arc naklebi, moiTxovs, sazogadoebis instituciur gayofas ekonomikur da politikur sferoebad. aseTi diqotomia, sazogadoebis, rogorc erTi mTlianobis perspeqtividan, faqtobrivad, TviTregulirebadi bazris arsebobis xelaxali gacxadebaa. SesaZloa vamtkicoT, rom am ori sferos gancalkeveba yvela droisa da tipis sazogadoebaSi gvxvdeba. Tumca, aseTi daskvna mcdar warmodgenaze iqneba dafuZnebuli. is ki marTalia, rom verc erTi sazogadoeba ver iarsebebs raime tipis imgvari sistemis gareSe, romelic uzrunvelyofda warmoebisa da distribuciis procesis organizebas. magram es ar gulisxmobs ekonomikuri institutebis gamijvnas; rogorc wesi, ekonomikuri wesrigi socialuri wesrigis funqcias warmoadgens. rogorc vnaxeT, arc traibalur, arc feodalur, da arc merkantilur pirobebSi, sazogadoebaSi ar arsebobda calke ekonomikuri sistema. mecxramete saukunis sazogadoeba, romelSic ekonomikuri qmedeba gai152 Tavi 6 TviTregulirebadi bazari da fiqtiuri saqonlebi mijna calkeuli ekonomikuri motiviT, am mxriv, warmoadgenda erTaderT gamonakliss. aseTi instituciuri mowyoba ver ifunqcionirebda sistemis moTxovnebisadmi sazogadoebis damorCilebis gareSe. sabazro ekonomikis arseboba mxolod sabazro sazogadoebaSia SesaZlebeli. am zogadi daskvnis gamotana SesaZlebeli gaxda sabazro wyobis Cveneuli analizis Sedegad. axla, Cven SegviZlia am mtkicebis konkretuli mizezebi gamovyoT. sabazro ekonomika unda Sedgebodes industriis yvela elementisagan, maT Soris Sromis, miwisa da fulisagan ( sabazro ekonomikaSi fulic industriuli cxovrebis aucilebeli elementia, da mis sabazro meqanizmebSi Seyvanas, rogorc SemdgomSi vnaxavT, grZelvadiani instituciuri Sedegebi aqvs ) . magram Sroma da miwa sxva araferia, Tu ara Tavad adamianebi, romelTaganac nebismieri sazogadoeba warmoiqmneba, da is bunebrivi garemo, romelSic es sazogadoeba arsebobs. maTi sabazro meqanizmad moazreba niSnavs bazris wesebisadmi sazogadoebis arsis daqvemdebarebas. axla ukve im poziciaze varT, rodesac SegviZlia ganvavrcoT sabazro ekonomikis instituciuri bunebis ufro konkretuli forma da misi Tanmdevi, sazogadoebisaTvis safrTxis Semcveli aspeqtebi. pirvel rigSi, aRvwerT im meTodebs, romelTa saSualebiTac sabazro meqanizms saSualeba eZleva akontrolos da marTos industriuli cxovrebis realuri elementebi; meorec, SevecdebiT gavzomoT aseTi meqanizmis imgvar sazogadoebaze gavlenis buneba, romelzec sabazro meqanizmi zemoqmedebs. sabazro meqanizmi swored koncefcia „ saqonlis “ saSualebiT amuSavebs industriuli cxovrebis sxvadasxva elementebs. „ saqonels “ aq empiriulad ganvmartavT, rogorc bazarze gasayidad Seqmnil sagnebs; bazrebi, isev da isev, ganimarteba rogorc realuri kontaqti myidvelebsa da gamyidvelebs Soris. Sesabamisad, industriis yvela 153 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi elementi miiCneva bazarze gasayidad Seqmnilad, vinaidan mxolod am SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba is daeqvemdebaros fasTan interaqciaSi myof miwodebisa da moTxovnis meqanizms. praqtikaSi es niSnavs, rom industriis yvela elementisaTvis unda arsebobdes bazari; rom am bazrebze TiToeuli es meqanizmi organizebulia miwodebisa da moTxovnis jgufebad; da rom TiToeul elements aqvs fasi, romelic urTierTqmedebaSia moTxovnasa da miwodebasTan. es bazrebi – romelTa raodenoba uTvalavia – urTierTdakavSirebulebi arian da qmnian erT did bazars. 1 yvelaze mniSvnelovani sakiTxi aq es aris: Sroma, miwa, da fuli industriis aucilebel elementebs warmoadgenen; Tu es asea, maSin maTi mowesrigebac bazrebis saSualebiT unda moxdes: faqtobrivad, es bazrebi qmnian ekonomikuri sistemis yvelaze sasicocxlo nawils. magram Sroma, miwa da fuli „ saqonlis “ nairsaxeobebi aSkarad ar arian; mtkiceba, rom nebismieri ram, romelsac bazarze vyidulobT da vyidiT, gasayidad aris warmoqmnili, am elementebTan dakavSirebiT calsaxad arasworia. sxva sityvebiT rom ganvmartoT, „ saqonlis “ empiriuli ganmartebis mixedviT, isini saqonels ar warmoadgenen. Sroma aris mxolod morigi saxeli adamianis qmedebisa, romelic adamianis cxovrebasTan erTad moiazreba, da romelic Tavis mxriv, gasayidad warmoebuli ki ar aris, aramed sruliad sxva mizezTa gamoa Seqmnili; miwa aris bunebis morigi saxeli, romelic adamianis mier Seqmnili ar aris; da bolos, realuri fuli warmoadgens mxolod msyidvelobis unaris ganxorcielebis saSualebas, romelic rogorc wesi, saerTod ar iwarmoeba, aramed warmoiqmneba sabanko da saxelmwifo finansebis meqa1 Hawtrey , G . R ., op . cit . misi funqcia houTreis mier danaxulia, rogorc „ yvela urTierTdakavSirebuli saqonlis SedarebiTi sabazro Rirebulebebis “ warmoqmna. 154 Tavi 6 TviTregulirebadi bazari da fiqtiuri saqonlebi nizmebis saSualebiT. arc erTi maTgani ar iwarmoeba gasayidad. amdenad, Sromis, miwisa da fulis „ saqonlis “ cnebis saSualebiT aRwera mTlianad fiqtiuria. miuxedavad amisa, swored am fiqciis saSualebiT xorcieldeba Sromis, miwisa da fulis realuri bazrebis organizeba; 1 bazarze maT realurad yiduloben da yidian; maTi moTxovna da miwodeba realurad arsebuli sidideebia; da nebismieri miRebuli zoma an politika, romelic daabrkolebda aseTi bazrebis Camoyalibebas, faqtobrivad safrTxeSi Caagdebda sistemis TviTregulirebas. amdenad, saqonlis fiqciuroba warmoadgens sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis maorganizebel princips mTeli sazogadoebisaTvis, da gavlenas axdens TiTqmis yvela sazogadoebriv institutze sruliad gansxvavebuli gzebiT. konkretulad ki es aris principi, romlis mixedviTac, arc erTi imgvari mowyobisa Tu qcevis arseboba ar unda iqnas daSvebuli, romelmac SesaZloa xeli SeuSalos sabazro meqanizmis realur funqcionirebas fiqtiuri saqonlis xarjze. Sromis, miwisa da fulis SemTxvevaSi, aseTi mtkiceba ver iqneba misaRebi. sabazro meqanizmisaTvis im uflebis miniWeba, rom is gaxdes adamianis bedisa da misi bunebrivi garemos erTaderTi ganmsazRvreli, Tundac msyidvelobis unariT gansazRvruli doziTa da misi gamoyenebiT, sazogadoebis CamoSlas gamoiwvevda. saqonlis amgvar gagebaSi, „ SromiTi Zala “ ver iqneba gamoyenebuli verc usistemod da diskriminaciis gareSe, da verc gamouyenebeli darCeba im individebze gavlenis moxdenis gareSe, vinc am tipis saqonels floben. adamianis 1 marqsis mtkiceba saqonlis Rirebulebis fetiSuri xasiaTis Sesaxeb Seexeba realuri saqonlis gacvliT Rirebulebas da araferi aqvs saerTo fiqciur saqonelTan, romelic am teqstSia naxsenebi. 155 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi Sromis Zalis gankargviT, sistema uneburad gankargavs im fizikur, fsiqologiur da moralur yofierebas, romelsac adamianis Sroma moiazrebs. kulturuli institutebis damcveli garsisagan ganZarcvuli adamianebi socialuri daucvelobis Sedegebs ver gauZlebdnen; isini Seewirebodnen socialuri qsovilis moSlis Sedegad warmoqmnil borotebas, garyvnilebas, danaSaulsa da SimSils. bunebrivi garemo daiyvaneboda mis Semadgenel elementebamde, samezobloebamde da dazianebul landSaftebamde, mdinareebi dabinZurdebodnen, samxedro usafrTxoeba safrTxis qveS aRmoCndeboda, xolo sakvebisa da nedleulis warmoebis unari – warTmeuli. sabolood ki, msyidvelobis unaris sabazro administrireba drogamoSvebiT moaxdenda biznes sawarmoebis likvidacias, vinaidan fulis siWarbe an nakleboba biznesisaTvis iseTive damRupveli aRmoCndeboda, rogorc wyaldidobebi da gvalvebi primitiul sazogadoebaSi. eWvgareSea, rom Sromis, miwisa da fulis bazrebi sabazro ekonomikisaTvis aucilebelia. Tumca, verc erTi sazogadoeba, drois yvelaze mcire monakveTSic ki ver aitanda aseT aSkara fiqciebze dafuZnebuli sistemis Sedegebs im SemTxvevis garda, Tuki misi adamianuri da bunebrivi arsi, iseve rogorc misi saqmiani organizeba, daculi iqneboda „ eSmakis wisqvilis “ aoxrebisagan. sabazro ekonomikis ukiduresi xelovnuroba im faqtiT aris gamyarebuli, rom Tavad warmoebis procesi aq organizebulia gayidviTa da yidviT. komerciul sazogadoebaSi, bazrisaTvis warmoebis organizebis sxva gza ar arsebobs 1 . gviani Sua saukuneebis periodSi, eqsportisaTvis gankuTvnili industriuli warmoeba qalaqis mdidari macxovreblebis saSualebiT wesrigdeboda, da TavianT qalaqebSi maTi uSualo xelmZRvanelebiT xorcieldeboda. mogviane1 Cunningham , W ., “ Economic Change , ” in Cambridge Modern History , Vol . 1 . 156 Tavi 6 TviTregulirebadi bazari da fiqtiuri saqonlebi biT, merkantilur sazogadoebaSi, warmoeba organizdeboda vaWrebis mier da mxolod konkretuli qalaqebiT aRar Semoifargleboda; es iyo e.w. „ gadabarebis epoqa, “ rodesac Sida industriebi nedleuliT im kapitalisti vaWrebisagan maragdeboda, romlebic akontrolebdnen warmoebis process, rogor wmindad komerciul saqmianobas. swored maSin moxda industriuli warmoebis organizebis didwilad vaWrebis xelSi gadasvla. vaWari icnobda bazars, mis moculobas da moTxovnis xarisxs; mas aseve SeeZlo Tavdebad dasdgomoda maragebs, romlebic Sedgeboda bambis, maTraxisa da zogjer im saqsovi dazgebisganac, romelsac kotejebis industriaSi iyenebdnen. Tu maragebis miwodeba ver moxerxdeboda, es yvelaze metad swored aseT kotejerebs daartyamdaT, vinaidan maTi dasaqmeba garkveuli droiT Cerdeboda; magram arc erTi Zviriani danadgari saqmeSi ar trialebda da vaWari raime seriozul risks ar iRebda warmoebis procesze pasuxismgeblobis aRebiT. saukuneebis manZilze, es sistema Zlierdeboda da farTovdeboda manam, sanam inglisis msgavs qveyanaSi, bambis industria – mTavari erovnuli nawarmi – qveynis masStabiT uamrav iseT seqtorSi ar gavrcelda, sadac warmoeba memaudeebis mier iyo organizebuli. is, vinc yidulobda da yidda, uneburad warmoebas amaragebda, da sxva motivi arc iyo saWiro. saqonlis Seqmna ar moiazrebda arc urTierTdaxmarebasa da TanamSromlobaze dafuZnebul qcevas, da arc Sinameurneobis mepatronis safiqrals iTvaliswinebda mis zrunvaze damokidebul wevrebze; arc ostatis saqmianobisaTvis damaxasiaTebel siamaye an xalxis qebis damsaxureba iyo aucilebeli – araferi zedmeti saWiro ar iyo garda wminda mogebis miRebis motivisa, rac im adamianTaTvis, romelTa profesiac yidva-gayidva iyo, ucxo xils ar warmoadgenda. dasavleT evropaSi, meTvramete saukunis bolomde, industriuli warmoeba vaWrobis ubralo danamati iyo. 157 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi manam, sanam danadgari iafi da specifikis armqone xelsawyo iyo, es viTareba ar Secvlila. im ubralo faqtiT, rom kotejers adrindelTan SedarebiT erTi da igive droSi ufro metis warmoeba SeeZleboda, misTvis damajerebeli gaxdeboda, rom Semosavlis gazrdis mizniT danadgarebi unda gamoeyenebina. Tumca, Tavad es faqti ar iyo warmoebis organizebis cvlilebaze aucileblad gavlenis momxdeni. is, Tu vin flobda iaf danadgarebs – muSa Tu vaWari – garkveul gansxvavebas qmnida imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu ra socialuri pozicia eqnebodaT mxareebs, magram TiTqmis ueWvelad qmnida gansxvavebas muSis SemosavalSi: muSa ukeTesad iyo manam, sanam is flobda danadgarebs, magram amas vaWari iZulebuli ar gauxdia industriuli kapitalisti gamxdariyo, an Seewyvita misi fulis aseTi adamianebze gasesxeba. saqonlis maragi iSviaTad Tu amoiwureboda; ufro didi sirTule iyo nedleuli masaliT momarageba, rac zogjer aucileblad ferxdeboda. magram aseT SemTxvevebSic ki, im vaWris danakargi, romelic danadgarebs flobda, mniSvnelovani ar iyo. mxolod zogadi manqana-danadgarebis gamoSveba ki ar iyo is faqti, ramac mTlianad Secvala urTierToba vaWarsa da warmoebas Soris, aramed am cvlilebis gamomwvevi ufro metad iyo daxvewili da specifikuri danadgarebis gamogoneba. miuxedavad imisa, rom vaWarma warmoebis organizebis axali wesi SemoiRo, ramac transformaciis mimarTuleba gansazRvra, ufro daxvewili manqana-danadgarebis gamoyenebam gamoiwvia qarxnuli sistemis ganviTareba da amdenad, gardamtexi momenti Seqmna vaWrobisa da industriis gagebaSi im azriT, rom industria ufro mniSvnelovani gaxada. ucabedad, industriuli warmoeba aRar iyo vaWris mier organizebuli vaWrobis – rogorc gayidvisa da yidvis SeTavazebis sivrcis-danamati; is axla ukve moiazrebda grZelvadian investiciebs, romelTac ukve riskebic axlda Tan. aseTi riskebis daZleva SeuZlebe158 Tavi 6 TviTregulirebadi bazari da fiqtiuri saqonlebi li xdeboda Tu ar moxdeboda gonivruli garantiebis Seqmna warmoebis procesis uwyvetobaze. rac ufro rTuli gaxda industriuli warmoeba, miT ufro imata industriis im elementebis raodenobam, romelTa momaragebis myari garantiebic unda Seqmniliyo. sami maTgani, Sroma, miwa da fuli, cxadia, gamorCeuli mniSvnelobisa iyo. komerciul sazogadoebaSi maTi momaragebis mxolod erTi gza arsebobda: SesaZlebeli unda gamxdariyo maTi yidva. amdenad, isini bazarze gasayid saqonlad unda gamoetanaT. sabazro meqanizmis gafarToeba industriis am elementebze – Sromaze, miwasa da fulze – komerciul sazogadoebaSi qarxnuli sistemis SemoRebis gardauvali Sedegi iyo. industriis elementebi gasayidad xelmisawvdomi unda gamxdariyvnen. es sabazro sistemis moTxovnis identuri ram iyo. CvenTvis cnobilia, rom aseT sistemaSi mogeba dazRveulia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu TviTregulireba garantirebulia damoukidebeli da konkurentuli bazrebis saSualebiT. vinaidan qarxnuli sistemis ganviTareba organizebuli iyo yidva-gayidvis procesis nawilad, Sroma, miwa da fuli saqonlebad unda qceuliyo imisaTvis, raTa warmoebis amgvari procesi SenarCunebuliyo. cxadia, isini sinamdvileSi ver gadaiqceodnen realur saqonlebad, vinaidan isini bazarze gasayidad ar Seqmnilan. magram fiqcia imis Sesaxeb, rom TiTqos es elementebi bunebaSi marTlac gasayidad warmoiqmnen, gaxda sazogadoebis maorganizebeli principi. industriis am sam elements Soris, erTi gamorCeulia: Sroma aris teqnikuri termini romelic gamoiyeneba adamianebTan mimarTebaSi maSin, rodesac isini ara damsaqmeblebi, aramed dasaqmebulebi arian; aqedan gamomdinare, Sromis organizeba sabazro sistemis cvlilebasTan erTad Seicvleboda. magram vinaidan Sromis organizeba mxolod gansxvavebuli saxeldebaa ubralo xalxis cxovrebisa, es imas niSnavs, rom 159 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi sabazro sistemis ganviTarebas mohyveboda cvlileba Tavad sazogadoebis organizebaSi. am gagebiT, adamianTa sazogadoeba ekonomikuri sistemis danamati gaxda. SegviZlia gavixsenoT inglisis istoriaSi SemoRobili teritoriebis aoxrebis Cvens mierve moyvanili paraleli da socialuri katastrofa, romelic industriul revolucias moyva. Cven vaxseneT, rom winsvla, rogorc wesi, socialuri qsovilis moSlis – socialuri dislokaciis xarjze xdeboda. Tu amgvari procesebi mZafr xasiaTs iRebs, sazogadoeba Tu Temi, procesebs unda damorCildes. tiudorebma da adreulma stiuartebma inglisi espaneTisagan cvlilebis kursis imgvari daregulirebiT daicves, rom cvlilebebi asatani gaxda, xolo misi Sedegebi – naklebad destruqciuli. magram inglisis ubralo xalxi veraferma daicva industriuli revoluciis gavlenisagan. spontanuri progresis bnelma rwmenam adamianTa gonebaSi myari fesvebi gaidga da yvelaze ganaTlebulni, seqtarianelebis fanatizmiT mouwodebdnen sazogadoebis sazRvarmiuCeneli da dauregulirebeli cvlilebisaken. am yvelaferma adamianTa cxovrebaze imdenad saSineli gavlena iqonia, rom situacia aRweras aRar eqvemdebareboda. marTlac, adamianTa sazogadoeba ganadgurdeboda damcavi kontrmoZraobis gareSe, romelmac am TviTdestruqciuli meqanizmis gavlena Seasusta. amgvarad, mecxramete saukunis socialuri istoria ormagi moZraobis Sedegia: realur saqonelTan mimarTebaSi, sabazro organizebis gafarToebas mohyva misi SezRudvebi fiqciur saqonelTan mimarTebaSi. maSin rodesac, erTis mxriv, bazrebi globalurad gavrcelda da saqonlis odenobam daujerebel ganzomilebebs miaRwia, meores mxriv, specialuri zomebisa da politikebis mTeli wyeba iqna integrirebuli im Zlier institutebSi, romlebic swored imisTvis Seiqmnen, raTa Sromis, miwasa da fulTan 160 Tavi 6 TviTregulirebadi bazari da fiqtiuri saqonlebi mimarTebaSi bazris qmedeba SeeswavlaT. maSin, rodesac saqonlis msoflio bazrebma, kapitalis msoflio bazrebma da valutis msoflio bazrebma oqros standartis pirobebSi Seqmnes uprecedento momenti sabazro meqanizmisaTvis, fesvgamdgarma moZraobam ucabedad daiwyo bazris mier gakontrolebuli ekonomikis damRupveli Sedegebis mimarT winaaRmdegobis warmoeba. sazogadoebam sakuTari Tavi TviTregulirebadi sabazro sistemisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli safrTxeebisagan daicva – es am epoqis istoriis erTi yvelaze ufro yovlismomcveli damaxasiaTebeli Tviseba iyo. 161 Tavi 7 spinhemlendis sistema, 1795 XVIII saukunis sazogadoeba gaucnobiereblad ewinaaRmdegeboda nebismier iseT mcdelobas, rac mas bazris ubralo danamatad aqcevda. sabazro ekonomikis arseboba warmoudgeneli iyo Sromis bazris gareSe; magram amgvari bazris Seqmna, gansakuTrebiT ki inglisis ruralur civilizaciaSi, gulisxmobda sazogadoebis tradiciuli qsovilis mTlian rRvevas. industriuli revoluciis yvelaze aqtiur fazaSi, kerZod 1795 wlidan 1834 wlamde, inglisSi, Sromis bazris Seqmna Tavidan iqna acilebuli spinhemlendis kanonis saSualebiT. faqtobrivad, Sromis bazari, axal industriul sistemaSi erT-erTi bolo bazari iyo. es saboloo nabiji mxolod maSin gadaidga, rodesac sabazro ekonomika unda dawyebuliyo da rodesac cxadi xdeboda, rom Sromis bazris ararseboba ufro didi boroteba iqneboda ubralo xalxisTvis, vidre is ubedurebebi, romlebic mis SemoRebas mohyveboda Tan. sabolood, Sromis Tavisufali bazari, miuxedavad im arahumanuri meTodebisa, rac mis Sesaqmnelad gamoiyenes, finansurad momgebiani aRmoCnda yvela dainteresebuli mxarisTvis. 162 Tavi 7 spinhemlendis sistema, 1795 Tumca, yvelaze mniSvnelovanma problemam swored am dros iCina Tavi. Tavisufali Sromis bazris ekonomikurma upiratesobebma ver daCrdiles mis mier gamowveuli socialurad destruqciuli Sedegebi. Sromis xelaxla dasacavad aucilebeli gaxda axali tipis regulaciebis Seqmna. amjerad, Sromis dacva ukve Tavad sabazro meqanizmisagan iyo saWiro. miuxedavad imisa, rom ekonomikuri meqanizmebis moTxovnebis Sesabamisad, ramdenadac SesaZlebeli iyo, SemoRebul iqna axali tipis iseTi damcavi meqanizmebi, rogoric aris profesiuli kavSirebi da sawarmoo kanonebi, TviTregulaciaSi monawileobis miRebiT, es meqanizmebi, sabolood mainc anadgurebdnen sistemas. am viTarebis uzogadesi logikiT, spinhemledis kanoni strategiuli mniSvnelobisa iyo. inglisSi, miwac da fulic ufro adre iqna mobilizebuli, vidre Sroma. Sromis erovnuli bazris Camoyalibeba Tavdapirvelad Tavidan iyo acilebuli fizikuri gadaadgilebis samarTlebrivi SezRudvebis gziT, vinaidan mSromeli faqtobrivad mijaWvuli iyo Tavis sofels. 1662 wlis „ gansaxlebis aqtiT “ ( igive „ RaribTa Semweobis aqti “ ) , romelic adgilobriv samrevloebSi baton-ymobis urTierTobebis wesebs gansazRvravda, mxolod 1795 wels Semsubuqda. es nabiji SesaZlebels gaxdida Sromis erovnuli bazris Camoyalibebas „ spinhemlendis kanoni “ anu „ daxmarebis sistema “ rom ar SemoeRoT imave wels. am kanonis tendencia sapirispiro iyo: kerZod, is mimarTuli iyo Sromis organizebis imgvari paternalisturi sistemis gaZlierebisaken, romelic memkvidreobiT iyo miRebuli tiudorebisa da stiuartebisagan. 1795 wlis 6 maiss, didi mRelvarebis dros, berkSiris mosamarTleebma, pelikan inSi, spinhemlendSi, niuberisTan axlos Sexvedrisas gadawyvites, rom imisaTvis, raTa RaribTaTvis minimaluri xelfasi garantirebuli yofiliyo, miuxedavad maTi anazRaurebisa , xelfasis dasaxmareblad subsidiebi unda gacemuliyo im 163 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi odenobiT, romelic damokidebuli iqneboda puris fasze. mosamarTleebis cnobili rekomendacia Semdegnairi iyo: rodesac erTi galoni puris naWris gansazRvruli xarisxi „ eRireboda erTi Silingi, maSin yvela Rarib, da Sromismoyvare pirs, daxmarebis saxiT unda mieRo kviraSi sami Silingi, romelic gacemul iqneboda rogorc misi an misi ojaxis Sromis gamo, an rogorc RaribTa Semweoba; misi colisTvis, da misi ojaxis yoveli momdevno wevrisaTvis, is miiRebda 1 Silingsa da 6 penss; rodesac erTi galoni eRireboda 1 / 6 , maSin is miiRebda kviraSi 4 Silings, da damatebiT 1 / 10 ; yvela pensi, romliTac puris fasi moimatebda 1 Silingis zemoT, mas unda hqonoda 3 pensi misTvis da erTi pensi sxvebisTvis. “ es ricxvebi garkveulwilad gansxvavdeboda sagrafoebis mixedviT, magram umetes SemTxvevebSi SemoRebuli iqna spinhemlendis skala. es CaiTvala kritikulad aucilebel zomad, da araformalurad iqna SemoRebuli. miuxedavad imisa, rom mas „ kanons “ eZaxdnen, es Tavad es sazomi arasdros yofila samarTlebrivad dadgenili . miuxedavad amisa, igi soflebis umravlesobaSi miwis wesad Camoyalibda, da metic, mas saxecvlili formiT zogierT sawarmoo qalaqSic ki icavdnen; es iyo „ sicocxlis uflebaze “ aranaklebi donis socialuri da ekonomikuri inovacia, da 1834 wels mis gauqmebamde, is efeqturad axerxebda konkurentuli Sromis bazris Camoyalibebis Tavidan acilebas. mis gauqmebamde ori wliT adre, 1832 wels, saSualo klasma Zalaufleba moipova, nawilobriv imisTvisac, raTa es dabrkoleba CamoeSorebina axali kapitalisturi ekonomikisaTvis. marTlac, araferi SeiZleboda yofiliyo imaze cxadi, rom saxelfaso sistema imperatiulad moiTxovda spinhemlendis kanoniT gamocxadebuli „ sicocxlis uflebis “ ukan gawvevas – ekonomikuri adamianis axali reJimiT, aravin imuSavebda xelfasisaTvis, Tu misTvis SesaZlebeli iqneboda sicocxlisa164 Tavi 7 spinhemlendis sistema, 1795 Tvis aucilebeli Semosavlis dagroveba arafris keTebiT ( an arafris keTebaze arc ise bevriT ) . kidev erTi damaxasiaTebeli Tviseba, rac spinhemlendis meTodis Semotrialebas sdevda Tan, naklebad cnobili movlena iyo XIX saukunis mwerlebisaTvis. kerZod ki is faqti, rom saxelfaso sistema universaluri unda gamxdariyo Tavad xelfasis mqoneTaTvisac, miuxedavad imisa, rom es niSnavda maTTvis arsebobis samarTlebrivi uflebis CamorTmevas. „ sicocxlis ufleba “ maTTvis sikvdilis xafangi aRmoCnda. paradoqsi cxadi iyo. mtkicebis Tanaxmad, spinhemlendi niSnavda, rom „ RaribTa kanoni “ liberalurad unda yofiliyo administrirebuli – sinamdvileSi ki is gadaiqca misi Tavdapirveli ganzraxvis sapirispirod. elizabetis kanonis mixedviT, Raribebs unda emuSavaT nebismier xelfasze, da mxolod maT SeeZloT Semweobis miReba, vinc samuSaos ver ipovida; saxelfaso daxmareba arc ganzraxuli iyo, da arc gaicemoda. spinhemlendis kanonis mixedviT, piri Semweobas iRebda maSinac ki, rodesac dasaqmebuli iyo, magram misi xelfasi naklebi iyo spinhemlendis SkaliT gazomili ojaxis Semosavlisa. amdenad, arc erT mSromels ar hqonda finansuri interesi, daekmayofilebina misi damsaqmebeli; misi Semosavali igive iqneboda miuxedavad imisa, Tu ra iqneboda misi xelfasi; situacia gansxvavebuli iyo mxolod maSin, Tu standartuli xelfasebi – anu gadaxdili xelfasebi aWarbebda skalas – ase ki, rogorc wesi, soflad ar xdeboda, vinaidan damsaqmebels Sromis miReba nebismier fasad SeeZlo: mas rac ar unda dabali xelfasi gadaexada mSromelebisTvis, arsebuli subsidia mSromelTa xelfass awevda da skalas gauTanabrebda. ramdenime weliwadSi, Sromis produqtiulobam kleba daiwyo da RatakTa, anu pauperTa Sromas gauTanabrda, ramac damatebiTi mizezi Seuqmna damsaqmeblebs, rom ar gaezardaT xelfasi skalaze zemoT. ukve 165 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi maSin ki, rodesac Sromis intensiuroba, da is mzrunveloba da efeqturoba riTac Sroma xorcieldeboda gansazRvrul doneze qvemoT Camovida, rTuli gaxda misi gamorCeva Cveulebrivi xalturisagan an kidev im fasaduri samuSaosagan, romelic gare Tvalis dasanaxad narCundeboda. miuxedavad imisa, rom samuSao principis doneze sruldeboda, praqtikaSi gavrcelda specialuri daxmarebebi – “ Outdoor relief ” da miuxedavad imisa, rom dasvenebebis administrireba xdeboda e.w. RaribTa dasaqmebis saxlebSi, mSromelTa saqmes Znelad Tu daarqmevdiT „ samuSaos. “ am yvelaferma saWiro gaxada tiudorebis kanonebis gadaxedva ara ufro naklebi, aramed ufro meti paternalizmis damyarebisaTvis. daxmarebebis drois gaxangrZliveba, saxelfaso daxmarebis Semotana, romelsac emateboda calkeuli Semweobebi colisa da bavSvebisaTvis, da TiToeuli erTeulis mateba an kleba puris fasis cvlilebis mixedviT, im drois SromisaTvis niSnavda dramatul xelaxal Sesvlas im regulaciur principSi, romelic saCqarod gaauqmes industriuli cxovrebis, rogorc erTi mTlianobis uzrunvelsayofad. arc erTi sxva miRebuli zoma ase universalurad popularuli ar gamxdara. 1 mSoblebi gaTavisufldnen sakuTar Svilebze yoveldRiuri sazrunavisagan, da Svilebi aRar iyvnen damokidebuli sakuTar mSoblebze; damsaqmeblebs SeeZloT sakuTari survilisamebr xelfasis Semcireba, magram dasaqmebulebi mainc daculni iyvnen SimSilis safrTxisagan miuxedavad imisa, gamwed imuSavebdnen, Tu ara; humanitarebi amgvar zomas iwonebdnen rogorc wyalobis aqts da Tumca ara rogorc samarTlians, xolo egoisturad ganwyobilni kmayofilebiT anugeSebdnen sakuTar Tavs im fiqriT, rom miuxedavad imisa, rom es wyalobis aqti iyo, rogorc minimum is ar iyo liberaluri: Tavad sagadasaxado ganakve1 Meredith , H . O ., Outlines of the Economic History of England , 1908 . 166 Tavi 7 spinhemlendis sistema, 1795 Tis gadamxdelebmac ki sakmaod gvian gaacnobieres, Tu ra mouvidoda gadasaxadebs im sistemaSi, romelic „ sicocxlis uflebas “ aRiarebda imis da miuxedavad, eZleoda Tu ara sicocxlisaTvis sakmarisi xelfasi ( e.w. „ living wage “ ) mSromels. grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi, am yvelafris Sedegi sazareli iyo. miuxedavad imisa, rom sakmarisi dro gavida manam, sanam ubralo adamianis Rirsebis grZnoba yvelaze dabal niSnulamde daecemoda da is muSaobas RaribTa Semweobas amjobinebda, misi xelfasebis gacemas, romlis subsidireba sajaro fondebidan xdeboda, sabolood zRvari ar eqneboda, da is iZulebuli gaxada Semweobebze yofiliyo damokidebuli. soflis mosaxleoba nel-nela gaRatakda; andaza, rom „ erTxel Semweobaze yofna, yovelTvis Semweobaze damokidebulebas niSnavs, “ marTali aRmoCnda. magram Semweobis sistemis gaWianurebuli Sedegebis gamo, SeuZlebeli aRmoCnda adreuli kapitalizmis adamianuri da socialuri degradaciis Sedegebis aRwera. spinhemlendis epizodma saukunis wamyvani qveynis xalxisaTvis gamoaaSkarava im socialuri Tavgadasavlis namdvili buneba, romelsac es-esaa iwyebdnen. arc mmarTvelebs da arc marTulebs arasdros daviwynodaT am ugunurTa samoTxis mier miRebuli gakveTilebi; Tu 1832 wlis reformebis sakanonmdeblo proeqti (The Reform Bill of 1832) da 1834 wlis RaribTa kanonSi Sesuli cvlilebebi (The Poor Law Amendment of 1834) sazogadod miCneul iqna Tanamedrove kapitalizmis dasawyisad, es imitom moxda, rom am kanonebma warsuls Caabares keTilmosurne memamule da misi Semweobis programebi. Tumca, kapitalisturi wesrigis Seqmnis mcdeloba Sromis bazris gareSe sastikad Caflavda. wesebi, romlebic am sistemas awesrigebdnen sakuTar Tavs cxadad aaSkaravebdnen da paternalizmis principis mimarT radikalur antagonizms aCvenebdnen. am kanonTa simkacre sakmaod cxadi gaxda da maTi damrRvevebi sastikad isjebodnen. 167 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi spinhemlendis pirobebSi, sazogadoeba ori urTierTsapirispiro gavlenis mixedviT daiyo: erTi gavlena warmoiqmna paternalizmisa da sabazro sistemis safrTxeebisgan Sromis daculobis principidan; xolo meore gavlena warmoebis elementebs sabazro sistemis SigniT awesrigebda da man ubralo xalxs adrindeli statusebi CamoaSora: erTi mxriv, isini iZulebuli gaxada Tavis sarCenad sakuTari Sroma gaeyidaT, meore mxriv, ki maT Sromas waarTva sabazro Rirebuleba. am dros warmoiqmna damsaqmebelTa axali klasi, Tumca amis sapirwoned, dasaqmebulTa klasma sakuTari Tavi ver warmoqmna. miwis SemoRobvis seriaTa axali giganturi talRa miwis mobilizacias axdenda da qmnida axal ruralur proletariats. es maSin, rodesac „ RaribTa kanonis cudi administrireba “ ar aZlevda maT sakuTari SromiT Tavis rCenis saSualebas. gasakviri ar aris, rom im drois Tanamedroveebi SeZrwunebulni iyvnen im TvalSisacemi winaaRmdegobiT, rac gamoixateboda erTi mxriv warmoebis TiTqmis saswaulebrivi zrdiT, da meore mxriv, masebis SimSiliT. 1834 wlisaTvis, ukve arsebobda sazogado rwmena – maT Soris bevri moazrovne adamianis Rrma rwmena – rom spinhemlendis SenarCunebas nebismieri ram ajobebda. an sawarmoo danadgarebi unda ganadgurebuliyo, rogorc es luditebma scades, an kidev regularuli Sromis bazari unda Seqmniliyo. kacobrioba swored amgvarad aiZules Sesuliyo am utopiur eqsperimentSi. aq ar aris spinhemlendis ekonomikis Sesaxeb grZlad salaparako adgili; amisaTvis mogvianebiT iqneba SesaZlebloba. am yvelafris fonze, „ sicocxlis uflebas “ mTlianad unda Seewyvita anazRaurebadi Sroma. standartuli xelfasebi TandaTanobiT unda ganulebuliyo, rac saxelfaso Ceks mTlianad adgilobriv samrevlos daakisrebda. es ki am zomebis absurdulobis manifestacia iqneboda. magram es ZiriTadad mainc pre-kapitalisturi xana iyo, rodesac 168 Tavi 7 spinhemlendis sistema, 1795 ubralo xalxi jer kidev tradiciulad azrovnebda, da maTi qceva Sors iyo mxolod monetaruli motivebiT xelmZRvanelobisagan. soflis mosaxleobis umravlesobas, ubralo mSromelebs Tu sxvebs, pauperis, anu Ratakis statuss nebismieri tipis arseboba erCiaT, miuxedavad imisa, rom im droisaTvis, pauperis statusi ar iyo ganzrax datvirTuli gamaRizianebeli Tu sasircxvilo maxasiaTeblebiT, rogorc is SemdgomSi daitvirTa. Tu mSromelebi Tavisuflebi iyvnen rom win waewiaT sakuTari interesebi, Semweobis sistemas, ra Tqma unda, SesaZloa sapirispiro efeqti hqonoda standartul xelfasebze: umuSevarTa Semweoba, romelic RaribTa kanonis aseTi liberaluri administrirebis qveS moiazreboda, didad daexmareboda profkavSirebis qmedebas. aqedan SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom spinhemlendis paternalisturma intervenciam ubiZga morig intervencias – anti-kombinaciis kanons (Anti Combination Laws) , magram misTvis spinhemlends SesaZloa anazRaurebis Semcirebis nacvlad, misi zrda gamoewvia, rogorc es moxda kidec. anti-kombinaciis kanonTan erTad, romelic momdevno meoTxedi saukunis ganmavlobaSi ar gauqmebula, spinhemlendma Sedegad is ironiuli Sedegi gamoiRo, rom finansurad ganxorcielebulma „ uflebam sicocxleze “ sabolood is xalxi gaanadgura, romelTa mZime momentebSi dasaxmarebladac iyo Seqmnili. momdevno TaobebisaTvis, Zalzed cxadi iqneboda, rom iseT institutebs, rogorebic iyo anazRaurebis sistema da „ ufleba sicocxleze “ urTierTgamomricxavi buneba axasiaTebdaT. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, aSkara iqneboda kapitalisturi wesrigis dafuZnebis SeuZlebloba manam, sanam anazRaurebis gadaxda moxdeboda sajaro fondebidan. magram Tanamedroveebma maSin ver gaiazres im wesrigis arsi, romelsac isini gzas umzadebdnen. mxolod maSin, rodesac amis Sedegad masebis produqtiuli unari seriozulad daqveiTda – rac WeSmarit erovnul ubedurebas war169 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi moadgenda da abrkolebda sawarmoo danadgarebis civilizaciis progress – sazogadoebis cnobierebaSi aucileblad iqna miCneuli RaribTa upirobo Semweobis gauqmeba. spinhemlendis rTuli ekonomika im drois yvelaze eqspertuli damkvirveblebis gagebis unarsac gascda: magram daskvna ufro Zlieri Canda, rom daxmareba xelfasis saSualebiT Tavisi bunebiT zianis momtani unda yofiliyo, vinaidan is gasaocrad azianebda Tavad maT mimRebebsac ki. sabazro sistemis safrTxeebi Tavidanve cxadi ar iyo. amis gasacnobiereblad Cven is cvlilebis gamomwvevi movlenebi unda ganvasxvaoT, romlebic inglisis mSromeli xalxis winaSe dadga manqana-danadgarebis SemoRebis dRidan: pirvel rigSi, unda gamovyoT 1795 1834 wlebis spinhemlendis periodi; meore, is gasaWiri, romelic 1834 wlis Semdgom aTwleulSi RaribTa kanonis reformam gamoiwvia; mesamec, unda gaviazroT 1834 wlis Semdgomi konkurentuli Sromis bazris efeqti manam, sanam 1870 -ian wlebSi profesiuli kavSirebis aRiarebam sakmarisi daculobis garantia ar warmoqmna. qronologiurad, spinhemlendi win uZRoda sabazro ekonomikas; sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlad RaribTa kanonis reformis aqti SegviZlia miviCnioT. bolo periodi – romelic nawilobriv wina periodsac moicavda, ukve namdvili sabazro ekonomika iyo. es sami periodi erTmaneTisagan mniSvnelovnad gansxvav­ deboda. spinhemlendi imisaTvis iqna mofiqrebuli, rom ubralo xalxis proletarizacia aecilebina Tavidan, an rogorc minimum, Seenelebina es procesi. Sedegi ki masebis pauperizacia iyo – masebma am procesSi adamianis forma TiTqmis dakarges. 1834 wlis RaribTa kanonis reformam, Sromis bazris es winaRoba daasrula: „ ufleba sicocxleze “ gauqmda. aqtis mecnieruli sisastike 1830 40 wlebis sazogadoebrivi ganwyobisTvis imdenad Sokismomgvreli iyo, momavali 170 Tavi 7 spinhemlendis sistema, 1795 Taobebis TvalSi Zlieri sazogadoebrivma protestebma suraTi gaafermkrTales. ukiduresad gaWirvebulTa didi nawili, Semweobis moxsnasTan erTad bedis anabara darCa, xolo yvelaze metad dazaraldnen „ damsaxurebuli Raribebi, “ romlebic zedmetad amayebi iyvnen imisaTvis, raTa e.w. „ vorqhausebSi “ Sesuliyvnen, romlebic ukve sircxvilis dasaxlebad iyo qceuli. Tanamedrove istoriaSi, albaT arasdros ganxorcielebula socialuri reformis aseTi ulmobeli aqti; am reformam uamravi sicocxle Seiwira maSin, rodesac Tavi ise moqonda, TiTqos is awesebda siRaribis namdvil kriteriums e.w. „ vorqhausebSi “ . zomieri filantropistebi gulcivad uWerdnen mxars fsiqologiuri tanjvis praqtikaSi ganxorcielebas da mas ise udgebodnen, rogorc samuSao qarxnebis zeTiT gapoxierebis saSualebas. miuxedavad amisa, mTeli ukmayofileba miemarTeboda im siswrafesa da moulodnelobas, romliTac Zveli instituti ganaxlda da radikaluri transformacia ganxorcielda. disraelim dagmo es „ warmoudgeneli revolucia “ adamianTa cxovrebaSi. Tumca, Tu mxolod fulad Semosavals davTvlidiT, adamianTa situacia male unda gaumjobesebuliyo. mesame periodis problemebi yvelaze rTuli da mZime iyo. 1834 wlis Semdgom aTwleulSi, RaribTa kanonis axali da centralizebuli ganmaxorcielebeli pirebis mier RaribTa mimarT Cadenili biurokratiuli sisastikeebi mxolod sporaduli iyo da arc ki Seedreboda Tanamedrove institutTagan yvelaze Zlier, Sromis bazris efeqtebs. Tavisi masStabiT, is Camogavda spinhemlendis safrTxeebs, magram im gansxvavebiT, rom axla ukve konkurentuli Sromis bazris ar arseboba ki ara, aramed swored misi arseboba warmoadgenda safrTxes. Tu spinhemlendma Tavidan aicila mSromelTa klasis warmoqmna, axla ukve ugrZnobi meqanizmis saSualebiT, aseT klasad mSromeli Raribebi yalibdebodnen. Tu spinhemlendis pirobe171 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi bSi adamianebs epyrobodnen, rogorc arc Tu ise Zvirfas cxovelebs, axla ukve maTgan imasac elodnen, rom maT sakuTar Tavze Tavad ezrunaT miuxedavad maT winaaRmdeg arsebuli garemoebebisa. Tu spinhemlendi niSnavda degradaciis gamoyudroebul miusafrobas, axla ukve mSromeli adamiani sazogadoebaSi usaxlkaro iyo. Tu spinhemlendma gadaamuSava samezoblo, ojaxis, da ruraluri garemos Rirebulebebi, axla ukve adamiani mowyvetili iyo mis saxlsa da naTesaobas, mis fuZes da misTvis Rirebulebis matarebel yvela garemos. mokled, Tu spinhemlendi niSnavda umoZraobaSi Calpobas, axla saSiSroebas warmoadgenda siciviT gamowveuli sikvdili. 1834 wlamde inglisSi konkurentuli Sromis bazari ar Camoyalibebula. aqedan gamomdinare, ver vityviT, rom industriuli kapitalizmi, rogorc socialuri sistema, am TariRamde arsebobda. Tumca, TiTqmis Tanadroulad, sazogadoebam sakuTari Tavis dacva daiwyo: amoqmedda sawarmoo kanonebi da socialuri kanonmdebloba, aRmocenda politikuri da industriuli muSaTa klasis moZraobebi. swored sabazro meqanizmis mTeli rigi axali safrTxeebis gamklavebisken mimarTuli mcdeloba iyo, rom sazogadoebis TavdacviTi qmedeba fatalurad ewinaaRmdegeboda sistemis TviTregulacias. gazviadeba sulac ar iqneba Tu vityviT, rom XIX saukunis socialuri istoria gansazRvra namdvili sabazro sistemis logikam, rac 1834 wlis „ RaribTa kanonis reformis aqtis “ (The Poor Law Reform Act) SemoRebam daamkvidra. am dinamikis sawyisi wertili ki spinhemlendis kanoni iyo. Tu Cven vityviT, rom spinhemlendis Seswavla niSnavs XIX saukunis civilizaciis dabadebis Seswavlas, mxolod mis ekonomikur an socialur Sedegebs ki ar vgulisxmobT, an Tundac am Sedegebis gavlenas Tanamedrove politikur istoriaze, aramed Tanamedrove TaobisaTvis im ucnob faqts, rom Cveni socialuri cnobiereba misgan gafxvierebul miwa172 Tavi 7 spinhemlendis sistema, 1795 Si iqna formirebuli. pauperis figura, romelic mas Semdeg TiTqmis mTlianad daviwyebas mieca, dominirebda im diskusiaSi, romlis anabeWdic iseTive Zlieri iyo, rogorc istoriis yvelaze sanaxaobrivi movlenebi. Tu safrangeTis revolucia volterisa da didros, qeneisa da rusos naazrevisgan iyo davalebuli, RaribTa kanonis irgvliv gamarTulma msjelobam Camoayaliba benTamisa da burkis, godvinisa da malTuzis, rikardosa da marqsis, robert ouenisa da jon stiuart milis, darvinisa da spenseris azrebi, romlebic safrangeTis revoluciasTan erTad warmoadgendnen XIX saukunis sulier mSoblebs. spinhemlendisa da „ RaribTa kanonis reformis “ Semdgom aTwleulebSi, adamianis goneba sakuTar sazogadoebas miubrunda axali brazisSemcveli SfoTviT: revolucia, romlis aRmocenebac berkSiris mosamarTleebma amaod dagegmes, da romelic „ RaribTa kanonis reformam “ sabolood gaaTavisufla, adamianTa xedva sakuTari koleqtiuri yofierebisaken mimarTa ise, TiTqos am koleqtiuri arsis iq yofna aqamde ugulebelyofili iyo. samyaro gaSiSvlda, da misi realuri arsi – anu im wesebis arseboba, romelic kompleqsur sazogadoebas marTavda – odnavadac ki ar iyo navaraudevi. miuxedavad imisa, rom sazogadoebis aRmoceneba am axali da gamorCeuli azriT, ekonomikur sferoSi moxda, misi Semxebloba universaluri iyo. is forma, riTac axali realoba Cvens cnobierebaSi Semovida, politikuri ekonomika iyo. imisaTvis, rom is adamianTaTvis gasageb mniSvnelobebTan Serwymuliyo, misi saocari regularoba da gamaognebeli winaaRmdegobebi unda SeTavseboda filosofiisa da Teologiis sqemebs. jiuti faqtebi Tu Seubralebeli da brutaluri kanonebi, romlebic Cveni Tavisuflebis gasauqmeblad aRmocendnen, ramenairad unda mogvarebuliyvnen Tavisuflebis ideasTan. es iyo metafizikuri Zalebis is mTavari mamoZravebeli Zala, romelmac uCumrad aitana pozitivistebica da utilita173 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi rianistebic. usazRvro imedi da sasowarkveTa, romlebic adamianTa aqamde aRmouCeneli SesaZleblobebis sferosken imzirebodnen, warmoadgendnen gonebis ambivalentur pasuxs am saSinel SezRudvebze. imedi – es srulyofisunarianobisken mimarTuli xedva – gamoixada mosaxleobis koSmarisa da anazRaurebis kanonebisagan, da gansxeulebuli iyo progresis cnebaSi, romelic iseTi STagonebis wyaro iyo, rom TiTqos amarTlebda momaval masStabur da mtkivneul dislokaciebs. sasowarkveTa transformaciis kidev ufro Zlieri agenti aRmoCnda. adamiani iZulebuli Seiqna uari eTqva sekularul sikvdilze: mas an Tavisi jiSis gamravleba unda Seewyvita, an kidev sakuTari TavisaTvis likvidacia miesaja omebisa da epidemiebis, SimSilisa da borotmoqmedebis saSualebiT. siRaribe bunebiT gadarCenis rols asrulebda: sakvebis simwire da adamianTa simravle problemuri swored maSin gaxda, rodesac simdidris usazRvro zrdis dapireba yvelas dasanaxad CaifuSa da amiT ufro mware gaxada ironia. swored ase integrirda aRmoCenili sazogadoeba adamianis sulier samyarosTan; magram rogor moxerxdeboda am axali realobis, axali sazogadoebis Targmna yoveldRiuri cxovrebis terminebSi ? harmoniisa da konfliqtis moraluri principebis praqtikaSi ganxorcielebis ukiduresad daZabuli megzurebi Setyuebulni iyvnen srul winaaRmdegobebSi. rogorc ambobdnen, harmonia ekonomikisaTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli, xolo individisa da sazogadoebis interesebi saboloo jamSi identuri iyo – magram aseTi harmoniuli TviTregulacia individis mier ekonomikuri kanonebis pativiscemas moiTxovda maSinac ki, rodesac am kanonebs SesaZloa is gaenadgurebinaT. konfliqtic, rogorc adamianTa konkurencia an klasTa brZola, ekonomikis maxasiaTeblebad gamoiyureboda, magram aseTi konfliqtebi, 174 Tavi 7 spinhemlendis sistema, 1795 isev da isev, SeiZleba ufro Rrma harmoniis mamoZravebeli aRmoCndes amJamindel an Tundac momavlis sazogadoebaSi. pauperizmi, politikuri ekonomika da sazogadoebis aRmoCena, mWidrod urTierTgadajaWvuli sakiTxebi iyo. pauperizmma yuradReba im auxsnel faqtze gaamaxvila, rom siRaribe SeTavsebadi iyo siuxvesTan. Tumca, es mxolod pirveli iyo im sagonebelSi Camgdebi paradoqsebisagan, romliTac industriuli sazogadoeba adamianTan winaaRmdegobaSi movidoda. adamiani axal samyofelSi ekonomikis karebiT Sevida, da am SemTxveviTma garemoebam epoqa materialistur auraSi STanTqa. rikardosa da malTuzisaTvis, materialur saqonelze ufro realuri araferi iyo. maTTvis, sabazro kanonebi adamianTa SesaZleblobebis limitis aRmniSvneli iyo. godvins mTlianobaSi SesaZleblobebisa sjeroda, da amitom iZulebuli iyo uari eTqva sabazro wesebze. is, rom adamianTa SesaZleblobebi sabazro kanonebiT ki ara Tavad sazogadoebis mier iyo SezRuduli, ouenis aRiarebis anabara gaxda, romelic erTaderTi iyo, vinc sabazro ekonomikis fardis ukan amomaval realobas – sazogadoebas xedavda. Tumca, misi xedva erTi saukuniT Caikarga. amasobaSi, siRaribis problemasTan mimarTebaSi, xalxma wamoiwyo kompleqsur sazogadoebaSi adamianis cxovrebis mniSvnelobis gamorkveva. politikuri ekonomikis universalur samyaroSi Sesvla ori sapirispiro perspeqtivis qveS moxda: erTi mxriv, progresisa da srulyofisunarianobis perspeqtiviT, xolo meore mxriv, determinizmisa da wyevlis. amis praqtikaSi Targmnac ori sapirispiro gziT ganxorcielda: erTi mxriv, harmoniisa da TviTregulaciis principiT, xolo meore mxriv, konkurenciisa da konfliqtis. ekonomikuri liberalizmisa da klasobrivi koncefciis adreuli formireba am urTierTwinaaRmdegobebis fonze moxda. am stiqiuri movlenis dasasruliT, adamianTa cnobiereba axali ideebiT ganimsWvala. 175 Tavi 8 mizezebi da Sedegebi spinhemlendis sistema Tavdapirvelad mxolod droebiTi RonisZieba iyo, Tumca ramdenime institucias Tu hqonia amxela gavlena civilizaciis bedze, rogorc mas. miuxedavad am sistemis mniSvnelobisa, cvlilebebis dasawyebad misi gauqmeba gaxda saWiro. igi gardamavali periodis tipuri proeqti iyo da imsaxurebs im moswavleTa yuradRebas, vinc dainteresebulia adamianTa cxovrebis istoriiT. merkantiluri sistemis qveS, inglisis Sromis organizacia emyareboda RaribTa kanons da xelosanTa statuts. rogorc sazogadod cnobilia, termin “ RaribTa kanonis ” gamoyeneba 1536 – 1601 wlebSi miRebul kanonebTan mimarTebiT arazustia; sinamdvileSi es kanonebi da misi Semdgomi Sesworebebi inglisis Sromis kodeqsis erT naxevars Seadgendnen. mis meore naxevars ki 1563 wlis xelosanTa kanonebi warmoadgenda. pirveli umuSevarTa da Sromisuunaro pirebs Seexeboda ( garda moxucebisa da bavSvebisa ) , xolo meore – dasaqmebul pirebze vrceldeboda. am zomebs, rogorc vTqviT, mogvianebiT 1662 wlis gansaxlebis aqti daemata, romelic xalxis kanonieri sacxovreblis sakiTxebs exeboda da mniSvnelovnad zRudavda maT mobilobas. ( mka176 Tavi 8 mizezebi da Sedegebi fio gansxvaveba dasaqmebuls, umuSevarsa da Sromisuunaro pirs Soris, ra Tqma unda, anaqronistulia, vinaidan igi moiazrebs dRevandeli epoqis saxelfaso sistemas, rac 250 wlis win arc arsebobda. mocemul zogad mimoxilvaSi aRniSnul terminebs martivad aRqmisTvis viyenebT. ) Sromis organizacia, xelosanTa statutis Tanaxmad, sam sayrdens efuZneboda: iZulebiT Sromas, Svidwlian Segirdobas da sajaro mosamsaxureebisTvis yovelwliuri xelfasis gansazRvras. es kanoni – amis xazgasma aucilebelia – Seexeboda, rogorc soflis meurneobaSi Cabmul mSromelebs, aseve xelosnebs da misi aRsruleba ruralur dasaxlebebsa da qalaqebs moicavda. oTxmoci wlis ganmavlobaSi statuti mkacrad aResruleboda; mogvianebiT Segirdobis muxlma nawilobriv dakarga Zala da tradiciuli xelobis SezRudvebs daeqvemdebara. iseT axlebur warmoebebs, rogoric magaliTad bambis warmoebaa, es kanonebi ubralod ar SeexoT. xelfasis saarsebo xarjebze dafuZnebuli dadgenis wesi restavraciis Semdgom (1660) qveynis udides nawilze droebiT gauqmda. formalurad statutis saxelfaso muxli mxolod 1813 wels iqna gauqmebuli, xolo Segirdobis punqti ki 1814 wels SeCerda. miuxedavad amisa, sxvadasxva kuTxiT Segirdobis wesi statutis gauqmebas gadaurCa; igi kvlavac moqmedebs, rogorc saerTo praqtika, inglisis ganviTarebul vaWrobaSi. marTalia, rom iZulebiTi Sroma soflad qreboda, mainc SeiZleba iTqvas, ornaxevari saukunis ganmavlobaSi xelosanTa statutma ganapiroba regulaciebsa da paternalizmis principebze damyarebuli Sromis erovnuli organizaciis konturebis Camoyalibeba. amdenad, xelosanTa statuti RaribTa kanoniT Seivso, rac yvelaze bundovani terminia Tanamedrove adamianisTvis, romelsac „ Raribi “ da „ Rataki “ erTgvarovnad esmis. sinamdvileSi im epoqis ingliseli jentlmeni Raribad imas miiCnevda, visac sakmarisi Semosavali ar gaaCnda mocaleo177 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi bisTvis. „ Raribi “ praqtikulad “ Cveulebrivi xalxis “ sinonimad miiCneoda, da miwis mesakuTreebis garda TiTqmis yvelas moicavda ( TiTqmis ver naxavdiT warmatebul vaWars visac miwis sakuTreba ar gaaCnda ) , amitom termini „ Raribi “ niSnavda yvelas, vinc gaWirvebulic iyo da yvelas, vinc odesme SeiZleboda am mdgomareobaSi aRmoCeniliyo. ra Tqma unda, maTSi Ratakebic igulisxmebodnen. sazogadoebas unda moevlo moxucebisTvis, oblebisa Tu avadmyofebisTvis, radgan igi amtkicebda, rom mis sazRvrebSi yvela qristianisTvis moiZebneboda adgili. yvelafrisada miuxedavad, arsebobdnen Sromisunariani Raribebi, romelTac Cven umuSevrebi SegviZlia vuwodoT, mxolod im daSvebiT, rom samsaxuris Sovnis SemTxvevaSi, maT SeeZloT sakuTari Tavis rCena. maTxovroba ki mkacrad isjeboda, xolo mawanwalobis ganmeorebiTobis SemTxvevaSi damnaSaves sikvdiliT dasja eloda. 1601 wlis RaribTa kanoniT, Sromisunariani Raribi iZulebiT unda gamwesebuliyo samrevlos mier SemoTavazebul samuSaoebze, raTa Tavi Seenaxa. daxmarebis tvirTi pirdapir samrevlos gasawevi iyo, Sesabamisad, mas ufleba mieca saWiro Tanxebis misaRebad SemoeRo adgilobrivi gadasaxadebi da ganakveTebi. es gadasaxadebi erTnairad ekisreboda yvela saxlis mepatrones da moijares, mdidarsa Tu ara mdidars, daqiravebuli miwis an dakavebuli saxlebis Sesabamisad. xelosanTa statuti da RaribTa kanoni erTad uzrun­ velyofda imas, rasac SeiZleba Sromis kodeqsi ewodos. miuxedavad amisa, RaribTa kanoni imarTeboda adgilobriv doneze. TiToeul samrevlos – mcire erTobas – gaaCnda sakuTari resursebi Tavad ganesazRvra samuSao pirobebi SromisunarianebisTvis: RaribTa saxlebis meurneoba; obol da SeWirvebul bavSvTa damowafeba; moxucebulTa da uZlurTa movla; Ratakebis dakrZalva; yvela samrevlos gaaCnda sakuTari sagadasaxado doneebi. marTalia es mowodebebi 178 Tavi 8 mizezebi da Sedegebi keTilSobilurad JRers, magram igi zogjer sinamdviles ar Seesabameboda. bevr samrevlos arc ki gaaCnda RaribTa saxli; bevr maTgans saerTod ar hqonda Sesabamisi resursebi Sromisunariani pirTa dasaqmebisTvis. arsebobda uamravi gza da saSualeba, riTac kanonis aRsruleba ferxdeboda, iqneboda es adgilobriv gadamxdelTa sizarmace, Raribebis zedamxedvelTa uyuradReboba da siRaribisadmi gulgrili damokidebuleba. miuxedavad yvelafrisa, RaribTa kanonis TiTqmis Teqvsmeti aTasamde qveynis moxele axerxebda soflis cxovrebis socialuri qsovilis daurRvevlad da dauzianeblad SenarCunebas. erovnuli Sromis sistemaSi arsebuli umuSevrobis da Raribebis daxmarebis adgilobrivi organizaciebi aSkara anomalia iyo. rac ufro mravalferovani iyo RaribTa daxmarebis adgilobrivi formebi, miT ufro meti iyo safrTxe, rom kargad Senaxul samrevlos profesional pauperTa talRa mowydomoda. restavraciis Semdeg miRebul iqna gansaxlebis da gadasaxlebis aqti 1 , romelic „ ukeTes “ samrevloebs icavda pauperTa modinebisgan. saukunis Semdeg adam smitma gaakritika es aqti, radgan igi aferxebda xalxis gadaadgilebas da xels uSlida maT samuSaos ZiebaSi, xolo kapitalist damsaqmebels zRudavda muSaxelis moZiebaSi. mxolod adgilobrivi magistratis da mmarTvelebis keTili nebiT iyo SesaZlebeli sxva samrevloSi darCena. im SemTxvevaSic Tu paupers kargi reputacia gaaCnda da dasaqmebuli iyo, mainc SeiZleboda gamoegdoT samrevlodan. am xalxis Tavisuflebis da Tanasworobis kanonieri statusi mkveTr SezRudvebs eqvemdebareboda. isini Tanasworebi iyvnen kanonis winaSe da Tavisufalni sakuTar TavebTan, magram ara maT saqmianobaSi an sakuTari Svilebis momavlis arCevanSi. isini ar iyvnen Tavisuflebi ecxovraT iq sadac 1 The Act of Settlement and Removal. 179 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi moisurvebdnen da uxdebodaT iZulebiTi Sromis gaweva. elisabed dedoflis ori didi statuti da gansaxlebis aqti erTobliobaSi warmoadgenda, rogorc ubralo xalxis Tavisuflebis qartias, ise maTi uZlurebis beWeds. industriuli revolucia ukve dawyebuli iyo, rodesac 1795 wels warmoebis moTxovnilebis gavlenis Sedegad 1662 wlis aqti nawilobriv gauqmda. gauqmda samrevlo batonymoba da mSromels fizikuri gadaadgilebis SesaZlebloba aRudga. amasTan, SesaZlebeli gaxda Sromis bazris erovnul doneze Camoyalibeba. imave wels, rogorc viciT, Raribebis kanonis ganxorcielebis SesaZlebloba Seiqmna, romelic elisabed dedoflis politikis iZulebiTi Sromis princips auqmebda. spinhemlendis aqti ,,sicocxlis uflebis “ garantiebs uzrunvelyofda: subsidiebs saxelfaso anazRaurebis formiT saerTos xdida, zrdida saojaxo Semweobebsac, es yvelaferi ki, samuSao saxlSi Caweris gareSec, pirdapiri Semweobis wesiT gaicemoda. marTalia am daxmarebis masStabi mizeruli iyo, magram gamosakvebad kmaroda. es iyo regulacionizmis da paternalizmis gaormagebuli ZaliT dabruneba. TiTqos orTqlis Zravebi Tavisuflebas da manqanebi adamianTa xelebs mistirodnen. miTumetes, rom spinhemlendis kanoni droSi daemTxva gansaxlebis aqtis gauqmebas. winaaRmdegoba saxeze iyo. gansaxlebis aqti ki imitom gauqmda, rom industriuli revolucia erovnul doneze iseTi samuSao Zalis miwodebas moiTxovda, romelic xelfasze imuSavebda. amavdroulad, spinhemlendis sistema qadagebda, rom SimSilis aravis unda SeSineboda da miuxedavad Semosavlisa, samrevloebi mainc Seinaxavdnen maT da maT ojaxebs. sxva ra iyo mosalodneli, garda socialuri katastrofisa, Tu am ori kanonis erTdroulad moqmedeba gagrZeldeboda ? spinhemlendis Taoba ver acnobierebda Tu ra elodaT win. istoriaSi, yvelaze didi industriuli revoluciis ga180 Tavi 8 mizezebi da Sedegebi riJraJze, amis araviTari niSani da molodini ar arsebobda. kapitalizmi gamoucxadeblad gamoCnda. aravis ganuWvritavs manqanuri mrewvelobis ganviTareba. es didi moulodneloba iyo. garkveuli xnis ganmavlobaSi, inglisSi sagareo vaWrobis mudmiv recesias elodnen, Tumca am dros dagubebuli kaSxlidan wamosulma talRam, Zveli samyaro planetaruli ekonomikisken moisrola. amasTan, 1850 -ian wlebamde aravis SeeZlo amis Tqma dar­wmunebiT. spinhemlendis magistratebis rekomendaciebis gasagebad, aucilebelia gaviTvaliswinoT is gauazrebloba, rac maT winaSe mdgar ganviTarebis gzas axlda. retrospeqtivaSi SeiZleba mogveCvenos, rom isini aramxolod SeuZleblis Sesrulebas cdilobdnen, aramed amas Sinagani winaaRmdegobis saSualebiT axorcielebdnen, rac maTTvis cxadi unda yofiliyo. realurad maT miaRwies mizans da daicves samrevlo gansaxlebisgan, Tumca maTi politikis Sedegi damangreveli aRmoCnda. spinhemlendis politika samuSao Zalis bazris ganviTarebis garkveuli etapis Sedegi iyo da misi gaazreba swored amgvari politikis ganmsazRvrelTa Suqze unda moxdes. am perspeqtividan Tu SevxedavT, gamoCndeba, rom Semweobis sistema miwaTmflobelTa mier mofiqrebuli xafangia, raTa morgebuliyo mdgomareobas, sadac fizikuri gadaadgileba Sromas veRar SezRudavda, xolo wvrili miwaTmflobeli ecdeboda Tavi aeridebina maRal xelfasebs, ris SesaZleblobasac erovnuli bazris Tavisufali Sromis pirobebi miscemda. spinhemlendis dinamika misma warmomSobma garemoebebma ganapiroba. ruraluri pauperizmis aRmasvla momavali gadatrialebis pirveli simptomi iyo, Tumca amas im periodSi veravin xvdeboda. samrevlos siRaribesa da msoflio vaWrobas Soris kavSiri aSkarad bundovani iyo. im epoqis moazrovneebs ar gaaCndaT mizezi, rom Raribi soflebis raodenoba okeaneebSi ganviTarebul komerciis procesTan 181 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi daekavSirebinaT. siRaribis gaugebari matebac yovelTvis RaribTa kanonis aRsrulebis gzebiT ixsneboda da ara raime sxva, ufro gonivruli mosazrebiT. sinamdvileSi, ruraluri pauperizmis avismomaswavebeli zrda pirdapir kavSirSi iyo ekonomikuri istoriis saerTo tendenciebTan. Tumca es kavSiri mainc rTulad aRqmadi iyo. aTobiT mwerali ikvlevda glexebis mier soflebSi SeRwevis gasaocar gzebs, maT raodenobas da mizezebs. miuxedavad amisa, mxolod ramdenime mweralma moaxerxa am gadaadgilebebis iseTi simptomebis SeniSvna, rasac dRes, rogorc wesi, industriuli revoluciiT vxsniT. vaWrobisa da pauperizmis zrdis nawilobrivad gagebis garda, inglisis sazogadoeba 1785 wlamde ver acnobierebda im Zireul cvlilebebs, romlebic ekonomikur cxovrebaSi iwyeboda. saidan modiodnen Raribebi ? es kiTxva mudmivad ismeboda saukunis ganmavlobaSi momravlebul pamfletebSi. literaturaSi, romelic gamsWvaluli iyo ideiT, rom pauperizmis damarcxeba misi yvelaze mkafio borotebis SemcirebiT iyo SesaZlebeli, ar arsebobda mkafio gansxvaveba pauperizmis mizezebsa da masTan brZolis saSualebebs Soris. rogorc Cans, erT sakiTxze mainc arsebobda Tanxmoba, kerZod imaze, rom pauperizmis ( siRatakis ) zrdas bevri mizezi hqonda. maT Soris moiazreboda marcvleulis simwire; soflis meurneobaSi, maRali xelfasebiT gamowveuli, mzardi fasebi sakvebze; Zalian dabali sasoflo sameurneo xelfasebi; Zalian maRali xelfasebi urbanul dasaxlebebSi; dasaqmebis mouwesrigebloba qalaqebSi; damoukidebeli glexebis ( iomenebis ) gaqroba; urbanuli dasaxlebis mSromelTa uunaroba sasoflo saqmianobaSi; fermerebSi maRali xelfasis gacemis praqtikis ar qona; miwismflobelTa SiSi, rom maRali xelfasis gamo qira Semcirdeboda; saxelosnoebis manqanur mowyobilobebTan arakonkurentunarianoba; mouxerxebeli sacxovreblebi; saSinao ekonomikis simwire; mouwesrigebe182 Tavi 8 mizezebi da Sedegebi li kveba; alkoholizmi. zogierTi avtori amis mizezad axali tipis msxvil cxvrebsac ki miiCnevda, zogierTi cxenebs adanaSaulebda da maTi xarebiT Canacvlebas miiCnevda gamosavlad, xolo sxvebi ki naklebi ZaRlis yolas moiTxovda. zogierT avtors sjeroda, rom Raribebs naklebad an saerTod ar unda eWamaT puri, zogic Tvlida rom „ saukeTeso sakvebis qurdic ki ar unda daesajaT “ . iTvleboda, rom Raribebis janmrTelobas Cai asustebda, xolo „ saxlSi moxarSuli ludi “ ki maT aRdgenaSi exmareboda. isini, vinc amaSi darwmunebulni iyvnen, amtkicebdnen, rom Cais yvelaze iaffasiani dramic 1 ki sjobda. ormoci wlis Semdeg hariet martinos kvlavac sjeroda, rom Cais smis Sewyvetas SeeZlo pauperizmi Seemcirebina 2 . zogierTi avtori SezRudvebis politikis mZime Sedegebze wuxda, zogierTi ki mrewvelobis arastabilurobas soflis meurneobaSi dasaqmebis gauaresebiT xsnida. mTlianobaSi pauperizmi sui generis fenomenad, socialur daavadebad miiCneoda, romelsac mravali warmoSobis mizezi gaaCnda. sinamdvileSi ki am mizezebs mxolod RaribTa kanonis araswori midgoma ganapirobebda. siRatakisa da adgilobrivi gadasaxadebis realuri zrdis mizezi iyo is, rasac dRes uxilav umuSevrobas vuwodebT. im dros es, rasakvirvelia, ver iqneboda cnobili, miT umetes maSin, roca TviTon dasaqmebac faruli iyo, radgan is mxolod saSinao mrewvelobis pirobebSi arsebobda. amis miuxedavad mainc rCeba kiTxvebi, romlebsac pasuxi unda gaeces: rogor aixsneba umuSevrobis da nawilobriv umuSevarTa zrda ? ratom ver SeamCnies Tanamedrove damkvirveblebmac ki warmoebaSi gardauvali cvlilebebis niSnebi ? amis axsna adreuli periodis vaWrobis gadaWarbebul ryevebSi unda veZeboT, romelic xSirad vaWrobis abso1 drami – spirtiani sasmeli ( mTargmn. SeniSvna ) 2 Martineau , H ., The Hamlet , 1833 183 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi luturi zrdis fonze uCinardeboda. es ukanaskneli dasaqmebis zrdas uzrunvelyofda, xolo ryevebi ki ufro did umuSevrobas iwvevda. im periodSi roca dasaqmebis zogadi donis tempebi mcirdeboda, umuSevroba da arasruli dasaqmeba ufro swrafad izrdeboda. ase rom, fridrix engelsis mier naxsenebi, samrewvelo sarezervo armiis formirebam win gadauswro sakuTriv industriuli armiis warmoqmnas. Sedegad, umuSevrobasa da mTliani vaWrobis zrdas Soris kavSiris dadgena SeumCneveli gaxda. maSinac ki, rodesac umuSevrobis matebas didi savaWro ryevebiT ganmartavdnen, mxedvelobis miRma tovebdnen faqts, rom es ryevebi, mrewvelobaze ufro da ufro metad damokidebuli, zogadi komerciuli vaWrobis zrdis Semadgeneli nawili iyo. im drois moRvaweebs eCvenebodaT, rom qalaquri warmoebis zrdasa da soflad gazrdil siRaribes Soris kavSiri ar arsebobda. vaWrobis erToblivma zrdam bunebrivad gazarda dasaqmeba, xolo Sromis teritoriulma danawilebam, vaWrobis mkveTr ryevebTan erTad, soflis da qalaqis saqmianobebi mniSvnelovnad Secvala. Sedegad ki umuSevroba swrafad gaizarda. maRalxelfasian samuSaoebze gavrcelebulma xmebma, miwaze dasaqmebul Raribebs ufro metad SeaZula TavianTi saqmianoba, sworedac, rom misi dabalanazRaurebadi bunebis gamo. im epoqis samrewvelo regionebi, rogorc axal aRmoCenili qveyana, msgavsad amerikisa, izidavda aTasobiT migrants. migracias, rogorc wesi, Tan axlda mniSvnelovani ukumigraciac. soflisken ukudineba imiTac dasturdeba, rom soflis mosaxleobis absolutur Semcirebas adgili ar hqonia. mosaxleobis erToblivi gansaxleba sxvadasxva dros sxvadasxva jgufebis mier mimdinareobda, rogorc komerciul da sawarmoo seqtorSi dasaqmebiT, aseve, mis Semdgom mSobliur, sasoflo tipis sacxovrebel garemoSi dabrunebiT. 184 Tavi 8 mizezebi da Sedegebi swored damangrevelma savaWro faqtorma miayena yvelaze didi socialuri ziani inglisis soflebs. sasoflo-sameurneo revolucia win uswrebda samrewvelo revolucias. saziaro miwebis SemoRobvam da sakuTrebad gamsxvilebam, romelsac Tan axlda sasoflo sameurneo teqnikis didi progresi, damangreveli Sedegebi gamoiRo. „ saSinao brZolam ” , maTi baRebisa da nakveTebis mitacebam, saziaro miwebze uflebebis konfiskaciam, saSinao mrewvelobas ori fundamenturi safuZveli gamoacala: saojaxo Semosavali da sasoflo-sameurneo winapirobebi. sanam saSinao warmoebas sakuTari baRis keTilmowyobis resursebi da saSualebebi, nakveTebi an saZovarze uflebebi emateboda, manamde mSromeli fulad Semosavlebze ar iyvnen srulad damokidebulni. ramdenadac kartofilis nakveTs, veran miwas, Zroxas an Tundac virs, saTemo saZovarze didi Rirebuleba gaaCnda da Sesabamisad, ojaxuri Semosavali umuSevrobis dazRvevis rols TamaSobda. soflis meurneobis racionalizacia mSromel adamians garduvalad ungrevda cxovrebis wess da mis socialur usafrTxoebas asustebda. qalaqebSi dasaqmebis meryevi formebi axal dabrkolebebs warmoSobda. warmoebaSi Sroma zogadad araperspeqtiul saqmianobad miiCneoda. “ mSromeli, romelic dRes sruli ganakveTiT muSaobda, xval SeiZleboda quCaSi samaTxovrod gamosuliyo … , ” werda david devisi da amatebda: “ Sromis garantiebis ar arseboba am axali gamogonebis yvelaze mankieri Sedegia ” . “ rodesac mcire samewarmeo qalaqs es sayrdenic gamoecleba, misi macxovreblebi paralizdebian da maSinve samrevlos tvirTad daawvebian, Tumca mTeli ubedureba amiT ar sruldeba “ ... radgan amjerad Sromis danawileba iZiebs Surs: umuSevari xelosani daubrundeba mis sofels, Tumca uSedegod, radgan “ mqsovelis xeli aRarafrad gamodgeba ” . urbanizaciis gardauval fataluroba, romelic adam smitma ganWvrita, cxadyofs, rom industriu185 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi li muSa yvelaze uvargis miwismflobelsac ki CamorCeba inteleqtualurad, vinaidan am ukanasknels yvela tipis saqmis gakeTeba SeuZlia. unda iTqvas isic rom sanam adam smiti „ xalxTa simdidres ” ( “ Wealth of Nations ” ) gamoaqveynebda, manamde pauperizmi jer kidev ar iyo sagangaSod gazrdili. momdevno or dekadaSi mdgomareoba uecrad icvleba. burke Tavis naSromSi „ mosazrebebi da detalebi mwiri resursebis Sesaxeb “ ( “ Thoughts and Details on Scarcity ” ) , romelic man, 1795 wels, pits warudgina, aRiarebs rom, miuxedavad zogadi progresisa, “ ukanaskneli oci weli saSineli iyo ” . marTlac, Svidwliani omis (1763) aTwleulis Semdeg umuSevroba SesamCnevad gaizarda, ramdenadac es pirdapiri Semweobis zrdiT Canda. pirvelad SeamCnies, rom vaWrobis aRmasvlas Tan axlda RaribTa mdgomareobis gauareseba. gardauvali iyo, rom es aSkara winaaRmdegoba dasavleTis momavali Taobis socialuri cxovrebis yvelaze rTulad asaxsnel fenomenad iqca. Warbi mosaxleobis aCrdilze fiqrma adamianebis goneba Seipyro. jozef Taunsendi Tavis naSromSi „ RaribTa kanonebis Sesaxeb disertacia “ ( “ Dissertation on the Poor Laws ” ) afrTxilebs sazogadoebas: “ Tu spekulaciebs SeveSvebiT faqtia, rom inglisSi imaze meti adamiani gvyavs, vidre SegviZlia gamovkveboT da imaze meti xalxi, visi sasargeblod dasaqmebac arsebuli kanonmdeblobis gaTvaliswinebiTaa SesaZlebeli ” . 1776 wels, adam smiti gamoxatavda uxmauro progresis maxasiaTeblebs, xolo Taunsendi ki aTi wlis Semdgom ukve acnobierebda momaval qariSxals. bevri ram unda momxdariyo imisTvis, rom ( mxolod xuTi wlis Semdeg ) politikisgan daSorebuli, warmatebuli Sotlandieli xidmSenebeli, telfordi aRSfoTebuliyo da ganecxadebina, rom mmarTvelobis arsebuli kursiT araferi Seicvleboda da erTaderTi imedi revolucia iyo. peinis “ adamianis uflebebis ” erTma wignma, romelic telfordma 186 Tavi 8 mizezebi da Sedegebi sakuTar sofelSi gaagzavna, didi janyi gamoiwvia. evropuli duRilis katalizatori parizi iyo. kaningis azriT, RaribTa kanonma inglisi revoluciisgan ixsna. is upirveles yovlisa 1790 -ian wlebsa da safrangeTis omze fiqrobda. miwebis SemoRobvis reformebis axalma talRam ufro gaauaresa RaribTa mdgomareoba soflebSi. SemoRobvis politikis apologeti j.h klefemic aRiarebda: „ regionebi, sadac xelfasebi sistematurad subsidirdeboda adgilobrivi gadasaxadebis xarjze, saocrad emTxveoda im regionebs, sadac maqsimalur dones miaRwia miwebis SemoRobvis procesma “ . sxva sityvebiT, rom ara saxelfaso danamatebi, inglisuri soflebis Raribebi SimSilisTvis iqnebodnen ganwirulni. Tivis zvinebs cecxlis ali moedoT, bevrma irwmuna popganis SeTqmulebis da ajanyebebic gaxSirda. hemfSirSi – da aramxolod iq – sasamarTloebi, bazrebsa da quCebSi, nebismieri saqonlis fasis xelovnurad dawevaze sikvdiliT dasjiT imuqrebodnen “ ; magram, amavdroulad, imave olqis magistratebi daJinebiT moiTxovdnen xelfasebis subsidirebas. gasagebi iyo, rom prevenciuli moqmedebebis dro dadga. ratom gatarda is moqmedebebi, romlebic mogvianebiT yvelaze arapraqtikuli gamodga ? amis gasagebad unda gaviTvaliswinoT imdroindeli mdgomareoba da masSi CarTuli sxvadasxva interesebi. inglisur soflebs skvairebi ( memamuleebi ) da pastorebi marTavdnen. taunsendi mdgomareobas ase ajamebs – miwismflobeli-jentlmeni inarCunebs mrewvelobas „ mosaxerxebel distanciaze “ , „ iTvaliswinebs ra mrewvelobis aramdgradobas, rameTu misgan miRebuli sargebeli SeiZleba ar aRmoCndes mis miwaze dakisrebuli tvirTis proporciuli... “ . es tvirTi umTavresad mrewvelobis or urTierTsawinaaRmdego Sedegs moiazrebda, kerZod, siRatakesa da xelfasebis zrdas. konkurentuli Sromis bazris SemTxvevaSi siRatakisa da xelfasebis zrda 187 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi urTierTsapirispiro gaxdeboda, vinaidan is biZgs miscemda umuSevrobis Semcirebas dasaqmebulTa xelfasebis Semcirebis xarjze. aseTi bazris ar arsebobis pirobebSi, radgan gansaxlebis aqti jer kidev ZalaSi iyo, siRatakec da xelfasic SeiZleboda erTdroulad gazrdiliyo. aseT pirobebSi, qalaqSi umuSevrobis „ socialuri danaxarjebi “ ZiriTadad modioda samuSao dakarguli piris mSobliur sofelze, sadac is xSirad brundeboda. qalaqis maRali xelfasebi kvlav did tvirTad awveboda soflis ekonomikas. fermerisTvis sasoflo sameurneo xelfasebi sakmaod maRali, xolo mSromelisTvis ki saarsebo minimumze dabali iyo. grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi, sasoflo meurneoba SemosavlebiT veRar uwevda konkurencias qalaqs. meore mxriv, yvela Tanxmdeboda gansaxlebis aqtis gauqmebaze, an sul mcire mis Semsubuqebaze, raTa mSromels gaioleboda samuSaos Sovna, xolo damsaqmebels SromiTi Zalebi moZieba. rogorc miiCneoda, am zomebis miReba Sromis mTlian produqtiulobas gazrdida da amasTan erTad, xelfasebis realur tvirTs Seamsubuqebda. magram, Tuki xelfasebs „ Tavisufal dinebaze miuSvebdnen “ , maSin qalaqebsa da soflebSi arsebuli SromiTi anazRaurebis sxvaoba soflis sazianod gamZafrdeboda. mrewvelobaSi dasaqmebis ryevebi, romelsac umuSevrobis „ spazmebi “ axlavs Tan, soflis mosaxleobis did gadaadgilebebs gamoiwvevda. amitom, saWiro gaxda damcavi kaSxlis ageba, rac sofels mzardi saxelfaso wyaldidobisgan gadaarCenda. soflis socialuri Zvrebisgan gadasarCenad iseTi meTodebis moZieba gaxda saWiro, romliTac tradiciuli mmarTveloba gaZlierdeboda, SromiTi Zalebis gadineba SeCerdeboda da sasoflo sameurneo xelfasi gaizrdeboda fermerebze damatebiTi tvirTis gareSe. aseT meTods spinhemlendis kanoni warmoadgenda. industriuli revoluciis movardnil niaRvarSi mas damcavi zRudis roli unda eTamaSa. marTlac, Tuki soflis 188 Tavi 8 mizezebi da Sedegebi mmarTvelebs, skvairebs davujerebT, spinhemlendis kanoni arsebul mdgomareobasTan TanxvedraSi modioda. RaribTa kanonis administrirebis TvalsazrisiT, spinhemlendi Zalian retrograduli nabiji iyo. 250 wliani gamocdileba aCvenebda, rom samrevlo sakmaod mcire erTeuli iyo RaribTa kanonis praqtikuli ganxorcielebisTvis, radgan igi mkafiod ar arCevda Sromisunarian pirebs da Sromisuunaro moxucebs, uZlurebsa da bavSvebs. es igivea TiTqos Tanamedrove patara qalaqis stabiluroba umuSevrobis dazRveviT iyos SesaZlebeli, an msgavsi dazRveva gaerTiandes moxucebulTa daxmarebis sqemaSi. aqedan gamomdinare im mokle periodebSi, roca RaribTa kanonis administrireba erovnuli da diferencirebuli iyo, igi met-naklebad damakmayofileblad muSaobda. es periodi 1590 wlidan – 1640 wlamde grZeldeboda. burleisa da laudis mmarTvelobis dros, rodesac, mSvidobis sasamarTloSi, samefo taxti RaribTa kanoniT imarTeboda da rodesac iZulebiT SromasTan erTad RaribTa saxlebis agebiT ambiciuri sqemebic xorcieldeboda. Tumca respublikis periodma kvlav daangria is rac Seiracxa, rogorc mefis erTpirovnuli mmarTveloba da restavraciam bedis ironiiT swored respublikis samuSao daasrula. 1662 wlis gansaxlebis aqtma RaribTa kanoni samrevlos doneze SezRuda. inglisuri kanonmdebloba pauperizms meTvramete saukunis mesame aTwleulamde nakleb yuradRebas aqcevda. bolos, 1772 wels diferenciaciis dadgenis mcdelobebi daiwyo: samrevlos kavSirebs saxelosnoebi adgilobriv RaribTa saxlebisgan gancalkevebiT unda aeSenebinaT. Tuki saxelosno saTanado mowmobas warmoadgenda, xandaxan pirdapiri Semweobebis miRebasac SeZlebda. 1782 wels gilbertis aqtma samrevlo erTobebis waxalisebis saSualebiT didi nabiji gadadga samrevlos erTeulebis gafarToebisken; amave dros samrevloebisTvis Sromisunariani pirebis sa189 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi mezobloSi dasaqmeba aucilebel moTxovnad iqca. imisTvis, rom Semcirebuliyo Sromisunariani mosaxleobis daxmarebis xarjebi, saWiro gaxda RaribTa Semweobebis da saxelfaso daxmarebebis damateba. miuxedavad imisa, rom samrevlo erTeulebis mowyoba nebayoflobiTi iyo, es daxmarebaze myofi Raribebis sxvadasxva kategoriebad diferenciaciisken da administraciuli erTeulebis gafarToebisken gadadgmul nabijs warmoadgenda. sistemis naklovanebebis miuxedavad, gilbertis aqti swori mimarTulebiT gadadgmuli nabiji iyo. sanam pirdapiri Semweobebi da saxelfaso daxmarebebi socialuri kanonmdeblobis pozitiuri Semavsebeli iyo, manamde isini racionaluri gadawyvetilebisTvis fataluri xasiaTis ar unda yofiliyvnen. spinhemlendma bolo mouRo am reformebs. rodesac pirdapiri Semweobebi da saxelfaso daxmarebebi normad iqcnen, igi aRar mihyveboda gilbertis aqts ( rogorc amas mcdarad amtkiceben ) . igi midioda sruliad sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT da elisabed dedoflis mier miRebul RaribTa kanonebis mTlian sistemas angrevda. detalurad Camoyalibebuli gansxvaveba saxelosnosa da RaribTa saxls Soris umniSvnelo gaxda; sxvadasxva tipis Ratakebi da Sromisunariani umuSevrebi midrekilni gaxdnen Semweobaze damokidebul RaribTa ganurCevel masaSi aRrevisken. Sedegad, diferenciaciis sapirispiro procesi daiwyo: saxelosnoebi TandaTan erwymodnen RaribTa saxlebs, xolo RaribTa saxlebi nel-nela qreboda; samrevlo kvlavac Camoyalibda instituciuri gadagvarebis erTaderT da saboloo nimuSad. spinhemlendma skvairis da pastoris batonoba ufro gaaZliera ( Tuki saerTod es SesaZlebeli iyo ) . „ Zalauflebis ganurCeveli qvelmoqmedeba “ , razec RaribTa zedamxedvelebi Ciodnen, „ Tori socializmis “ formiT yvelaze mkafiod gamovlinda: mSvidobis sasamarTlo saqvelmoqmedo politikas ganagebda, magram am dros RaribTa adgilobri190 Tavi 8 mizezebi da Sedegebi vi gadasaxadebis ZiriTadi tvirTi soflis saSualo fenas ekisreboda. iomanrebis udidesi nawili sasoflo sameurneo revoluciis qartexilebSi didi xnis win ganadgurda. mudmivi meijareebi da sruli mesakuTreebi adgilobrivi mmarTvelis TvalSi erT socialur fenad aRiqmebodnen, wvril miwis mesakuTre glexebTan da mojamagireebTan erTad. soflis mmarTvelebi didad ar arCevdnen Raribebsa da gaRaribebulebs erTmaneTisgan. isini Rrublebidan gadmoscqerodnen soflis mZime cxovrebas, TiTqos arc ki arsebuliyo mkveTri gansxvaveba Raribebsa da Ratakebs Soris. amitom, maTi gakvirvebis sagans ar warmoadgenda, Tu mousavlian weliwadSi gaigebdnen, rom mcire fermerebi damangreveli Semweobis gadasaxadis gamo Tavadve aRmoCndebodnen Semweobis imedad. ra Tqma unda, msgavsi SemTxvevebi xSirad ar xdeboda, magram es faqtebic imaze miuTiTebdes, rom bevri maTgani Tavad Raribi iyo. saboloo jamSi gadasaxadis gadamxdelTa da pauperebis mimarTeba daaxloebiT hgavs Tanamedroveobas, rodesac dazRvevis sxvadasxva sqemebiT, dasaqmebulebze gadadis droebiT umuSevrisTvis gasawevi xarjebi. spinhemlendis epoqis tipur gadasaxadis gadamxdelsac ar gaaCnda ufleba mieRo Raribebis daxmareba, xolo soflis meurneobis tipuri mSromeli aranair Semweobis gadasaxads ar ixdida. politikuri TvalsazrisiT spinhemlendis sistemam sofelze skvairis gavlenebi gaaZliera, aman ki soflis saSualo fena daasusta. am sistemis yvelaze anomaliuri mxare misi ekonomika iyo. kiTxva Tu „ vin ixdida spinhemlendis gadasaxads ?“ , praqtikulad pasuxgaucemeli rCeboda. erTi SexedviT, es tvirTi ZiriTadad gadasaxadis gadamxdels daawva, magram fermerebs es danaxarjebi nawilobriv mSromelebze gasacemi dabali xelfasiT unazRaurdebodaT – aseTi iyo spinhemlendis Sedegi. im SemTxvevaSi Tu fermeri Semweobis kandidat soflis mosaxles daasaqmebda, xSirad gadasaxadebi 191 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi umcirdeboda. amitom fermeris samzareulosa da kar-midamoSi dasaqmebul xalxs, romlebic saWiroze metni iyvnen, xSirad sadebeto mxares Camowerdnen. Sesabamisad, gadasaxadebidan Semweobis mimRebTa Sroma ufro iafi unda yofiliyo. maT xSirad gayidvebis agentad muSaoba uxdebodaT sxvadasxva adgilze, raSic anazRaurebas mxolod sakvebis saxiT iRebdnen. zogjer ki sakuTari Sromis soflis auqcionze gatanac uwevdaT, dRiurad ramdenime penad. Tu ra fasi hqonda aseT „ sakontraqto “ Sromas es sxva sakiTxia. yvelaferTan erTad Raribebi sacxovrebeli qiris Semweobasac Rebulobdnen xolme, magram arakeTilsindisieri saxelosnos mesakuTreebi maT antisanitarul sacxovreblebs xelovnurad gazrdil fasad aqiravebdnen. soflis mmarTvelebi amaze manamde xuWavdnen Tvals sanam am fardulebs gadasaxadebi SemohqondaT. cxadia, aseTi egoisturi interesTa Tanxvedra arsebiTad azianebda finansur pasuxismgeblobas da axalisebda wvrilman meqrTameobas. mTlianobaSi spinhemlendi mainc inaxavda Tavis Tavs. Tavidan igi Cafiqrebuli iyo, rogorc saxelfaso danamati, romelic erTi SexedviT dasaqmebulebs unda daxmareboda, magram realurad igi xalxis fuls damsaqmeblebis subsidirebisTvis iyenebda. amitomac Semweobis sistemis mTavari Sedegi xelfasebis saarsebo minimumis qvemoT daweva iyo. srulad pauperizebul areebSi fermerebi ar cdilobdnen iseTi soflis muSebis dasaqmebas, romlebic Tundac mcire nakveTs flobdnen, „ radgan sakuTrebis mqone pirs samrevlos daxmareba ar ekuTvnoda, xolo standartuli xelfasi imdenad dabali iyo, rom daojaxebuli kacisTvis arseboba, raime tipis Semweobis gareSe, SeuZlebeli iyo “ . zogierT teritoriebze ki mxolod sagadasaxado Semweobaze myof xalxs gaaCnda dasaqmebis Sansi; xolo vinc cdilobda daxmarebis gareSe sakuTari resursebiT Tavis rCenas, is stabiluri samsaxuris Sovnas TiTqmis ver axerxebda. maTi umra192 Tavi 8 mizezebi da Sedegebi vlesoba am ukanasknel kategorias ganekuTvneboda. amitom damsaqmebeli, rogorc klasi, dabali saxelfasoebiTa da RaribTa Semweobis gadasaxadis gadaxdis gareSe, TiToeulisgan damatebiT mogebas naxulobda. saboloo jamSi ekonomikurad aseTi gaumarTavi sistema SeuZlebeli iqneboda ar asaxuliyo Sromis produqtiulobaze da ar Seemcirebina saSualo xelfasis done. garda amisa, es sistema aseve magistratebis mier dadgenil RaribTa Semweobis ,,skalazec “ moqmedebda. 1820 -iani wlebisTvis SemweobiT gacemuli puris odenoba sxvadasxva sagrafoebSi Semcirda da Raribebis isedac mwirma Semosavlebma ufro qvemoT daiwia. 1815 da 1830 wlebs Soris spinhemlendis skala, romelic miaxloebiT Tanabari iyo, yvela qveyanaSi TiTqmis erTi mesamediT Semcirda ( es dacema praqtikulad universaluri xasiaTis iyo ) . uecrad aRmocenebuli protestis fonze, klafami eWvobda RaribTa sagadasaxado ganakveTis gansakuTrebul simZimeSi. es eWvi SeiZleba marTebulia, radgan zogierT regionebSi gadasaxadis zrda Zalian sagrZnobi iyo, zogan ki igi realur katastrofad aRiqmeboda. magram, rogorc Cans, problemis realuri mizezi ara Tavad sagadasaxado tvirTi, aramed saxelfaso daxmarebis ekonomikuri efeqti iyo Sromis produqtiulobaze. inglisis samxreTi, romelsac yvelaze Zlieri dartyma miadga, misi Semosavlebis TiTqmis 3.3 % -s Semweobis gadasaxadSi ixdida, rac klaphamisTvis savsebiT misaRebi ganakveTi iyo. ramdenadac Tvlida, rom am jamuri Tanxis mniSvnelovani wili “ RaribTa saxelfaso daxmarebebSi unda wasuliyo ” . faqtobrivad 1830 ian wlebSi mTliani gadasaxadebi stabilurad mcirdeboda, xolo maTi SefardebiTi tvirTi, erovnuli simdidris zrdis gaTvaliswinebiT, ufro swrafad unda Semcirebuliyo. 1818 wels Raribebze gaweuli daxmareba saerTo jamSi rva milion funts Seadgenda; es maCvenebeli TiTqmis uwyvetad mcirdeboda, sanam 1826 wels man eqvs milions ar miaRwia, 193 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi roca erovnuli Semosavalic swrafad izrdeboda. miuxedavad amisa, spinhemlendis kritika ufro da ufro mZafrdeboda vinaidan masebis dehumanizacia erovnuli cxovrebis paralizebas da Tavad samewarmeo ganviTarebas zRudavda. spinhemlendma daaCqara socialuri katastrofa. Cven miveCvieT adreuli kapitalizmis pirquSi suraTebis sentimentalur aRqmas, rasac gamarTleba ar moeZebneba. hariet martinos RaribTa kanonis reformis mgznebare mxardaWera saocrad daemTxva Cartisti propagandistebis brZolas RaribTa kanonis winaaRmdeg. „ RaribTa kanonis sakomisio angariSis ” (1834) cnobil dokumentSi warmodgenili faqtebi, romlebic advokatirebas uwevdnen spinhemlendis kanonis myisier gawvevas, SeiZleba dikensis sakomisio politikis antikampaniis masaladac gamomdgariyo. arc Carlz kingsli, arc fridrix engelsi, arc bleiki da arc karlili ar cdebodnen imaSi, rom kacobriobis saxe raRac saSineli katastrofis mier iqna SebRaluli. am poetebis da filanTropebis agoniur da mtkivneul gancdebze SemaSfoTebeli malTusisa da rikardos yinulisebri siCume iyo, romelTa filosofiac swored am garemoebebidan iSva, rogorc adamianis amqveyniuri wyevla. eWvgareSea, rom samanqano danadgarebiTa da garemoebebiT gamowveulma socialur cvlilebebma, romelTa msaxurebisTvisac ganwiruli iyo adamiani, mravali gardauvali Sedegi moitana. inglisis soflebs gars ar ertya iseTi saqalaqo areebi, saidanac Semdgom kontinenturi evropis gviandeli samrewvelo qalaqebi ganviTarda 1 . axal qalaqebSi ar iyo myari saSualo klasi. ar arsebobda xelosanTa da ostatTa birTvi, pativsacemi wvrili burJuazia, visac SeeZlo muSaxelis asimilacia, romlebic damqancvelad Sromobdnen 1 profesori uSeri zogadi urbanizaciis dawyebis TariRad daaxloebiT 1795 wels moniSnavs. 194 Tavi 8 mizezebi da Sedegebi Zvel sawarmoebSi. midlendsi 1 da nordvesti kulturulad unayofo adgili iyo, rac tradiciis ar arsebobasa da sakuTar samoqalaqo Rirsebis ar qonaze miuTiTebdnen. am savalalo siduxWireSi Cagdebuli emigranti glexi, an Tundac yofili iomeni, an moijare male iqca Waobis usaxo cxovelad. saqme imaSi ki ar iyo rom, maT Zalian cotas uxdidnen an Tundac is, rom didxans amuSavebdnen ( Tumca es xSirad xdeboda ) , aramed imaSi, rom maTi fizikur arsebobis pirobebi yvelanairi adamianuri sicocxlis formas iyo moklebuli. albaT ase grZnobdnen Tavs afrikis tyeebidan galiaSi aRmoCenili Savkanianebi, romlebic monaTmflobelTa gemSi sunTqvaSexuTulebi eyarnen. miuxedavad amisa, SesaZlebeli iyo am yvelafris gamosworeba. iqamde, sanam adamians gaaCnda socialuri statusi, manamde ibrZolebda misi naTesavebisa Tu megobrebis mier dadgenili cxovrebis wesisTvis da sakuTar Rirsebasac SeinarCunebda. magram mSromelisTvis es mxolod erTi gziT Tu SeiZleboda momxdariyo: axali klasis wevrad TviTgamocxadebis gziT. manam, sanam mas sakuTari SromiT ar SeeZlo Tavis Senaxva, is ara mSromeli, aramed Rataki iyo. adamianis aseT mdgomareobamde xelovnurad dayvana spinhemlendis usazizRresi gamovlinebad SeiZleba CaiTvalos. es kacTmoyvareobis araerTmniSvnelovani aqti mSromelebs xels uSlida ekonomikur klasad CamoyalibebaSi da am ekonomikur manqanaSi im erTaderT saSualebebze wvdomasac uspobda, riTac SeeZlo Tavis xsna. spinhemlendi saxalxo demoralizaciis uebari instrumenti iyo. Tu sazogadoeba TviTmoqmedi manqanaa, romelic inarCunebs standartebs, romelTac Tavad emyareba, spinhemlendi am SemTxvevaSi iseT avtomaturad damangrevel manqanas warmoadgens, romelic nebismieri tipis sazoga1 centraluri sagrafo inglisSi. ( mTargmn. SeniSvna ) 195 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi doebis standartebs gaanadgurebda. man aramxolod samuSaos Tavis aridebas da Sromisuunarod Tavis moCvenebis tendencia warmoSva, aramed siRatakisgan Tavis daRwevis momentSi pauperizaciisken midrekilebac gazarda. kerZod, rogorc ki adamiani RaribTa saxlSi moxvdeboda ( Tu ojaxTan erTad Semweobas miiRebda, rogorc wesi, iqve saxldeboda ) , is moralur da fsiqologiur xafangSi xvdeboda. saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi mSvidi cxovrebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli samarTlianoba da sakuTari Tavisadmi pativiscema swrafad ganiZarcva mouwesrigebel RaribTa saxlebSi, sadac xalxs sifrTxilis gamoCena uxdebodaT sakuTar mezobelze SeZlebulad rom ar mieCniaT. radgan sxva SemTxvevaSi mas sxva samsaxuris Sovna mouxdeboda, nacvlad imisa, rom Cveul „ usaqmurobas “ mibruneboda... „ Raribebis Semweoba sazogadoebis sanadiro nadavlad iqca... sakuTari wilis mosapoveblad sastikad aSinebdnen administratorebs, upasuxismgeblo mamakacebi ukanono Svilebs utovebdnen gamosakvebad, zarmaci adamianebi ki xelgawvdenilebi elodnen Semweobis miRebas, umecari gogonebi da biWebi daxmarebis misaRebad qorwindebodnen, brakonierebi, qurdebi da meZavebi moxeleebs muqariT sZalavdnen Semweobebs; soflis sasamarTloebi popularobisTvis, xolo meurveebi komfortisTvis flangavdnen daxmarebebs. ase ixarjeboda finansebi ... „ fermerebs miwis dasamuSaveblad uwevdaT saWiroze orjer meti adamianis ayvana, romelTa xelfasebic nawilobriv gadasaxadebidan gadaixdeboda; es xalxi, romlebic valdebulebis gamo iyvnen dasaqmebulni, kontrols ar eqvemdebarebodnen, rac miwaTmflobels ar aZlevda iseTi kadris ayvanis SesaZleblobas, romelic sakuTari damoukideblobisTvis maqsimalur Sromas gaswevda. es yvelaferi amcirebda miwis mosavlianobas. ukeTesebi uaresebis garemocvaSi iZirebodnen. gadasaxadis gadamxdeli saxelosnos mflobeli uazro brZolis Semdeg iZulebuli iyo Tavad moeTxova 196 Tavi 8 mizezebi da Sedegebi daxmareba... “ , werda hariet martino 1 . imdroindelma gaubedavma liberalebma upativcemulod ugulebelyves TavianTi gamorCeuli aRmsareblobis xsovna. gadaWarbebis miuxedavad, romlisac axla ase eSiniaT, swor aqcents akeTebdnen. is Tavad miekuTvneboda mebrZol saSualo klass, romelTa eleganturma siRaribemac isini ufro mgrZnobiareebi gaxada RaribTa kanonebis moraluri sirTuleebisadmi. mas esmoda da mkafiod gamoxatavda sazogadoebis saWiroebas axal, „ damoukidebel mSromelTa “ klasSi. isini ki misi ocnebis gmirebi iyvnen da erT-erT maTgans ( qronikulad umuSevar mSromels, vinc uars ambobs daxmarebis miRebaze ) Tavis nawarmoebSi, amayad aTqmevinebs Semweobis mTxovneli megobrisTvis: „ me aq vdgavar da vupirispirdebi mas visac vZulvar. me SemeZlo eklesiaSi Cemi SvilebiT mivsuliyavi, mimeTiTebina maTTvis saukeTeso adgilisken da aba vinmes gaebeda maTi socialuri mdgomareobis gamo abuCad agdeba. zogierTi adamiani SeiZleba ufro brZeni iyos; zogic ufro mdidari; magram arc erTi maTgani ar aris maTze ufro Rirseuli “ . mmarTveli klasis mTavari pirebi kvlavac ver acnobierebdnen am axali klasis saWiroebas. martino mianiSnebda „ aristokratiis vulgarul Secdomaze, romlis mixedviTac sazogadoebaSi mdidrebis qvemoT, maTze momuSave, mxolod erTi klasi arsebobda “ . is sayvedurobda, rom lord eldonma, iseve rogorc sxvebma, romelTac ukeT unda scodnodaT amis Sesaxeb, „ erT TavSi gaaerTianes [„ dabali klasebi “] yvela mdidari bankiris qvemoT – mwarmoeblebi, vaWrebi, xelosnebi, mSromelebi da pauperebi... “* . magram martinos daJinebuli mtkicebiT swored am or ukanasknel fenas Soris sxvaobaze iyo damokidebuli sazogadoebis momavali. „ Tu ar CavTvliT suverens da daqvemdebarebuls Soris sxvaobas, inglisSi ar arsebobs ufro didi socialuri 1 Martineau , H ., The Parish , 1833 . 197 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi gansxvaveba, vidre es damoukidebel mSromels da paupers Sorisaa “ , werda is. maTi aRreva warmoadgens amoralurobas, ugunurebas da umecrebas. es, ra Tqma unda, aSkara faqti ar yofila. am or stratas Soris sxvaoba spinhemlendis pirobebSi gaqra. es momavali politikis winaswarmetyveleba ufro iyo, politikisa, romelic RaribTa kanonis reformirebis komisionerebs SeexebodaT. es yovelive winaswarmetyvelebda Tavisufal konkurentunarian Sromis bazars da mis Sedegad industriuli proletariatis aRmocenebas. spinhemlendis kanonis gauqmeba marTlac Tanamedrove muSaTa klasis WeSmariti dabadebis dRe iyo, romlis uSualo interesma winaswar gansazRvra momavalSi maTi sazogadoebis manqanuri civilizaciis Tandayolili saSiSroebisgan damcvelis roli. saerTo jamSi, rac ar unda moemzadebina momavals maTTvis, muSaTa klasi da sabazro ekonomika istoriaSi erTad gamoCndnen. saxelmwifo daxmarebisadmi siZulvili, saxelmwifo moqmedebisadmi undobloba, pativiscema da ekonomikuri damoukidebloba britaneli mSromelisTvis Taobebis ganmavlobaSi damaxasiaTebeli darCa. spinhemlendis gauqmeba istoriis scenaze axali klasis, inglisis saSualo klasis Semosvlis niSani iyo. miwaTmflobeloba veRar axerxebda im saqmis Sesrulebas, rac mas unda Seesrulebina: sazogadoebis sabazro ekonomikaSi transformacias. uamravi kanoni iqna gamoTxovili da Canacvlebuli, sanam gardaqmna daiwyeboda. 1832 wlis saparlamento reformis kanonproeqtis mixedviT, saarCevno ufleba CamoerTva Rarib regionebs da mTliani Zalaufleba erTxel da samudamod gadaeca TemTa palataSi yvela biznesmens. maTi pirveladi reformis didi aqti spinhemlendis sistemis gauqmeba iyo. axla, rodesac Cven vacnobierebT misi paternalisturi meTodi dones, romelic qveynis cxovrebaSi iyo Serwymuli, Cven vxvdebi, rom reformis yvelaze radikaluri mxardamWeric ki yoymanobdnen gardamavali periodis 198 Tavi 8 mizezebi da Sedegebi aTi an TxuTmet welze naklebi vadiT SemoRebaze. sinamdvileSi es gardaqmna moulodnelad moxda, ramac inglisuri gradualizmis Sesaxeb legenda gaacamtvera. es gradualizmi ufro gvian periodSi warmoiSva, rodesac radikaluri reformebis winaaRmdeg midioda kamaTi. es brutaluri Soki britanel mSromelebs Taobebis ganmavlobaSi mohyvaT, magram am damangreveli operaciis warmateba mainc emyareboda mosaxleobis farTo fenebis, maT Soris mSromelTa Rrmad fesvgadgmul rwmenas, rom Tavad sistema, romelic maT erTi SexedviT mxars uWerda, sinamdvileSi dapirispirebaSi modioda maTTan da rom “ sicocxlis ufleba ” sasikvdilo avadmyofobas warmoadgenda. axali kanoni samomavlod uzrunvelyofda pirdapiri daxmarebebis gauqmebas. misi administrireba erovnuli donis da amavdroulad, gansxvavebuli iyo. am TvalsazrisiT is ukompromiso reformasac warmoadgenda. saxelfaso daxmarebebic, ra Tqma unda, Sewyda. kvlav daiwyo saxelosnoebis Semowmebebi, Tumca axleburi formiT. amjerad mTxovnels unda Seefasebina iyo, Tu ara is imdenad gaWirvebuli, rom specialurad mowyobil saSineli pirobebis mqone TavSesafarSi Sesuliyo. samuSao saxli stigmas atarebda; masSi darCena fsiqologiuri da moraluri wamebis tolfasi iyo, im dros roca higiena da wesiereba mkacrad moiTxoveboda. es moTxovnebi ki idealurad gamoiyeneboda maTi sxvadasxvagvari formiT dasamcireblad. ara mSvidobis sasamarTloebi, ara adgilobrivi zedamxedvelebi, aramed ufro didi uflebamosilebis organos warmomadgenlebi – meurveebi- axdendnen kanonis administrirebas centraluri diqtatis zedamxedvelobis qveS. pauperTa dakrZalvac ki iseT procedurad Camoyalibda, romelic mis megobarsac ki abrkolebda gamoexata TanagrZnoba. 1834 wlis industriulma kapitalizmma starti aiRo da Raribebis kanonis reforma daiwyo. spinhemlendis kanoni, 199 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi romelic icavda ruralur ingliss da Sesabamisad, mSromel mosaxleobas, sabazro meqanizmis mTeli ZaliT fesvs uTxrida sazogadoebis sayrdens. am kanonis gamoTxovisas mSromelTa masebi koSmarSi gamocxadebul aCrdilebs ufro miagavdnen, vidre adamianebs. Tu mSromelebi fizikurad iyvnen dehumanizebulni, mesakuTre klasebi moralur degradacias ganicdidnen. qristianuli sazogadoebis tradiciuli erToba SeZlebuli fenebisTvis tovebda sivrces, aeridebinaT Tavisi pasuxismgebloba maT moZmeTa sacxovrebeli pirobebisgan. ori saxis eri yalibdeboda. moazrovneebisTvis erTgan arnaxuli simdidre, meoregan arnaxul siRaribesTan gaigivda. mecnierebi amtkicebdnen erTxmad, rom iseTi mecniereba iqna aRmoCenili, romelic araviTar eWvs ar iwvevda adamianuri samyaros warmmarTveli kanonebis arsebobaSi. am kanonebis Tanaxmad, TanagrZnoba iqna ugulebelyofili da adamianuri solidarobis gancda stoikuri simtkiciT uaryofili, im mizniT, rom ufro met adamians meti bedniereba moepovebina sekularuli religiis pirobebSi. bazris meqanizmi sakuTar Tavs amkvidrebda da moiTxovda Tavis srulyofas: adamianuri Sroma unda qceuliyo saqonlad. reaqciuli paternalizmi Zlier cdilobda am aucileblobisadmi winaaRmdegobis gawevas. spinhemlendis sisastikis gamo, adamianebi brmad miawydnen utopiuri sabazro ekonomikis TavSesafars. 200 Tavi 9 pauperizmi 1 da utopia siRaribis problemis safuZvels warmoadgenda ori erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxi: pauperizmi da politikuri ekonomika. maT gavlenas Tanamedrove adamianis cnobierebaze calke ganvixilavT, Tumca unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom isini warmoadgendnen ganuyofeli, erTiani mTlianobis nawilebs – sazogadoebis aRmoCenis. spinhemlendis epoqamde ver gaeca damakmayofilebeli pasuxi kiTxvas – „ saidan Cndebian Raribebi? “ Tumca, XVIII saukunis moazrovneebi erTsulovnad Tanxmdebodnen, rom pauperizmi da progresi ganuyofeli iyo. yvelaze met Raribs aRmoaCenT ara unayofo niadagis mqone qveynebSi an barbarosul tomebSi, aramed swored civilizebul saxelmwifoebSi, sadac miwa yvelaze nayofieria – werda jon m ’ farleini 1782 wels. jiamaria ortesi, italieli ekonmisti, aqsiomad miiCnevda imas, rom eris simdidre misi mosaxleobis raodenobasTan erTad izrdeba, xolo siRaribe – mis simdidresTan erTad ( 1774 ) . adam smitic ki misTvis 1 mSromelTa masebis siRatake eqspluataciaze dafuZnebuli klasobrivi sazogadoebis pirobebSi ( mTargmn. SeniSvna ) . 201 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi damaxasiaTebeli stiliT, frTxilad SeniSnavs, rom yvelaze mdidar qveynebSi SesaZloa Sromis anazRaureba yvelaze maRali ar iyos. Sesabamisad, m ’ farleins araferi gansakuTrebuli ar uTqvams, rodesac aRniSna, rom, radganac inglisma ukve sakuTari sidiadis umaRles wertils miaRwia, “ RaribTa ricxvi kvlav gaagrZelebs zrdas ” . 1 Tumca, ingliselebi komerciuli stagnaciis prognozirebisas mxolod im dros farTod gavrcelebul mosazrebas imeorebdnen. Tu ki eqsportis zrda wina naxevari saukunis manZilze, 1782 wlamde, gasaocari iyo, kidev ufro mkveTri aRmoCnda vaWrobis sferoSi arsebuli ryevebi da cvalebadoba. vaWroba is iyo iwyebda gamosvlas krizisidan, romlis drosac eqsportis maCveneblebi TiTqmis naxevari saukunis winandel doneze daeca. vaWrobis sagrZnobi gafarToeba da erovnuli keTildReobis aSkara zrda, rac Svidwlian oms mohyva, TanamedroveTa TvalSi mxolod imas niSnavda, rom inglismac gamoiyena Tavisi Sansi iseve, rogorc iqamde portugaliam, espaneTma, holandiam da safrangeTma. misi mkveTri aRzeveba ukve warsuls Cabarebul movlenas warmoadgenda da aranairi safuZveli ar arsebobda imisa, rom inglisis ekonomikuri progresi, romelic mxolod iRbliani omis Sedegad iqna aRqmuli, myar tendenciad migveCnia. rogorc vnaxeT, TiTqmis yvela erTxmad vaWrobis dacemas eloda. amasobaSi, Zalian axlos iyo aqamde arnaxuli masStabis ekonomikuri naxtomi, romelic safuZvlianad Secvlida ara mxolod erTi romelime eris, aramed mTeli kacobriobis cxovrebis wess – magram arc saxelmwifo moRvaweebs da arc ekonomistebs mis moaxloebaze warmodgenac ki ar hqondaT. 1 M ’ Farlane , J ., Enquiries Concerning the Poor , 1782 . Cf . also Postlethwayt ’ s editorial remark in the Universal Dictionary of 1757 on the Dutch Poor Law of October 7 , 1531 . 202 Tavi 9 pauperizmi da utopia saxelmwifo moRvaweebisTvis amas gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba ar hqonia, radgan momavali ori Taobis manZilze vaWrobis mkveTrad mzardi maCvenebeli mxolod xalxis siduxWiris zrdas iwvevda. magram ekonomistebis SemTxvevaSi es namdvilad arasaxarbielo ambavi iyo, radgan mTeli maTi Teoriuli sistema Seiqmna am „ anomaliis “ gabatonebis dros, rodesac vaWrobisa da warmoebis uzarmazar zrdas Tan axlda adamianuri siduxWiris saocari zrda – sinamdvileSi faqtebi, romlebsac efuZneboda malTusis, rikardos da jeims milis principebi, asaxavda mxolod paradoqsul tendenciebs, romlebic mkveTrad gansazRvruli, gardamavali periodisTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli. Seqmnili situacia marTlac damabneveli iyo. Raribebi inglisSi pirvelad XVI saukunis pirvel naxevarSi gamoCndnen; isini yuradRebas iqcevdnen rogorc pirebi, romlebic ar iyvnen dakavSirebuli manorTan „ an romelime zemdgom feodalTan, ” da TandaTanobiT maTi gardaqmna Tavisufal mSromelTa klasad, erToblivi Sedegi iyo mawanwalebis sastiki devnisa da Sinamrewvelobis ganviTarebisa, rasac didi stimuli sagareo vaWrobis uwyvetma gafarToebam misca. XVII saukunis ganmavlobaSi pauperizms naklebad ganixilavdnen da gadamWreli zomebic „ gansaxlebis aqtis “ saxiT, sajaro ganxilvis gareSe iqna miRebuli. rodesac saukunis miwuruls diskusia kvlav ganaxlda, Tomas moris „ utopia “ da adre arsebuli „ RaribTa kanoni “ 150 welze mets iTvlida, monastrebis daSla da „ ketis ajanyeba “ ki yvelas didi xnis miviwyebuli hqonda. SemoRobvisa da „ mitacebis “ calkeuli SemTxvevebi mTeli am periodis manZilze grZeldeboda, magaliTad, Carlz I -is mefobis drosac, magram mTlianobaSi axali klasebi ukve Camoyalibebulni da damkvidrebulni iyvnen. amasTanave, Tu XVI saukunis Sua wlebSi Raribebi warmoadgendnen safrTxes sazogadoebisaTvis, romelsac isini mtruli armiebiviT esxmodnen Tavs, XVII saukunis bo203 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi los, isini ubralod mZime tvirTad daawvnen gadasaxadebis gadamxdelebs. magram, es ukve aRar iyo naxevrad feodaluri sazogadoeba, aramed – naxevrad komerciuli; am sazogadoebis tipuri warmomadgenlebi aRiarebdnen Sromis, rogorc aseTis, faseulobas da ukve veRar miiRebdnen Suasaukuneebis Sexedulebas, rodesac siRaribe aranair problemas ar warmoadgenda da verc SemoRobvis momxreTa warmatebuli warmomadgenlebis Sexedulebebs gaiziarebdnen, romlebic umuSevrebs mxolod muSaobisTvis vargis usaqmurebad aRiqvamdnen. am droidan moyolebuli, damokidebuleba pauperizmis mimarT asaxavda saerTo filosofiur msoflmxedvelobas – zustad iseve, rogorc amas adre Teologiuri problematika akeTebda. warmodgenebs siRaribeze sul ufro metad gansazRvravda Sexedulebebi zogadad adamianur yofierebaze. swored aqedan momdinareobs am mosazrebasTan dakavSirebuli aseTi mravalferovneba da aSkara dabneuloba, magram, amasTanave, is didi interesic, romelic ase mniSvnelovania Cveni civilizaciis istoriisTvis. pirvelebi, romlebmac gaacnobieres, rom iZulebiTi umuSevroba Sromis organizebis sistemaSi arsebuli garkveuli defeqtis brali iyo, iyvnen kvakerebi – WeSmariti pionerebi adamianis Tanamedrove yofis SesaZleblobebis SeswavlaSi. samewarmeo meTodebis Zlieri rwmeniT aRWurvilma kvakerebma sakuTar wreSi gamoiyenes Raribebis koleqtiuri TviTdaxmarebis igive principi, romelsac periodulad manamdec mimarTavdnen, rodesac uars ambobdnen xelisuflebis mxardaWeraze da TavianT religiur-eTikuri mrwamsis mimdevrebs, romlebic uars ambobdnen samxedro samsaxurze, cixeSi am TanxebiT inaxavdnen. lousonma, Tavgamodebulma kvakerma, gamoaqveyna specialuri „ platforma “ , saTauriT – „ mimarTva parlaments RaribTa sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, inglisSi siRaribis aRmofxvris mizniT “ , romelSic man „ SromiTi birJis “ daarsebis idea ganaviTara, 204 Tavi 9 pauperizmi da utopia SromiTi birJisa, dasaqmebis sazogadoebrivi saagentos Tanamedrove gagebiT. es 1660 wels moxda, xolo henri robinsonma, jer kidev aTi wliT adre, SesTavaza xelisuflebas „ dasaqmebis samsaxuris “ Camoyalibeba. magram restavraciis mTavroba 1 upiratesobas ufro martiv meTodebs aniWebda; 1662 wlis „ gansaxlebis aqti “ Tavisi tendenciebiT pirdapir winaaRmdegobaSi modioda „ SromiTi birJis “ raime saxis racionalur sistemasTan, rac Sromis ufro farTo bazars Seqmnida; termini „ gansaxleba “ , romelic pirvelad gamoiyenes mocemul aqtSi, Sromas soflis samrevlos adgilobriv TviTmmarTvelobas ukavSirebda. saxelovani revoluciis Semdeg, kvakeruli filosofiis wiaRSi jon belersis saxiT iSva Soreuli momavlis socialur ideaTa tendenciebis WeSmariti winaswarmetyveli. swored kvakerul „ tanjulTa sakrebulos “( Meeting of Sufferings ) sasuliero garemoSi, sadac ukve xSirad iyenebdnen statistikas, raTa religiuri Semweobis moqmedebis wesi samecniero sizustiT gaeTvalaT, 1696 wels daebada belerss idea „ SromiTi kolegiis “ daarsebis Sesaxeb, romlis meSveobiTac iZulebiTi usaqmurobisTvis ganwiruli Raribi mosaxleoba SeZlebda Tavisi unarebi sasargeblo saqmianobisken miemarTa. am proeqts safuZvlad edo ara SromiTi birJis principi, aramed SromiTi momsaxurebis gacvlis metad gansxvavebuli principebi. pirveli asocirdeboda umuSevarTa damsaqmeblis povnis Cveulebriv ideasTan; meore ki gulisxmobda imas, rom mSromelebs sulac ar dasWirdebodaT damsaqmebeli, Tu isini sakuTari Sromis produqtebis uSualod erTmaneTSi gacvlas SeZlebdnen. „ Raribebis Sroma mdidrebisTvis oqros maRaroebia ” – amtkicebda belersi. da Tu es asea, ratom ver unda SeZlon Raribebma 1 inglisSi monarqiis restavracia 1660 wels, Carlz II -is taxtze asvlis Semdgom ( mTargmn. SeniSvna ) . 205 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi es simdidre sakuTari sargeblisTvis gamoiyenon, sakuTari Tavi Seinaxon da garkveuli mogebac naxon? saWiro iyo mxolod maTi organizeba specialur „ kolegiaSi “ an korporaciaSi, sadac isini sakuTari Zalebis gaerTianebas SeZlebdnen. swored es iyo gulisguli siRaribis Temaze nebismieri Semdgomi socialisturi naazrevisa, iqneboda es ouenis “ mokavSire soflebi “( Villages of Union ) , furies Phalanstères 1 , prudonis „ gacvliTi banki “( Banks of Exchange ) , lui blanis Ateliers Nationaux 2 , lasalis Nationale Werkstätten , 3 Tu stalinis xuTwliani gegma. belersis wigni in nuce 4 moicavda mocemuli problemis mogvarebis proeqtebis umetesobas, romlebic wamoayenes mas Semdeg, rac pirvelad aRmoaCines manqanebis gavlenis saSineli Sedegebi Tanamedrove sazogadoebaze. “ amgvari kolegiebis wyalobiT ara fuli, aramed Sroma gaxdeba aucilebeli moxmarebis sagnebis Rirebulebis sazomi standarti... “ ; Tavad es kolegiebi daigegma, rogorc „ sxvadasxva saxis sasargeblo xelobis warmomadgenelTa gaerTianeba, romlebic imuSavebdnen erTmaneTisTvis da ar dasWirdebodaT Semweoba... “ metad mniSvnelovania SromiTi qviTrebis ( Labor notes ) , TviTdaxmarebisa da kooperaciis kavSiri. samasamde mSromeli unda yofiliyo TviTdasaqmebuli da maT erToblivad unda emuSavaT, raTa sakuTari Tavi uzrunveleyoT yvelafriT, rac gadarCenisTvisaa aucilebeli, xolo, „ is, rasac isini kidev damatebiT gamoimuSaveben, unda anazRaurebuliyo “ . amrigad, unda momxdariyo saarsebo minimumisa da Sedegebze dafuZnebuli anazRaurebis gaerTianeba. TviTdaxmarebis ramdenime umniSvnelo eqs1 ( frang. ) falansterebi – Temis koleqtiuri dasaxleba furies utopistur-socialistur sistemaSi ( mTargmn. SeniSvna ) . 2 ( frang. ) nacionaluri saamqroebi. 3 ( germ. ) nacionaluri saamqroebi. 4 ( laT. ) Canasaxovan formaSi. 206 Tavi 9 pauperizmi da utopia perimentis SemTxvevaSi, fuladi namati gansakargavad kvakeruli sabWos xelSi gadadioda da religiuri Temis sxva wevrebis sasargeblod ixarjeboda. am namats didi momavali hqonda: mogebis axali da uCveulo idea imxanad panacead aRiqmeboda. sinamdvileSi belersis mier SemoTavazebul umuSevrobis ganmuxtvis erovnul gegmas kapitalistebi ganaxorcielebdnen, cxadia mogebis mizniT ! imave 1696 wels jon kerim daaarsa bristolis korporacia RaribebisTvis, romelmac garkveuli Tavdapirveli warmatebis Semdeg mogeba ver moitana iseve, rogorc sabolood vercerTma am saxis wamowyebam. belersis idea efuZneboda imave princips, rasac jon lokis aseve 1696 wels wamoyenebuli Sromis gadasaxadebis mixedviT ganawilebis sistema, romlis mixedviTac soflis Raribi mosaxleoba adgilobrivi gadasaxadebis gadamxdelebze unda gadanawilebuliyo ise, rom maT SeesrulebinaT samuSao, romelic Sesabamisi ( proporciuli ) iqneboda im Tanxis, romelsac es ukanasknelni ixdidnen. aseTi iyo “ gilbertis aqtis ” meSveobiT sanqcirebuli damRupveli „ raundsmenis sistemis “ dasabami. xalxis cnobierebaSi ki mtkiced gaidga fesvebi ideam imis Taobaze, rom pauperizms SeiZleboda mogeba moetana. zustad erTi saukunis Semdeg, jeremi benTemma, socialuri proeqtebis yvelaze nayofierma Semqmnelma, Camoayaliba Raribebis farTomasStabiani gamoyenebis gegma, romelic gamodgeboda misi kidev ufro sazriani Zmis – samuelis, mier Seqmnili xisa da liTonis gadamamuSavebeli danadgarebis asamuSaveblad. „ benTemsa da mis Zmas orTqlis Zrava sWirdebodaT, – wers ser lesli stiveni. – da maT daebadaT azri, rom orTqlis nacvlad patimrebi gamoeyenebinaT “ . es xdeboda 1794 wels, roca jeremi benTemis „ panoptikonis “ gegma, romelic iTvaliswinebda cixeebis ise daproeqtebas, rom patimarTa meTvalyureoba ufro iafi da efeqturi yofiliyo, ukve ramdenime welia arsebobda, 207 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi da axla man gadawyvita es idea patimrebis qarxnisaTvis gamoeyenebina, ubralod, patimrebis adgils Raribebi daikavebdnen. amgvarad, Zmebi benTemebis kerZo komerciulma wamowyebam mTliani socialuri problemis gadaWris universaluri gegmis saxe miiRo. spinhemlendis magistratebis gadawyvetilebam, uaiTbredis winadadebam minimaluri xelfasis dawesebis Taobaze da, upirveles yovlisa, pitis kanonproeqtma „ RaribTa kanonis ” yovelmxrivi reformis Sesaxeb, romelic araoficialurad vrceldeboda, pauperizmi politikosTa wreSi ganxilvis sagnad aqcia. benTemma ( romlis kritikis gamoc pitis kanonproeqti ar damtkicda ) artur iangis „ agrikulturis analebSi “ axla sakuTari saguldagulod SemuSavebuli gegma warmoadgina ( 1797 ) . Semweobis mimRebi Raribebis Sromis gamosayeneblad Seqmnili, „ panoptikonis “ gegmis ( xuTi sarTuli Tormet seqtorSi ) mixedviT daproeqtebuli benTemis “ Sromis saxlebi ” centralur sabWos unda gaekontrolebina. dedaqalaqSi dafuZnebuli sabWo inglisis bankis mmarTvelobis modelis msgavsad iqneboda organizebuli – yvela wevrs, romelic xuTi an aTi girvanqis Rirebulebis aqciebs flobda, eqneboda erTi xmis ufleba. ramdenime wlis Semdeg gamoqveynebul am gegmis erT-erT variantSi vkiTxulobT: „( 1 ) mTel samxreT britaneTSi Rarib mosaxleobaze zrunva daekisreba erT organos; xolo, Sesabamisi saxsrebis dafarva – erT fonds. ( 2 ) es organo, romelic saaqcio sazogadoebis saxiT Camoyalibdeba, „ nacionaluri saqvelmoqmedo kompaniis “ an raime sxva msgavsi saxeliT ifunqcionirebs ” . 1 gegmis mixedviT, unda aSenebuliyo aranakleb 250 Sromis saxli, romlebic 500 , 000 binadars daitevda. gegmas Tan axlda umuSevarTa kategoriebis safuZvliani analizi, romliTac benTemma daaxloebiT asi wliT gauswro im Sedegebs, romlebic am 1 Bentham , J ., Pauper Management . First published , 1797 . 208 Tavi 9 pauperizmi da utopia sferoSi moRvawe sxva mkvlevrebma SemdgomSi miiRes. aq misma klasifikatorulma gonebam saukeTesod warmoaCina realobis aRqmis unari. „ usaqmod darCenil muSaxels “ , romelTac axlaxan dakarges samsaxuri, benTemi ganasxvavebs imaTgan, vinc umuSevari darCa „ droebiTi stagnaciis “ gamo; sezonur muSaxels maTi „ perioduli stagnaciiT “ – „ Canacvlebuli muSaxelisagan “ , romlebic „ manqanebis SemoRebis gamo aRar iyvnen saWironi “ an, kidev ufro Tanamedrove terminologiiT, teqnologiuri umuSevrebisagan; miseul klasifikaciaSi bolo jgufi aris „ samxedro samsaxuridan daTxovnili muSaxeli “ , kidev erTi Tanamedrove kategoria, romelic benTemis dros safrangeTTan omis gamo gaxda TvalSi sacemi. Tumca, amaTgan yvelaze mniSvnelovan kategorias warmoadgens zemoTxsnebuli „ droebiTi stagnacia “ , romelic moicavda aramxolod xelosnebsa da ostatebs, romelTa xelobac „ modis tendenciebze “ iyo damokidebuli, aramed umuSevarTa bevrad ufro mniSvnelovan jgufs, romelmac samuSao „ zogadad warmoebis stagnaciis gamo dakarga. “ benTemis gegma sxva araferi iyo, Tu ara ekonomikuri ciklis gawonasworebis mcdeloba grandiozuli masStabis umuSevrobis komercializaciis meSveobiT. 1819 wels robert ouenma gamoaqveyna belersis daaxloebiT 120 wlis winandeli gegma „ Sromis kolegiebis “ Seqmnis Sesaxeb. am droisaTvis sporaduli siduxWire gaWirvebis niaRvrad iyo qceuli. ouenis „ mokavSire soflebi “ belersis „ kolegiebisgan “ ZiriTadad TavianTi gacilebiT didi masStabebiT gansxvavdeboda: 1200 adamiani amdenive heqtar miwaze. komitetSi, romelic umuSevrobis problemis gadasaWrelad am ukiduresad eqsperimentuli gegmisaTvis fulis gaRebisken mouwodebda moqalaqeebs, Sedioda iseTi avtoriteti, rogoric devid rikardoa, magram Semowirulobis msurvelebi ar gamoCndnen. odnav mogvianebiT, frangi Sarl furie masxrad aigdes, radgan mudam eloda 209 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi pasiuri kompanionis gamoCenas, romelic Cadebda fuls mis “ falansterebis ” gegmaSi – gegmaSi, romelic efuZneboda ideebs, romlebic sakmaod hgavda im principebs, romelTac finansuri sakiTxebis erT-erTi udidesi ingliseli eqsperti emxroboda. gana robert ouenis firmam niu lanarkSi, romlis pasiuri kompanionic 1 jeremi benTemi gaxldaT, ar gaiTqva mTel msoflioSi saxeli Tavisi filanTropuli proeqtebis finansuri warmatebiT? jer kidev ar arsebobda standartuli xedva siRaribis Sesaxeb da arc Raribebis gamoyenebiT mogebis miRebis aRiarebuli gza. oueni belerss daesesxa SromiTi qviTrebis ( labor notes ) idea da is 1832 wels Tavisi „ erovnuli samarTliani Sromis birJis “ ganxorcielebisas gamoiyena; es wamowyeba warumatebeli aRmoCnda. masTan mWidrod dakavSirebuli muSaTa klasis ekonomikuri TviTkmarobis principi, romelic aseve belersis idea iyo, momdevno ori wlis ganmavlobaSi, cnobili „ profkavSirebis moZraobis “ safuZvlad iqca. profkavSirebis gaerTianeba warmoadgenda yvela profesiis, xelobisa Tu saqmianobis mimdevarTa asociacias ( wvrili xelosnebis CaTvliT ) , romelsac hqonda bundovani mizani – Camoyalibebuliyvnen sazogadoebriv gaerTianebad, erTi mSvidobiani manifestaciis saxiT. vin warmoidgenda, rom swored es iyo Canasaxi „ gaerTianebuli didi kavSiris “( One Big Union ) Camoyalibebis mgznebare mcdelobebisa momavali asi wlis ganmavlobaSi? sindikalizmi, kapitalizmi, socializmi da anarqizmi faqtobrivad RaribTa problemis mogvarebis TiTqmis erTnair gegmebs gvTavazobdnen. 1848 wels prudonis „ gacvliTi banki “( Bank of Exchange ) 2 , filosofiuri 1 partniori, romelic ama Tu im saqmianobaSi aqtiurad ar mo­ nawileobs, magram abandebs fuls masSi ( mTargmn. Sen. ) . 2 prudonis gegmis mTavari nawili saxalxo bankis( Banque du peuple ) dafuZneba iyo, romelic metad dabalprocentiani kredi­ 210 Tavi 9 pauperizmi da utopia anarqizmis pirveli praqtikuli wamowyeba, arsebiTad, ouenis eqsperimentis Sedegi iyo. marqsma, saxelmwifo socialistma, mZafrad gaakritika prudonis ideebi da amieridan am tipis koleqtivisturi proeqtebisaTvis kapitals ukve saxelmwifosgan iTxovdnen, riTac am proeqtebis iniciatorebi lui blani da lasali, istoriaSi Sevidnen. ekonomikuri mizezi imisa, Tu ratom iyo SeuZlebeli Raribebis meSveobiT fulis gamomuSaveba, didi saidumlo ar unda yofiliyo. am mizezs asormocdaaTi wlis winaT daniel defom mohfina naTeli da Tavisi 1704 wels gamoqveynebuli pamfletiT belersisa da lokis diskusias bolo mouRo. defo amtkicebda, rom Tu Raribebs Semweobas dauniSnavdnen, maSin isini aRar moisurvebdnen anazRaurebad samuSaos; xolo maTi dasaqmeba sajaro dawesebulebebSi saqonlis sawarmoeblad, mxolod xels Seuwyobda umuSevrobas kerZo seqtorSi. mis pamflets yovlis mamxilebeli saTauriT: „ mowyalebis gacema ar aris qvelmoqmedeba, xolo Raribebis dasaqmeba damRupvelia erisaTvis “ , mohyva eqim mandevilis ufro cnobili uxeiro leqsi daxvewili futkrebis Sesaxeb, romelTa sazogadoebac yvaoda mxolod imitom, rom yvelanairad xels uwyobda ampartavnebas, Surs, mankierebas da mflangvelobas. magram, Tu axirebuli eqimi sruliad zedapiruli zneobrivi paradoqsebiT iqcevda Tavs, pamfletis avtori axali politikuri ekonomikis ZiriTad sakiTxebs exeboda. misi esei maleve mieca daviwyebas „ umdablesi politikis “( rogorc XVIII saukuneSi sazogadoebriv wesrigTan dakavSirebul problemebs moixseniebdnen ) farglebs miRma, xolo mandevilis iaffasianma paradoqsebma moxibla iseTi kalibris mecnierebi, rogorebic iyvnen berkli, hiumi da tis garda, gascemda gacvliT qviTrebs, romlebic oqroTi gamyarebuli fulis nacvlad iqneboda mimoqcevaSi ( mTargmn. SeniSvna ) . 211 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi smiti. rogorc Cans, XVIII saukunis pirvel naxevarSi mobiluri simdidre kvlav moralur problemas warmoadgenda, xolo siRaribes jer kidev ar ganixilavdnen am WrilSi. puritanuli klasebi aRSfoTebulni iyvnen TvalSisacemi mflangvelobis feodaluri formebiT, rasac maTi sindisi gmobda, rogorc fufunebasa da mankierebas, magram amasTanave, iZulebulni iyvnen, uxalisod eRiarebinaT mandevilis futkrebi, radgan am siaveebis gareSe vaWroba umal daecemoda. mogvianebiT es mdidari vaWrebi gaTavisufldebian komerciis moralTan dakavSirebuli mtanjveli eWvebisagan: bambis axali samrewvelo qarxnebi aRar emsaxurebodnen simdidris amao afiSirebas, aramed erTferovan yoveldRiur saWiroebebs; warmoiSva fulis flangvis axali daxvewili formebi, romlebic viTom naklebad TvalsaCino gaxldaT, magram saboloo jamSi adrindelze ufro uyairaTo iyo. defos masxroba Raribebis Semweobis saSiSroebaze ar iyo imdenad aqtualuri, rom simdidris moralur safrTxeebze zrunviT SeSfoTebuli sindisi Seewuxebina; industriuli revolucia jer kidev ar iyo Semdgariyo. Tumca, rac ar unda yofiliyo, defos paradoqsebi momavali mtanjveli dilemebis prognozs warmoadgenda: „ mowyalebis gacema ar aris qvelmoqmedeba ” – radgan SimSilis droebiT mokvla mxolod warmoebas aferxebs da amgvarad, ubralod SimSilobasa da siduxWires warmoSobs; “ Raribebis dasaqmeba damRupvelia erisaTvis ” – radgan sazogadoebrivi dasaqmeba iwvevs saqonlis siWarbes bazarze da kerZo mewarmeebis mswrafl gakotrebas. sadRac XVII saukunis dasawyisSi, wmindanisa da cinikosis – kvakeri jon belersisa da biznesis enTuziasts – daniel defos kamaTSi daisva is sakiTxebi, romlebzec or saukuneze met xans muSaoba da fiqri, imedi da tanjva unda daxarjuliyo, raTa epovaT arc ise martivi gamosavali. 212 Tavi 9 pauperizmi da utopia magram spinhemlendis epoqaSi pauperizmis WeSmariti buneba adamianTa gonebisTvis jer kidev saidumlos warmoadgenda. yvela Tanxmdeboda mosaxleobis zrdis waxalisebaze, Tan rac SeiZleba metad, radgan saxelmwifo Zalaufleba adamianebisgan Sedgeboda. amasTanave, Tanxmdebodnen iafi muSaxelis upiratesobebze, radgan mxolod am SemTxvevaSi iqneboda SesaZlebeli warmoebis ayvaveba. ufro metic, Tu ara Raribi, maS vin unda yofiliyo mezRvauri an vin wavidoda omSi? amasTanave, arsebobda eWvebic – xom ar iyo pauperizmi, rogorc aseTi, boroteba. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, ratom ar SeiZleboda Raribebis dasaqmeba sazogadoebis sasargeblod iseTive warmatebiT, rogorc amas kerZo pirebi axerxebdnen? damajerebeli pasuxebi am kiTxvebze ar moiZebneboda. defo SemTxveviT „ waawyda “ WeSmaritebas, romelsac samocdaaTi wlis Semdeg adam smiti Caswvda an ver Caswvda; sabazro sistemis bolomde ganuviTarebeli mdgomareoba mis Tandayolil sisusteebs faravda. simdidris axali formebi iseve, rogorc siRaribisa, jer kidev gaugebar fenomenebs warmoadgendnen. imas, rom Tavad problema ganviTarebis Canasaxovan etapze iyo, mowmobda sakvirveli msgavseba misi gadawyvetis gzebisa, romlebic wamoaynes iseTi gansxvavebuli Sexedulebebis mqone moazrovneebma, rogorebic iyvnen kvakeri belersi, aTeisti oueni da utilitaristi benTemi. socialist ouens mtkiced swamda adamianTa Tanasworoba da maTi Tandayolili uflebebi; benTems ki ezizReboda egalitarizmi, masxrad igdebda adamianis uflebebs da aSkarad lese feris principebisken ixreboda. miuxedavad amisa, ouenis “ paralelogramebi ” imdenad hgavda benTemis „ Sromis saxlebs “ , rom, Tu daviviwyebT belersis gavlenas, SeiZleba gvegonos, rom oueni mxolod benTemis ideebiT iyo STagonebuli. samive maTgani darwmunebuli iyo, rom umuSevarTa Sromis Sesabamisi organizebiT SeiZleboda 213 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi mogebis naxva, romelic filanTrop belerss undoda, rom sxva gaWirvebulebis SemweobisTvis gamoeyenebina; utilitaristsa da liberal benTems surda aqcionerebisTvis gadaeca; socialisti oueni ki fiqrobda, Tavad umuSevrebisTvis daebrunebina. magram, Tu maT Soris arsebuli gansxvavebebi samomavlo principuli ganxeTqilebis TiTqmis SeumCnevel niSnebs avlendnen, maT saerTo iluziebSi mJRavndeboda is, rac samivesTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli – pauperizmis arsis araswori gageba sabazro ekonomikis ganviTarebis adreul etapze. maT Soris yvela sxva gansxvavebaze mniSvnelovani iyo RaribTa raodenobis uwyveti zrda: 1696 wels, rodesac belersi werda, RaribTa sasargeblod gadasaxadis saerTo maCvenebeli daaxloebiT 40 , 000 funti iyo; 1796 wels, rodesac benTemma pitis bils gauwia winaaRmdegoba, maCvenebelma 2 milioniani zRvari gadalaxa; 1818 wlisTvis, robert ouenis moRvaweobisas, maCvenebeli 8 milions uaxlovdeboda. belersisa da ouenis moRvaweobas Soris Cavlili 120 wlis manZilze, SesaZloa inglisis mosaxleoba samjer gaizarda, magram RaribTa sasargeblod dawesebuli gadasaxadebis maCvenebeli gaocmagda. pauperizmi avis momaswavebel niSnad iqca, magram misi mniSvneloba mainc yvelasTvis gamocana iyo. 214 Tavi 10 politikuri ekonomika da sazogadoebis aRmoCena siRaribis fenomenis mniSvnelobis gacnobiereba XIX sau­ kunisTvis scenis momzadebas niSnavda. wyalgamyofs daax­ loebiT 1780 weli warmoadgenda. adam smiTis udides naSromSi jer ar iyo wamoyenebuli RaribTa Semweobis problema; es sakiTxi seriozulad mxolod erTi aTwleulis Semdeg daisva taunsendis traqtatSi – „ disertacia RaribTa kanonebis Sesaxeb “ , da mas Semdeg kidev saukune-naxevris ganmavlobaSi mudmivad aRelvebda adamianTa gonebas. adam smiTidan moyolebuli taunsendamde arsebuli atmosfero namdvilad sagrZnoblad Seicvala. pirvelma daasrula epoqa, romelic gaxsnes saxelmwifos mowyobis Semqmnelebma – Tomas morma da makiavelim, luTerma da kalvinma; meore ki im XIX saukunes ekuTvnoda, romelSic rikardom da hegelma sapirispiro mxridan aRmoaCines sazogadoebis arseboba, romelic ar eqvemdebareboda saxelmwifos kanonebs, aramed, piriqiT, mas sakuTar kanonebs umorCilebda. aRsaniSnavia, rom adam smiTi materialur simdidres calke Sesaswavl sferod miiCnevda; realizmis saocari gancdiT aRWurvili, igi axali mecnierebis – ekonomikis, fuZemdebeli gaxda. miuxedavad amisa, simdidre smiTisTvis 215 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi mxolod sazogadoebis cxovrebis erT-erTi aspeqti iyo, romlis miznebsac igi eqvemdebareboda; simdidre warmoadgenda aucilebel atributs erebisa, romlebic istoriaSi SemorCenisTvis ibrZodnen da maTi cal-calke ganxilva ar SeiZleboda. misi azriT, erTi wyeba faqtebisa, romlebic ganapirobeben xalxTa simdidres, mTlianobaSi qveynis mdgomareobiT ganisazRvreba – misi dacemiT, aRzevebiT an cvlilebebis ararsebobiT; meore eyrdnoba saxelmwifos usafrTxoebisa da Tavdacvis interesebis pirvel adgilze dayenebas da aseve, ZalTa balansis SenarCunebis aucileblobas; kidev erTi aseTi wyeba mTavrobis mier SemuSavebuli politikis Sedegad Cndeba – imis mixedviT, Tu ris waxalisebas cdilobs mTavroba – qalaqisa Tu soflis, mrewvelobisa Tu soflis meurneobis. amgvarad, smiTi simdidris sakiTxis formulirebas SesaZleblad mxolod konkretul politikur CarCoebSi miiCnevda, da amaSi igi „ xalxis didi nawilis “ materialur keTildReobas gulisxmobda. mis naSromSi ar gvxvdeba miniSneba imaze, rom kapitalistebis ekonomikurma interesebma unda daadginon kanonebi sazogadoebisTvis, da, rom Tavad kapitalistebi arian RvTiuri gangebis saero ganmmartebelni, romlebic marTaven ekonomikur samyaros, rogorc calkeul realobas. misTvis ekonomikuri sfero jer kidev ar eqvemdebareba sakuTar kanonebs, romlebic kacobriobas sikeTisa da borotebis standartebiT uzrunvelyofs. smiTs surda xalxTa simdidre maTi mTliani saero cxovrebis funqciad warmoedgina, rogorc materialuri, ise moraluri TvalsazrisiT; amitomac ergeboda misi sazRvao politika ase kargad „ kromvelis sanavigacio aqtebs “ ; xolo misi warmodgenebi adamianuri sazogadoebis Sesaxeb harmoniaSi iyo jon lokis bunebiTi uflebebis sistemasTan. misi azriT, araferi miuTiTebs sazogadoebis farglebSi gansakuTrebuli ekonomikuri sferos arsebobaze, romelic 216 Tavi 10 politikuri ekonomika da sazogadoebis aRmoCena SeiZleba moraluri kanonisa da politikuri valdebulebebis wyarod iqces. piradi interesi ubralod gvaiZulebs gavakeToT is, rac TavisTavad sargebels moutans sxvebsac, iseve, rogorc yasabi pirad interesebze zrunviT sabolood sadiliT uzrunvelgvyofs. smiTis azrovneba Rrma optimizmiT aris ganmsWvaluli, vinaidan kanonebi, romelTac samyaros ekonomikuri nawili emorCileba, iseve, rogorc kanonebi, romlebic mTel danarCen samyaros aregulireben, srul TanxvedraSi arian adamianis daniSnulebasTan. ar arsebobs iseTi „ uxilavi xeli “ , romelic cdilobs, piradi interesis saxeliT kanibalizmisken gvibiZgos. adamianis Rirseba aris sulieri arsebis zneoba da swored am TvisebiT xdeba adamiani samoqalaqo wesrigis wevri, saxelmwifos wevri, da bolos, „ kacobriobis udidesi sazogadoebis “ wevri. goneba da kacTmoyvareoba awesebs egoizmis sazRvrebs; mogebam da metoqeobam maT gza unda misces. bunebrivia is, rac Seesabameba adamianis sulSi gansxeulebul principebs, xolo bunebriv wesrigs warmoadgens is, rac am principebs Seesabameba. „ bunebas “ , am sityvis fizikuri gagebiT, smiTi Segnebulad gamoricxavs simdidris problemebis analizisas. „ rogoric ar unda iyos nebismieri saxelmwifos niadagi, klimati an teritoriis farTobi, misi xalxis wliuri momaragebis simravle an simwire, am konkretul situaciaSi, or garemoebaze unda iyos damokidebuli “ , kerZod, Sromis xarisxsa da sazogadoebis sasargeblo da usargeblo wevrebis proporciul urTierTdamokidebulebaze. aq mniSvneloba aqvs ara bunebriv, aramed mxolod adamianur faqtorebs. smiTis mier sakuTari wignis dasawyisSive biologiuri da geografiuli faqtorebis gamoricxva savsebiT mizanmimarTuli iyo. misTvis gafrTxileba iyo fiziokratebis mier daSvebuli Secdomebi: soflis meurneobis gandidebisadmi maTma gansakuTrebulma midrekilebam gamoiwvia is, rom moxda fizikuri bunebis aRreva adamianis bunebasTan 217 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi da fiziokratebi Seudgnen imis mtkicebas, rom erTaderT namdvilad mwarmoeblur Zalas miwa warmoadgenda. smiTis azrovnebisTvis fizisis 1 amgvari gandideba savsebiT ucxo iyo. politikuri ekonomika unda yofiliyo humanitaruli mecniereba da unda ganexila is, rac bunebrivi iyo adamianisTvis da ara „ bunebisTvis “ . taunsendis aTi wlis Semdeg dawerili „ disertacia “ Txebisa da ZaRlebis Teoremaze koncentrirdeboda: moqmedeba xdeba ukacriel kunZulze wynar okeaneSi, Ciles sanapiroebTan. SemdgomSi sakuTari Tavis xorciT uzrunvelyofis mizniT, xuan fernandesma kunZulze ramdenime Txa Caiyvana. Txebi, romlebic bibliuri nayofierebiT mravldebodnen, sakvebis xelsayrel maragad iqcnen ZiriTadad ingliseli mekobreebisTvis, romelTac TavianTi TavdasxmebiT espaneTis savaWro xomaldebs Tavsatexi gauCines. Txebis gasawyvetad espaneTis xelisuflebam kunZulze gadasxa dedal-mamali ZaRlebi, romelTac droTa ganmavlobaSi aseve saocrad imravles da Seamcires Txebis raodenoba, romlebiTac ikvebebodnen. „ Semdeg axali saxis wonasworoba damyarda, – wers taunsendi. orive saxeobidan, pirvel rigSi, yvelaze sustebma gadaixades bunebis vali; yvelaze Zlierebi da aqtiurebi ki gadarCnen “ . taunsendi damatebiT askvnis, rom „ swored sakvebis odenoba aregulirebs adamianis saxeobis raodenobas “ . unda aRvniSnoT, rom wyaroebis 2 analizis Sedegad am istoriis dadastureba ver moxerxda. xuan fernandesma marTlac gadasxa kunZulze Txebi; magram legendaruli ZaRlebis nacvlad uiliam faneli mSvenier katebs axsnebs, xolo 1 aq: buneba. 2 Cf . Antonio de Ulloa , Wafer , William Funnell , as well as Isaac James ( which also contains Captain Wood Rogers ’ s account on Alexander Selkirk ) and the observations of Edward Cooke . 218 Tavi 10 politikuri ekonomika da sazogadoebis aRmoCena mtkicebuleba imisa, rom es ZaRlebi anda katebi gamravldnen, ar gagvaCnia; aseve, Txebi miudgomel, sal kldeebze binadrobdnen, xolo plaJebi – da amaze yvela wyaro Tanxmdeba – savse iyo Casuqebuli selapebiT, romlebic veluri ZaRlebisTvis bevrad ufro mimzidveli nadavli iqneboda. Tumca, es paradigma sulac ar saWiroebs empiriul mtkicebulebas, romlis ararseboba verafers aklebs im faqts, rom swored am wyarom STaagona malTusi da darvini: malTusi mas kondorsies meSveobiT gaecno, xolo darvini – malTusis. magram verc darvinis bunebrivi gadarCevis Teoria da verc malTusis mosaxleobis kanoni ver moaxdenda raime saxis mniSvnelovan gavlenas Tanamedrove sazogadoebaze, rom ara is principebi, romlebic taunsendma daadgina Tavisi Txebisa da ZaRlebis istoriidan gamomdinare da surda RaribTa kanonis reformisTvis miesadagebina: „ SimSili aTvinierebs yvelaze sastik cxovelebs, is yvelaze jiutebs wesierebasa da Tavazianobas, morCilebasa da Tvinierebas aswavlis. zogadad mxolod SimSils SeuZlia aiZulos isini [ Raribebi ] iSromon; Tumca, Cvens kanonebSi naTqvamia, rom maT arasdros ar unda iSimSilon. amasTan, Cvens kanonebSi aseve xazgasmulia, rom maT Zala unda davatanoT, raTa imuSaon. magram sakanonmdeblo Zaldatanebas Tan axlavs davidaraba, Zaladoba da xmauri; is iwvevs guliswyromasa da brazs da verasodes ver uzrunvelyofs patiosan da misaReb Sromas; xolo SimSili Tavis zegavlenas axdens aramarto mSvidobianad, uxmod, mudmivi zewoliT, aramed, warmoadgens garjisa da gulmodginebis yvelaze bunebriv motivs, is aiZulebs adamians gamoiyenos mTeli Tavisi Zalisxmeva; da, rodesac is [ mSieri ] sxvisi nebayoflobiTi guluxvobiT dakmayofildeba [ SimSils moiklavs ] , es keTilganwyobisa da madlierebis mtkice da xangrZlivi safuZveli gaxdeba. mona iZulebulia, rom imuSaos, magram Tavisufal adamians unda mieces SesaZlebloba, moiqces sakuTari Sexedulebisamebr; 219 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi is srulebiT daculi unda iyos, raTa isargeblos im qonebiT, rac mas gaaCnia – bevri iqneba es, Tu cota, da daisajos, rodesac sxvisi sakuTrebis xelyofas Seecdeba “ . es gaxldaT axali amosavali wertili politikuri mecnierebisaTvis. miudga ra adamianTa sazogadoebas cxoveluri mxridan, taunsendma gverdi auara viTomda gardauval sakiTxs mTavrobis safuZvlebTan dakavSirebiT da amgvarad adamianuri samyaros analizSi Semoitana cneba axali tipis kanonis Sesaxeb – bunebis kanonebis koncefcia. hobsis miswrafeba geometriisadmi, iseve rogorc hiumis ada hartlis, kenesa da helveciusis swrafva sazogadoebaSi niutonis kanonebis msgavsis aRmoCenisa, ubralo metaforamde daiyvaneba: isini iRvwodnen sazogadoebaSi iseTi universaluri kanonis aRmosaCenad, rogoric iyo gravitacia bunebaSi, oRond es kanoni Tavisi xasiaTiT adamianur kanonad warmoedginaT, magaliTad, iseT mentalur Zalad, rogoricaa SiSi hobsTan, asociaciis fenomeni hartlis fsiqologiaSi, egoizmis moqmedeba kenesTan an swrafva sargeblianobisaken helveciusTan. amaSi metismeti TavdaWeriloba an sifaqize ar unda davinaxoT: kene, platonis msgavsad, xandaxan adamianTa modgmas saqonlis momSenebeliviT uyurebda, xolo adam smiti namdvilad ar ugulebelyofda kavSirs realur Sromis anazRaurebasa da Sromis xangrZliv miwodebas Soris. aristotele aswavlida, rom mxolod RmerTebsa da mxecebs SeeZloT sazogadoebis gareT cxovreba, adamiani ki arc erT maTgans ar warmoadgenda. xolo, qristianuli azrovnebisTvis adamiansa da mxecs Soris didi ufskruli iyo; veranairi eqskursi fiziologiur sferoSi ver Searyevda Teologebs rwmenas imisa, rom adamianis keTildReobas sulieri safuZvlebi gaaCnia. hobsisTvis adamiani adamianisTvis mgeli iyo, radgan sazogadoebis gareT adamianebi mglebiviT iqceodnen da ara imitom, rom arsebobda raime biologiuri faqtori, romelic 220 Tavi 10 politikuri ekonomika da sazogadoebis aRmoCena adamianebsa da mglebs saziaro hqondaT. saboloo jamSi, es imitom moxda, rom jer arc erTi adamianuri sazogadoeba ar iyo Camoyalibebuli, romelsac ar gaaCnda kanonebi da mTavroba. magram xuan fernandesis kunZulze arc mTavroba arsebobda da arc kanoni; da mainc Txebsa da ZaRlebs Soris wonasworoba daculi iyo. es wonasworoba SenarCunda im dabrkolebis wyalobiT, romelsac kunZulis kldovan nawilSi gaqceuli Txis SeWmis mcdelobisas ZaRlebi awydebodnen, da im sirTuleebis wyalobiT, romelsac Txebi awydebodnen, roca ZaRlebisgan Tavdasacavad kldeebs efarebodnen. mTavroba ar iyo saWiro am wonasworobis SesanarCuneblad; is myardeboda erTi mxriv SimSilis mtanjveli SegrZnebisa, da meore mxriv sakvebis deficitis meSveobiT. hobsi despotis arsebobis saWiroebas imiT amtkicebda, rom adamianebi hgavdnen mxecebs; taunsendi ki amtkicebda, rom isini sinamdvileSi mxecebi iyvnen da rom swored am mizezis gamo, mTavrobis mxridan minimaluri Careva iyo saWiro. am originaluri Tvalsazrisis mixedviT SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom Tavisufali sazogadoeba ori rasisgan Sedgeba: qonebis mflobelebisa da mSromelebisgan. am ukanasknelTa raodenoba SezRudulia sakvebis odenobiT; da sanam qonebas safrTxe ar emuqreba, SimSili maT muSaobisken ubiZgebs. aq msajuli ar aris saWiro, radgan SimSili ukeTesad amyarebs disciplinas. misTvis mimarTva, mkacrad aRniSnavs taunsendi, „ Zlieris mxridan ufro susti avtoritetisTvis mimarTva iqneba “ . es axali principebi SesaniSnavad Seesabameboda im dros Camoyalibebul sazogadoebas. XVIII saukunis Sua wlebidan viTardeboda erovnuli bazrebi; marcvleulis fasi aRar iyo adgilobrivi, aramed regionuli; es gulisxmobda fulis TiTqmis sayovelTao gamoyenebas da saqonlis farTo ganviTarebas. sabazro fasebma da Semosavalma, ijarisa da Sromis anazRaurebis CaTvliT, mniSvnelovani stabiluroba 221 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi aCvena. fiziokratebma pirvelebma aRniSnes es kanonzomierebebi, romlebsac isini Teoriuladac ki ver aqcevdnen raime saxis mTlian konteqstSi, radgan safrangeTSi jer kidev gavrcelebuli iyo feodaluri tipis Semosavlebi da Sroma xSirad naxevrad batonymuri xasiaTisa iyo; ase rom, arc qira da arc xelfasi, rogorc wesi, bazriT ar iyo ganpirobebuli. magram inglisuri sofeli adam smiTis epoqaSi ukve komerciuli sazogadoebis ganuyofel nawils warmoadgenda; ijaram, romelsac memamules uxdidnen, iseve, rogorc soflis meurneobis muSakTa Sromis anazRaurebam, fasebze damokidebulebis asaxva daiwyo. fasebi da Sromis anazRaureba mxolod gansakuTrebul SemTxvevebSi regulirdeboda xelisuflebis mier. da mainc, am axal ucnaur wesrigSi, maTi kanonieri privilegiebis gaqrobisa da uflebaTa SezRudvis miuxedavad, sazogadoebis Zveli klasebi met-naklebad inarCunebdnen TavianT uwindel ierarqias. miuxedavad imisa, rom arc erTi kanoni ar aiZulebda mojamagireebs fermerTan emuSavaT, xolo fermers – uzrunveleyo memamule, mojamagireebi da fermerebi ise iqceodnen, TiTqos aseTi Zaldataneba arsebobda. romeli kanoniT iyo valdebuli mojamagire damorCileboda batons, romelTanac mas aranairi samarTlebrivi kavSiri ar gaaCnda? ra Zala acalkevebda sazogadoebis klasebs ise, TiTqos isini sxvadasxva saxeobis adamianebi iyvnen? da bolos, ra inarCunebda wonasworobasa da wesrigs am adamianTa koleqtivSi, romelic arc iTxovda, da metic, verc itanda veranair Carevas mTavrobis mxridan? Txebisa da ZaRlebis paradigma TiTqos am SekiTxvebze pasuxs gvTavazobda. arapolitikuri xasiaTis sazogadoebis gansazRvruli safuZvlis saxiT adamianis biologiuri buneba mogvevlina. amitomac ekonomistebma uari Tqves adam smiTis humanistur principebze da taunsendis moZRvreba gaiTavises. malTusis „ mosaxleobis kanonma “ da „ kle222 Tavi 10 politikuri ekonomika da sazogadoebis aRmoCena badi ukugebis kanonma “ rikardos traqtatSi, adamianisa da niadagis nayofiereba axladaRmoCenili sferos Semadgenel elementebad aqcia. ekonomikuri sazogadoebis, rogorc fenomenis, konturebi, politikuri saxelmwifosgan gansxvavebiT, cxadad gamoikveTa. konkretul garemoebebs, romelTa drosac am adamianTa erTianobis – rTuli sazogadoebis – arseboba aSkara gaxda, udidesi mniSvneloba hqonda XIX saukunis azrovnebis istoriisaTvis. radgan axladaRmocenebuli sazogadoeba sxva ara iyo, Tu ara sabazro sistema, axla adamianTa sazogadoebas axal principebze gadawyobis safrTxe daemuqra, principebze, romlebic sruliad ucxo iyo im sulieri samyarosTvis, romlis SemadgenlobaSic jer kidev Sedioda saxelmwifo. pauperizmis aSkarad gadauWreli problema aiZulebda malTussa da rikardos taunsendis naturalizmSi gadavardnili pozicia mieRoT. berki pauperizmis sakiTxs sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoebis TvalsazrisiT ganixilavda. karibebze Seqmnilma pirobebma mas daanaxa, TeTrkaniani mepatroneebis yovelgvari adekvaturi usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis gareSe, didi odenobiT monebis yolis saSiSroeba, Tanac zangebs karibebze xSirad aZlevdnen uflebas, iaraRi etarebinaT. berkis azriT, amgvari pirobebi iwvevda umuSevarTa raodenobis zrdas metropoliaSi, radgan mTavrobis gankargulebaSi ar iyvnen sapolicio Zalebi. patriarqaluri tradiciebis gulmxurvale damcveli, berki, aseve iyo ekonomikuri liberalizmis mgznebare mxardamWeri da swored masSi xedavda pauperizmis administraciuli problemis gadawyvetis gzas. bambis fabrikebze moulodnelad gazrdili moTxovnis dasakmayofileblad adgilobrivi xelisufleba siamovnebiT iyenebda Rarib bavSvebs, romlebisTvisac xelobis Seswavla soflis samrevlos evaleboda. aseulobiT Raribi bavSvi idga Segirdad mewarmeebTan, xSirad qveynis Soreul 223 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi nawilebSi. saerTod, axal samrewvelo qalaqebs Raribi bavSvebis moTxovnis mada gaexsnaT; fabrikebi ki mzad iyvnen Raribi mosaxleobis gamosayeneblad fulic ki gadaexadaT. zrdasrulebis gamoyofa xdeboda nebismieri damsaqmeblisTvis, vinc maTi Senaxvis xarjebs sakuTar Tavze aiRebda; iseve, rogorc „ raundsmenis sistemis “ sxvadasxva formis dros, rodesac maT kvebasa da dabinavebas fermerebi morigeobiT uzrunvelyofdnen. Raribebis ijariT gacema bevrad ufro iafi jdeboda, vidre Sromis saxlebis e.w. „ udanaSauloTa cixeebis “ Senaxva. administraciuli TvalsazrisiT, es niSnavda imas, rom mTavrobisa da soflis samrevlos mier gamoyenebuli iZulebiTi wesiT Sroma, Caanacvla „ damsaqmeblis ufro mkacrma da ufro pedanturma Zalauflebam “ 1 . cxadia, saqme saxelmwifoebriobis sakiTxs exeboda. ratom unda daawvnen Raribebi sazogadoebas tvirTad da ratom unda ikisros maTi Senaxva soflis samrevlom, Tu samrevlo sabolod moixsnis Tavis valdebulebas da Sromisunarian Raribebs ijariT dauTmobs kapitalist mewarmeebs, romlebic imdenad mowadinebulni arian fabrika-qarxnebisTvis muSaxelis saSovnelad, rom fulsac ki ixdian amaSi? es xom aSkarad miuTiTebda imaze, rom arsebobda samrevlos sistemaze ufro iafiani gza Raribebis iZulebisa, emuSavaT sakuTari lukma puris saSovnelad? gamosavali elisabedisdroindeli kanonmdeblobis gauqmebaSi iyo, misi sxva kanonebiT Canacvlebis gareSe. aranairi Sromis anazRaurebis Sefasebis dadgena mTavrobis mier, aranairi Semweoba Sromisunariani umuSevrebisTvis – magram, amasTanave, arc minimaluri Sromis anazRaureba da arc cxovrebis uflebis garantireba. Sromas unda movekidoT ise, rogorc saqonels, romelmac Tavad unda daadginos sakuTari fasi bazarze. komerciis kanonebi aris bunebis kanonebi da, Sesabamisad, 1 Webb , S . and B ., English Local Government , Vols . VII IX , „ Poor Law History “ . 224 Tavi 10 politikuri ekonomika da sazogadoebis aRmoCena RmerTis kanonebic. gana es ar niSnavda apelirebas ufro sustis magivrad ufro Zlier Zalauflebaze, yovlisSemZle SimSilis mtanjvel SegrZnebaze, nacvlad msajulebisa? politikosebisa da Tanamdebobis pirebisaTvis laissez faire warmoadgenda minimaluri danaxarjebiT kanonisa da wesrigis uzrunvelyofis princips. dae, bazarma daareguliros Raribebis sakiTxi da yvelaferi TavisiT mogvardeba. swored am punqtSi eTanxmeboda racionalisti benTemi tradicionalist berks. tkivilisa da siamovnebis gamoangariSebis principi krZalavda iseTi tkivilis miyenebas, romlisTvis Tavis arideba SesaZlebeli iyo. Sesabamisad, Tu am saqmes SimSili Seasrulebda, sxva sasjeli saWiro aRar iyo. kiTxvaze: „ risi gakeTeba SeuZlia kanons adamianebis saarsebo saSualebebiT uzrunvelsayofad? “ , benTemi pasuxobda: „ pirdapiri gziT – arafris. ” 1 siRaribe iyo buneba, romelic sazogadoebaSi agrZelebda arsebobas; da misi fizikuri sanqcia gaxldaT SimSili. „ fizikuri sanqciis Zalebi savsebiT sakmarisia, amitomac politikuri sanqciis gamoyeneba zedmeti iqneboda “ . 2 saWiro iyo mxolod “ samecniero da ekonomikuri ” midgoma RaribTa problemis mimarT. 3 benTemi kategoriulad ewinaaRmdegeboda „ pitis bils “ RaribTa kanonis Sesaxeb, rac spinhemlendis praqtikas daakanonebda da saSualebas miscemda Raribebs, mieRoT rogorc saxelfaso danamatebi, ise pirdapiri daxmareba. Tumca, TviTon benTemi am dros, Tavisi mimdevrebisgan gansxvavebiT, arc demokrati iyo da arc ekonomikuri liberalizmis mkacri momxre. misi „ Sromis saxlebi “ warmoadgenda administraciis utilitarul, koSmarul sistemas, romelic samecniero mmarTvelobis sxvadasxva saxis xrikebiT iyo gamagrebu1 Bentham , J . Principles of Civil Code , Ch . 4 ., Browning , Vol . I , p . 333 . 2 Bentham , J ., ibid . 3 Bentham , J ., Observation and the Poor Bill , 1797 . 225 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi li. benTemi miiCnevda, rom yovelTvis iarsebebda „ Sromis saxlebis “ saWiroeba, radgan sazogadoebas ar SeeZlo ugulisyurod daetovebina Ratakebis bedi. siRaribe, benTemis azriT, warmoadgenda siuxvis ganuyofel nawils. „ socialuri keTildReobis miRwevis umaRles etapze, – werda is, – moqalaqeTa umetes nawils, savaraudod, mainc ar eqnebaT imaze meti, vidre dRiuri SromiT SeiZleba gamoimuSaon, Sesabamisad, isini iarsebeben mudmivi siRaribis zRvarze.... “ amitomac is rekomendacias uwevda „ RaribTaTvis regularuli gadasaxadis dawesebas “ , Tumca „ Teoriulad Tu vimsjelebT “ , amatebda igi sinanuliT, amgvari politika „ amcirebs gaWirvebas da amgvarad azaralebs mrewvelobas, vinaidan utilitaruli TvalsazrisiT, mTavrobis amocana swored imaSi mdgomareobs, rom gazardos gaWirveba, raTa SimSilis fizikuri sanqcia ufro efeqturi gaxdes “ . 1 mzaobas, moqalaqeTa umravlesobis gaRatakebul mdgomareobaSi Casagdebad, rogorc sazogadoebis umaRlesi keTildReobisTvis gadasaxdel fass, metad gansxvavebuli gamoxmaureba mohyva. taunsendi Tavis emociur wonasworobas crurwmenebisa da sentimentalizmis meSveobiT abalansebda. Raribebis samwuxaro bed-iRbali bunebis kanoni iyo, radgan am kanonis gareSe binZur, damamcirebel da ukadris saqmes sakuTar Tavze aravin ar aiRebda. aba, ra bedi eweva Cvens samSoblos, Tu Raribebs ar daveyrdnobiT? – kiTxulobda taunsendi. „ gasaWirisa da siRaribis garda, sxva ra ubiZgebs dabal klasebs, rom medgrad daudgnen yvela im saSinelebas, rac maT qariSxlian okeaneSi an brZolis velze elodebaT? ” magram am erTob uxeSi patriotizmis garda, ufro saTuTi grZnobebis adgilic moiZebneboda. RaribTa Semweoba, ra Tqma unda, pirdapir unda gauqmebuliyo, radgan RaribTa kanoni „ eyrdnoboda principebs, romlebic 1 Bentham , J ., Principles of Civil Code , p . 314 . 226 Tavi 10 politikuri ekonomika da sazogadoebis aRmoCena faqtiurad absurduli iyo, radgan isini miznad isaxavdnen imis Sesrulebas, rac samyaros bunebisa da mowyobis gaTvaliswinebiT, ganuxorcielebelia “ . magram im SemTxvevaSi, Tu Raribebs SeZlebulebis gulmowyalebis anabara davtovebT, Cven calsaxad mxolod „ erTaderTi sirTule “ dagvrCeba gadasaWreli – am ukanasknelTa gadametebuli keTilmosurneobis moTokva. gana TanagrZnobis gulwrfeli grZnobebi ufro keTilSobiluri araa vidre isini, romelTac aRZraven is valdebulebebi, romlebic rkinis kanonebiTaa gamyarebuli? „ ra SeiZleba iyos samyaroSi imaze ufro mSvenieri, vidre kacTmoyvareobiT miRebuli Cumi TviTkmayofileba? ” – wamoiZaxa taunsendma da mas daupirispira „ soflis samrevlos gadamxdeli punqtis “ Seubralebloba, romlisTvisac ucnobia iseTi amaRelvebeli ram, rogoricaa „ moulodnelad gaweuli wyalobisTvis gulwrfeli madlierebis bunebrivi gamoxatuleba... “„ Tu Raribebs mdidrebTan damegobreba mouwevT, mdidrebi yovelTvis aRvsilni iqnebian gaWirvebis Jams Raribebis daxmarebis surviliT... “ vinc am „ ori eris “ intimuri cxovrebis am grZnobebiT aRsavse suraTs gaecno, aucileblad darwmundeba imaSi, rom viqtorianulma inglisma Tavisi “ sentimentaluri aRzrda “ gaucnobiereblad Txebisa da ZaRlebis kunZulis ambidan miiRo. edmund berki sxva gaqanebis adamiani iyo. rodesac taunsendisnairebi mcirediT cdebodnen, is did Secdomebs uSvebda. misi genia sastik faqtebs tragediad aqcevda da sentimentalurobas mistikis saburvelSi xvevda. “ rodesac Cven TanavugrZnobT bedkrulebs, romelTac unda iSromon, raTa samyarom arseboba SeZlos, Cven seriozul sakiTxs – kacobriobis beds, zereled vekidebiT ” . es udavod ukeTesia, vidre uxeSi gulgriloba, carieli godeba an TanagrZnobis farisevluri gamoxatuleba. magram am realisturi poziciis siZlieres xels uSlida is Znelad SesamCnevi 227 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi TviTkmayofileba, romliTac is aristokratiul didebulebas usvamda xazs. sabolod, man „ herodesac ki gadaaWarba “ , magram saTanadod ver Seafasa drouli reformis winapirobebi. savaraudoa, berki rom cocxali yofiliyo, 1832 wlis „ saparlamento reformis bils “ , romelmac bolo mouRo Zvel reJims, mxolod sruliad arasaWiro da sisxliani revoluciis fasad miiRebdnen. amas SesaZloa berki SewinaaRmdegeboda: Tuki Tavad politikuri ekonomikis kanonebi swiraven xalxis masebs mZime Sromisa da gaWirvebisaTvis, sxva ra aris Tanasworobis idea, Tu ara sastiki satyuara, romelic kacobriobas TviTganadgurebisken ubiZgebs? benTems ar axasiaTebda arc TaunsendisnairebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli daTafluli TviTkmayofileba, arc berkis zedmetad naCqarevi istoricizmi. piriqiT, am adamians, romelsac mtkiced swamda gonebisa da reformis, socialuri samarTlis axlad aRmoCenili sfero esaxeboda nanatr Tavisufal sivrced utilitaruli eqsperimentebisTvis. berkis msgavsad, is ar aRiarebda zoologiur determinizms da gulmodgined uaryofda ekonomikis primats sakuTriv politikaze. benTemi, avtori eseebisa – „ politikuri ekonomikis saxelmZRvanelo “ da „ mevaxSeobis Sesaxeb “ , am mecnierebaSi mainc diletanti iyo da ver Seitana masSi is erTaderTi diadi wvlili, romlis SeTavazebac SeeZlo utilitarizms ekonomikisTvis, kerZod, is, rom Rirebuleba sargeblianobiT ganisazRvreba. amis nacvlad, benTemma asocionisturi fsiqologiis gavleniT, sakuTari marTlac usazRvro warmosaxvis unari socialuri inJineriis ganxriT Tavis nebaze miuSva. Laissez faire misTvis socialuri meqanikis mxolod erT-erT instruments warmoadgenda. industriuli revoluciis yvelaze mniSvnelovan inteleqtualur faqtors warmoadgenda ara teqnikuri gamogonebebi, aramed socialuri siaxleebi, xolo, TavianTi gadamwyveti wvlili teqnikur ganviTarebaSi sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebma mxo228 Tavi 10 politikuri ekonomika da sazogadoebis aRmoCena lod erTi saukunis Semdeg Seitanes, rodesac industriuli revolucia ukve karga xnis dasrulebuli iyo. xidebis da arxebis mSeneblisTvis an manqanebis, an Zravebis konstruqtorisTvis bunebis zogadi kanonebis codna sruliad gamousadegari iyo manam, sanam meqanikisa da qimiis axali gamoyenebiTi dargebi ar ganviTarda. telfordi, „ samoqalaqo inJinrebis institutis “ damfuZnebeli da ucvleli prezidenti, uars eubneboda am dawesebulebis wevrobaze maT, vinc fizikas swavlobda da, Tu ser devid brusteris davujerebT, warmodgena ar hqonda geometriis anabanaze. sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebis triumfi Teoriuli iyo am sityvis WeSmariti gagebiT da ver Seedreboda imdroindeli socialuri mecnierebebis miRwevebis praqtikul mniSvnelobas. swored am ukanasknelT unda umadlodes mecniereba Tavis gansakuTrebul prestiJulobas, rutinisa da tradiciisagan gansxvavebuls da, rac ar unda daujerebeli eCvenebodes es Cvens Taobas, sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebis reputaciam bevri ram moigo humanitarul mecnierebebTan kavSiriT. ekonomikis aRmoCena warmoadgenda saocar movlenas, romelmac daaCqara sazogadoebis transformacia da sabazro sistemis damkvidreba maSin, rodesac gadamwyveti mniSvnelobis mqone manqanebi gaunaTlebeli xelosnebis mier iyo gamogonili, zogierT maTgans wera-kiTxvac ki Zlivs SeeZlo. amrigad, meqanikuri revoluciis ( romelmac bunebis Zalebi adamians daumorCila ) inteleqtualur mSoblebad savsebiT sworad da samarTlianad miiCnevdnen ara sabunebismetyvelo, aramed socialur mecnierebebs. Tavad benTemi darwmunebuli iyo, rom man axali socialuri mecniereba aRmoaCina – mecniereba zneobisa da kanonmdeblobis Sesaxeb. mas safuZvlad unda dasdeboda sargeblianobis principi, romelic, asocionisturi fsiqologiis meTodebis gamoyenebiT, zusti gaangariSebis saSualebas iZleoda. XVIII saukunis inglisSi mecniereba 229 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi – swored imitom, rom efeqturi aRmoCnda adamianuri saqmianobis sferoSi – yovelTvis gulisxmobda praqtikul unars, romelic efuZneboda empiriul codnas. moTxovnileba am saxis pragmatul damokidebulebaze marTlac sakmaod Zlieri iyo. vinaidan ar arsebobda statistika, xSirad SeuZlebeli iyo imis mtkiceba, gaizarda mosaxleobis odenoba, Tu Semcirda, rogoria sagareo vaWrobis balansis tendencia an romeli klasi ganicdis aRzevebas. xSirad mxolod marCieloba Tu SeiZleboda imaze, izrdeba Tu mcirdeba qveynis materialuri dovlaTi, saidan Cndebian Raribi adamianebi, ra mdgomareobaa kreditis, sabanko saqmisa Tu mogebis sferoSi. „ mecnierebaSi “ , pirvel rigSi, swored aseTi sakiTxebis mimarT empiriuli midgoma igulisxmeboda, wmindad spekulaciuri an istoriuli midgomebis nacvlad; da radgan, bunebrivia, praqtikuli interesebi pirvelxarisxovani iyo, swored mecnierebas sTxovdnen rekomendaciebs imis Taobaze, Tu rogor unda daregulirdes da mowesrigdes axali movlenebis es uzarmazari sfero. Cven vnaxeT, Tu ra sagonebelSi Caagdo puritanebi siRaribis fenomenma; rogor marjved atarebdnen eqsperimentebs TviTdaxmarebis sxvadasxva formebiT; rogor gamoacxades mogebis cneba panacead sruliad gansxvavebuli daavadebebisaTvis; rogor aravis SeeZlo gaeca pasuxi kiTxvaze – pauperizmi kargi niSani iyo, Tu cudi; rogor Cavardnen sagonebelSi „ samecniero meTodebiT “ mowyobili Sromis saxlebis administratorebi, rodesac aRmoaCines, rom Raribebis meSveobiT fuls ver iSovidnen; rogor iSova qoneba ouenma Tavisi fabrikebis Segnebulad filanTropiuli principiT gankargvis meSveobiT; xolo, sxva mravali eqsperimenti, romlebic TiTqosda gaumjobesebuli TviTdaxmarebis imave teqnikas iyenebda, savalalod CaiSala da maT filanTrop avtorebs didi Tavsatexi gauCina. Tu Cven mxolod pauperizmis problemiT ar SemovifarglebiT da Cvens 230 Tavi 10 politikuri ekonomika da sazogadoebis aRmoCena mimoxilvaSi CavrTavT kredits, liTonis fuls, monopoliebs, danazogebs, dazRvevas, investiciebs, sajaro finansebs an, Tundac, cixeebs, ganaTlebasa da latariebs, TiToeuli am punqtisTvis advilad moviyvanT originaluri Canafiqrebisa Tu Tamami gegmebis magaliTebs. daaxloebiT im periodisTvis, rodesac benTemi gardaicvala, es periodic mTavrdeba 1 ; 1840 -iani wlebidan biznesis novatorebi ukve aRar arian isini, vinc sakuTar Tavs miiCneven ormxrivi gaziarebis, ndobisa da riskis sayovelTao principebisa da adamianuri wamowyebis sxva aspeqtebis axali gamoyenebis aRmomCenebad Tvlian, aramed konkretuli komerciuli saqmianobis ubralo organizatorebi arian. am droidan moyolebuli biznesmenebi miiCneven, rom mSvenivrad ician, ra formebi unda miiRos maTma saqmianobam; bankis daarsebamde isini iSviaTad fiqroben fulis bunebis gamokvlevaze. socialuri inJinrebs axla Cveulebriv mxolod axirebulebisa da TaRliTebis rigebSi Tu gadaveyrebiT da xSirad gisosebs miRma gamomwyvdeulebs. samrewvelo da sabanko sistemebis talRam, romelmac patersonidan da jon loudan dawyebuli pereiraTi damTavrebuli, waleka safondo birJebi religiuri, socialuri da akademiuri seqtantebis proeqtebiT, axla mowanwkare wyaros saxe miiRo. maTTvis, vinc mTlianad komerciul saqmianobaSi iyo Cafluli, analitikur detalebs didi mniSvneloba ar hqonda. sazogadoebis gamokvleva, – yovel SemTxvevaSi, ase miiCnevdnen – ukve dasrulebuli iyo; adamianuri bunebis rukaze aRar darCa TeTri laqebi. arseboba mTeli saukunis manZilze SeuZlebeli gaxda benTemisnairi adamianebis arseboba. rogorc ki saojaxo cxovrebis organizebis sabazro sistema dominanturi gaxda, yvela sxva instituciuri sfe1 1832 . 231 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi ro am models daeqvemdebara da socialuri konstruirebis suli moxetiale usaxlkarod iqca. benTemis “ panoptikoni ” ar iyo mxolod „ wisqvili, romelic aramzadebs patiosan kacebad fqvavs da uqnarebs – muyaiTebad “ 1 ; is, inglisis bankis msgavsad, dividendebs ixdida. is afinansebda erTmaneTisagan sruliad gansxvavebul proeqtebs, rogorebicaa patentebis gaumjobesebuli sistema; SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoebebi; aT weliwadSi erTxel mosaxleobis raodenobis aRwera; jandacvis saministros daarseba; procentiani fasiani qaRaldebi danazogebis sayovelTao xelmisawvdomobis mizniT; samacivro danadgarebi bostneulisa da xilisTvis; axal teqnikur principebze dayrdnobiT momuSave iaraRis mwarmoebeli qarxnebi, romlebic iyenebdnen patimrebis an Semweobis mTxovneli Raribebis Sromas; „ qrestomaTiuli dRis skolebi “ utilitarizmis Sesaswavlad saSualo fenis naRebisaTvis; uZravi qonebis sayovelTao reestri; sabuRaltro aRricxvis sajaro sistema; saxalxo ganaTlebis reformebi; moqalaqeebis registraciis erTiani sistema; mevaxSeobisgan gaTavisufleba; koloniebis daTmoba; kontraceptivebis gamoyeneba Raribebis raodenobis maCveneblis Sesamcireblad; saaqcio sazogadoebis daarseba atlantisa da wynari okeanis dasakavSireblad da sxva. zogierTi amgvari proeqti uamravi saxis mcire gaumjobesebas iTvaliswinebda, magaliTad, „ Sromis saxlebis “ proeqti, romelic araerT inovaciur ideas eyrdnoboda adamianis zneobrivi gamosworebisaTvis da, amasTanave, misi metad momgebiani eqspluataciisTvis, ideebs, romelTac asocionisturi fsiqologiis miRwevebi edo safuZvlad. Tu taunsendisa da berkisaTvis Laissez faire sakanonmdeblo kvietizmTan iyo dakavSirebuli, 1 Stephen , Sir L ., The English Utilitarians , 1900 . 232 Tavi 10 politikuri ekonomika da sazogadoebis aRmoCena benTemi masSi ver xedavda dabrkolebas reformebis uwyveti talRisaTvis. sanam ganvixilavT pasuxs, romelic 1798 wels malTusma godvinis kiTxvas gasca, romliTac iwyeba kidec klasikuri ekonomika, gavixsenoT imdroindeli movlenebi. godvinis „ politikuri samarTlianoba “ daiwera berkis esseis – „ refleqsia safrangeTis revoluciis Sesaxeb “( 1790 ) , pasuxad da gamoica iqamde cota xniT adre, sanam habeas cor pus ( 1794 ) gauqmebiTa da demokratiuli „ korespondenciis sazogadoebebis ” devniT represiebis talRa daiwyeboda. am dros inglisi safrangeTs eomeboda da terorma sityva „ demokratia “ socialuri revoluciis sinonimad aqcia. magram inglisSi demokratiuli moZraoba, romlis sawyisi wertilic iyo doqtor praisis qadageba “ Zveli ebraelobis ” Sesaxeb ( 1789 ) , xolo literaturuli piki – peinis „ adamianis uflebebi ”( 1791 ) , politikis sferos farglebs ar scdeboda. mSromel RaribTa ukmayofilebam masSi sakuTari gamoZaxili ver pova, xolo RaribTa kanonis sakiTxi mxolod gakvriT iyo naxsenebi im pamfletebSi, romlebic TavgamodebiT iTxovdnen sayovelTao saarCevno uflebasa da yovelwliur parlaments. miuxedavad amisa, swored RaribTa Sesaxeb arsebuli kanonmdeblobis sferoze miitanes skvairebma gadamwyveti dartyma spinhemlendis saxiT. soflis samrevlom Tavi Seafara xelovnur Waobs, romlis safarqveSac vaterlooze oci wliT metxans iarseba. magram, Tu 1790 -iani wlebis represiuli politikis Sedegad gamocemuli panikuri aqtebis uaryofiTi Sedegebis daZleva iolad SeiZleboda, sxva Tanmxlebi faqtorebi rom ara, spinhemlendis mier warmoSobilma socialuri degeneraciis procesma qveyanaze waruSleli kvali datova. spinhemlendma skvairebis batonoba ormoci wliT gaaxangrZliva, rac ubralo xalxis zneobrivi Zlierebisa da energiis msxverplSewirvis fasad moxda. mantu wers: „ Civilisas, rom gada233 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi saxadi RaribTa SemweobisaTvis sul ufro da ufro izrdeba, SeZlebuli klasebi ar iTvaliswinebdnen imas, rom es gadasaxadi Tavisi arsiT warmoadgens garantias revoluciisgan, xolo muSaTa klass, romelic mwiri mowyalebis miRebas Tanxmdeboda, ar esmoda, rom es Semweoba nawilobriv maTi kanonieri gasamrjelos Semcirebis xarjze miiReboda. vinaidan „ Semweobis “ sistema gamomuSavebul xelfasebs ucilobliv swevda yvelaze dabal doneze da aiZulebda dacemuliyo im niSnulis qvemoTac ki, romelic daqiravebuli muSebis Seucvleli saWiroebebis minimums Seesabameboda. fermeri da mewarme soflis samrevlos eyrdnobodnen, raTa mas aenazRaurebina sxvaoba im Tanxas Soris, romelsac isini daqiravebul muSaxels uxdidnen, da im Tanxas Soris, romliTac mSromelebs SeeZloT Tavi SeenaxaT. nu, ratom unda gaewiaT Tavad xarjebi, romlebic martivad SeiZleboda gadasaxadis gadamxdelTa masebisTvis mieweraT? amasTanave, isini, vinc soflis samrevlosgan iRebdnen Semweobas, mzad iyvnen ufro dabal xelfasze emuSavaT da amgvarad maTTan konkurenciaSi Sesvla imaTTvis, vinc Semweobas ar iRebda, sruliad SeuZlebeli gaxades. sabolood miviReT paradoqsuli Sedegi: e.w. „ gadasaxadi RaribTa SemweobisaTvis “ damsaqmeblebisTvis ekonomias niSnavda, xolo gamrje mSromelisTvis, romelic sazogadoebrivi qvelmoqmedebisgan arafers eloda – zarals. amrigad, interesTa umowyalo TamaSma filanTropiuli kanoni rkinis borkilad aqcia “ . 1 migvaCnia, rom swored es borkili warmoadgens safuZvels axali kanonebisa xelfasebisa da mosaxleobis Sesaxeb. TviT malTusi, burkisa da benTamis msgavsad, sastikad ewinaaRmdegeboda spinhemlends da mxars uWerda „ RaribTa kanonis “ srul gauqmebas. verc erTma maTganma ver ganWvrita, rom spinhemlendi gamoiwvevda mSromelTa xelfasis dawevas 1 Mantoux , P . L ., The Industrial Revolution in the Eighteenth Century , 1928 . 234 Tavi 10 politikuri ekonomika da sazogadoebis aRmoCena saarsebo minimumamde da kidev ufro dabla; piriqiT, isini elodnen, rom is gamoiwvevda xelfasebis zrdas, an Tundac xelovnurad SeinarCunebda imave doneze – rac savsebiT SesaZlebeli iqneboda, profkavSirebis winaaRmdeg kanonebi rom ar mieRoT. es mcdari mosazreba gvexmareba gavigoT is, Tu ratom ar cdilobdnen isini sofelSi spinhemlendis gavleniT xelfasebis dabali maCveneblis axsnas, rac am fenomenis gamomwvevi WeSmariti mizezi gaxldaT, aramed mas ganixilavdnen xelfasebis e.w. rkinis kanonis moqmedebis utyuar mtkicebulebad. axla Cven swored am axali ekonomikuri mecnierebis safuZvelmdebare princips unda mivubrundeT. taunsendis naturalizmi, ra Tqma unda, ar iyo erTaderTi SesaZlo fundamenti axali politikuri ekonomikisaTvis. ekonomikuri sazogadoebis arsebobas mowmobda fasebis kanonzomierebebi da am fasebze damokidebuli Semosavlebis stabiluroba, Sesabamisad, ekonomikuri kanonis safuZveli SesaZloa pirdapir emyareboda fasebs. naturalizmis safuZvlebSi misi sawyisebis Ziebaze orTodoqs ekonomistebs ubiZga mwarmoebelTa umravlesobis sxvagvarad auxsnelma siduxWirem, rasac, rogorc dRes mogvexseneba, verasodes ver daaskvnidnen maSindeli bazris kanonebidan gamomdinare. magram faqtebi – rogorc maT Tanamedroveebi aRiqvamdnen – daaxloebiT aseTi iyo: warsulSi muSaTa klasebi, rogorc wesi, gaWirvebis zRvarze cxovrobdnen ( yovel SemTxvevaSi, Tu moxmarebis standartebis cvalebadobas gaviTvaliswinebT ) ; warmoebaSi manqanebis gamoCenis Semdeg maTi Semosavali namdvilad arasodes yofila saarsebo minimumze maRali; xolo axla, rodesac ekonomikuri sazogadoeba sabolood yalibdeba, udavod faqtia, rom gasuli aTwleulebis manZilze mSromel RaribTa materialuri keTildReobis done iotisodenadac ki ar gaizarda, aramed SesaZloa, piriqiT, gauaresda. 235 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi Tu odesme auareba sarwmuno faqti azrTa mdinarebas erTi mimarTulebiT warmarTavda, es xdeboda xelfasebis rkinis kanonis SemTxvevaSi, romelic amtkicebda, rom saarsebo minimumi, romliTac realurad cxovrobdnen mSromelebi, ganisazRvreba kanoniT, romlis gamoc maTi xelfasebi imdenad dabal niSnulze iyo daweuli, rom sxva standartis daweseba maTTvis SeuZlebeli xdeboda. ra Tqma unda, es moCvenebiTi msgavseba iyo ara mxolod SecdomaSi Semyvani, aramed absurdulic, danaxuli kapitalizmis pirobebSi nebismieri Tanmimdevruli Teoriis prizmidan fasebisa da Semosavlebis Sesaxeb. miuxedavad amisa, saboloo jamSi swored am yalbi msgavsebis gamo xelfasebis kanoni ver daefuZna adamianuri qcevis raime racionalur wess, aramed daeyrdno adamianisa da niadagis nayofierebis naturalistur faqtebs, rogorc moxda maTi interpretireba malTusiseuli mosaxleobis kanonisa da klebadi ukugebis kanonTan dakavSirebiT. naturalisturi elementis arseboba orTodoqsuli ekonomikis safuZvlebSi ZiriTadad ganapiroba spinhemlendis mier Seqmnilma pirobebma. es niSnavs imas, rom arc rikardos da arc malTuss ar esmodaT, Tu rogor muSaobs kapitalisturi sistema. „ xalxTa simdidris “ gamoqveynebidan mxolod erTi saukunis Semdeg gaacnobieres naTlad is, rom sabazro sistemis pirobebSi produqciis warmoebis procesis nebismieri monawile iRebs Sedegis wils da, rom produqciis zrdasTan erTad maTi absoluturi wilic aucileblad gaizrdeba. 1 miuxedavad imisa, rom adam smiTma is gza gaagrZela, romlis saTavesac warmoadgenda lokis warumatebeli Teoria Sromis, rogorc Rirebulebis sazomis, Sesaxeb, realobis SegrZnebam is gadametebul Tanmimdevrulobas gadaarCina. amrigad, mas areuli Sexedulebebi hqonda imis Taobaze, Tu ra ele1 Cannan , E ., A Review of Economic Theory , 1930 . 236 Tavi 10 politikuri ekonomika da sazogadoebis aRmoCena mentebisagan xdeba fasebis Camoyalibeba, Tumca savsebiT samarTlianad amtkicebda, rom iseTi sazogadoeba, romlis wevrebis umravlesoba Raribi da ubeduria ver ayvavdeboda. magram is, rac Cven truizmad gveCveneba, im dros paradoqsulad JRerda. Tavad smiTi miiCnevda, rom dovlaTis sayovelTao siuxve aucileblad CamoJonavda xalxamde, radgan SeuZlebelia, rom sazogadoeba sul ufro metad mdidrdebodes, xolo xalxi ki ufro Raribdebodes. samwuxarod, kidev didxans Canda ise, TiTqos mis Sexedulebebs faqtebi ewinaaRmdegeboda; da radganac Teoretikosebma swored faqtebi unda ganmarton, rikardo Seudga imis mtkicebas, rom rac ufro ganviTardeboda sazogadoeba, sakvebi produqtebis SeZena miT ufro garTuldeboda, xolo mdidari memamuleebi kidev ufro gamdidrdebodnen, rogorc muSebis, ise kapitalistebis eqspluataciis xarjze; rom kapitalistebisa da mSromelebis interesebi gardauval winaaRmdegobaSia erTmaneTTan, magram es winaaRmdegoba sabolood arafers ar cvlis, radgan mSromelTa xelfasebi saarsebo minimums verasodes gascdeba, xolo kapitalistebis mogeba nebismier SemTxvevaSi Semcirdeba. garkveuli arapirdapiri gagebiT, yvela es mtkiceba Seicavs simarTlis marcvals, magram, Tu maT kapitalizmis Teoriis saxiT ganvixilavT, maSin amaze ufro fantastikuri da bundovani realobis mofiqreba namdvilad SeuZlebelia. amasTanave, Tavad faqtebs urTierTsawinaaRmdego tendenciebi ayalibebdnen ise, rom dResac ki gviWirs maTi garkveva. gasakviri ar aris, rom samecniero sistemis avtorebs, romlebic amtkicebdnen, rom Camoayalibes warmoebisa da ganawilebis kanonebi, ara mcenareTa an cxovelTa, aramed adamianebis qcevidan, dasWirdaT dasaxmareblad moexmoT cxovelTa da mcenareTa gamravlebis deus ex machina . modiT, mokled mimovixiloT im faqtis Sedegebi, rom ekonomikur Teorias safuZveli Caeyara swored spinhemlen237 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi dis periodSi, romlis gavleniTac is, rac sinamdvileSi iyo kapitalizmi Sromis bazris gareSe, Tanamedroveebis mier konkurentunarian sabazro ekonomikad aRiqmeboda. pirvel rigSi, klasikuri ekonomistebis ekonomikuri Teoriis amosavali debulebebi damabneveli da winaaRmdegobrivi iyo. paralelizmma simdidresa da Rirebulebas Soris yvelaze damabneveli fsevdo problemebi warmoqmna rikardianuli ekonomikis TiTqmis yvela dargSi. aseve, Secdomebisa da gaugebrobebis mdidar wyaros warmoadgenda adam smiTis naanderZali saxelfaso fondis Teoria. Tu gamovricxavT zogierT specialur sakiTxs, rogorebicaa renta, dabegvra da sagareo vaWroba, romelTac smiTi Rrmad Caswvda, axali Teoria warmoadgenda uimedo mcdelobas, gamoetana kategoriuli daskvnebi Tavisuflad gansazRvruli terminebis safuZvelze, da amgvarad aexsna fasebis qceva, Semosavlebis formireba, warmoebis procesi, Rirebulebis gavlena fasebze, mogebebis, xelfasebis da procentebis doneze – sakiTxebi, romlebic didwilad kvlav iseTive bundovani rCeboda, rogorc aqamde. meorec, im pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT, romelTa farglebSic es ekonomikuri problema warmoCinda, sxva Sedegi sruliad gamoricxuli iyo. arcerT unitarul Teoriul sistemas ar SeeZlo aexsna faqtebi, radgan isini ar warmoadgendnen romelime erTiani sistemis nawils, aramed, erToblivi zemoqmedebis Sedegs ori urTierTgamomricxavi sistemisa, kerZod, axladwarmoqmnili sabazro ekonomikisa da paternalisturi regulirebisa warmoebis yvelaze mniSvnelovani faqtoris – Sromis, sferoSi. mesamec, gadawyvetilebam, romelic klasikurma ekonomistebma miiRes, metad mniSvnelovani gavlena iqonia ekonomikuri sazogadoebis arsis gaazrebis Sedegebze. radgan sabazro ekonomikis maregulirebel kanonebs TandaTanobiT naTeli efineboda, isini Tavad bunebis egidis qveS moaq238 Tavi 10 politikuri ekonomika da sazogadoebis aRmoCena cies. amgvarad, klebadi ukugebis kanoni mcenareTa fiziologiis kanons warmoadgenda. malTusis mosaxleobis kanoni ki, adamianisa da niadagis nayofierebas Soris arsebul kavSirs asaxavda. orive SemTxvevaSi aq mTavar rols TamaSobdnen bunebis Zalebi – sqesobrivi gamravlebis cxoveluri instinqti da mcenareulobis zrda mocemul niadagSi. principi igive iyo, rac taunsendis Txebisa da ZaRlebis magaliTis SemTxvevaSi: arsebobs adamianuri arsebebis gamravlebis bunebrivi zRvari, da es zRvari sakvebi produqtebis miwodebis xarjze dgindeba. taunsendis msgavsad, malTusma daaskvna, rom zedmeti egzemplarebi ganadgurdebodnen; Tu Txebs ZaRlebi klaven, Tavad ZaRlebi SimSilis gamo ixocebodnen. malTusTan represiuli damabrkolebeli faqtoris rols asrulebdnen bunebis uxeSi Zalebi, romlebic „ zedmet egzemplarebs “ anadgurebdnen. radgan adamianebi SimSilis garda sxva mizezebiTac iRupebian – magaliTad, omis, epidemiisa da mankierebis, es ukanasknelebi bunebis destruqciul ZalebTan gaigivda. es mtkiceba efuZneboda logikur Seusabamobas, radgan is bunebrivi balansis misaRwevad pasuxismgeblobas socialur Zalebs akisrebda. Tumca, amgvari SekamaTebis pasuxad malTuss SeeZlo epasuxa, rom omebisa da mankierebis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi, e.i. zneobriv sazogadoebaSi, imdenad met adamians mouwevda SimSiloba, ramdenic maTive zneobrivi saqcielis Sedegad gadarCeboda. arsebiTad, ekonomikuri sazogadoeba emyareboda bunebis sastik realobas; Tu adamiani ar daemorCileboda wesebs, romlebiTac es sazogadoeba imarTeboda, ugunurTa naSierebi ulmobel jalaTs unda daexrCo. amgvarad konkurentunariani sazogadoeba junglebis kanonebis sanqciis qveS moeqca. axla siRaribis mtanjveli problemis WeSmarit mniSvnelobas naTeli moefina: ekonomikuri sazogadoeba eqvemdebareboda kanonebs, romlebic ar warmoadgenen adamia239 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi nur kanonebs. adam smiTsa da taunsends Soris arsebuli ganxeTqilebis Sedegad gaCenili naprali ufskrulad iqca; am diqotomiis gaCena XIX saukunis cnobierebis dabadebis aTvlis wertils warmoadgens. am droidan moyolebuli naturalizmi kudSi aedevna mecnierebas adamianis Sesaxeb, xolo sazogadoebis dabruneba adamianur samyaroSi iqca miznad, romliskenac epoqis socialuri azri Tavisi evoluciis manZilze mudmivad iswrafoda. am konkretul aspeqtSi marqsistuli ekonomika iyo arsebiTad warumatebeli mcdeloba am miznis misaRwevad; misi marcxi imiT aixsneba, rom marqsi zedmetad mkacrad da zedmiwevniT misdevda rikardos principebsa da liberaluri ekonomikis tradiciebs. Tavad klasikuri ekonomistebi am saWiroebas mSvenivrad acnobierebdnen. malTusi da rikardo Raribebis beds gulgrilad sulac ar udgebodnen, magram am humanurma mRelvarebam mxolod is gamoiwvia, rom maTi yalbi Teoriis ganviTareba kidev ufro rTul da CaxlarTul gzas daadga. rogorc cnobilia, xelfasebis rkinis kanoni moicavda gansakuTrebul muxls: rac ufro maRalia mSromelTa klasis Cveulebrivi moTxovnilebebi, miT ufro maRalia saarsebo minimumi, romlis mixedviTac rkinis kanonsac ki ar SeeZlo xelfasebis Semcireba. swored am “ siRatakis doneze “ amyarebda imeds 1 malTusi, da surda is nebismieri gziT gaezarda, radgan, misi azriT, mxolod amgvarad SeiZleboda siRatakis im Semzaravi formebisgan maTi gaTavisufleba, vinc misi kanonis Tanaxmad siRatakisTvis iyo ganwiruli. rikardosac imave mizeziT surda, rom yvela qveynis mSromelTa klasebs egemaT komfortisa da garTobis nayofi „ da maTi xelmisawvdomoba mSromelTaTvis yvela kanonieri gziT waxalisebuliyo ” . bedis ironiiT, bunebis kanonis 1 Hazlitt , W ., A Reply to the Essay on Population by the Rev . T . A . Malthus in a Series of Letters , 1803 . 240 Tavi 10 politikuri ekonomika da sazogadoebis aRmoCena Tavidan acilebis mizniT, adamianebs sakuTari „ SimSilis donis “ amaRlebas avalebdnen. da mainc, es iyo udavod gulwrfeli mcdeloba klasikuri ekonomistebis mxridan Ratakebis gadasarCenad im bediswerisgan, romelsac Raribebs maTive Teoriebi umzadebdnen. rikardos SemTxvevaSi, Teoria TavisTavad moicavda elements, romelic xist naturalizms awonasworebda. am elements, romliTac gamsWvaluli iyo mTeli misi sistema, da mtkiced emyareboda miseul Rirebulebis Teorias, warmoadgenda Sromis principi. man daasrula saqme, romelic lokma da smitma wamoiwyes, – ekonomikuri Rirebulebis humanizacia; is, rac fiziokratebma bunebas miaweres, rikardom adamianebs daubruna. Tavisi mniSvnelobiT uzarmazari masStabis mcdar TeoremaSi rikardom Sroma Rirebulebis erTaderT wyarod gamoacxada, riTac nebismieri SesaZlo garigeba ekonomikur sazogadoebaSi daiyvana Tavisufali adamianebis sazogadoebaSi Tanabaruflebiani gacvlis principze. Tavad rikardos sistemis farglebSi Tanaarsebobdnen naturalisturi da humanisturi faqtorebi, romlebic ekonomikur sazogadoebaSi upiratesobis misaRwevad ibrZodnen. am situaciis Sedegad warmoiSva kolosaluri siZlieris mamoZravebeli Zalebi da maTi zemoqmedebis Sedegad konkurentunariani bazrisken swrafvam bunebrivi procesisTvis damaxasiaTebeli dauokebeli impulsi SeiZina. vinaidan, iTvleboda, rom TviTregulirebadi bazari bunebis ulmobel kanonebs misdevda, bazris gaTavisufleba Zveli borkilebisgan gardauval aucileblobas warmoadgenda. Sromis bazris Seqmna iyo sazogadoebis sxeulze viviseqciis aqtis ganxorcieleba, xolo mis ganmaxorcieleblebs amoZravebdaT is mtkice Tavdajerebuloba, romlis Canergvac mxolod mecnierebas Tu SeuZlia. RaribTa kanonis gauqmebac swored am Tavdajerebulobis nawili iyo. „ gra241 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi vitaciis principi ar aris imdenad sarwmuno, ramdenadac amgvari kanonebis tendencia aqcios simdidre da energia siduxWired da sisusted... sanam bolos da bolos yvela klasi universaluri siRaribis WiriT ar daavaddeba “ – werda rikardo. 1 da marTlac mxdali iqneboda is, vinc am codnis miuxedavad, ver ipovida sakuTar TavSi zneobriv Zalas, raTa kacobrioba sakuTari Tavisgan exsna umowyalo operaciis meSveobiT – RaribTa Semweobis gauqmebiT. swored am punqtze Tanxmdebodnen taunsendi, malTusi, rikardo, benTemi da berki. miuxedavad gansxvavebuli Sexedulebebisa msoflmxedvelobis sakiTxebsa da meTodebze, maT spinhemlendisa da maSindeli politikuri ekonomikis principebis kategoriuli miuRebloba aerTianebdaT. swored am diametrulad sawinaaRmdego mosazrebebis mqone adamianebs Soris Tanxmobis wyalobiT iqca ekonomikuri liberalizmi dauZlevel Zalad; radgan iman, rasac Tanabrad uWerdnen mxars ultra reformatori benTemi da ultra tradicionalisti berki, avtomaturad miiRo TavisTavad cxadi WeSmaritebis statusi. mxolod erTi kaci Caswvda am mZime gansacdelis mniSvnelobas, – albaT imitom, rom epoqis wamyvan moazrovneTa Soris mxolod is flobda safuZvlian praqtikul codnas industriis Sesaxeb da, garda amisa, gaaCnda Sinagani, sulieri xedvis unari. arcerTi moazrovne arasdros ar Cawvdenila ise siRmiseulad industriuli sazogadoebis fenomens, rogorc robert oueni. is acnobierebda gansxvavebas sazogadoebasa da saxelmwifos Soris; am ukanasknelis mimarT ar gaaCnda cudi winaswarganwyoba ( rogorc, magaliTad, godvins ) , igi saxelmwifosgan eloda mxolod imas, risi gakeTebac mas SeeZlo, kerZod, gonivrul Carevas, romelic miznad 1 Ricardo , D ., Principles of Political Economy and Taxation , ed . Gonner , 1929 , p . 86 . 242 Tavi 10 politikuri ekonomika da sazogadoebis aRmoCena isaxavda moqalaqeebisaTvis zianis Tavidan acilebas da ara sazogadoebis organizebas. analogiurad, araviTari mtruli ganwyoba ar gaaCnda manqanebis mimarT, romelTa neitraluri xasiaTic aRiara. arc saxelmwifos politikuri meqanizmi da arc manqanuri warmoebis teqnologiuri aparati misTvis ar Crdilavda mTavars: sazogadoebis fenomens. is ar aRiarebda animalistur midgomas sazogadoebis mimarT, uaryofda mis malTusianur da rikardianul SezRudvebs. magram misi azrovnebis qvakuTxeds warmoadgenda qristianobis kritika, romelsac is „ individualizaciaSi “ adanaSaulebda, anu, pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebaSi konkretuli pirovnebis xasiaTze, rac, ouenis azriT, niSnavda sazogadoebis realobisa da adamianis xasiaTze misi Zlier ganmsazRvreli gavlenis gamoricxvas. „ individualizaciis “ kritikis WeSmariti mniSvneloba mdgomareobda mis mier daJinebiT gatarebul ideaSi socialurad ganpirobebuli qcevis motivebis Sesaxeb: „ individualuri adamiani da is yvelaferi, rac qristianobaSi namdvilad Rirebulia, isea erTmaneTisgan gaTiSuli, rom mTeli maradisobis manZilze ver SeZlebs SekavSirebas. ” swored sazogadoebis aRmoCenam ubiZga ouens gadaelaxa qristianobis sulieri horizontebi da maT miRma gaexeda. man gaacnobiera Semdegi WeSmariteba: radgan sazogadoeba realuria, adamiani sabolood mas unda damorCildes. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom misi socializmi, emyareboda adamianis cnobierebis gadasxvaferebas sazogadoebis realobis aRiarebis meSveobiT. „ Tu aRmoCndeba, rom borotebis garkveuli mizezebis Tavidan acileba SeuZlebelia im axali SesaZleblobebis meSveobiT, romlebic male adamianTa xelSi aRmoCndeba, – werda oueni, – isini mixvdebian, rom es aucilebeli da gardauvali borotebaa, da yvelanairi bavSvuri, uSedego Civili am mxriv Sewydeba. “ savaraudod, ouens am SesaZleblobebze gadaWarbebuli warmodgena hqonda, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, is ar SesTa243 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi vazebda lanarkis olqis mmarTveli xelisufkebis warmomadgenlebs sazogadoebis mSeneblobis dauyovnebliv dawyebas „ sazogadoebis birTvze “ dayrdnobiT, romelic ouenma Tavis organizebul sasoflo TemebSi aRmoaCina. warmosaxvis aseTi nakadi genialuri adamianebis privilegiaa, romelTa gareSec kacobrioba, uZluri sakuTari Tavis gagebaSi, ver iarsebebda. miT ufro mniSvnelovani iyo Tavisuflebis ucvleli sazRvari, romelzec miuTiTebda oueni; sazRvari ganpirobebuli im faqtiT, rom sazogadoebis borotebisgan gaTavisuflebas Tavisi gardauvali SezRudvebi aqvs. magram oueni grZnobda, rom es sazRvari aSkara iqamde ar gaxdeboda, sanam adamiani sazogadoebas samarTlianobis idealebis Sesabamisad Zireulad ar Secvlida; maSin zrdasruli adamianis msgavsad, romlisTvisac ucxoa bavSvuri Civili, mas am sazRvris miReba mouwevda. robert ouenma 1817 wels aRwera is kursi, romelsac dasavleli adamiani daadga, da am sityvebiT XIX saukunis umTavresi problema Seajama. man yuradReba gaamaxvila im diad Sedegebze, romlebic fabrikul warmoebas axlavs Tan, „ rodesac is Tavis bunebriv progress mihyveba ” . „ warmoebis zogadi gavrceleba mTel qveyanaSi misi macxovreblebis xasiaTs cvlis, da radgan es axali xasiaTi yalibdeba individualuri an zogadi bednierebisaTvis sakmaod araxelsayreli principiT, is aucileblad warmoSobs yvelaze savalalo da mudmiv ubedurebas, Tuki mis zemoqmedebas sakanonmdeblo Careva da regulaciia ar SeewinaaRmdegeba. ” mTeli sazogadoebis mogebisa da piradi gamorCenis principebze organizebas Sorsmimavali Sedegebi unda hqonoda. ouenma isini fsiqologiuri terminebiT Camoayaliba, vinaidan axali instituciuri sistemis yvelaze aSkara Sedegi iyo Casaxlebuli mosaxleobis tradiciuli xasiaTis ganadgureba da maTi gardaqmna adamianis axal tipad, mudmivad momTabare da moxetiale tomad, zneobrivi disciplinisa 244 Tavi 10 politikuri ekonomika da sazogadoebis aRmoCena da sakuTari Rirsebis gareSe, romelTa magaliTad kapitalistebic gamodgebodnen da mSromelebic. ouenma gamoitana zogadi daskvna, rom es principi araxelsayrelia individualuri da socialuri bednierebisTvis da es gza did ubedurebamde migviyvans, Tu sabazro institutebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli tendenciebi ar SeizRudeba Segnebuli da mizanmimarTuli socialuri regulaciebiT, romlis efeqturobac kanonmdeblobam unda uzrunvelyos. eWvgareSea, rom mSromelTa mdgomareoba, romelsac oueni ganicdida, nawilobriv „ Semweobis sistemis “ Sedegi iyo. magram arsebiTad, misi mosazreba Tanabrad exeboda rogorc qalaqis, ise soflis mSromelebs – „ isini amJamad bevrad ufro damcirebul da savalalo mdgomareobaSi arian, vidre manufaqturebis warmoqmnamde iyvnen; im manufaqturebis, romelTa warmatebazec axla maTi saarsebo minimumia damokidebuli. “ aq man isev mTavar sakiTxze dasva aqcenti, rodesac xazi gausva ara Semosavlebs, aramed socialur degradaciasa da siduxWires. am degradaciis mTavar mizezad ouenma, isev savsebiT samarTlianad, daasaxela mSromelTa saarsebo minimumis damokidebuleba fabrikebze. man gaiTavisa is faqti, rom is, rac, erTi SexedviT, ekonomikur problemad gveCveneba, arsebiTad socialuri problemaa. ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT, namdvilad xdeboda mSromelebis eqspluatacia: maT sanacvlod ver miiRes is, rac maT unda rgebodaT. es namdvilad iyo am problemis mniSvnelovani, magram ara erTaderTi aspeqti. eqspluataciis miuxedavad, finansuri TvalsazrisiT mSromelTa mdgomareoba SesaZloa kidec gaumjobesda, magram individualuri da sazogado bednierebisaTvis sakmaod araxelsayreli principi damRupvelad moqmedebda maT socialur wreze, bunebriv garemoze, sazogadoebriv poziciaze, profesiul kvalifikaciaze; erTi sityviT, bunebasa da adamianebTan urTierTdamokidebulebis im sistemaze, romelSic aqamde maTi, rogorc daqvemde245 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi barebuli elementebis, ekonomikuri arseboba Sedioda. industriuli revolucia uzarmazari masStabis socialur dislokacias iwvevda, da siRaribis problema am movlenis mxolod erT, ekonomikur aspeqts warmoadgenda. oueni marTali iyo, rodesac amtkicebda, rom am damangreveli Zalebis moqmedeba, Tu is sakanonmdeblo CareviTa da regulirebiT ar ganeitraldeboda, kolosalur da xangrZliv ubedurebas moitanda. Tumca, im dros mas ar SeeZlo winaswarganeWvrita is, rom sazogadoebis Tavdacvis meqanizmi, romlis Camoyalibebiskenac is mouwodebda, Tavad ekonomikuri sistemis funqcionirebasTan SeuTavsebeli aRmoCndeboda. 246 [ II . sazogadoebis Tavdacva ] Tavi 11 adamiani, buneba da mwarmoebeli organizacia erTi saukunis ganmavlobaSi Tanamedrove sazogadoebis dinamikas gansazRvravda urTierTsawinaaRmdego mimarTulebebs Soris dapirispireba: erTi mxriv, bazari ganuwyvetliv izrdeboda, Tumca mas upirispirdeboda kontr-mimarTuleba, romelic bazris aseT zrdas garkveul gezs aZlevda. swored es kontr-mimarTuleba gaxldaT sazogadoebis dacvisaTvis sasicocxlod mniSvnelovani, radgan igi SeuTavsebeli iyo bazris TviTregulirebasTan da Sesabamisad, mTlianad sabazro sistemasTan. sistema naxtomiseburad ganviTarda; daikava sivrce da dro mTlianad da sabanko fulis SeqmniT manamde arnaxuli Zala SeiZina. daaxloebiT 1914 wlisTvis, rodesac aRniSnulma sistemam Tavisi masStabis maqsimums miaRwia, masSi CarTuli aRmoCnda dedamiwis yoveli kuTxe-kunWuli, mTeli Tavisi macxovrebeliTa da jer kidev daubadebeli TaobebiT, fizikuri pirebiT Tu uzarmazari xelovnuri warmonaqmnebiT, romelTac korporaciebi ewodebaT. planetaze gavrceleba daiwyo cxovrebis axalma wesma, universalurobaze iseTi pretenziiT, romlis msgavsic qristianobis ga247 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi vrcelebis Semdgom ar dafiqsirebula. oRond, amjerad, es procesi wminda wylis materialur doneze mimdinareobda. Tumca, maSinve Tavi iCina kontr-mimarTulebamac. es iyo ufro meti, vidre ubralod morigi Tavdacvis mcdeloba sazogadoebis mxirdan, romelsac cvlilebebi eloda; es iyo reaqcia adgilmonacvleobaze, romelic sazogadoebis wyobas emuqreboda da romelic gaanadgurebda warmoebis organizebis yvela im formas, romelsac bazarma STabera suli. robert oueni sworad SeniSnavda, rom Tuki sabazro ekonomika Tavisive kanonebis mixedviT ganviTarebis amara darCeba, igi masStaburi, maradiuli ubedurebis wyarod iqceva. warmoeba niSnavs adamianisa da bunebis urTierTqmedebas. Tuki es procesi organizebuli iqneba barterisa da gacvlis TviTregulirebadi meqanizmis mier, maSin man adamianic da bunebac Tavis orbitaze unda gadaiyvanos; isini unda iqcnen moTxovna-miwodebis subieqtebad, rac niSnavs, rom maT ise unda miudge, rogorc gasayidad warmoebul saqonels. swored ase iyo sabazro sistema mowyobili. adamiani Sromis saxeliT, buneba ki miwis saxeliT iyo gamotanili gasayidad; samuSao Zalis gamoyenebis SeZena da gayidva yvelasaTvis SesaZlebeli iyo xelfasis, xolo miwis safasurze molaparakeba – qiris meSveobiT. arsebobda Sromis, iseve rogorc miwis bazari da TiToeuli maTganze moTxovna-miwodeba regulirdeboda xelfasebisa da qiris odenobis mixedviT. mudmivad xdeboda im fiqtiuri ideis kultivireba, rom Sroma da miwa gasayidad iwarmoeboda. kapitals, romelic Sromisa da miwis sxvadasxva kombinaciaSi iyo Cadebuli, SeeZlo warmoebis erTi dargidan meorisken gadaenacvlebina, rac saWiro iyo aRniSnuli dargebis Semosavlebis avtomaturi gaTanabrebisaTvis. 248 Tavi 11 adamiani, buneba da mwarmoebeli organizacia Tuki Teoriulad SesaZlebeli iyo, rom warmoeba organizebuliyo am formiT, sasaqonlo fiqciam srulebiT ugulebelyo is faqti, rom niadagisa da adamianebis bedis bazris xelSi datoveba maTi ganadgurebis tolfasi iqneboda. amitomac, kontr-mimarTuleba gulisxmobda bazris zemoqmedebis SezRudvis mcdelobebs warmoebis faqtorebze, Sromasa da miwaze. swored es gaxldaT intervencionizmis mTavari funqcia. imave mxridan daemuqra safrTxe mwarmoebel organizaciebsac. safrTxis winaSe aRmoCnda yvela tipis warmoeba – industriuli, agrokulturuli da komerciuli, radgan fasebis doneebis cvlileba masze gavlenas axdena. rodesac sabazro sistemaSi fasebi ecema, biznesi sustdeba; Tuki pirdapir proporciulad ar gaiafdeba TviTRirebulebis yvela sxva elementic, „ mimdinare sakiTxebis “ likvidacia moxdeba, miuxedavad imisa, rom fasebis vardna SesaZloa gamowveuli iyos ara zogadi xarjebis SemcirebiT, aramed imis gamo, Tu rogor aris mowyobili monetaruli sistema. realurad, aseTi SemTxvevebi xSiri iyo TviTregulirebadi bazris pirobebSi, rasac mogvianebiT vixilavT. am SemTxvevaSi, msyidvelobiTi unari, principSi, Tavad bazris muSaobis mier aris uzrunvelyofili da regulirebuli; swored es igulisxmeba, rodesac vambobT, rom fuli saqonelia, romlis odenobac regulirdeba produqtis moTxovna-miwodebiT, romelic, am SemTxvevaSi fulis funqcias asrulebs – es aris kargad cnobili, klasikuri fulis Teoria. am doqtrinis Tanaxmad, fuli ubralod gansxvavebuli saxelia saqonlis, romelic gacvlisaTvis sxvebze ufro xSirad gamoiyeneba da romelic, ZiriTadad, swored gacvlis xelSesawyobad moipoveba xolme. tyavi iqneba es, xari, niJarebi Tu oqro, am SemTxvevaSi mniSvneloba ar aqvs; im saganTa Rirebuleba, romlebic fulad gamoiyeneba, ganisazRvreba ise, TiTqosda adamianebi maT mxolod maTi sakve249 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi bi, Casacmeli, ornamentuli da sxva niSniT gamosadegobis gamo moipovebdnen. Tuki fulad oqro gamoiyeneba, misi Rirebuleba, odenoba da mimoqceva zustad iseTive kanonebiT regulirdeba, rogoriTac daregulirdeboda sxva saqonlis SemTxvevaSi. gacvlis nebismieri sxva saSualebas dasWirdeboda bazris miRma Seqmnili valutis Semotana, xolo Seqmnis es aqti – bankis mier moxdeboda Tu mTavrobis – ganxiluli iqneboda, rogorc TviTregulirebad bazarSi Careva. mTavari arsi aris is, rom saqoneli, romelic fulad gamoiyeneba arafriT gansxvavdeba sxva saqonlisagan; rom masze moTxovna-miwodebas aregulirebs bazari, yvela sxva saqonlis msgavsad; da amitomac, nebismieri gaazreba, romelic fuls raime sxva maxasiaTebels miawers, garda imisa, rom is aris saqoneli, romelic gamoiyeneba gacvlisaTvis, arsebiTad mcdaria. aqedan gamomdinareobs isac, rom Tuki fulad gamoiyeneba oqro, banknotebi, maTi arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, unda iyos oqrosi. swored am doqtrinasTan TanxmobaSi, rikardos skolas surda, rom fulis mowodeba inglisis bankis meSveobiT daeorganizebina. marTlac, arc erTi sxva meTodi ar moCanda damajereblad, romelic daicavda monetarul sistemas saxelmwifos mxridan „ Carevisagan “ da romelic uzrunvelyofda bazris TviTregulirebas. Sesabamisad, biznesis mdgomareoba Zalian hgavda situacias, romelSic sazogadoebis bunebrivi da adamianuri realoba imyofeboda. TviTregulirebadi bazari warmoadgenda safrTxes yvela maTganisTvis da ZiriTadad erTi da imave mizezebis gamo. xolo, Tuki fabrikebTan dakavSirebuli kanonmdebloba da socialuri kanonebi saWiro iyo samuSao ZalasTan dakavSirebuli sasaqonlo fiqciisagan industriuli adamianis dasacavad, miwis kanonebi da agraruli tarifebi SemoRebuli iqna bunebrivi resursebis da sasoflo kulturis maTTan dakavSirebuli sasaqonlo fiqciis Sedegebisagan dacvisaTvis; analogiurad SegviZlia vamtki250 Tavi 11 adamiani, buneba da mwarmoebeli organizacia coT, rom saWiro iyo centraluri sabanko da monetaruli sistemis mmarTveloba, raTa fabrikebi da sxva sawarmoo dawesebulebebi daculebi yofiliyvnen zianisagan, romelic momdinareobda fulTan dakavSirebuli sasaqonlo fiqciisagan. rac ar unda paradoqsulad JRerdes, TviTregulirebadi bazris damangreveli Sedegebisagan ara mxolod adamianebisa da bunebis, aramed Tavad kapitalisturi mwarmoebeli organizebis dacvac gaxda saWiro. modi, davubrundeT im urTierTsawinaaRmdego mimarTulebebs, romelzec zemoT vsaubrobdiT. igi SeiZleba warmovidginoT rogorc sazogadoebis maorganizebeli ori principis qmedeba, romelTagan TiToeuls sakuTari specifikuri instituciuri mizani aqvs dasaxuli, hyavs garkveuli raodenobis mxardamWeri socialuri Zalebi da iyenebs Tavis specifikur meTodebs. pirveli iyo ekonomikuri liberalizmis principi, romelic miznad isaxavda TviTregulirebadi bazris Camoyalibebas, eyrdnoboda movaWreTa klasis mxardaWeras, xolo meTodebad ZiriTadad lese ferisa da Tavisufal vaWrobas iyenebda. meore ki socialuri dacvis principi gaxldaT, romelic miznad isaxavda adamianisa da bunebis dacvas mwarmoebel organizaciasTan erTad, eyrdnoboda mravalferovan mxardaWeras im adamianebisgan, viszec myisieri gavlena hqonda bazris damangrevel qmedebebs; eseni iyvnen, ZiriTadad, Tumca ara eqskluziurad, muSaTa klasi da miwaTmflobelebi – da meTodad iyenebda damcav kanonmdeblobas, SemzRudav asociaciebsa da intervenciis sxva instrumentebs. am procesSi klasobriv aspeqtze yuradRebis gamaxvileba mniSvnelovania. momsaxurebebma, romlebsac sazogadoebas uwevdnen miwaTmflobelebi, burJuazia da muSaTa klasi, gansazRvra mTeli me19 saukunis socialuri istoria. TiToeuli maTganisaTvis gankuTvnili rolebi ganisazRvreboda imis mixedviT, Tu ra funqciis Sesruleba SeeZloT 251 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi maT, rasac sazogadoebis zogadi mdgomareoba gansazRvravda. burJuazia warmoadgens Canasaxovani sabazro ekonomiis principebis matarebels; maTi saqmiani interesebi, saerTo jamSi, zogadad Seesabameboda warmoebisa da dasaqmebis interesebs. Tuki komerciuli saqmianoba ayvavdeboda, maSin dasaqmebis SesaZleblobac gaCndeboda yvelasTvis da gaqiravebis SesaZleblobac sakuTrebis mflobelebisaTvis; Tuki bazrebi gaizrdeboda, Tavisuflad da iolad iqneboda investirebis SesaZlebloba; Tuki movaWreTa sazogadoeba warmatebulad gauwevda konkurencias ucxoelebs, maSin valutas safrTxe ar emuqreboda. meore mxriv, movaWreTa klass ar hyavda organo, romelic igrZnobda safrTxeebs, rasac iwvevda muSaTa fizikuri Zalis eqspluatacia, ojaxebis dangreva, samezobloebis ganadgureba, tyeebis gaCexva, mdinareebis dabinZureba, profesionaluri standartebis daqveiTeba, tradiciuli cxovrebis wesSi Careva, yofis zogadi degradacia, maT Soris, sacxovrebeli pirobebisa Tu xelovnebis TvalsazrisiT, iseve rogorc sajaro Tu piradi cxovrebis sxvadasxva formis, romlebsac dakavSirebuli araa sargebelTan. burJuazia Tavis funqcias asrulebda sakuTar TavSi sargeblis, rogorc sayovelTao madlisadmi lamis sakraluri rwmenis SeqmniT, Tumca, swored amis gamo iyo, rom igi adamianis cxovrebisaTvis iseTive sasicocxlod mniSvnelovan sxva interesebs aRar icavda, garda warmoebis gazrdisa. swored aq uCndebodaT Sansebi im klasebs, romlebic warmoebaSi Zvirfas, rTul an specialur danadgarebs ar iyenebdnen. uxeSad rom vTqvaT, miwis mflobel aristokratias da glexobas qveynis winaSe arsebuli saomari movaleobebis Sesruleba uwevda, rac didwilad jer kidev adamianur da miwasTan dakavSirebul resursebze iyo damokidebuli, mSromelebi ki met-naklebad zogadi adamianuri interesebis gamtareblebad iqcnen, romelic uyuradRebod iyo mitovebuli. Tumca, adre Tu 252 Tavi 11 adamiani, buneba da mwarmoebeli organizacia gvian, TiToeuli klasi, SesaZloa gauazrebladac ki, ara mxolod sakuTari, aramed ufro farTo interesebis dasacavad gamodioda. me19 saukunis dasasruls – rodesac xmis micemis sayo­ velT­ ao ufleba TiTqmis erTdroulad gavrcelda yvelgan – muSaTa klasi saxelmwifoSi iqca gavlenian faqtorad; meor­ e mxriv ki, movaWreTa klasma, romlis Zalauflebac sakanon­ mdebl­ o sferoSi absoluturi aRar iyo, gaiazra polit­ i­ku­ ri Zalaufleba, romelsac mas industriaSi gabatonebuli mdgomareoba aniWebda. zegavlenisa da Zalauflebis es gan­ sakuTrebuli lokalizeba araviTar problemas ar qmnida, ramdenadac sabazro sistema agrZelebda muSaobas gansakuT­ rebuli wnexisa da SezRudvebis gareSe; magram, rodesac, Tavad sabazro ekonomikisTvis Tandayolili mizezebis gamo, es mocemuloba Seicvala da socialur klasebs Soris daZabulobam iCina Tavi, Tavad sazogadoebas daemuqra safrTxe im faqtidan gamomdinare, rom erTmaneTTan dapirispirebuli mxareebi mTavrobasa da komerciul saqmianobas, anu saxelmwifosa da industrias, TavianT cixe-simagreebad aqcevdnen. daiwyo sazogadoebis ori sasicocxlod mniSvnelovani funqciis – politikurisa da ekonomikuris – rogorc kerZo interesebisaTvis brZolis iaraRis gamoyeneba da maTiT borotad sargebloba. swored CixSi yofnis aseT saSiSi pirobebSi daiwyo faSisturma krizisma ayvaveba me20 saukuneSi. am ori gansxvavebuli gadmosaxedidan gvsurs, gamovkveToT im procesis konturebi, romelmac me19 saukunis socialuri istoria gansazRvra. pirveli maTgans safuZvlad edo dapirispireba ekonomikuri liberalizmisa da socialuri dacvis maorganizebel principebs Soris, ramac siRrmiseuli instituciuri deformacia ganapiroba; meore ki klasebs Soris konfliqti gaxldaT, romlis pirvel komponentTan urTierTqmedebis Sedegadac, krizisi katastrofaSi gadaizarda. 253 Tavi 12 liberaluri mrwamsis dabadeba ekonomikuri liberalizmi gaxldaT sazogadoebis organizebis principi, romelic CarTuli iyo sabazro sistemis SeqmnaSi. Tavdapirvelad qveynierebas movlenili rogorc ubralo miswrafeba arabiurokratiuli meTodebisaken, saboloo jamSi, TviTregulirebadi bazris meSveobiT, kacobriobis amqveyniuri xsnis WeSmarit rwmenaSi gadaizarda. aseTi fanatizmi iyo Sedegi imisa, rom sakiTxi, romlis gadaWrasac is cdilobda, moulodnelad, gacilebiT ufro mwvave da rTuli aRmoCnda; naTeli gaxda, rom axali wesrigis damyareba moiTxovda udanaSaulo adamianebis mravalgzis tanjvas, iseve, rogorc seriozuli masStabis urTierTdamokidebul cvlilebebs istebliSmentSi. liberaluri mrwamsi miiCnevda, rom misi evangeluri gzneba mxolod da mxolod pasuxi iyo srulmasStabiani sabazro ekonomiis saWiroebebze. retrospeqtivaSi rom davaTariRoT da vTqvaT, rom lese feris politika me18 saukunis SuaSi gaCnda ( rac xSirad xdeba xolme ) , anu maSin, roca safrangeTSi es sakvanZo sityva pirvelad gamoiyenes, sruliad araistoriuli iqneba; Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom vidre am ambis Semdeg TiTqmis ori Taoba ar gamoicvala, manamde ekonomikuri libera254 Tavi 12 liberaluri mrwamsis dabadeba lizmi sporadulad iCenda xolme Tavs. mxolod da mxolod 1820 -iani wlebisaTvis Camoyalibda misi sami mTavari principi: rom Sromam sakuTari fasi bazarze Tavad unda ipovos; rom fulis Seqmna avtomaturi meqanizmis meSveobiT unda moxdes; da rom saqoneli qveynidan qveyanaSi Tavisuflad, yovelgvari winaRobis gareSe unda gadiodes; anda mokled rom vTqvaT, misi sami mTavari principi iyo: Sromis bazari, oqros standarti da Tavisufali vaWroba. fransua kenesTvis imis miwera, rom movlenebis aseTi ganviTareba mas warmodgenili hqonda, cota ar iyos da fantastikis sferodan iqneba. is, rasac fiziokratebi moiTxovdnen merkantilistur samyaroSi iyo, marcvleulis Tavisufali gatana eqsportze, raTa uzrunvelyofiliyo fermerebisaTvis, moijareebisa da miwis mflobelebisaTvis meti Semosavlis motana. yvelaferi danarCenisaTvis ki bunebrivi wesrigi ( ordre naturel ) iyo warmoebisa da agrokulturis regulirebis samoqmedo principi, yovlis SemZle da yvelgan myofi mTavrobisTvis. kenes „ maqsimebi “ gamiznuli iyo aseTi mTavrobisaTvis mosazrebebis misawodeblad, risTvisac saWiro iyo, rom mas „ cocxali suraTi “ praqtikul politikad eTargmna, romelic daefuZneboda avtoris mier drodadro wardgenil statistikur monacemebs. bazrebis TviTregulirebadi sistemis idea ki mas TavSi arc ki gauvlia. lese feri inglisSic Zalian viwrod iyo gagebuli; igi niSnavda warmoebis regulirebisagan gaTavisuflebas; Tumca amaSi vaWroba ar igulisxmeboda. bambis mwarmoeblebi, im epoqis saswaulmoqmedebi, umniSvnelodan qveynis mTavar saeqsporto industriad iqcnen – miuxedavad amisa, qveyanaSi dabeWdili bambis qsovilebis importi akrZaluli iyo pozitiuri sakanonmdeblo aqtiT. miuxedavad saSinao bazris tradiciuli monopoliisa, saxelmwifo subsidia gaicemoda CiTisa da mitklis eqsportisaTvis. proteqcionizmi 255 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi imdenad fesvgadgmuli iyo, rom manCesterSi bambis mwarmoeblebma 1800 wels Zafis eqsportis akrZalva moiTxoves, miuxedavad imisa, rom acnobierebdnen, rom es maTTvis pirdapir komerciul danakargs niSnavda. 1791 wels miRebuli aqti, bambis produqciis warmoebisaTvis saWiro xelsawyoebis eqsportidan, teqnikuri instruqciebis modelebis eqsportze ganavrcobda jarimebs. miTia TiTqos bambis industrias fesvebi Tavisufal vaWrobaSi aqvs gadgmuli. erTaderTi rac industrias surda, es iyo warmoebis gaTavisufleba regulirebisagan; gacvla-gamocvlis sferoSi Tavisufleba ki kvlavac safrTxes warmoadgenda maTTvis. vinmem SesaZloa ifiqros, rom warmoebis Tavisufleba am wmindad teqnologiuri sferodan bunebrivad gavrceldeboda muSaxelis dasaqmebazec. Tumca, aRsaniSnavia, rom manCesterSi Tavisufal Sromaze moTxovna SedarebiT gvian gaCnda. xelosanTa statuti bambis industriaze arasodes gavrcelebula da am sferosaTvis arasodes SeuSlia xeli yovelwliurad xelfasebis gadaxedvis, Tu SegirdobasTan dakavSirebul regulaciebs. meore mxriv, siRaribesTan brZolis Zveli kanoni ( igive Elizabethan Poor Law ) , romelsac mogvianebiT moRvawe liberalebi ase mtkiced ewinaaRmdegebodnen, mwarmoeblebs did daxmarebas uwevda; igi ara marto uzrunvelyofda imas, rom manufaqturebSi Segirdebi hyolodaT, aramed aseve nebas rTavda maT, rom Tavidan aeridebinaT gaTavisuflebul TanamSromlebze pasuxismgebloba da Sesabamisad, umuSevrobis mTeli tvirTi sazogadoebriv fondebze gadahqonda. bambis mwarmoeblebs Soris Tavdapirvelad spinhemlendis sistemac ki ar iyo arapopularuli; Tuki gacemuli daxmarebis moraluri efeqti mSromlis mwarmoebelunarianobas ar Seamcirebda, industrias SesaZloa dadebiTadac ki mieCnia ojaxebisaTvis Semowirulobebis gacema; igi ganixileboda rogorc daxmareba mSromelTa sarezervo armiis SenaxvaSi, romelic SesaZloa 256 Tavi 12 liberaluri mrwamsis dabadeba moulodnelad saWiro gamxdariyo vaWrobis gansakuTrebuli ryevebis moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad. im periodSi, rodesac agrokulturaSi dasaqmeba erTwliani vadiT xdeboda, mniSvnelovani iyo, rom mobiluri Sromis aseTi fondi xelmisawvdomi yofiliyo industriisaTvis misi gafarToebis periodebSi. amas mohyva mwarmoeblebis Seteva gansaxlebaTa aqtze, romelic Sromis fizikur mobilobas bariers uqmnida. Tumca, aRniSnuli aqtiT gaTvaliswinebuli reforma 1795 wlamde ar gatarebula – ramac siRaribis winaaRmdeg kanonTan dakavSirebuli paternalizmi ki ar Seasusta, kidev ufro gaaZliera. pauperizmi 1 wvril memamuleebsa da soflis mcxovreblebSi kvlavac wuxilis sagans warmoadgenda; xolo spinhemlendis iseTi mwvave kritikosebic ki, rogorebic iyvnen burki, benTami da malTusi, Tavs ara industriuli progresis warmomadgenlebad, aramed sasoflo administrirebis principebis mtkice mxardamWerebad miiCnevdnen. ekonomikurma liberalizmma jvarosnuli vnebiT mxolod da mxolod 1830 -ian wlebSi amoxeTqa da lese feri sabrZolo doqtrinad iqca. mwarmoebelTa klasi moiTxovda Sesworebis Setanas siRaribis Sesaxeb kanonSi, vinaidan igi xels uSlida industriuli mSromeli klasis formirebas, romlis Semosavlebic damokidebuli iyo Sromis Sedegebze. cxadi gaxda riskis xarisxi, romelic Tavisufali Sromis bazris SeqmnaSi iyo gaweuli, iseve rogorc cxadi Seiqna tanjvis masStabi, romelic progresis msxverplebs miadgebodaT. Sesabamisad, 1830 -iani wlebis dasawyisSi, mkveTrad Seicvala ganwyoba. Taunsendis disertaciis 1817 wlis xelaxal gamocemas Tan erToda winaTqma, romelic avtors 1 pauperizmi – mSromelTa masebis siRatake eqspluataciaze da­ fuZn­ebuli klasobrivi sazogadoebis pirobebSi ( ucxo sit­yva­ Ta leqsikoni, 1989 . ) . 257 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi SorsmWvretelobas uwonebda, rodesac igi Tavs esxmoda siRaribesTan dakavSirebul kanons da mis srulad gauqmebas moiTxovda; Tumca, redaqtorebi gvafrTxilebdnen mis „ daufiqrebel da naCqarev “ SemoTavazebaze, rom RaribTa mdgomareobis Sesamsubuqeblad maTi gareSe Zalebis mier mxardaWera unda aRmofxvriliyo aTwlian periodSi. rikardos principebic, romelic imave wels gamoica, daJinebiT amaxvilebda yuradRebas SeRavaTebis sistemis gauqmebaze, Tumca igi mtkiced moiTxovda, rom es etapobrivad momxdariyo. piti ki, romelic adam smitis mowafe iyo, aseT scenars uaryofda im tanjvis gaTvaliswinebiT, rac udanaSaulo adamianebs miadgebodaT. 1829 wlisTvis ki, piili „ eWvobda, rom SeRavaTebis sistemis gasauqmeblad, garda misi etapobrivi ganxorcielebisa, raime sxva swor gzasac unda earseba “ 1 . miuxedavad amisa, burJuaziis politikuri gamarjvebis Semdeg, 1832 wels, siRaribesTan dakavSirebuli kanonis SesworebaTa aqti yvelaze ufro eqstremaluri formiT ganxorcielda da ZalaSi daCqarebulad Sevida ise, rom araviTari saSeRavaTo periods ar iTvaliswinebda. lese feri ki ukompromiso mZvinvarebis impulsad iqca. ekonomikuri liberalizmis akademiuri interesidan TavSeukavebel aqtivizmSi gadazrdis aseTi fsiqologiuri mzaoba industriul organizaciebs or sferoSi aRmoaCndaT: fulis mimoqcevasa da vaWrobaSi. orive maTganis SemTxvevaSi, rodesac naTeli xdeboda, rom nebismieri zomis miReba, garda eqstremaluri gadawyvetilebebisa, gamousadegari iyo, lese feri mxurvale fanatikur rwmenaSi gadaizrdeboda xolme. inglisur sazogadoebamde pirveli savaluto problema gazrdili sacxovrebeli xarjebis saxiT mivida. 1790 -dan 1815 wlamde fasebi gaormagda. realuri xelfasebi Semcir1 * Webb , S . and B ., op . cit . 258 Tavi 12 liberaluri mrwamsis dabadeba da, xolo biznesma seriozuli finansuri zarali ganicada sagareo vaWrobaSi. Tumca, ekonomikuri liberalizmis erTerT mTavar principad myari valuta mxolod da mxolod 1825 wlis panikis Semdeg iqca; anu maSin, rodesac rikardoseuli principebi imdenad Rrmad iyo gamjdari politikosebisa da biznesmenebis gonebaSi, rom „ standartis “ SenarCunebas mxars uWerdnen, miuxedavad uzarmazari finansuri msxverplisa. es iyos dasawyisi oqros standartis avtomaturad marTvadi meqanizmis mimarT im Seuryeveli rwmenisa, romlis gareSec sabazro sistema ver daiwyebda funqcionirebas. saerTaSoriso Tavisufali vaWroba arc meti, ar naklebi, rwmenis sakiTxi iyo. xolo misgan momavali Sedegebi ki Tavidan bolomde gaurkvevlobis gancdas aCenda. es niSnavda, rom inglisi sakveb maragebze damokidebuli unda yofiliyo ucxour wyaroebze; mas unda Seewira sakuTari agrokultura msxverplad, Tuki saWiro iqneboda; unda daewyo axali cxovreba da qceuliyo sruliad bundovani momavlis mqone msoflio erTobis nawilad, sadac planetis mosaxleoba mSvidobiani unda yofiliyo – winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi ki, sazRvao floti uzrunvelyofda mis usafrTxoebas; ingliseli eri gmirulad unda Sexvedroda mudmiv industriul uwesrigobas da hqonoda sakuTari gamomgonebluri da mwarmoebluri SesaZleblobebis upiratesobis mtkice rwmena. Tumca, iTvleboda, rom Tuki xorbali Tavisuflad Sevidoda mTeli msofliodan britaneTSi, mxolod am SemTxvevaSi SeZlebdnen britanuli qarxnebi danarCeni msofliosaTvis mis iafad miwodebas. saTanado gambedaobis sazRvrebis daweseba amjeradac variantebis siuxvesa da am procesisadmi srulad danebebasTan dakavSirebuli riskebis masStaburobaze iyo damokidebuli. aRniSnuli procesisadmi danebebis garda, nebismieri sxva gza iyo gza gardauvali kraxisaken. 259 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi lese feris dogmebis utopiuri wyaroebi arasaTanadodaa gaazrebuli, radgan maT erTmaneTisagan mowyvetiT ganixilaven xolme. sami principi – konkurentuli dasaqmebis bazari, avtomaturi oqros standarti da Tavisufali saerTaSoriso vaWroba – erT mTlianobas qmnis. am samidan romelime erTis misaRwevad gaRebuli msxverpli amao iyo ( Tu ufro uaresi ar iqneboda ) , Tuki danarCeni oric Tanabrad garantirebuli ar iqneboda. es iyo mocemuloba, sadac moqmedebda principi an yvelaferi, an araferi. ioli misaxvedri iyo, rom oqros standarti, magaliTad, niSnavda momakvdinebel deflacias anda SesaZloa fatalur monetarul krizissac ki panikis pirobebSi. amitomac, mwarmoebels sakuTari poziciis SenarCunebis imedi mxolod im SemTxvevaSi eqneboda, Tuki momgebian fasad warmoebis mzardi masStabebis garantia eqneboda ( sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki xelfasebi, sul mcire, zogadi fasebis proporciulad Semcirdeboda, rac mudam mzardi msoflio bazris eqpluatacias SesaZlebels gaxdida ) . Sesabamisad, 1846 wels miRebuli marcvleulis kanonis sawinaaRmdego bili erTgvarad 1844 wlis pilis sabanko aqts exmianeboda. orive maTgani exeboda muSaTa klass, romelic 1834 wels siRaribesTan brZolis kanonis Sesworebis aqtis miRebis Semdeg, iZulebuli iyo Tavisi SesaZleblobebis maqsimumi gaeRo SimSilis safrTxis pirobebSi; ase rom, xelfasebs marcvleulis fasi aregulirebda. es sami mniSvnelovani sakanonmdeblo aqti logikur erTobas qmnida. axla ukve SesaZlebeli iyo ekonomikuri liberalizmis realuri SedegebisaTvis Tvalis Sevleba. msoflios masStabiT TviTregulirebadi bazris garda arafers SeeZlo am gasaocari meqanizmis funqcionirebis uzrunvelyofa. samuSao Zalis safasuris yvelaze iaf xelmisawvdom marcvleulze damokidebuleba iyo erTaderTi garantia imisa, rom daucveli industriebi ar dahyvebodnen sakuTari nebiT 260 Tavi 12 liberaluri mrwamsis dabadeba aRiarebuli meTvalyuris, oqros Zalauflebas. sabazro sistemis gafarToeba me19 saukuneSi gaxldaT saerTaSoriso Tavisufali vaWrobis, konkurentuli dasaqmebis bazrisa da oqros standartis erTdrouli gavrcelebis sinonimi; isini erTmaneTisTvis iyvnen Seqmnilebi. sulac ar aris gasakviri, rom ekonomikuri liberalizmi lamis religiad iqca. rogorc ki naTeli gaxda is mniSvnelovani safrTxeebi, rasac es iniciativa Seicavda. lese feriSi araferi iyo bunebrivi; Tavisufali bazari verasdros gaCndeboda TavisiT, movlenebis sakuTar nebaze miSvebiT. iseve rogorc bambis warmoebebi – wamyvani dargi Tavisufali vaWrobis industriaSi – Seiqmna damcavi tarifebiT, eqsportis daxmarebiTa da xelfasebis arapirdapiri subsidirebiT, lese feric saxelmwifosgan iyo Tavs moxveuli. 30 -ian da 40 -ian wlebSi saxezea ara mxolod SemzRudavi regulaciebis gauqmebis erTgvari talRa, aramed aseve saxelmwifos administraciuli funqciebis mniSvnelovani zrda, ramac etapobrivad daikava centraluri biurokratiis adgili da romelsac SeeZlo liberalizmis mimdevrebis mier dasaxuli amocanebis Sesruleba. tipuri utilitaristisaTvis ekonomikuri liberalizmi iyo socialuri proeqti, romlis ganxorcielebis Sedegadac rac SeiZleba meti adamiani rac SeiZleba bednieri unda gamxdariyo; lese feri raimes miRwevis saSualeba ki ar iyo, aramed Tavad gaxldaT is, risTvisac unda mieRwiaT. marTlac, kanonmdeblobas pirdapir arafris miRweva SeeZlo, garda araxelsayreli SezRudvebis gauqmebisa. Tumca, es sulac ar niSnavda, rom mTavrobas arafris gakeTeba SeeZlo, gansakuTrebiT, arapirdapiri gziT. piriqiT, utilitaristi liberali mTavrobaSi bednierebis miRwevis mniSvnelovan saSualebas xedavda. materialur keTildReobasTan dakavSirebiT, benTams sjeroda, rom kanonmdeblobis gavlena „ arafers warmoadgens “ im gaucnobierebel wvlilTan Se261 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi darebiT, romelic keTildReobis SeqmnaSi „ policiis oficers “ Sehqonda. im sami ramidan, rac ekonomikuri warmatebis misaRwevad iyo saWiro – survili, codna da Zalaufleba – kerZo pirs mxolod survili hqonda. codnisa da Zalauflebis administrireba, benTamis azriT, gacilebiT ufro iafadaa SesaZlebeli, Tuki kerZo piris nacvlad, amas mTavroba gaakeTebs. statistikisa da informaciis Segroveba, mecnierebisa da eqsperimentebis xelSewyoba aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis movaleoba iyo, iseve, rogorc saboloo realizaciisTvis saWiro uamravi instrumentis Seqmna da miwodeba Sedioda mTavrobis kompetenciaSi. benTamiseuli liberalizmi gulisxmobda saparlamento zomebis Canacvlebas administraciuli organoTa zomebiT. amisaTvis sakmarisze didi sivrce arsebobda. inglisSi reaqciis marTva moxda ara safrangeTis msgavsad administraciuli meTodebiT, aramed eqskluziurad, saparlamento sakanonmdeblo zomebis gamoyenebiT politikuri represiebis gansaxorcieleblad. „ 1785 da 1815 20 wlebis revoluciuri moZraobebis winaaRmdeg brZola ara aRmasrulebeli xelisulfebis qmedebebiT, aramed saparlamento kanonSemoqmedebiT mimdinareobda. habeas korpus aqtis gauqmeba, iseve rogorc ciliswamebis aqtisa da 1819 wlis „ 6 aqtis “ miReba calsaxad iZulebiTi zomebis xasiaTs atarebda, Tumca maTSi ar arsebobs araviTari sabuTi imisa, rom isini Seecadnen administrirebisaTvis kontinenturi xasiaTi SeeZinaT. vinaidan individualuri Tavisuflebis xelyofa parlamentis aqtis Sesabamisad da mis mier moxda. “ 1 ekonomikur liberalebs TiTqmis aranairi gavlena ar hqondaT mTavrobaze 1832 wels, rodesac pozicia radikalurad Seicvala administraciuli meTodebis sasargeblod. „ saboloo Sedegi 1 Redlich and Hirst , J ., Local Government in England , Vol . II , p . 240 , quoted Dicey , A . V ., Law and Opinion in England , p . 305 . 262 Tavi 12 liberaluri mrwamsis dabadeba sakanonmdeblo aqtivobisa, romelic 1832 wlidan moyolebul periodSi sxvadasxva xarisxis intensiurobiT xasiaTdeboda, iyo gansakuTrebulad kompleqsuri administraciuli manqanis nawilobrivi aSeneba, romelsac sWirdeboda mudmivi SekeTeba, ganaxleba, rekonstruqcia da adaptacia axal moTxovnebTan, Tanamedrove fabrikis danadgarebis msgavsad. “ 1 administraciis aseTi zrda utilitarianizmis sulis matarebeli iyo. benTamis legendaruli panoptikoni, misi yvelaze „ piradi “ utopia, varskvlavis formis Senobas warmoadgenda, romlis centridanac zedamxedvels tusaRebis gansakuTrebulad didi odenobisaTvis SeeZlo yvelaze efeqturad zedamxedveloba, sazogadoebis mier gaweuli yvelaze naklebi danaxarjis fasad. msgavsad amisa, utilitarul saxelmwifoSi benTamis sayvareli „ Semowmebadobis “ principi uzrunvelyofda, rom saguSago koSkis saTaveSi moqceul Cinovniks SesZleboda yvela adgilobrivi administraciis efeqtiani kontroli. gza Tavisufali bazrisaken gaiRo da Ria rCeboda gangrZobiTi, centralurad dagegmili da kontrolirebuli intervencionistuli zomebis mniSvnelovani zrdis Sedegad. yvelaze rTul sakiTxs ki warmoadgenda adam smitis „ martivi da bunebrivi Tavisuflebis “ adamianTa sazogadoebis saWiroebebisadmi SeTavseba. SegiZliaT sakuTari TvaliT ixiloT uamravi SemzRudavi kanonis Sesworebebis kompleqsuroba; biurokratiuli kontrolis masStabi siRaribis axali kanonebis administrirebisas, rac dedofal elizabetis taxtze asvlis Semdeg centraluri xelisuflebis mier pirvelad kontroldeboda efeqtianad; anda samTavrobo administraciis zrda, romelic municipaluri reformis saqebar sakiTxs mosdevda. da mainc, samTavrobo Carevis es cixe-simagreebi aRimarTa ise, rom garkveuli 1 Ilbert , Legislative Methods , pp . 212 13 , quoted Dicey , A . V ., op . cit . 263 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi „ martivi Tavisuflebebi “ mxedvelobis aredan ar gamorCenoda – aseTi iyo magaliTad miwis, muSaobisa Tu municipaluri administrirebis Tavisufleba. molodinis sapirispirod, rogorc es moxda Sromis damzogavi meqanizmebis Seqmnisas, romelmac araTu Seamcira, aramed gazarda adamianuri Sromis saWiroeba, Tavisufali bazris gaCena Sors iyo kontrolis, regulirebasa da intervenciis saWiroebaze uaris Tqmisagan. piriqiT, man kidev ufro gazarda es saWiroebebi. administratorebs mudmivad unda ekontrolebinaT, rom sistemis Tavisufal muSaobas problema ar Seqmnoda. amgvarad, maTac ki, visac gansakuTrebuli gznebiT surda saxelmwifos gaTavisufleba arasaWiro pasuxismgeblobebisagan da visi filosofiac moiTxovda saxelmwifo aqtivobebis SezRudvas, sxva gza aRar hqonda, garda imisa, rom imave saxelmwifosaTvis gadaebarebina axali Zalauflebebi, organoebi da instrumentebi, romelic lese feris Sesaqmnelad iyo saWiro. am paradoqss zemodan daerTo meore paradoqsi. miuxedavad imisa, rom lese feri ekonomika gaazrebuli saxelmwifo politikis Sedegi iyo, moulodnelad Tavi iCina lese feris Tanmdevma SezRudvebma. lese feri winaswar iyo dagegmili, Tavad dagegmva ki ara. zemoT naCvenebi iyo, rom aRniSnuli mtkicebis pirveli nawili simarTles warmoadgenda – Tuki sadme, odesme aRmasrulebeli Zalaufleba gaazrebulad iyo gamoyenebuli mTavrobis mier kontrolirebadi, winaswar dagegmili politikis sasargeblod, upirvelesyovilisa, es gaxldaT lese feris gmirul epoqaSi benTamis momxreTa mier. mtkicebis meore nawili ki, Tavdapirvelad saxelganTqmulma liberalma albert ven daisma ganixila. igi ikvlevda „ anti-lese feris “ , anda rogorc Tavad uwodebda, „ koleqtivisturi “ tendenciis gaCenas inglisis sazogadoebriv azrSi, romlis arsebobac gviani 1860 -iani wlebidan dasturdeba. igi gakvirvebulia, rom aseTi ten264 Tavi 12 liberaluri mrwamsis dabadeba denciis arsebobis araviTari damadasturebeli sabuTi ar arsebobs, garda Tavad sakanonmdeblo aqtebisa. anu, sazogadoebriv azrSi „ koleqtivisturi tendenciis “ araviTari damadasturebeli sabuTi ar arsebobs, vidre ar Cndeba kanonebi, romlebic am tendenciis arsebobas amtkicebs. misi gonebamaxviluri kvlevis daskvna is aris, rom saerTod ar arsebobda saxelmwifos funqciebis gadaWarbebis anda adamianebis piradi Tavisuflebis SezRudvis araviTari winaswari ganzraxva imaTi mxridan, vinc pirdapir iyo pasuxismgebeli 1870 -ian da 1880 -ian wlebSi SemzRudavi kanonebis gatarebaze. aRmoCnda, rom mwvave sakanonmdeblo kontr-mimarTuleba TviTregulirebadi bazris winaaRmdeg, romelmac 1860 -iani wlebidan naxevari saukunis Semdeg iCina Tavi, iyo spontanuri, aravis mier ar imarTeboda da misi aqtualuroba wmindawylis pragmatuli mosazrebebiT iyo ganpirobebuli. ekonomikuri liberalebi am mosazrebas mkafiod unda upirispirdebodnen. mTeli maTi socialuri filosofia damokidebulia im mosazrebaze, rom lese feri bunebrivi procesis Sedegi iyo, xolo Tanmdevi anti-lese feri kanonmdebloba liberaluri principebis oponentebis gamiznuli qmedebebis Sedegi iyo. tyuili ar iqneba Tu vityviT, rom urTierTSemxvedri mimarTulebiT moZravi am procesebis erTmaneTisagan gamijnuli, zemoT moyvanili ori interpretacia liberaluri mrwamsTan dakavSirebiT nawilobriv simarTlea, nawilobriv – ara. liberali avtorebi, rogorebic arian spenseri da samneri, misesi da lipmani am ormagi mimarTulebiT moZrav procesebs Cvens msgavsadve aRweren, Tumca absoluturad gansxvavebul interpretacias ukeTeben mas. Tuki Cveni gadmosaxedidan TviTregulirebadi bazaris cneba utopiuria da misi ganviTareba sazogadoebis realisturma Tavdacvam SeaCera, maTi gadmosaxedidan, proteqcionizmi mTlianad 265 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi Secdoma iyo, mouTmenlobis, sixarbisa da araSorsmWvretelobis gamo da bazari yvela sirTules Tavad gaumklavdeboda. am ori Sexedulebidan romelia swori, am SekiTxvaze pasuxis gacema bolo xanebis socialuri istoriis albaT yvelaze mniSvnelovani sakiTxia, ramdenadac igi moicavs pasuxs SekiTxvaze, aris Tu ara ekonomikuri liberalizmi sazogadoebis organizebis sabaziso principi. vidre faqtebis mtkicebulebebis saxiT moxmobas daviwyebT, saWiroa sakiTxis ufro zusti formulireba. eWvgareSea, rom momavali Taobebi Cvens epoqas Seafaseben, rogorc TviTregulirebadi bazris dasrulebis droebas. 1920 -iani wlebi ekonomikuri liberalizmis prestiJis mwvervali iyo. asobiT milionma adamianma sakuTar Tavze gamocada inflaciis moqneuli maTraxis simware; mTlianma socialurma klasebma, mTlianma erebma gamocades eqspropriacia. valutebis stabilizeba iqca xalxebisa da mTavrobebis politikuri sazrisis amosaval wertilad; oqros standartis aRorZineba iqca ekonomikur sferoSi yvelanairi organizebis umTavres miznad. ucxouri valebis gadaxda da stabiluri valutebis dabruneba iqca racionalurobis kriteriumad politikaSi; ar arsebobda piradi tanjva Tu suverenulobis SezRudva, romlis msxverplad gaRebac ar Rirda monetaruli simtkicis aRsadgenad. deflaciis Sedegad samsaxuris gareSe darCenili adamianebis finansuri xelmokleoba; sajaro moxeleTa samsaxuridan daTxovna yovelgvari anazRaurebis gareSe; erovnul doneze ganmtkicebul uflebebze uaris Tqma da konstituciiT garantirebuli Tavisuflebebis dakargvac ki, gamarTlebul safasurad miiCneoda, romlis gadaxdac jansaRi biujetisa da jansaRi valutebis moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad Rirda, rac apriori ekonomikuri liberalizmis princips warmoadgenda. 266 Tavi 12 liberaluri mrwamsis dabadeba 1930 -ian wlebi ki 1920 -iani wlebis dogmatebis kiTxvis niSnis qveS dayenebis epoqa iyo. ramdenime wlis Semdeg, mas Semdeg rac valutebi gajansaRda da biujetebi dabalansda, orma yvelaze Zlierma qveyanam, didma britaneTma da aSS-ma aRmoaCina, rom rTul mdgomareobaSi iyvnen, ugulebelyves oqros standarti da daiwyes sakuTari valutebis dagegmvaze fiqri. yvelaze mdidari da pativsacemi saxelmwifoebi, ekonomikuri liberalizmis dogmebis ignorirebiT masobrivad ambobdnen uars sagareo valis gadaxdaze. 1930 -iani wlebis SuaSi, safrangeTi da ramdenime sxva saxelmwifo, romelic jer kidev oqros erTguli rCeboda, realurad, iZulebuli gaxda, rom uari eTqva didi britaneTisa da aSSis saxazino standartebze, romlebic erT dros liberaluri mrwamsis erTguli damcvelebi iyvnen. 1940 -ian wlebSi ekonomikurma liberalizmma kidev ufro mware marcxi ganicada. miuxedavad imisa, rom didma britaneTma da aSS-ma gadauxvies monetaruli orTodoqsiis gzas, isini kvlavac inarCunebdnen liberalizmis principebsa da meTodebs industriaSi, vaWrobasa da ekonomikuri cxovrebis zogad mowyobaSi. es garemoeba gaTvlili iyo imaze, rom qceuliyo faqtorad omis daCqarebasa da misi mimdinareobisaTvis xelis SeSlaSi, ramdenadac ekonomikurma liberalizmma Seqmna da gaamyara iluzia, rom diqtaturebi ganwirulebi iyvnen ekonomikuri katastrofisaTvis. am rwmenis gamo, demokratiuli mTavrobebi aRmoCnda bolo, vinc regulirebuli valutebisa da marTuli vaWrobis Sedegebi gaiazra, maSinac ki, rodesac sxvadasxva mocemulobaTa gamo, iZulebulebi iyvnen, rom Tavad gamoeyenebinaT es meTodebi; garda amisa, ekonomikuri liberalizmis Sedegebma xeli SeuSala dabalansebuli biujetebisa da Tavisufali gacvla-gamocvlis saxeliT gadaiaraRebis dawyebas, romelic unda gamxdariyo omis pirobebSi ekonomikuri Zlevamosilebis erTaderTi garantirebuli safuZveli. did bri267 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi taneTSi sabiujeto da monetaruli orTodoqsia inarCunebda rwmenas SezRuduli Carevis tradiciuli strategiuli principisadmi, miuxedavad imisa, rom qveyana totaluri omis safrTxis winaSe idga; aSS-Si msxvili sainvesticio interesebi, magaliTad, navTobisa da aluminis warmoebebi, romlebsac gars liberalur biznesTan dakavSirebuli tabuebis bastionebi hqonda Semortymuli, sakmaod warmatebulad uwevda winaaRmdegobas sagangebo mdgomareobaSi industriis muSaobisaTvis mzadebas. Tumca, rom ara sijiute da vneba, romliTac ekonomikuri liberalebi ebRauWebodnen sakuTar naklovanebebs, xalxis liderebi, iseve rogorc masebi ukeT momzadebulebi iqnebodnen epoqis gamowvevebTan gasamklaveblad da SesaZloa saerTod am gamowvevebis Tavidan aridebac ki moexerxebinaT. Tumca, socialuri organizebis saero principebi, romlebic mTels civilizebul samyaroSi iyo gavrcelebuli, aTwleulSi mimdinare movlenebma bolomde ver gaanadgura. rogorc did britaneTSi, aseve aSS-Si milionobiT damoukidebeli biznes erTeulis arseboba lese feris principebidan iRebda saTaves. mis STambeWdav marcxs erT sferoSi ar gaunadgurebia misi avtoriteti sxva sferoebSi. marTlac, mis nawilobriv daiss SesaZloa kidev ufro gaemyarebina misi pozicia, radgan SesaZlebeli gaxda, rom mis damcvelebs emtkicebinaT, rom am principebis arasruli dacva iyo mizezi absoluturad yvela sirTulisa, romelSic mas edeboda brali. dResdReobiT, swored es aris ekonomikuri liberalebis bolo argumenti. misi apologetebi ki uTvalavi variaciiT imeoreben rom, rom ara misi kritikosebis mier gatarebuli politika, liberalizmi saucxoo Sedegebs moitanda; rom Cvens yvelanair ubedurebaze pasuxismgebeli aris ara konkurenciis sistema da TviTregulirebadi bazari, aramed aRniSnul sistemaSi Careva da intervenciebi bazarSi. 268 Tavi 12 liberaluri mrwamsis dabadeba da amis argumentad mohyavT ara mxolod bolo xanebSi ekonomikur TavisuflebaSi Carevis mravali SemTxveva, aramed aseve is dadasturebuli faqti, rom TviTregulirebadi bazrebis gavrcelebis sistema me19 saukunis meore naxevarSi gadaeyara Seudrekel kontrmoZraobas, romelic aseTi ekonomikis Tavisufal muSaobas win eRobeboda. Sesabamisad, ekonomikur liberals eZleva SesaZlebloba, rom Tavisi pozicia Camoayalibos, romelic awmyos warsulTan erTi mTlianobis saxiT akavSirebs. marTlac, vin uaryofs, rom biznesSi mTavrobis Carevam SesaZloa mis Tavdajerebulobas Ziri gamouTxaros? vis SeuZlia uaryos, rom SesaZloa zogjer umuSevroba naklebi yofiliyo rom ar arsebobdes kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli umuSevrobis Semweoba? rom kerZo biznesi sajaro samsaxurebTan konkurenciisas zaraldeba? rom finansurma deficitma SesaZloa safrTxe Seuqmnas kerZo investiciebs? rom paternalizmi midrekilia imisaken, rom biznes iniciativebi moklas? es asea dRes da, ra Tqma unda, warsulSic ase iqneboda. vis SeuZlia uaryos, rom 1870 -ian wlebSi, evropaSi, zogadi proteqcionistuli – socialuri da erovnuli – moZraobis dawyebam xeli SeuSala da SezRuda vaWroba? vis SeuZlia eWvis Setana imaSi, rom fabrikebTan dakavSirebuli kanonmdebloba, socialuri dacva, municipaluri vaWroba, jandacvis servisebi, komunaluri momsaxurebebi, dadgenili tarifebi, Semweobebi da subsidiebi, kartelebi da fondebi, embargoebi imigraciaze, kapitalis gadinebasa da importze – rom aRaraferi vTqvaT naklebad Ria SezRudvebze adamianebis, saqonlisa da gadasaxadebis mimoqcevaze – marTlac uamrav winaRobas Seuqmnida konkurenciis sistemas funqcionirebisaTvis? rom droSi gawelavda krizisebs, romelTa winaSec biznesi idga; gazrdida umuSevrobas, gaaRrmavebda finansur ufskruls, Seamcirebda vaWrobas da seriozulad daazianebda bazris TviTregulirebis me269 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi qanizms? liberalebi daJinebiT amtkiceben, am borotebis saTave swored dasaqmebaSi, vaWrobasa da fulTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebSi am tipis Carevebia, romlis avtoric socialuri, erovnuli da monopoliuri proteqcioniszmis sxvadasxva skola iyo, me19 saukunis mesame kvartlidan moyolebuli; Tumca, im uwminduri kavSiris damsaxurebiT, romelic arsebobda, erTi mxriv, profkavSirebsa da mSromelTa partiebsa da, meore mxriv, monopolist mwarmoeblebsa da agrarul sferoSi interesebis mqoneTa Soris, romlebmac TavianTi araSorsmWvreteluri sixarbiT Zalebi gaaerTianes ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis sazianod, dResdReobiT, msoflio materialuri keTildReobis Seqmnis TiTqmis avtomaturi sistemis SedegebiT iRebs sargebels. liberalebi arasdros iRlebian imis gameorebiT, rom me19 saukunis tragedia mdgomareobs adamianis uunarobaSi, darCeniliyo adreuli liberalebis STagonebis erTguli; rom Cveni winaprebis keTilSobili iniciativa Seewira nacionalizmsa da klasobriv dapirispirebas, korporaciul interesebsa da monopolistebs; da rac mTavaria, dasaqmebulTa sibrmaves SeuzRudavi ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis sargeblianobisadmi, romelic mas mohqonda sruliad kacobriobis interesebisaTvis, maT Soris mSromelTaTvis. mokled, CaiSala uzarmazari moraluri da inteleqtualuri progresi mosaxleobis masebis inteleqtualuri da moraluri sisustis gamo; is, rac ganmanaTleblobis sulma moixveWa, wyalSi iqna gadayrili egoisturi Zalebis mier. saboloo jamSi, aseTia ekonomikuri liberalebis TavdacviTi argumentebi da Tuki amas ar uaryofen, mosalodnelia, rom argumentebis SejibrSi auditoriis simpaTia kvlavac maT mxares iqnes gadaxrili. axla ki, modi, Tavad sakiTxis Sinaarsze gavakeToT aq­ centi. sayovelTao Tanxmoba arsebobs imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom liberalur moZraobas, romelic miznad isaxavda 270 Tavi 12 liberaluri mrwamsis dabadeba sabazro sistemis gavrcelebas, win gadaeRoba proteqcionistuli kontr-moZraoba, romelic mis SezRudvas cdilobda; sakiTxis aseTi formulireba, namdvilad amyarebs Cvens Tezas ormxrivi mimarTulebiT moZravi procesebis Sesaxeb. da Tuki Cven vamtkicebT, rom TviTregulirebadi sabazro sistemis absurduli cnebis praqtikaSi gamoyeneba aucileblad gamoiwvevda sazogadoebis ngrevas, liberalebi sxvadasxva Zalas sdeben brals, rom maT bolo mouRes didebul wamowyebas. ar Seswevs ra unari, rom waradginos mwyobri argumentebi imis dasamtkiceblad, rom arsebobda liberaluri moZraobis sawinaaRmdegod mimarTuli xelis SeSlis erTiani mcdelobebi, igi ubrundeba farul qmedebebTan dakavSirebul hipoTezas, romlis praqtikuli damtkicebac SeuZlebelia. es gaxlavT anti-liberaluri konspiraciis miTi, romelic, ama Tu im formiT, 1870 -ian da 1880 -ian wlebSi momxdari movlenebis nebismieri saxis liberalur interpretaciebSia gavrcelebuli. rogorc wesi, scenaris SecvlaSi brali nacionalizmisa da socializmis aRzevebas edeba xolme; mTavari borotmoqmedebi ki am ambavSi mwarmoebelTa asociaciebi da monopolistebi, msxvili miwaTmflobelebi da profkavSirebi arian. amdenad, Tavisi yvelaze ufro amaRlebuli formiT, liberaluri doqtrina axdens Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi zogierTi dialeqtikuri kanonis hipostazirebas; romelic ganmanaTleblobis gonis mcdelobebs sasacilodac ki igdebs, maSin, roca yvelaze ufro uxeSi formiT, igi politikur demokratias Tavs esxmis, rogorc intervencionizmis mTavar wyaros. Tumca, faqtebi liberaluri Tezis sapirispiro ram­es metyveleben. anti-liberaluri SeTqmuleba wminda wylis fantaziis nayofia. is, rom „ koleqtivisturma “ kontr-­moZ­ raobam Tavi iCina mravali sxvadasxvagvari formiT, ganpirobebuli iyo ara imiT, rom am erTian mcdelobebs raime tipis midrekileba hqondaT socializmisa Tu nacionaliz271 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi misadmi, aramed imiT, rom sabazro meqanizmis gavrcelebam sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis mqone socialuri interesebis farTo speqtrze moaxdina gavlena. es gvexmareba gaviazroT, ratom gamoiwvia umeteswilad praqtikuli xasiaTis lamis sayovelTao winaaRmdegoba aRniSnuli meqanizmis gavrcelebam. am procesSi araviTari roli ar uTamaSia inteleqtualur modas; Sesabamisad, arc araviTari winaswarganwyoba ar arsebobda masSi, rasac liberalebi anti-liberaluri moZraobis ideologiur gamwev Zalad miiCneven. miuxedavad imisa, rom 1870 -ian da 1880 -ian wlebSi orTodoqsul liberalizms bolo moeRo da Tanamedroveobis yvela mniSvnelovani problemis safuZveli SeiZleba am epoqaSi davinaxoT, Tumca arasworia imis Tqma, rom socialur da nacionalur proteqcionizmSi cvlilebebi gamoiwia sxva ramem, garda Tavad TviTregulirebadi sabazro sistemisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli sisusteebisa da riskebis gamovlinebam. amis araerTi magaliTis moyvanaa SesaZlebeli. pirvel rigSi, amis dasturia is faqti, rom Zalian mra­ valferovania im sferoTa CamonaTvali, sadac kontr-m­oZ­ raoba gaCnda. marto es faqtic kmara im azris ukusagdebad, rom liberalizmis winaaRmdeg erTian, SeTanxmebul moqmedebebs hqonda adgili. gavixsenoT intervenciaTa sia, romelsac herbert spenseri CamoTvlis 1884 wels, rodesac liberalebs brals sdebs „ SemzRudavi kanonmdeblobis “ gamo TavianTi principebis ugulebelyofaSi 1 . sakiTxTa CamonaTvalis amaze ufro mravalferovani siis warmodgenac ki rTulia. 1860 wels „ sakvebisa da sasmlis inspeqtorebs daevalaT, rom xarisxis Semowmebisas, xarjebi adgilobrivi fasebis gaTvaliswinebiT daeTvalaT “ ; amas mohyveboda aqti, romelic iTvaliswinebda „ gazis sawarmoebis Semowmebas “ ; maRaroebis aqtis ganvrcoba, romelic „ jarimas awesebda 12 1 Spencer , H ., The Man vs . the State , 1884 . 272 Tavi 12 liberaluri mrwamsis dabadeba wlamde biWebis dasaqmebisaTvis, romlebic skolaSi ar dadiodnen da romlebsac wera-kiTxva ar SeeZloT “ . 1861 wels „ siRaribesTan dakavSirebuli kanonmdeblobis zedamxedvelebs miecaT savaldebulo vaqcinaciis Catarebis ufleba “ ; adgilobriv sabWoebs gadaecaT ufleba, „ ganesazRvraT transportirebis saSualebebis daqiravebis fasebi “ ; calkeul adgilobriv organoebs „ miecaT adgilobrivebisaTvis gadasaxadis dakisrebis ufleba, soflebSi sadrenaJo da sairigacio samuSaoebisaTvis da saqonlis dasalevi wylis uzrunvelsayofad “ . 1862 wels miRebuli iqna aqti, romelic krZalavda „ erTgvirabian qvanaxSiris maRaroebs “ ; aqti, romelic samedicino ganaTlebis sabWos aniWebda eqskluziur uflebas, „ gamoeca farmakopea, romlis fassac saxelmwifo xazina gansazRvravda “ . Tavzardacemulma spenserma am da amis msgavsi zomebis CamonaTvaliT araerTi furceli Seavso. 1863 wels miiRes „ Sotlandiasa da irlandiaSi savaldebulo acrebis gaxangrZlivebis aqti “ . aseve, SemoRebul iqna „ jansaRi da arajansaRi sakvebis aqti “ ; buxris mwmendavis aqti, romelic krZalavda bavSvebis wamebas, rasac xSirad sikvdili mohyveboda xolme gansakuTrebiT viwro sakvamurebis wmendisas; gadamdeb daavadebaTa aqti; sajaro biblioTekebis aqti, romelic adgilobrivebs Zalauflebas gadascemda, „ romlis meSveobiTac wignebis SesaZenad umravlesobas umciresobisaTvis gadasaxadis dakisrebis SesaZlebloba hqonda. “ spensers aRniSnuli sia anti-liberaluri SeTqmulebis damdasturebeli utyuari sabuTad mohqonda. Tumca, problemebi, romlebTan gamklavebasac TiToeuli es aqti cdilobda, Tanamedrove industriuli pirobebiT iyo gamowveuli da miznad isaxavda, sxvadasxva sazogadoebrivi interesis dacvas aRniSnuli industriuli pirobebis Tanmxlebi safrTxeebis Tu sabazro meTodebisgan. miukerZoebeli SemfaseblisaTvis, es SezRudvebi amtkicebda „ koleqtivisturi “ kontr-moZraobis wmindad praqtikul da pragmatul 273 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi bunebas. aRniSnuli zomebis gatarebaze pasuxismgebelTa umetesoba lese feris gulmxurvale mxardamWeri iyo da, ra Tqma unda, ar surdaT, rom londonSi mexanZreTa brigadis Seqmnaze maTi Tanxmoba gagebuli yofiliyo, rogorc ekonomikuri liberalizmis principebis winaaRmdeg wasvla. piriqiT, aRniSnuli sakanonmdeblo aqtebis iniciatorebi, rogorc wesi, socializmisa da koleqtivizmis raime sxva formis gulmxurvale mowinaaRmdegeebi iyvnen. meore rigSi, situaciidan gamosavlis liberaluridan „ koleqtivistur “ xerxze gadasvla zogjer moulodnelad xdeboda da maT, vinc sakanonmdeblo ganxilvebis procesSi iyo CarTuli, sulac ar hqondaT informacia amis Sesaxeb. daisis mohyavs klasikuri magaliTi „ muSaTa kompensaciis aqti “ , romelic Seexeba damsaqmebelTa pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxs, rodesac maT muSas samuSaos Sesrulebisas garkveuli ziani miadgeba. sxvadasxva aqtis istoria gaxldaT ideis xorcSesxma, romelic 1880 -iani wlebidan moyolebuli wina planze ayenebda individualistur princips, romlis mixedviTac, damsaqmeblis pasuxismgebloba dasaqmebulisadmi, mkacrad identuri unda yofiliyo pasuxismgeblobisa, romelic mas eniWeboda sxva adamianebis anda ucxoebisadmi. 1897 wels, rodesac amgvari azrovneba jer kidev myarad iyo fexmokidebuli, moulodnelad damsaqmebeli gaxda dasaqmebulis garanti, samuSaos dros miRebuli nebismieri zianis SemTxvevaSi, rac daisis SefasebiT „ zedmiwevniT koleqtivistur cvlilebas warmoadgenda kanonSi “ . SeuZlebelia ukeTesi magaliTis moyvana imis saCveneblad, rom liberaluri principis anti-liberaluriT Canacvleba ise moxda, rom arc sakiTxSi CarTul mxareTa interesSi momxdara raime cvlileba da arc sazogadoebaSi Secvlila Sexeduleba am Temaze da mxolod da mxolod konkretulma garemoebebma ganicades evolucia, romlis farglebSic aR274 Tavi 12 liberaluri mrwamsis dabadeba niSnuli problema jer warmoiSva, Semdgom ki misi gadaWris gza moiZebna. mesame, arapirdapir, Tumca gansakuTrebiT sayuradRebo mtkicebulebas gvawvdis msgavsi movlenebi, romlebic politikuri konfiguraciiT da ideologiurad erTmaneTisagan absoluturad gansxvavebul qveynebSi moxda. viqtorianuli inglisi da bismarkis prusia erTmaneTis sawinaaRmdego polusebs warmoadgens, xolo orive maTgani Zalzed gansxvavdeba mesame respublikis safrangeTis Tu habsburgebis imperiisagan. Tumca, TiToeulma maTganma gaiara Tavisufali vaWrobisa da lese feris epoqa, rasac anti-liberaluri kanonmdeblobis SemoReba mohyva jandacvasTan, fabrikebSi samuSao pirobebTan, savaWro asociaciebTan da a.S. dakavSirebiT. ioli iqneba kalendris Sedgena, raTa davinaxoT wlebi Tu rodis moxda sxvadasxva qveyanaSi msgavsi cvlilebebi. dasaqmebulis kompensacia inglisSi 1880 da 1897 wlebSi iqna SemoRebuli, germaniaSi 1879 wels, avstriaSi 1887 wels, xolo safrangeTSi 1899 wels; sawarmoTa inspeqtireba inglisSi 1833 wels daiwyes, prusiaSi 1853 wels, avstriaSi 1883 wels, xolo safrangeTSi 1874 da 1883 wels; municipaluri vaWroba ( komunaluri momsaxurebebis CaTvliT ) birmingemSi kapitalistma da disenterebis mxardamWerma, jozef Cemberlainma Semoitana 1870 -ian wlebSi; venis imperiaSi kaTolike „ socialistma “ da ebraelebis mdevnelma karl liugerma 1890 -ian wlebSi; xolo germaniasa da safrangeTSi ki sxvadasxva tipis adgilobrivi koaliciebis mqone municipalitetebma. am ideebis mxardamWerebi, zog SemTxvevaSi, Zaladobrivad reaqcionerulebi da antisocialistebi iyvnen, rogorc es moxda venaSi, zog SemTxvevaSi ki – „ radikali imperialistebi “ , magaliTad, birmingemSi, anda sufTad liberaluri Seferilobis, magaliTad, lionis meris, frangi eduard herionis SemTxvevaSi. protestantul inglisSi, konservatorTa da liberal275 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi Ta mTavrobebi dro gamoSvebiT muSaobdnen sawarmoebTan dakavSirebuli kanonmdeblobis dasaxvewad. germaniaSi, romaeli kaTolikeebi da social-demokratebi cdilobdnen aRniSnulis miRwevas; avstriaSi, eklesia da misi yvelaze aqtiuri mxardamWerebi; safrangeTSi eklesiis mtrebi da Tavdadebuli antiklerikalebi iyvnen pasuxismgeblebi TiTqmis identuri kanonebis realur cxovrebaSi gatarebaze. amdenad, sxvadasxva mowodebis fonze, gansakuTrebulad gansxvavebuli motivaciiT, bevri partia Tu socialuri fena realobaSi atarebda TiTqmis erTsa da imave zomas bevr sxvadasxva qveyanaSi bevr sakmaod rTul Temaze. zedapirzeve naTelia, rom SeuZlebelia ufro didi absurdis mofiqreba, vidre imis Tqma, rom maT erTi da igive ideologiuri winaswarganwyobebi an viwro jgufuri interesebi amoZravebdaT, rogorc amaze miuTiTebda antiliberaluri SeTqmuleba. piriqiT, yvelaferi im mosazrebas ganamtkicebs, rom kanonmdeblebi ubralod xelfexSekrulni iyvnen saimisod, rom im sakmaod seriozuli obieqturi mizezebis winaaRmdeg wasuliyvnen. meoTxe, arsebobs mniSvnelovani faqtebi imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom sxvadasxva dros ekonomikuri liberalebi Tavad gamodiodnen Tavisufali kontraqtebsa da lese ferize SezRudvebis dawesebis moTxovniT, ramdenime kargad aRweril SemTxvevaSi, rasac didi Teoriuli da praqtikuli mniSvneloba gaaCnia. bunebrivia, maTi ar hqoniaT anti-liberaluri motivacia. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs mSromelTa gaerTianebis principi, erTi mxriv, da komerciul korporaciebTan dakavSirebuli kanoni, meore mxriv. pirveli Seexeba muSaTa uflebas, gaerTianebuliyvnen xelfasebis gazrdis moTxovniT; xolo meore, fondebis, kartelebis Tu sxva tipis kapitalisturi sindikatebis uflebas, gaezardaT fasebi. orive SemTxvevaSi samarTliani iyo braldeba, rom Tavisufal kontraqtebi da lese feri vaWrobis SezRud276 Tavi 12 liberaluri mrwamsis dabadeba visaTvis gamoiyeneboda. muSaTa gaerTianebebis mier xelfasebis gazrdaze iqneboda saubari Tu savaWro asociaciebis mier fasebis gazrdaze, calsaxad SesaZlebeli iyo, rom lese feris principi gamoeyenebinaT dainteresebul mxareebs dasaqmebis Tu sxva saqonlis bazris Sesaviwroeblad. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania, rom orive SemTxvevaSi Tanmimdevruli liberalebi loid jorjidan da Teodor ruzveltidan moyolebuli Truman arnoldiTa da uolter lipmaniT damTavrebuli, lese feris uqvemdebarebdnen Tavisufali konkurentuli bazris moTxovnebs; isini moiTxovdnen regulaciebsa da SezRudvebs, sisxlis samarTlis kanonebsa da Zaldatanebis sxva formebs; da, rogorc nebismieri rigiTi „ koleqtivisti “ izamda, amtkicebdnen, rom Tavisufal kontraqtebis SemTxvevaSi, profkavSirebi iqneboda es Tu korporaciebi, isini „ borotad iyenebdnen “ mas. Teoriulad, lese feri an Tavisufali kontraqtebi gulisxmobda imas, rom dasaqmebulebs hqondaT Tavisufleba, uari eTqvaT Sromaze individualurad Tu koleqtiurad, Tuki ase gadawyvetdnen; igi aseve gulisxmobda, rom biznesmenebs hqondaT Tavisufleba, rom morigebuliyvnen gasayid fasebze, miuxedavad imisa, Tu ra surda momxmareblebs. Tumca, praqtikaSi, aseTi Tavisufleba konfliqtSi modioda TviTregulirebadi bazris institutTan da aseT konfliqtSi TviTregulirebadi bazari mudmivad upirates mdgomareobaSi iyo. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, Tuki TviTregulirebadi bazris saWiroebebi ver movidoda lese feris moTxovnebTan TanxmobaSi, ekonomikuri liberali zurgs aqcevda lese feris da upiratesobas mianiWebda – rasac aseve izamda antiliberali – regulaciebisa da SezRudvebis e.w. koleqtivistur meTodebs. aseTi midgomis Sedegi iyo profkavSirebTan dakavSirebuli da anti-trestuli kanonmdebloba. SeuZlebelia kidev ufro myari argumentis moZebna Tanamedrove industriul sazogadoe277 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi baSi antiliberaluri anda „ koleqtivisturi “ meTodebis aucileblobis sasargeblod, vidre Tavad is faqti, rom TviT ekonomikuri liberalebic ki regularulad iyenebdnen aseT meTodebs, industriuli organizebis calsaxad mniSvnelovan sferoebSi. sxvaTa Soris, es garemoeba gvexmareba ukeT gavarkvioT termin „ intervencionizmis “ WeSmariti mniSvneloba, romlis meSveobiTac ekonomikuri liberalebi aRniSnavdnen sakuTari politikis sapirispirod arsebul politikas da romelic kidev ufro kargad warmoaCens maTi azrovnebis araTanmimdevrulobas. intervencionizmis antonimi aris lese feri, da es-esaa vnaxeT, rom ekonomikuri liberalizmis lese ferid identificireba SeuZlebelia ( Tumca ki, sametyvelo enaSi, didi araferi daSavdeba Tuki maT erTmaneTis Camnacvlebel terminebad gamoviyenebT ) . mkacrad rom vTqvaT, ekonomikuri liberalizmi aris sazogadoebrivi mowyobis principi, sadac industria dafuZnebulia TviTregulirebadi bazris instituciaze. marTlac, rogorc ki aseTi sistema met-naklebad miRweulia, am tipis Carevis naklebi saWiroeba dgeba. Tumca, es sulac ar niSnavs imas, TiTqos SegveZlos Tqma, rom sabazro sistema da intervencia urTierTgamomricxavi terminebia. vinaidan, vidre es sistema damyardeba, ekonomikurma liberalebma unda mouwodon saxelmwifos misi damyarebisaken da asec iqcevian xolme yovelgvari yoymanis gareSe; xolo rodesac ukve damyarebulia, misi SenarCunebisaken. amitomac, ekonomikur liberals SeuZlia, rom yovelgvari araTanmimdevrulobis gareSe mouwodos saxelmwifos kanonismieri Zalis gamoyenebisaken; TviTregulirebadi bazrisTvis xelsayreli winapirobebis Sesaqmnelad, man SesaZloa Zaladobrivi samoqalaqo omis mxareebTanac ki moaxdinos am Temaze apelireba. amerikaSi samxreTi iyenebda lese feris argumentebs, raTa gaemarTlebina monoba; CrdiloeTma ki Seia278 Tavi 12 liberaluri mrwamsis dabadeba raRebul intervencias mimarTa, raTa Tavisufali Sromis bazari daefuZnebina. amdenad, liberali avtorebis mxridan intervencionizmis braldeba carieli lozungia, romelic gulisxmobs qmedebaTa erTi da imave jaWvisTvis bralis wayenebas imisda mixedviT, Tavad awyobT Tu ara. erTaderTi principi, romlis araTanmimdevrulobis gareSe dacvac ekonomikur liberalebs SeuZliaT, es aris TviTregulirebadi bazris principi, imis miuxedavad gulisxmobs Tu ara is intervenciebs. rom SevajamoT, ekonomikuri liberalizmisa da lese feris sawinaaRmdego moZraobas gaaCnda spontanuri reaqciis yovelgvari utyuari maxasiaTeblebi. uamrav, erTmaneTisgan sruliad damoukidebel SemTxvevaSi, igi mimdinareobda ise, rom ar arsebobda kavSirebi interesebs Soris, romelTac igi pirdapir Seexeboda. iseve, rogorc arc araviTari ideologiuri Tanxmoba arsebobda maT Soris. Tundac erTi da imave problemis gadasaWrelad, rogoric iyo dasaqmebulTa kompensaciis sakiTxi, situaciidan gamosavlisadmi midgoma Seicvala individualisturidan „ koleqtivisturiT “ , liberaluridan anti-liberaluriT, lese feridan intervencionisturi formiT ise, rom araviTari cvlileba ar momxdara ekonomikur interesSi, ideologiur gavlenebsa Tu monawile politikur ZalebSi da ubralod moxda problemis realuri bunebis gaanalizeba. garda amisa, ioli dasanaxia isic, rom lese feridan „ koleqtivizmze “ gadasvlis TiTqmis msgavsi cvlileba sxvadasxva qveyanaSi industriuli ganviTarebis sxvadasxva etapze moxda, rac miuTiTebs procesis gamomwvevi mizezis arsebiTobasa da damoukideblobaze, rasac ekonomikuri liberalebi ase xelovnurad miawerdnen ganwyobebis Secvlasa da interesTa sxvadasxvaobas. dabolos, analizi cxadyofs, rom ekonomikuri liberalizmis yvelaze radikaluri mxardamWerebic ki, versad gaurbodnen im garemoebas, romelic lese feris 279 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi ganviTarebuli industriuli pirobebisaTvis Seuferebels xdida. profkavSirebis kanonisa da antitrestuli regulaciebis SemTxvevaSi, romelTac kritikuli mniSvneloba hqondaT, eqstremist liberalebsac ki mravalgzis mouxdaT saxelmwifos mxridan Carevis moTxovna, raTa win aRdgomodnen monopolistur SeTanxmebebs, rac TviTregulirebadi bazris muSaobis winapirobas warmoadgenda. Tavisufali vaWroba da konkurenciac ki moiTxovda, rom intervenciebs emuSava. 1870 -ian da 1880 -ian wlebSi „ koleqtivisturi “ SeTqmulebis liberaluri miTi ki arsebul faqtebTan winaaRmdegobaSi modis. meore mxriv, urTierTsapirispiro ormxrivi moZraobis Cveneburi interpretacia faqtebzea dafuZnebuli. vinaidan sabazro ekonomika warmoadgenda safrTxes socialuri qsovilis adamianur da bunebasTan dakavSirebuli komponentebisaTvis, ris Cvenebasac Cven daJinebiT vcdilobT, sxvas ras unda elodo garda imisa, rom adamianebis mravalferovani jgufi daiwyebs zrunvas imaze, rom garkveulwilad Tavi daicvas rogorme. swored es aRmovaCineT Cven. garda amisa, mosalodnelia, rom es moxdes maTi mxridan yovelgvari Teoriuli Tu inteleqtualuri winaswarganWvretis gareSe da sabazro ekonomikis safuZvelSi arsebuli principebisadmi maTi damokidebulebebis miuxedavad. da marTlac ase moxda. metic, Tuki SesaZlebelia imis demonstrireba, rom calkeuli interesebi damokidebuli ar aris sxvadasxva qveyanaSi fexmokidebul specifikur ideologiebze, es iqneboda erTgvari kvazi-eqsperimenti Cveni Tezis gansamtkiceblad, ris SesaZleblobasac, Cveni rwmeniT, sxvadasxva mTavrobis istoriebis SedarebiTi analizi mogvcemda. amasTan dakavSirebiTac SevZeliT myari mtkicebulebebis wardgena. dabolos, Tavad liberalTa qcevam cxadyo, rom vaWrobis Tavisuflebis – Cveni sityvebiT, TviTregulirebadi bazris – SenarCuneba saerTodac ar gamoricxavda Carevas da 280 Tavi 12 liberaluri mrwamsis dabadeba realurad moiTxovda kidec mas. xolo liberalebi Tavadac regularulad iTxovdnen, rom saxelmwifos gaetarebina iZulebiTi zomebi, magaliTad, profkavSirebTan dakavSirebuli da antitrestuli kanonmdeblobis SemTxvevaSi. amitomac, istoriaze ukeT veraferi mogvcems imis mtkicebulebas, romeli iyo marTali am urTierTsapirispiro ormxriv moZraobaSi: ekonomikuri liberalebis, romelic amtkicebda, rom maT politikas arasdros miscemia ganxorcielebis saSualeba, rom igi CanasaxSive mokles araSorsmWvretelma profkavSiristebma, marqsistma inteleqtualebma, xarbma mewarmeebma da reaqcionerma miwaTmflobelebma; Tu misi kritikosebis, romlebic me19 saukunis meore naxevarSi universalur „ koleqtivistur “ reaqcias mimarTavdnen sabazro ekonomikis, rogorc TviTregulirebadi bazris utopiuri principis Tanmxlebi sazogadoebrivi safrTxis, gavrcelebis winaaRmdeg. 281 Tavi 13 liberaluri mrwamsis dabadeba (gagrZeleba): klasobrivi interesi da socialuri cvlilebebi liberaluri mrwamsis dabadeba vidre me19 saukunis politikis realuri safuZvlebi Cvens winaSe sruli sicxadiT gadaiSleba, aucilebelia koleqtivisturi SeTqmulebis liberaluri miTis bolomde gaqarwyleba. am legendis Tanaxmad, proteqcionizmi iyo mxolod da mxolod miwaTmoqmedebis, mwarmoeblebisa da profkavSirebis mzakvruli interesebis Sedegi, romlebmac, sakuTari egoizmiT dabrmavebulebma, bazris avtomaturi sistema CamoSales. gansxvavebuli formiTa da, raRa Tqma unda, sapirispiro politikuri tendenciebiT marqsistuli partiebic iseTive jgufuri interesebis gamomxatveli terminebis moSveliebiT iyvnen Cabmulebi diskusiaSi. ( is garemoeba, rom marqsis filosofiis safuZvlebi sazogadoebis totalurobasa da adamianis araekonomikur bunebaze akeTebs aqcents, am SemTxvevaSi, ararelevanturia 1 ) . Tavad marqsic, rikardos msgavsad, klass ekonomikuri niSnis mixedviT gansazRvravs, xolo ekonomikuri eqspluatacia calsaxad burJuaziuli epoqis damaxasiaTebeli niSania. 1 Marx , K ., „ Nationalokonomie und Philosophie ; ‘ in Der Historische Materialismus , 1932 . 282 Tavi 13 liberaluri mrwamsis dabadeba aman marqsizmis popularul versiaSi socialuri ganviTarebis mouxeSavi, primitiuli klasobrivi Teoria moitana. bazrebis mitacebisa da gavlenis sferoebis gafarToebis motivacia aixsneboda Zalian martivad – erT muWa finansistebSi mogebis miRebis surviliT. imperializmi aixsneboda kapitalisturi SeTqmulebiT, waexalisebinaT mTavrobebi, wamoewyoT omebi didi biznesebis interesebis Sesabamisad. omebis dawyebas iwvevda aRniSnuli interesebi, sabrZolo aRWurvilobis mwarmoebeli firmebis interesebTan kombinaciaSi, romlebmac saswaulebrivad moipoves unari, rom mTliani erebisaTvis ebiZgebinaT damRupveli politikebis gatarebisaken, rac maT sasicocxlo interesebs ewinaaRmdegeboda. liberalebi da marqsistebi, principSi, Tanxmdebodnen, rom jgufuri interesebiT moqmedeba iyo proteqcionistuli moZraobis wyaro. agraruli tarifebis dawesebaSi reaqcioner miwaTmflobelebs gadamwyveti roli ekisrebodaT. warmoebis monopoliuri formebis zrdaze pasuxismgebeli iyo industriis magnatebis daucxromeli survili, rac SeiZleba meti mogeba enaxaT, xolo oms isini warmoaCendnen rogorc msxvili biznesebis heraldikur simbolos. amgvarad, liberalurma ekonomikurma perspeqtivam mniSvnelovani mxardamWeri moipova viwro klasobrivi Teoriis saxiT. miuxedavad imisa, rom samyaros urTierTsapirispiro klasebis perspeqtividan aRiqvamdnen, liberalebi da marqsistebi identur poziciaze idgnen. isini rkinis argumentebs iSveliebdnen imis dasamtkiceblad, rom me19 saukunis proteqcionizmi klasobrivi moqmedebis Sedegi iyo, xolo aRniSnuli moqmedeba umTavresad aRniSnul klasebis warmomadgenelTa ekonomikur interesebs emsaxureboda. maTi erToblivi moqmedebebis damsaxurebiT, Zalzed garTulda zogadi suraTis Seqmna sabazro sazogadoebisa da aRniSnul sazogadoebaSi proteqcionizmis funqciis dasanaxad. 283 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi realurad, klasobrivi interesebi sazogadoebaSi didi xnis ganmavlobaSi arsebuli moZraobebis mxolod da mxolod SezRudul axsnas gvTavazobs. sazogadoebis saWiroebebi gacilebiT ufro xSirad gansazRvravs klasebis beds, vidre sazogadoebis beds gansazRvravdes klasebis saWiroebebi. sazogadoebis cxadi struqturis SemTxvevaSi, klasobrivi Teoria muSaobs; magram ra moxdeba rodesac Tavad struqtura ganicdis cvlilebas? klasi, romelic dakargavs funqcias, SesaZloa daqucmacdes da erT RameSi sxva klasisa Tu klasebis Semadgenel nawilebad iqces. amasTan, brZolaSi CarTuli klasebis Sansebi damokidebuli iqneba maT unarze, moipoveben Tu ara isini mxardamWerebs garda uSualod TavianTi wevrebisa, rac isev da isev damokidebuli iqneba imaze Tu rogor gaumklavdebian isini sakiTxebs, romlebic scdeba mxolod da mxolod maT interesebs. amdenad, arc klasebis gaCena, arc maTi gaqroba, arc maTi miznebi da arc am miznebis miRwevis xarisxi; arc maTi TanamSromloba da arc maTi antagonizmi ar SeiZleba rom sazogadoebis interesebidan mowyvetiT iqnas ganxiluli, rasac mTlianad zogadi situacia gansazRvravs. rogorc wesi, aRniSnul situacias gare mizezebi udevs xolme safuZvlad, magaliTad, rogoricaa klimaturi cvlilebebi, marcvleulis mosavali, axali mtris gamoCena, axali iaraRis gamoyeneba Zveli mtris mier, sazogadoebisaTvis axali miznebis dasaxva, anda tradiciuli miznebis misaRwevad axali meTodebis aRmoCena. cxadi rom gaxdes jgufuri interesebis roli socialur ganviTarebaSi, unda moxdes situaciis erTianobis aRdgena da aRniSnuli interesebis maTTan dakavSireba. sakiTxTa arsidan gamomdinareobs, rom socialur cvlilebebSi klasobrivi interesi sasicocxlod mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs, vinaidan nebismieri farTod gavrcelebuli cvlileba sazogadoebis sxvadasxva nawilze 284 Tavi 13 liberaluri mrwamsis dabadeba gansxvavebulad zemoqmedebs, sxva yvelaferi rom daviviwyoT, Tundac gansxvavebuli geografiuli adgil-mdebareobisa da ekonomikuri da kulturuli maxasiaTeblebis gamo. Sesabamisad, jgufuri interesi warmoadgens socialuri da politikuri cvlilebis gamtar bunebriv meqanizms. omi gamoiwvevs cvlilebas, vaWroba, raime gasaocari gamogoneba Tu Secvlili bunebrivi pirobebi, sazogadoebis sxvadasxva nawili gansxvavebul ( maT Soris akrZalul ) meTodebs gamoiyenebs siaxleebTan Sesagueblad da situacias sakuTar interesebs moargebs im jgufisagan gansxvavebulad, visze gabatonebasac is cdilobs; amitomac, axsna imisa Tu rogor moxda esa Tu is cvlileba SesaZlebelia mxolod da mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki Cven SegviZlia mivuTiToT romelma jgufma an jgufebma imoqmedes aRniSnuli cvlilebis moxdenaze. Tumca ki, cvlilebis Tavdapirveli mizani garegani Zalebis mier aris gansazRvruli da mxolod da mxolod cvlilebis meqanizmis gamo xdeba ise, rom sazogadoeba Sinagan Zalebs eyrdnoba. „ gamowvevis “ winaSe sazogadoeba rogorc erTi mTlianoba dgas; amaze „ sapasuxo reaqcia “ ki jgufebis, nawilebisa da klasebis mxridan modis. amitomac, ubralod klasobrivi interesi damakmayofilebel pasuxebs ver mogvcems raime tipis droSi gaweril socialur procesTan dakavSirebiT. pirvel rigSi, imis gamo, rom SesaZloa swored gansaxilvelma procesma gansazRvros Tavad am klasis arsebobis sakiTxi; meore rigSi, imis gamo, rom mocemuli klasebis interesebi gansazRvraven mxolod da mxolod mizansa da ganzraxvas, romliskenac aRniSnuli klasebi miiswrafian da ara maTi mcdelobebis marcxsa Tu warmatebas. klasobriv interesSi araferia iseTi magiuri, romelic uzrunvelyofda imas, rom erTi klasis wevrebs mxari daeWiraT sxva klasebisaTvis. Tumca ki, aseTi mxardaWeris SemTxvevebs yoveldRe vxvdebiT. amis magaliTia Tavad proteqcionizmi. aq, problema iyo ara is, Tu ratom 285 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi surdaT miwaTmoqmedebs, mwarmoeblebsa da profkavSiris wevrebs sakuTari Semosavlis gazrda proteqcionistuli qmedebiT, aramed is Tu ratom SeZles maT amis warmatebiT ganxorcieleba; ara is, Tu ratom surdaT komerciul mewarmeebsa da muSebs sakuTar saqonelze monopoliis daweseba, aramed is Tu ratom moaxerxes maT amis miRweva; ara is Tu ratom surda ramdenime kontinentur qveyanaSi zogierT jgufs identurad moqceva, aramed is Tu ratom arsebobda aseTi jgufebi qveynebSi, romlebic erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebodnen da ratom miaRwies maT TavianT miznebs yvelgan; ara is Tu ratom cdilobdnen simindis Zvirad gayidvas visac is mohyavda, aramed is Tu ratom axerxebdnen isini mudmivad, rom myidveli daerwmunebinaT rom maT fasebis gazrdaSi daxmarebodnen. meore rigSi, imis gamo, rom arsebobs aseTive mcdari doqtrina, romlis Tanaxmadac, klasobriv interesebs umeteswilad, ekonomikuri xasiaTi aqvs. marTalia, adamianebisagan Semdgari sazogadoebis cxovreba bunebrivad aris ganpirobebuli ekonomikuri faqtorebiT, Tumca individualur doneze adamianebis motivacia mxolod da mxolod gamonaklis SemTxvevebSi aris gansazRvruli materialuri survilebis dakmayofilebiT. is, rom me19 saukunis sazogadoeba organizebuli iyo daSvebis garSemo, rom amgvari motivacia SesaZloa universaluri yofiliyo, uSualod am epoqisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. es ki niSnavs, rom sazogadoebis gaanalizebisas gamarTlebuli iyo ekonomikuri motivisaTvis SedarebiT farTo asparezis daTmoba. Tumca, am sakiTxze winaswari daskvnebis gamotanisas frTxilad unda viyoT, vinaidan kiTxva, romelic aq daismis, swored imas Seexeba Tu, ra masStabiT aris SesaZlebeli, rom aseTi uCveulo motivaciis universalurad ganvrcoba efeqturi iyos. 286 Tavi 13 liberaluri mrwamsis dabadeba wmindawylis ekonomikuri sakiTxebi, magaliTad, „ moTxov­ na-­dakma­yofilebis “ sferoSi Semavali sakiTxebi, klasobrivi qcevisaTvis gacilebiT ufro nakleb mniSvnelovania, vidre socialuri aRiarebis sakiTxebi. moTxovna-dakmayofileba, ra Tqma unda, SesaZloa iyos amgvari aRiarebis Sedegi, gansakuTrebiT, rogorc misi nivTieri niSani Tu jildo. magram, klasobrivi interesebi, yvelaze ufro pirdapir Seexeba socialur mdgomareobasa da rangs, statussa da usafrTxoebas, rac umTavresad ara ekonomikur, aramed socialur sakiTxebs warmoadgens. klasebi da jgufebi, romlebic 1870 -iani wlebis Semd­ eg, drogamoSvebiT monawileobdnen proteqcionizmis mxar­ damWer zogad moZraobaSi, amas akeTebdnen umTavresad ara sakuTari ekonomikuri interesebis gamo. „ koleqtivisturi ” sakanonmdeblo aqtebi, romlebic miRebul iqna kritikulad mniSvnelovani wlebis ganmavlobaSi, cxadyofs, rom mxolod da mxolod gamonaklis SemTxvevebSi xdeboda konkretuli klasis interesebis gaTvaliswineba da Tuki xdeboda, kidev ufro iSviaTi iyo SemTxveva, rodesac SeiZleboda rom am interesebisaTvis ekonomikuri gewodebina. marTlac, romeli „ mokle perspeqtivaze gaTvlili ekonomikuri interesis ” dakmayofileba unda momxdariyo aqtiT, romelic qalaqis xelmZRvanelobas aZlevda nebarTvas, gadaebarebina mitovebuli obieqtebis esTetikuri Rirebulebis SenarCunebaze zrunva; anda regulaciebiT, romelic saxlis Sida ezoebis sapniTa da cxeli wyliT morecxvas iTxovda, sul mcire, 6 TveSi erTxel mainc; anda sakanonmdeblo aqti, romelic Ruzebisa da bagirebis savaldebulo Semowmebas moiTxovda. aseTi sakanonmdeblo zomebi ubralod pasuxobda industriuli civilizaciis saWiroebebs, romelTac sabazro meTodebi ubralod ver akmayofilebda. aRniSnuli intervenciebis umetesobas ar mouxdenia pirdapiri gavlena Semosavlebze da arapirdapir gavlenasac Zlivs axdenda. es 287 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi Seexeba TiTqmis yvela kanons romelic dakavSirebuli iyo jandacvasTan, Sina meurneobebTan, sazogadoebriv keTilmowyobasTan, biblioTekebTan, sawarmoSi samuSao pirobebTan da socialur dazRvevasTan. igi aseve Seexeboda komunalur momsaxurebebs, ganaTlebas, transports da uamrav sxva sakiTxs. da im sakiTxebSic ki, sadac fuli figurirebda, igi meorexarisxovani iyo sxva aspeqtebTan SedarebiT. TiTqmis yovelTvis, pirvel rigSi, saubari midioda adamianis profesiul statusze, mis usafrTxoebasa da daculobaze, mis momavalze, misi arsebobis gaazrebasa da misi garemos stabilurobaze. ra Tqma unda, araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar unda davakninoT zogierTi tipuri intervenciis monetaruli mniSvneloba, rogoricaa sabaJo mosakreblebi Tu dasaqmebulTa anazRaureba. Tumca, aseT situaciebSic ki rTuli iyo aramonetaruli interesebis monetarulisagan gamijvna. sabaJo mosakreblebi, romelic uzrunvelyofda kapitalistebis Semosavalsa da dasaqmebulis xelfass, saboloo jamSi, gulisxmobda umuSevrobisagan dacvas, regionSi pirobebis dastabilurebas, industriebis gadarCenas likvidaciisagan da, SesaZloa yvelaze metad, statusis mtkivneuli dakargvis Tavidan aridebas, romelic aucileblad Tan axlavs iseT samsaxurSi gadasvlas, sadac adamianisagan gacilebiT ufro naklebi unari da gamocdileba moiTxoveba, vidre is amJamad flobs. rogorc ki Tavidan moviSorebT akviatebas, rom mxolod da mxolod kerZo interesebi SeiZleba iyos efeqtiani ( da araviTar SemTxvevaSi zogadi ) , iseve rogorc mis „ moZme ” crurwmenas, romlis meSveobiTac adamianTa jgufebis interesebi mxolod da mxolod fulad Semosavlamde dagvyavs, proteqcionistuli moZraobis masStaburoba da kompleqsuroba mistikurobas kargavs. Tuki fulad interesebs uSualod is adamianebi axmovaneben xolme, visac is exeba, sxva interesebs damcvelTa gacilebiT ufro farTo wre hyavs. 288 Tavi 13 liberaluri mrwamsis dabadeba isini uamravi sxvadasxva niSniT axdenen zegavlenas adamianebze, rogorc mezoblebze, profesionalebze, momxmareblebze, fexiT mosiaruleebze, sazogadoebrivi transportiT mosargebleebze, sportsmenebze, mogzaurebze, mebaReebze, pacientebze, dedebsa Tu partniorebze – da Sesabamisad, SeuZliaT, rom warmodgenilni iyvnen TiTqmis nebismieri tipis teritoriuli Tu funqcionaluri asociaciis mier, rogoricaa eklesiebi, mcire administraciuli erTeulebi, saZmoTa loJebi, klubebi, profkavSirebi anda yvelaze xSirad didi politikuri partiebi, romlebic wesebis mkacri dacviT funqcionireben. „ interesis ” zedmetad viwro gagebas aucileblad mohyveba xolme socialuri da politikuri istoriis damaxinjebuli gageba, xolo interesebis wminda wylis monetaruli gansazRvreba aRar tovebs sivrces socialuri dacvis sasicocxlod mniSvnelovani saWiroebisaTvis, romlis reprezentaciac xSirad im adamianebze modis, vinc pasuxismgebelia sazogadoebis zogadi interesebis dacvaze – Tanamedrove gagebiT, konkretul saxelmwifoSi imJamad arsebul mTavrobaze. zustad imis gamo, rom bazari emuqreboda sazogadoebis sxvadasxva jgufis ara ekonomikur, aramed socialur interesebs, sxvadasxva ekonomikur fenas mikuTvnebulma adamianebma daiwyes Zalebis gaerTianeba safrTxesTan gasamklaveblad. amgvarad, klasobrivi Zalebis saqmianoba Tan xels uw­ yob­da bazris ganviTarebas da Tan xels uSlida mas. sabazro sistemis Sesaqmnelad meqanizebuli warmoebis saWiroebis gaTvaliswinebiT, erTaderTi vaWarTa klasi aRmoCnda iseT mdgomareobaSi, romelsac SeeZlo, rom transformaciis am adreul etapze winamZRoloba sakuTar Tavze aeRo. Zveli klasebis naSTebidan mewarmeTa axali klasi aRmocenda, romelsac surda sakuTar Tavze aeRo pasuxismgebloba procesebis mimdinareobaze, romelic TanxmobaSi movidoda Tavisi klasis interesebTan. Tuki bazris gafarToebis 289 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi moZraobaSi maTi wamyvani rolis Sedegi iyo mwarmoebelTa, mewarmeTa da kapitalistTa aRzeveba, maSin bazrisagan dacvis tvirTi modioda tradiciul miwaTmflobelTa da axladwarmoqmnil muSaTa klasze. da Tuki vaWarTa sazogadoebaSi swored kapitalistebi iyvnen isini, vinc sabazro sistemis struqturuli principebis sadarajoze idgnen, arsebuli socialuri qsovilis Tavgadakluli damcvelebis rolSi, erTi mxriv, feodaluri aristokratiis nawili, meore mxriv ki, mzardi mSromeli proletariati mogvevlina. Tumca, Tu miwaTmflobelTa klasi yovelgvari ubedurebisagan Tavis daxsnis gzas warsulSi eZebda, rogorc mosalodneli iyo, muSebi, garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, idgnen poziciaze, romelic gulisxmobda sabazro sazogadoebis CarCoebs miRma gasvlas da situaciidan gamosavlis momavalSi monaxvas. es sulac ar gulisxmobda imas, rom feodalizmSi dabruneba anda socializmis sajarod qadageba Sedioda maT samoqmedo gegmaSi, Tumca amiT kargad Cans, rom miwaTmoqmedebi da qalaqSi mcxovrebi muSaTa klasi sagangebo mdgomareobidan gamosavals erTmaneTisagan absoluturad gansxvavebul mimarTulebebSi xedavda. Tuki sabazro ekonomika gamovidoda mwyobridan, ris safrTxesac yoveli momdevno seriozuli krizisi qmnida, miwaTmflobelTa klasi SesaZloa dabruneboda paternalizmis samxedro Tu feodalur reJims, xolo fabrikis muSebi dainaxavdnen mSromelTa kooperatiuli erTobis dafuZnebis saWiroebas. krizisze „ reaqciebSi ” SesaZlebelia imis danaxva, rom situaciidan gamosavlis gzebi urTierTgamomricxavi iyo. klasobrivi interesebis ubralo Sejaxeba, romelic gansxvavebul garemoebebSi SesaZloa kompromisiT dasrulebuliyo, axla fatalur mniSvnelobas iZenda. es yovelive ki unda miviRoT gafrTxilebad, rom istoriis ganmartebisas zedmetad ar unda daveyrdnoT ama Tu im klasis ekonomikur interesebs. aseTi midgoma safuZvel290 Tavi 13 liberaluri mrwamsis dabadeba Sive gulisxmobs aRniSnuli klasebis iseT gagebas, romelic SesaZlebeli mxolod da mxolod urRvev sazogadoebaSia. igi mxedvelobidan srulad gamotovebs istoriis iseT kritikul monakveTebs, rodesac civilizacia ingreva anda rodesac igi transformacias gadis, romlis drosac, rogorc wesi, axali klasebi iwyeben formirebas, zogjer sakmaod SemWidroebul vadebSi, Zveli klasebis nangrevebze anda ucxo elementebis mier, rogorebic arian ucxoeli avantiuristebi an sazogadoebisagan gariyuli adamianebi. xSirad, istoriis kritikul momentebSi, axali klasebis formireba ubralod im epoqis moTxovnebidan gamomdinare xdeba. saboloo jamSi, amitomacaa rom klasis roli am dramatul istoriaSi ganisazRvreba misi urTierTobiT sazogadoebasTan rogorc erT mTlianobasTan; xolo misi warmatebuloba ganisazRvreba ara Tavisi, aramed sxvaTa interesebis mravalferovnebiTa da masStaburobiT, gansxvavebiT sakuTari interesebisa, romlisaTvis samsaxuris gawevac mas ZaluZs. marTlac, aranair viwro klasobriv interesze damyarebul politikas ar Seswevs Zala, rom es interesi daakmayofilos – am wesidan gamonaklisi ki sul TiTze CamosaTvlelia. arc erT klass, romelic daufaravad „ egoistia “ , ar ZaluZs sazogadoebaSi sakuTari poziciebis gamyareba, garda im SemTxvevisa, Tuki arsebuli socialuri wesrigis alternativas absolutur qaossa da destruqciaSi danTqma ar warmoadgens. imisaTvis, rom e.w. koleqtivisturi SeTqmulebisaTvis bralis Tavisuflad wayeneba SeZlon, ekonomikur liberalebs, saboloo jamSi, uwevT uaryofa, rom sazogadoebas raime saxis dacvis saWiroeba udgas. arc ise didi xnis win, isini xmaurianad miesalmnen zogierTi mecnieris mosazrebebs, romlebic uaryofdnen industriuli revoluciis tradiciul doqtrinas, romlis mixedviTac, 1790 -ian wlebSi, inglisSi, muSaTa klass katastrofuli ubedureba 291 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi daatyda Tavs. am avtorTa mosazrebebis mixedviT, bunebaSi ar momxdara aseTi ram, rom TiTqos cxovrebis standartebis moulodnel gauaresebas uzarmazari gavlena moexdinos ubralo xalxze. piriqiT, qarxanaTa sistemis Seqmnis Semdeg dasaqmebulTa materialuri mdgomareoba saerTo jamSi gaumjobesda, xolo rac Seexeba mis raodenobas, veravin uaryofda rom es maCvenebeli ucbad gaizarda. sayovelTaod miRebuli ekonomikuri keTildReobis standartebis mixedviT – realuri xelfasi da mosaxleobis raodenoba – adreuli kapitalizmis mier datrialebul jojoxeTs, maTi mtkicebiT, bunebaSi ar uarsebia; muSaTa klasi, romelTa mdgomareobac eqspluataciisagan Sors idga, ekonomikurad Zlierdeboda da socialuri dacvis moTxovna im sistemis winaaRmdeg, romelic yvelas xels aZlevda, calsaxad SeuZlebeli iyo. liberaluri kapitalizmis kritikosebi sagonebelSi iy­ v­nen Cacvenilebi. TiTqmis 70 wlis ganmavlobaSi, mecnierebi da samefo sabWoebi erTxmad aZagebdnen industriuli revoluciiT gamowveul saSinelebebs, xolo poetebis, moazrovneebisa da mwerlebis mTeli galaqtika iRvwoda imisaTvis, rom aRniSnuli ubedurebebi aReweraT. iTvleboda, rom dadasturebul faqts warmoadgenda is garemoeba, rom gulqva eqspluatatorebi xalxTa masebs welSi wyvetdnen SromiTa da SimSiliT, maTive umweobis gamo; rom SezRudvebma soflad mcxovrebi adamianebi sakuTari saxlebisa da mosavlis gareSe datova da gauyena siRaribis kanonis reformis Sedegad warmoqmnili dasaqmebis bazris gzas; xolo masebis gaRatakebis sazarel mtkicebulebas warmoadgenda tragediebi, romlebic patara bavSvebs atydebodaT Tavs, romelTac xSirad sulis amoxdamde uwevdaT muSaoba maRaroebsa da qarxnebSi. marTlac, industriuli revoluciis sayovelTaod cnobili interpretacia efuZneboda eqspluataciis axal talRas, romelic SesaZlebeli gaxda me18 292 Tavi 13 liberaluri mrwamsis dabadeba saukunis SezRudvebisa da dabali gadasaxadebis meSveobiT, romelsac usaxlkaro muSebs uxdidnen, riTac aixsneba Tu rogor naxa uzarmazari mogeba bambis industriam, anda rogor SeZles Tavdapirvelma mwarmoeblebma kapitalis swrafi dagroveba. maT brali edebodaT eqspluatatorobaSi, TavianTi Tanamoqalaqeebis ukontrolo eqspluataciaSi, rac warmoadgenda adamianTa aseTi ubedurebisa da dakninebis mTavar mizezs. axla ki, rogorc Cans, es yovelive uaryofili iqna. ekonomikis istorikosebi amtkicebdnen, rom Savi Rrubeli, romelic sawarmoo sistemis caze iyrida Tavs gasuli aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi, gafantulia. vinaidan, rogor SeiZleboda, rom socialuri katastrofa momxdariyo iq, sadac calsaxad ekonomikur winsvlas hqonda adgili? sxvaTa Soris, socialuri katastrofa, mkveTrad zogad­ kulturuli fenomenia, da ara sufTad ekonomikuri, romlis gazomvac SesaZlebeli iqneboda Semosavlebis odenobisa da mosaxleobasTan dakavSirebuli statistikuri monacemebiT. bunebrivia, SeuZlebelia, rom xSirad moxdes kulturuli katastrofebi, romelic ubralo adamianebis farTo wres moicavs; Tumca, amavdroulad, arc iseTi kataklizmuri movlenebi – rogoric industriuli revolucia iyo – gaxlavT ekonomikuri miwisZvra, romelic naxevar saukuneze ufro nakleb xanSi SeZlebs, rom inglisis soflad mcxovrebi mosaxleobis udidesi nawili adgilze dafuZnebuli adamianebidan daucvel migrantebad aqcios. magram, Tuki aseTi masStabis kataklizmebi gamonakliss warmoadgens klasTa istoriaSi, igi Cveulebriv movlenas warmoadgens sxvadasxva rasis xalxTa Soris kulturuli kontaqtis sferoSi. arsebiTad, es situaciebi erTmaneTis msgavsia. mTavari gansxvaveba isaa, rom socialuri klasi Sedgeba sazogadoebis nawilisagan, romelic erTsa da imave geografiul arealSia gansaxlebuli, xolo kulturuli 293 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi kontaqti mimdinareobs sxvadasxva geografiul regionSi gansaxlebul sazogadoebebs Soris. orive SemTxvevaSi, kontaqts SesaZloa gamanadgurebeli Sedegi hqondes ufro sust mxareze. degradaciis gamomwvevi mizezi ki aris ara ekonomikuri eqspluatacia, rogorc xSirad hgoniaT xolme, aramed msxverplis kulturuli garemosTan dezintegracia. ekonomikurma procesma, ra Tqma unda, SeiZleba destruqciis instrumentis roli Seasrulos, da TiTqmis yovelTvis ekonomikuri upiratesoba sust mxares xdis iZulebuls rom far-xmali dayaros, Tumca aqedan sulac ar gamomdinareobs, rom ubedurebis mTavar mizezs ekonomikuri xasiaTi aqvs; misi ubedurebis mTavari wyaro is sasikvdilo Wrilobaa, romelic miyenebuli aqvs institutebs, sadac misi socialuri arseboba gansxeuldeba. amis Sedegi ki sakuTari Tavisadmi pativiscemis dakargva da damkvidrebuli normebis moSlaa, imis miuxedavad, aq xalxze visaubrebT Tu klasze, aRniSnuli procesi ki e.w. kulturuli konfliqtidan warmoiSoba Tu sazogadoebis farglebSi klasobrivi poziciis Secvlidan. adreuli kapitalizmis SeswavlisaTvis paralelebis gakeTeba Zalzed mniSvnelovania. zogierTi adgilobrivi tomis mdgomareoba Tanamedrove afrikaSi gaWrili vaSliviT hgavs inglisSi mSromelTa klasis mdgomareobas me19 saukunis dasawyisSi. samxreT afrikeli kafri, es diadi veluri, romlis msgavsi socialuri mdgomareobac mis mSobliur kraalSi aravis hqonia, transformirda naxevrad moSinaurebuli cxovelis adamianur saxeobad, romelic gamowyobilia „ erTmaneTTan daukavSirebel, binZur, Seuxedav ZonZebSi, romelsac yvelaze ufro ganuviTarebeli TeTrkanianic ki ar Caicvamda “ 1 , eniT aRuwerel arsebad, sakuTari Tavisadmi yovelgvari pativiscemisa da standartebis armqone, WeSma1 Millin , Mrs . S . G ., The South Africans , 1926 . 294 Tavi 13 liberaluri mrwamsis dabadeba rit adamianur narCenad. es aRwera mogvagonebs portrets, romelic robert ouenma aRwera Tavisive TanamSromlebze saubrisas, rodesac niu lanarkSi maT mimarTavda, TvalebSi uyurebda maT da eubneboda obieqturad da civsisxlianad, TiTqos socialuri mkvlevari akeTebda Canawerebs, rom isini iqcnen degradirebul brbod, rac simarTles Seesabameboda; xolo maTi degradaciis WeSmariti mizezis saukeTeso aRwera isaa, rom isini arsebobdnen „ kulturul vakuumSi “ . es termini erT-erTma anTropologma gamoiyena, rodesac TeTrkanianTa civilizaciasTan kontaqtis Sedegad afrikis Savkaniani mamaci tomebis kulturul dakninebaze saubrobda 1 . maTi saomari ostatoba daRmavlobis gzas daadga, maTi arsebobis politikuri da socialuri pirobebi ganadgurda, riveris cnobili fraza rom gamoviyenoT, isini ixocebodnen mowyenilobiT, xolo TavianT cxovrebasa da materialur keTildReobas flangavdnen. maSin, rodesac TavianTi kultura araviTar mizans aRar sTavazobs, romelic Zalisxmevis an msxverplis gaRebad Rirs, am dros rasobrivi snobizmi da winaswarganwyobebi win eRobebaT maT, rom adekvaturi monawileoba miiRon TeTrkaniani dampyroblebis kulturis SeqmnaSi 2 . CavanacvloT socialuri zRude rasobrivi zRudiT da miviRebT 1840 -iani wlebis or ers, sadac kafri warmatebulad hyavs Canacvlebuli kingslis novelebis aqeT-iqeT molaslase jurRmulebis mcxovrebs. masac ki, vinc mzadaa daeTanxmos mosazrebas, rom kulturul sicarieleSi cxovreba yvelaferia cxovrebis garda, mainc aqvs molodini, rom ekonomikuri saWiroebebi avtomaturad amoavsebs aRniSnul sicarieles da cxovrebas asatans gaxdis, ra pirobebic ar unda arsebobdes. am mosazrebas mkveTrad ewinaaRmdegeba anTropologiuri 1 Goldcnweiscr , A ., A11thropology , 1937 . 2 Goldcnweiser , A ., iqve 295 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi kvlevebis Sedegebi. „ mizani, romlisTvisac adamiani mzadaa imuSaos, kulturulad ganpirobebulia da ar warmoadgens organizmis sapasuxo reaqcias garegan, kulturulad amoucnob situaciaze, rogoricaa sakvebis simwire, “ - wers doqtori midi. „ procesi, romlis Sedegadac velurTa jgufi gadaiqceva oqros mompoveblad an gemis ekipaJad anda ubralod ganiZarcveba Zalisxmevis gaRebis yovelgvari motivaciisagan da sasikvdilod iqneba mitovebuli mdinaris napirze, romelic jer kidev savsea TevziT, imdenad ucnauri da ucxo iqneba sazogadoebis bunebisa da misi normaluri funqcionirebisaTvis rom paTologiurad SeiZleba iqnas ganxiluli, “ – aRniSnavs is da ganavrcobs – „ rogorc wesi, swored es emuqreba xalxs garedan ZaladobiT Semotanil an sul mcire ubralod garedan Semotanili cvlilebebis pirobebSi. “ misi daskvniT ki, „ es uxeSi kontaqti, pirvelyofili adamianebisa sakuTari fesvebidan moglejis es praqtika zedmetad xSiria saimisod, rom socialur istoriaSi saTanado seriozuli yuradRebis daTmobas ar imsaxurebdes. “ miuxedavad amisa socialuri istorikosebi am rCevas ar iTvaliswineben. isini kvlavac ar usworeben Tvals imas, rom kulturuli kontaqtis stiqiuri Zala, romelic axla koloniur samyaroSi revoluciebs axdens, aris igive, romelmac erTi saukunis win adreuli kapitalizmis avbediTi scenebi Seqmna. erT-erTi anTropologi 1 zogad daskvnas akeTebs: „ miuxedavad uamravi gansxvavebisa, safuZvelSi Tu CavixedavT, davinaxavT, rom dRes egzotikuri xalxi imave usiamovno situaciebis winaSea, romlis winac Cven aTwleulebis Tu saukuneebis win videqiT. axalma teqnikurma mowyobilobebma, axalma codnam, simdidrisa da Zalauflebis axalma formebma gazardes socialuri mobiloba, e.i. individTa 1 Thurnwald , R . C ., Black and White in East Africa ; The Fabric of a New Civilization , 1935 . 296 Tavi 13 liberaluri mrwamsis dabadeba migracia, gamoiwvies ojaxebis aRzeveba da dacema, jgufebis diferencireba, liderobis axali formebi, cxovrebis axali modelebi da gansxvavebuli Rirebulebebi “ . Turnualdis gamWriaxma gonebam dainaxa, rom SavkanianTa sazogadoebis kulturuli katastrofa dRes Zalzed waagavs TeTrkanianTa sazogadoebis didi nawilis katastrofas kapitalizmis adreul epoqaSi. socialur istorikosebs ki es analogia sruliad gamorCenili aqvT TvalTaxedvidan. Cvens socialur xedvas ise efeqturad veraferi uSlis xels, rogorc crurwmenebi ekonomikasTan dakavSirebiT. koloniurobis problemis analizisas pirvel planze imdenad daJinebiT gadmoiwevs eqspluataciis sakiTxi, rom is gansakuTrebuli yuradRebis daTmobas imsaxurebs. garda amisa, elementaruli saRi azric ki sakmarisia misaxvedrad, rom TeTrkanianebi imdenad xSirad da iseTi daJinebiTa da daundoblobiT axdendnen msoflios CamorCenil xalxTa eqspluatacias, rom koloniurobis problemasTan dakavSirebul nebismier diskusiaSi am sakiTxma Tu mTavari adgili ar daikava, es ubralod sruli gulgrilobisa da ugunurebis niSani iqneba. Tumca, eqspluataciaze aseTi didi aqcentis dasma aris swored mizezi imisa, rom Cven mxedvelobidan gvrCeba kulturuli degradaciis kidev ufro seriozuli sakiTxi. Tuki eqspluatacia ganisazRvreba wminda wylis ekonomikuri gagebiT rogorc mudmivi Seusabamoba gacvliT urTierTobebSi, SesaZloa saerTod saeWvo gaxdes misi arsebobis sakiTxi. katastrofa, romelic adgilobriv sazogadoebebs daatydaT Tavs, gaxldaT pirdapiri Sedegi msxverplTa instituciebis daCqarebuli da Zaladobrivi morRvevis ( imis miuxedavad, Zala gamoyenebuli iyo Tu ara am procesSi, rac am SemTxvevaSi, saerTod ararelevanturi sakiTxia ) . aRniSnuli institutebis morRveva moxda zustad imis gamo, rom sabazro ekonomika Tavsmoxveuli iqna absoluturad gansxvavebulad organizebul sazogadoebe297 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi bze; Sroma da miwa iqca saqonlad, rac, kidev erTxel rom gavimeoroT, organul sazogadoebaSi yvelanairi kulturuli instituciis likvidaciis gamartivebuli formula gaxlavT. aseT procesSi Semosavlebsa da mosaxleobis raodenobas Soris cvlilebebi araTanazomieria. magaliTad, vin gabedavs uaryos, rom adamianebi, romlebic Tavisuflebi iyvnen, monobaSi CarTes ZaliT da daiwyo maTi eqspluatacia, miuxedavad imisa, rom maTi cxovrebis standarti, raRaca „ xelovnuri “ gagebiT, SeiZleba marTlac ukeTesi iyo im qveyanaSi, sadac isini gayides, vidre maT mSobliur afrikul buSebSi? Tumca, didad arc araferi Seicvleboda im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu evropeli dampyroblebi adgilobrivebs ar daimonebdnen da bambis iaffasian produqciaSi zedmeti safasuris gadaxdas ar mosTxovdnen, xolo maTi SimSili gamowveuli iqneboda „ ubralod “ maTi socialuri institutebis morRveviT. gavixsenoT indoeTis cnobili magaliTi. me19 saukunis meore naxevarSi indoelTa masebi siRaribisagan imis gamo ar daxocilan, rom lankaSiri maT eqspluatacias eweoda; bevri maTgani ixoceboda imis gamo, rom induri soflis sazogadoebam CamoSla daiwyo. eWvs ar badebs, rom es yovelive ekonomikuri konkurenciis faqtoris mudmivma arsebobam gamoiwvia, kerZod ki, dazgaze damzadebuli Caddarebi gacilebiT ufro iafi Rirda, vidre xeliT naqsovi; Tumca, es xom pirdapir ekonomikuri eqspluataciis sapirispiro rameze metyvelebs, vinaidan dempingi da daklebul fasad gayidva ori absoluturad gansxvavebuli ramea. bolo 50 welis ganmavlobaSi SimSilobis realuri mizezi iyo marcvleulis Tavisufal bazarze gasayidad gatana, adgilobrivebSi Semosavlebis mkveTri klebis paralelurad. ra Tqma unda, zogad suraTs aseve arTulebda marcvleulis cudi mosavali, Tumca rkinigzis meSveobiT marcvleulis gadazidvam SesaZlebeli gaxada, rom im teritoriebs, ro298 Tavi 13 liberaluri mrwamsis dabadeba melsac mosavlis aReba uWirda, garkveuli daxmareba mieRo; realuri problema ki is iyo, rom xalxs ar hqonda SesaZlebloba, rom marcvleuli caSi gatyorcnil fasad eyida, rac Tavisufal, Tumca arasrulad organizebuli bazris pirobebSi, produqtebis deficitze erTaderTi gardauvali reaqciaa. warsulSi, mousavlianobis periodSi, mcire zomis adgilobrivi sawyobebi gamoiyeneboda xolme, Tumca didi bazris gaCenam aseTi sawyobebis funqcionireba gaaCera an saerTod gaaqro isini. amitomac, SimSilis prevenciis miRebul formad axla sazogadoebrivi samuSaoebi iqca, romelic mosaxleobas SesaZleblobas aZlevda, rom produqtebi mkveTrad momatebul fasad SeeZina. amdenad, sami Tu oTxi SimSiloba, romelic ajanyebis Semdgom britaneTis mmarTvelobis pirobebSi daatyda indoeTs iyo ara eqspluataciis, aramed ubralod Sromisa da miwis axleburi sabazro organizebis brali, ramac soflis Zveleburi yofa gaanadgura ise, rom mis winaSe mdgari problemebis mogvarebaze arc ki ufiqria. maSin, rodesac feodalizmis reJimisa da soflis sazogadoebebis, sadidgvarovno valdebulebebis ( noblesse oblige ) , gvarovnuli solidarobebisa da marcvleuliT vaWrobis regulirebis meSveobiT SimSilobisagan dazRveva xerxdeboda, bazris mmarTvelobis pirobebSi, TamaSis wesebidan gamomdinare, xalxi ukve veRar axerxebda SimSiliT sikvdilisagan Tavis dacvas. termini „ eqspluatacia “ cudad aRwers situacias, romelic sagangaSo mxolod da mxolod mas Semdeg gaxda, rac East India Company -is monopolia aRmoifxvra da is indoeTSi Tavisufalma vaWrobam Caanacvla. monopolistebis xelSi situacia metnaklebad kontrolis qveS iyo, raSic wvlili Sehqonda soflebis arqaul organizebas, romelic aseve moicavda marcvleulis Tavisufal gavrcelebas, xolo Tavisufali da Tanaswori vaWrobis pirobebSi milionobiT indoeli daiRupa. ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT, indoeTma SesaZloa marTlac naxa sargebeli Sor 299 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi perspeqtivaSi, magram socialurad igi dezorganizda da ubedurebisa da degradaciisaTvis iqna ganwiruli. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom sul mcire, ramdenime SemTxvevaSi mainc, e.w. kulturuli kontaqtis dezintegraciis meqanizms saTave eqspluataciis sapirispirod daedo. Cveni drois Tanamedrove finansuri standartebiT Tu mivudgebiT, 1887 wels, miwebis iZulebiTi ganawilebis Sedegad, amerikelma indielebma individualur doneze ixeires. Tumca, aRniSnulma zomam faqtobrivad fizikurad gaanadgura mTeli rasa – rac dReisaTvis Semonaxuli kulturuli degeneraciis erT-erTi TvalSi sacemi magaliTia. TiTqmis naxevari saukunis Semdeg, jon kolieris moraluri upiratesobis damsaxurebiT, romelic daJinebiT akeTebda aqcents miwaTmflobelobis tomobriv formebTan dabrunebis aucileblobaze, sawyisi mdgomareoba aRdga da Sedegad, dResdReobiT, zogierT adgilas jer kidev cocxlad aris SemorCenili Cr. amerikel indielTa Temebi; es saswauli ara ekonomikuri gaumjobesebis, aramed socialuri restavraciis damsaxureba iyo. damangreveli kulturuli kontaqtis Sokismomgvreli Sedegebi kargad aris asaxuli 1890 -iani wlebisTvis paunebis tomis xelebiT TamaSis „ sulebis cekvis “ versiis gaCenis amaRelvebel ambavSi, romelic zustad im dros viTardeboda, rodesac ekonomikurma pirobebis gaumjobesebam wiTelkaniani indielebis aborigenuli kultura anaqronizmad moniSna. metic, anTropologiuri kvlevebi adasturebs, rom mosaxleobis zrdac ki – romelic kidev erTi ekonomikuri maCvenebelia – ar gamoricxavs kulturuli katastrofis SesaZleblobas. mosaxleobis zrdis bunebrivi tempi SesaZloa marTlac iyos an kulturuli sicocxlisunarianobis anda kulturuli degradaciis maCvenebeli. sityva „ proletaris “ Tavdapirveli mniSvneloba, romelic erTmaneTTan akavSirebs nayofierebasa da maTxovrobas, am ambivalenturobis araCveulebrivi magaliTia. 300 Tavi 13 liberaluri mrwamsis dabadeba ekonomisturi crurwmena erTdroulad iyo wyaro rogorc kapitalizmis adreul etapze eqspluataciis moumwifebeli Teoriisa, aseve, aranakleb moumwifebeli, Tumca ufro mecnieruli mcdari doqtrinis, romelic ufro mogvianebiT saerTod uaryofda, rom socialur katastrofas hqonda adgili. istoriis am da SedarebiT ufro gviandeli interpretaciis mniSvnelovani Sedegi iyo lese feris ekonomikis reabilitacia. vinaidan, Tuki liberalur principebze dafuZnebul ekonomikas araviTari ubedureba ar moutania, maSin gamodis, rom proteqcionizmi iyo is upatiebeli danaSauli, ris gamoc kacobriobam Tavisufali bazris sikeTeebiT ver isargebla. axla ukve Tavad termin „ industriul revoluciasac “ ki qedmaRlurad uyurebdnen rogorc gazviadebul ideas imisa, rac sinamdvileSi cvlilebis neli procesi gaxldaT. aRniSnuli mecnierebis Tanaxmad, erTaderTi rac moxda, iyo is, rom teqnologiuri progresis Zalebi nabij-nabij gardaqmnidnen adamianebis cxovrebas; cxadia, am cvlilebebis gamo bevrma adamianma ganicada tanjva, Tumca, saboloo jamSi, es iyo mudmivi ganviTarebisa da ukeTesobisaken svlis erTi ambavi. es sasikeTo Sedegebi lamis gauazreblad dadga, ekonomikuri Zalebis avtomaturi qmedebebis damsaxurebiT, romlebic miuxedavad sulswrafi mxareebis mudmivi Carevebisa, romlebic im momentisaTvis gardauval sirTuleebs azviadebdnen, kvlavac ganagrZobda yvelasTvis sasargeblo saqmianobas. aqedan daskvna, arc meti, arc naklebi, is iyo, rom axali ekonomikis mier sazogadoebisaTvis Seqmnili safrTxeebis uaryofa unda momxdariyo. industriuli revoluciis es Sesworebuli istoria rom marTlac faqtebs efuZnebodes, maSin proteqcionistul moZraobas araviTari obieqturi safuZveli ar eqneboda, xolo lese feri Tavidan bolomde gamarTlebuli iqneboda. socialuri da kulturuli katastrofis bunebasTan dakavSirebuli es materialuri cdo301 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi mileba ganamtkicebda legendas, rom yovelgvari ubedureba im epoqaSi gamowveuli iyo ekonomikuri liberalizmis gzidan gadaxvevis gamo. kidev erTxel ganvmartoT ramdenime sakiTxi: e.w. koleqtivisturi moZraobis wyaro ar iyo calke aRebuli romelime erTi jgufi Tu klasi, Tumca masze calsaxad gavlena iqonia masSi CarTuli klasobrivi interesebis bunebam. saboloo jamSi, movlenebis ganviTarebas sazogadoebrivi interesebi gansazRvravda, miuxedavad imisa rom ama Tu im interesis dacva – da eqspluatacia ! – konkretul situaciebSi sazogadoebis erT konkretul nawils ufro miemarTeboda xolme, vidre danarCen sazogadoebas. amitomac, gonivruli iqneba, Tuki proteqcionistuli moZraobis aRwerisas yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT ara klasobriv interesze, aramed socialur interesebze, romelTac bazari safrTxes uqadda. safrTxisSemcveli momentebi ganisazRvreboda Tavdasxmis mimarTulebebidan gamomdinare. konkurentulma Sromis bazarma samuSao Zalis matarebels, adamians daartya. Tavisufali saerTaSoriso vaWroba umeteswilad msxvil industrias uqmnida safrTxes, romelic damokidebuli iyo bunebaze, kerZod ki agrokulturaze. oqros standarti ki safrTxes warmoadgenda iseTi mwarmoebeli organizaciebisaTvis, romelTa funqcionirebac damokidebuli iyo fasTa fardobiT meryeobaze. TiToeul am sferoSi bazrebi ganviTarebuli iyo, rac moicavda farul safrTxes sazogadoebisaTvis, maTi arsebobis ama Tu im sasicocxlod mniSvnelovan aspeqtSi. Sromis, miwisa da fulis bazris erTmaneTisagan gamijvna advilia; Tumca arc ise ioli saqmea erTmaneTisagan gamijno kulturis is sferoebi, romelTa birTvsac Sesabamisad ayalibeben adamianebi, bunebrivi garemo da mwarmoebe302 Tavi 13 liberaluri mrwamsis dabadeba li organizaciebi. adamiani da buneba kulturul sferoSi praqtikulad erTmaneTisagan ganuyofelia; xolo mwarmoebeli saqmianobis fuladi aspeqti Tavs iCens sasicocxlod mniSvnelovan erT sazogadoebriv interesSi, kerZod, eris erTianobasa da TanxmobaSi. amdenad, Tuki bazrebi Sromis, miwisa da fulis warmosaxviTi saqonlisaTvis gansxvavebuli da gamijnuli iyo, safrTxeebi, romelTac isini uqmnidnen sazogadoebas, ase mkacrad ar iyo erTmaneTisagan gamoyofili. miuxedavad amisa, kritikulad mniSvnelovani 80 wlis ( 1834-1914 ) ganmavlobaSi, dasavluri sazogadoebis instituciuri ganviTarebis sqema SesaZloa am safrTxis Semcvel momentebs erTnairad udgebodes. razec ar unda iyos saubari – adamiani iqneba es, buneba Tu mwarmoebeli organizacia – sabazro sistema safrTxes uqmnida TiToeul maTgans da calkeul jgufs Tu klass dacvis saWiroeba edga. miuxedavad imisa, rom mniSvnelovani iyo gansxvaveba, romelic arsebobda drois TvalsazrisiT inglisSi, kontinentur evropasa da amerikaSi mimdinare procesebs Soris, saukunis miwuruls proteqcionistulma kontrmoZraobam dasavleTis yvela qveyanaSi analogiuri situacia Seqmna. Sesabamisad, Cven cal-calke ganvixilavT adamianis, bunebisa da mwarmoebeli organizaciis dacvis sakiTxs – anda sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, ganvixilavT TavdacviT moZraobas, romlis meSveobiTac Camoyalibda axali tipis mWidrod SekavSirebuli sazogadoeba, romelsac, miuxedavad amisa, mainc emuqreboda sruli rRvevisa da CamoSlis safrTxe. 303 Tavi 14 bazari da adamiani Sromis sxva tipis cxovrebiseuli saqmianobebisagan gamijvna da misi daqvemdebareba bazris kanonebisaTvis niSnavda arsebobis yovelgvari organuli formis ganadgurebas da maT Canacvlebas sxva tipis, atomisturi da individualisturi mowyobiT. aRniSnuli sistemis ganadgurebisaTvis yvelaze xelsayrel pirobebs qmnida kontraqtebis Tavisuflebis principis sayovelTao danergva. praqtikaSi, es niSnavda arasakontraqto organizebis formebis gauqmebas naTesaobaSi, mezoblobaSi, profesiasa Tu rwmenaSi, vinaidan igi moiTxovda erTgulebas adamianebisagan da Sesabamisad, zRudavda mis Tavisuflebas. aRniSnuli principisaTvis „ Caurevlobis “ wodeba, rogorc ekonomikur liberalebs sCveodaT, ubralod konkretuli saxis Carevisadmi Rrmad Cakiruli winaswarganwyobis gamoxatuleba gaxldaT, romelic ufro konkretulad rom vTqvaT, iTvaliswinebda adamianebs Soris araformaluri ( arasakontraqto ) urTierTobebis moSlas da maTi spontanuri gardaqmnisaTvis xelis SeSlas. Sromis bazris Seqmnis es Sedegi TvalnaTliv Cans regionebSi, romlebic dResdReobiT koloniebs warmoadge304 Tavi 14 bazari da adamiani nen. adgilobrivebi iZulebulebi arian, rom Tavi irCinon Sromis gayidviT. es ki niSnavs, rom maTi tradiciuli institutebis ganadgureba moxdeba da winaaRmdegoba Sexvdeba maT gardaqmnas, vinaidan, rogorc wesi, primitiul sazogadoebebSi individs SimSilisagan sikvdili ar emuqreba, Tuki analogiuri safrTxis winaSe mTlianad Temi ar dgas. magaliTad, kafrebSi, miwaTa kraaluri sistemis mixedviT „ siRaribis arseboba TiTqmis warmoudgenelia: visac daxmareba sWirdeba, igi mas aucileblad miiRebs. “ 1 arc erT adamians kvakiutlis tomidan „ arasdros damuqrebia SimSilis safrTxe “ 2 . „ sazogadoebebSi, sadac saarsebo minimumi uzrunvelyofilia, ar arsebobs SimSili. “ 3 gaWirvebisagan Tavisuflebis principi Tanabrad iyo aRiarebuli rogorc indielTa soflebSi, aseve, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom evropaSic, TiTqmis yvela tipis socialuri organizebis formaSi, me16 saukunis dasawyisamde, vidre humanist vivesis ideebi RaribebTan dakavSirebiT davis sagani gaxdeboda sorbonaSi. swored individualur doneze SimSilis safrTxis ararseboba gaxlavT is, rac primitiul sazogadoebas, sabazro ekonomikis sazogadoebasTan SedarebiT, raRac TvalsazrisiT, ufro humanursa da naklebad ekonomiurs xdis. istoriis ironia isaa, rom TeTrkanianTa pirveli wvlili SavkanianTa cxovrebaSi iyo maTTvis SimSilis maTraxis gamoyenebis gacnoba. Sesabamisad, SeiZleboda kolonistebs gadaewyvitaT puris xeebis gaCexa, raTa xelovnurad SeeqmnaT sakvebis deficiti, anda adgilobrivi xalxebisaTvis sabinao gadasaxadi daewesebinaT, raTa eiZulebinaT isini, rom sakuTari Sroma gaecvalaT. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, damdgari 1 * Mair , L . P ., An African People in the Twentieth Century , 1934 . 2 Loeb , E . M ., “ The Distribution and Function of Moneyin Early Society ; ’ in Essays in Anthropology , 1936 . 3 Herskovits , M . J ., The Economic Life of Primitive Peoples , 1 940 . 305 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi Sedegi Zalian waagavda tiudorTa mier mawanwalaTa brboebisaTvis dawesebuli SezRudvebis Sedegebs. evropuli istoriis XVI aswleulidan am borotebiT aRsavse figuris, „ ubatono adamianis “ afrikul buSebSi gamoCenis istoria erTa ligis erT-erT angariSSi aris aRwerili, Tanmxleb saSinelebebze saTanado aqcentiT 1 . gvian Sua saukuneebSi adamianis aseT tips mxolod da mxolod sazogadoebis „ jurRmulebSi “ Tu SexvdebodiT. 2 Tumca, swored is gaxlavT me19 saukunis migrirebadi mSromelis winapari. 3 Tumca, imas, rasac TeTrkaniani adamiani dResdReobiT Soreul adgilebSi periodulad axorcielebs praqtikaSi, anu rodesac socialur struqturebs anadgurebs, raTa maTi ganadgurebis dros gamoTavisuflebuli SromiTi elementebi aiTvisos, me18 saukuneSi imaves ukeTebda TeTrkanian mosaxleobas imave miznebiT. saxelmwifos hobsiseuli groteskuli xedva – adamiani leviaTani, romlis veeberTela sxeulic uTvalavi adamianuri sxeulis simravlisagan Sedgeba – Sromis bazris rikardoseulma koncefciam daaknina rogorc adamianTa cxovrebisagan Semdgari nakadi, romlis mdinarebasac maTTvis xelmisawvdomi sakvebis odenoba aregulirebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom arsebobda garkveuli standarti, romelsac arc erTi dasaqmebulis xelfasi ar unda Camoscileboda, aRniSnuli SezRudva moqmedebaSi modioda mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki dasaqmebulis arCevani davidoda iqamde, rom an saWmlis gareSe darCena unda aerCia anda sakuTari Sromis bazarze gayidva im fasad, ra fasadac SeZlebda. sxvaTa Soris, amiT aixsneba klasikosi ekonomistebis sruliad auxsneli dumili imaze, 1 Thumwald , R . C ., op . cit . 2 Brinkmann , C ., ” Das soziale System des Kapitalismus : ’ in Grundriss der Sozialo kon omik , 1924 . 3 Toynbee , A ., Lectures on the Industrial Revolution , 1887 , p . 98 . 306 Tavi 14 bazari da adamiani Tu ratom miiCneva, rom SimSilis saxiT sasjelis dawesebas SeuZlia funqcionirebadi Sromis bazris Seqmna da ara maRali xelfasiT dajildoebas. aq, kidev erTxel xdeba aqtualuri koloniuri gamocdileba. adgilobrivi mosaxleobis SemTxvevaSi, rac ufro maRali iyo anazRaureba, miT ufro naklebi iyo stimuli Zalisxmevis gasaRebad, radgan TeTrkaniani adamianisagan gansxvavebiT, maT maTi kultura ar aiZulebda, rom rac SeiZleba bevri fuli eSovaT. es analogia kidev ufro gasaocari xdeba, rodesac gaviazrebT, rom adreuli muSebic, romelTac sZuldaT qarxana, Tavs damcirebulad da nawamebad miiCnevdnen, adgilobrivi mosaxleobis msgavsad, romelic Cveni Tanamedrove sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, samuSaoze Tanxmdeboda mxolod da mxolod imis gamo, rom fizikuri ganadgurebis safrTxe Tu ara, korporaciuli sasjeli mainc emuqreboda. lioneli mwarmoeblebi me18 saukuneSi daJinebiT uWerdnen mxars samuSaos dabal anazRaurebas ZiriTadad socialuri xasiaTis mqone argumentebze miTiTebiT. 1 maTi mtkicebiT, mxolod da mxolod zedmeti Sromisagan welgawyvetili muSa ityvis uars Tavis TanamoazreebTan gaerTianebaze, raTa Tavi daixsnas monuri mdgomareobisagan, romlis pirobebSic, mis batons SeuZlia nebismieri ramis gakeTeba aiZulos. kanoniT gansazRvruli Sromis iZuleba da religiis doneze ayvanili batonymoba inglisSi, absolutisturi Sromis politikis sixiste kontinentur evropaSi da Crdilo da samxreT amerikebSi istoriis adreul etapze danergili „ dakontraqtebuli “ Sroma gaxldaT winapiroba „ muyaiTi mSromelis “ CamoyalibebisaTvis. Tumca, am procesma saboloo etaps „ bunebisgan movlenili sasjelis “ , SimSilis farTod gavrcelebiT miaRwia. SimSilisagan Tavis dasaRwevad ki, saWiro iyo aRmofxvri1 Heckschcr , E . F ., op . cit ., Vol . II , p . 168 . 307 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi liyo organuli sazogadoeba, romelic ar uSvebda, rom adamians eSimSila. pirvel SemTxvevaSi, sazogadoebis dacva mmarTvel klas­ ze modis, romelsac pirdapir SeuZlia, rom Tavs moaxvios sakuTari survilebi mas. Tumca, ekonomikuri liberalebi zedmetad iolad askvnidnen, rom ekonomikuri mmarTvelebis arseboba sasargeblo iyo, xolo politikuri mmarTvelebis ara. magram, adam smiti ase ar fiqrobda, rodesac miiCnevda, rom indoeTSi britaneTis pirdapirma mmarTvelobam unda Caanacvlos daqiravebuli kompaniis meSveobiT marTva. misi mtkicebiT, politikuri mmarTvelebis interesebi marTulebisas emTxveoda, romelTa gamdidrebac pirdapir gazrdida saxelmwifos Semosavlebsac, xolo vaWarTa interesebi bunebrivad winaaRmdegobaSi modioda maTi momxmareblebis interesebTan. obieqturi interesebis Tu piradi midrekilebebis gamo inglisel miwaTmflobelebs uxdebodaT ubralo adamianebis dacva industriuli revoluciis zewolisagan. spinhemlendis sistema warmoadgenda erTgvar TavdacviT Txrils tradiciuli sasoflo mowyobisaTvis, rodesac cvlilebaTa qariSxali walekviT emuqreboda sasoflo dasaxlebebs da romelic, sxvaTa Soris, agrokulturas usargeblo industriad qcevas uqadda. maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli sijiutiT, industriuli qalaqebis winaSe qedis moxraze uaris TqmiT, skvaierebi aRmoCndnen pirvelebi, vinc maT win aRudga brZolaSi, romelic, rogorc mogvianebiT gairkva, erTi saukunis ganmavlobaSi gastanda. Tumca, maT winaaRmdegobas amaod sulac ar Cauvlia; man TiTqmis ramdenime Taobis ganmavlobaSi moaxerxa, rom arsebuli wyoba srulad dangreuliyo, riTac dro moigo rom sazogadoeba bolomde gadawyobiliyo. momdevno ormoc welSi, rac kritikulad mniSvnelovan periods warmoadgenda, parlamentis mier 1834 wels miRebuli reformis meSveobiT, romelic spinhemlen308 Tavi 14 bazari da adamiani dis sistemis moSlas isaxavda miznad, miwaTmflobelebma sawarmoebTan dakavSirebuli kanonebisaken mimarTes winaaRmdegoba. eklesia da feodalebi xalxs axla ukve qarxanaTa mflobelebis winaaRmdeg amxedrebdnen, romelTa gabatoneba moaswavebda imas, rom mTeli yuradReba gadavidoda iafi sakvebis mopovebaze, rac bunebrivad Seuqmnida safrTxes qirisa da saeklesio meaTedebis gadaxdas. magaliTad, ous­ tleri iyo „ sasuliero piri, tori da proteqcionisti “ da metic, igi filanTropic gaxldaT. aseTive konservatoruli ( tori ) socializmis ingredientebis sxvadasxva kombinaciis warmomadgenlebi iyvnen aseve sedleri, sauTi da lordi Seftsberi. Tumca, fuladi Semosavlebis dakargvis safrTxis winaTgrZnoba, romelic maTi mxardamWerebis did masas aRZravda samoqmedod, aseve sakmaod mniSvnelovani faqtori aRmoCnda: manCesterelma eqsportiorebma maleve daiwyes xmamaRla saubari dabal anazRaurebaze, rac aseve gulisxmobda dabal fass marcvleulze – spinhamlendis sistemis gauqmebam da qarxnebis zrdam praqtikulad Seamzada niadagi „ marcvleulis kanonis “ mxardamWeri agitaciisaTvis 1846 wels. miuxedavad amisa, gauTvaliswinebeli mizezebis gamo, agrokulturis moSlam inglisSi mTeli erTi TaobiT gadaiwia. amasobaSi, dizraelma siRaribis kanonis reformis aqtis sawinaaRmdego protests daafuZna konservatoruli socializmi, xolo ingliselma konservatorma miwaTmflobelebma industriul sazogadoebaSi ZaliT danerges cxovrebis mowyobis axali formebi. 1847 wels miRebuli kanoni aTsaaTiani samuSao dRis Sesaxeb, romelsac marqsi Tavdapirvelad socializmis pirvel gamarjvebad aRiqvamda, reaqcioneri ganmanaTleblebis damsaxureba iyo. Tavad mSromelebi am did moZraobaSi TiTqmis araviTar rols ar asrulebdnen, risi Sedegic is iyo, rom, xatovnad rom vTqvaT, am gardamaval periodSi maT Tavis gadarCena SeZles. maTi bedis gadawyvetisas maT iseve eTqmodaT sity309 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi va, rogorc Savkanian monebs, roca hokinsis tvirTmzidi gemis sapyrobiliT mohyavdaT isini. Tumca, swored sakuTari bedis gankargvis procesSi britanuli muSaTa klasis monawileobis nakleboba gaxda gadamwyveti faqtori inglisis socialuri istoriis ganviTarebaSi da swored man aqcia is kontinenturi evropis istoriisagan gansxvavebulad, dadebiTi gagebiT vigulisxmebT amas Tu uaryofiTi. dabadebis procesSi myofi klasis umisamarTo mRelvarebebSi, tlanq moZraobebsa da uxeS SecdomebSi, romlis WeSmariti bunebac istoriam ukve didi xania yvelas dagvanaxa, aris raRac Taviseburad saxasiaTo. politikurad, britanuli mSromelTa klasi 1832 wlis saparlamento reformis sakanonmdeblo aqtma gansazRvra, sadac maT uari eTqvaT xmis micemis uflebis miniWebaze; ekonomikurad – 1834 wels miRebulma siRaribis kanonis reformis aqtma, romelmac isini SemweobaTa sistemidan gamoricxa da isini pauperebisagan gamijna. SemdgomSi, garkveuli xnis ganmavlobaSi, muSaTa klasisaTvis bundovani iyo momavali, bolos da bolos, iyo Tu ara xsna soflad cxovrebasa da xelsaqmesTan dabrunebaSi. spinhemlendis sistemis aRmofxvris Semdeg ori aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi maTi Zalisxmeva mimarTuli iyo samanqano danadgarebis Tavisufali gamoyenebis SeCerebisaken, xelosanTa sakanonmdeblo aqtis SegirdobasTan dakavSirebuli muxlebis praqtikaSi ganxorcielebis Tu pirdapiri moqmedebis, ludituri moZraobis meSveobiT. es warsulisaken mimarTuli mzera, SleifiviT Tan sdevda mTels ouenistur moZraobas 40 -ian wlebamde, vidre aTsaaTiani samuSao dRis kanonma, Cartistuli moZraobis daRmasvlam da kapitalizmis oqros xanis dadgomam adamianTa mexsierebidan warsuli sabolood ar amoSala. manamde, dabadebis procesSi myofi britanuli muSaTa klasi gamocanad rCeboda Tavis TavisTvisac ki, xolo zaralis daTvla, romelic ingliss miadga eris cxovrebidan muSaTa klasis 310 Tavi 14 bazari da adamiani gamoTiSviT, SesaZlebeli mxolod da mxolod im SemTxvevaSia Tuki Tvals gavadevnebT im sanaxevrod gaucnobierebel procesebs, romelTac adgili hqondaT. rodesac ouenizmma da Cartizmma sakuTari Tavi amowures, aRniSnuli procesis Sedegad, inglisi kidev ufro gaRaribda da dakarga is bazisi, romelsac unda dayrdnoboda momavalSi Tavisufali sazogadoebis anglo-saqsuri idealis Sesaqmnelad. ouenistur moZraobas mxolod da mxolod lokaluri xasiaTis arc Tu mniSvnelovani qmedebebi rom mohyoloda, ukve sakmarisi iqneboda saimisod, rom ingliseli eris SemoqmedebiTi warmosaxvis monumentad qceuliyo. xolo Cartizmi im birTvis sazRvrebs rom arc gascdenoda, romlis farglebSic daibada „ erovnuli dResaswaulis “ rogorc adamianis uflebis idea, igi mainc dagvanaxebda, rom arsebobdnen adamianebi, romelTac jer kidev SeeZloT ocneba da kargadac xvdebodnen im sazogadoebis fass, romelmac adamianuri saxe dakarga. Tumca, rogorc pirvel, ise meore SemTxvevaSi, movlenebi sul sxvagvarad ganviTarda. arc ouenizmi gamxdara umniSvnelo droebiTi mimarTulebis STagonebis wyaro da arc Cartizmi Semoifargleboda mxolod politikuri elitebiT; orive maTgani asobiT aTasi xelosnis, xelsaqmis ostatis, muSisa da mSromeli adamianisagan Sedgeboda da maTi sakmaod seriozuli mxardaWeris meSveobiT Tanamedrove istoriis udides moZraobebs Soris daikaves adgili. da miuxedavad imisa Tu ramdenad gansxvavdebodnen isini erTmaneTisagan da ramdenad msgavsi masStabis marcxi ganicades, orive maTganma cxadyo, rom, pirvelyovlisa, adamianis bazris marwuxebisagan dacva iyo aucilebeli. ouenizmi Tavdapirvelad arc politikuri moZraoba iyo da arc muSaTa moZraoba. igi warmoadgenda qarxnebis gaCeniT yvelaze metad dazaralebuli rigiTi adamianebis dauokebel survils, rom epovaT arsebobis iseTi forma, 311 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi romelic SesaZlebels gaxdida, rom adamiani manqana-danadgarebis batoni yofiliyo. misi mizani, faqtobrivad, iyo iseTi gzis monaxva, romelic SeiZleba gavigoT rogorc kapitalizmisaTvis gverdis avla. aseTi formulireba, ra Tqma unda, garkveulwilad SecdomaSi Semyvania, vinaidan kapitalis maorganizebeli roli da TviTregulirebadi bazris realuri buneba jer kidev ar iyo gancxadebuli. miuxedavad amisa, albaT swored aseTi formulireba gadmoscems saukeTesod ouenis suliskveTebas, romelic xazgasmiT manqana-danadgarebis winaaRmdegi sulac ar iyo. mas swamda, rom miuxedavad manqana-danadgarebis danergvisa, adamiani unda darCeniliyo sakuTari Tavis damsaqmeblad; kooperaciis principi anda „ profkavSiri “ ki manqana-danadgarebis sakiTxs gadawyvetda ise, rom arc individualuri Tavisuflebis an socialuri solidarobis gawirva gaxdeboda saWiro da arc adamianis Rirsebisa Tu Tanamoazreebisadmi misi simpaTiebis. ouenizmis Zlieri mxare is iyo, rom miuxedavad misi STagonebis wyaros calsaxad praqtikuli xasiaTisa, misi meTodebi mainc adamianis holisturi gagebis swor aRqmas efuZneboda. marTalia, problemebi arsebiTad yoveldRiuri cxovrebisaTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli, rogoricaa sakvebis xarisxi, sacxovreblisa da ganaTlebis sakiTxi, xelfasebis done, umuSevrobis Tavidan arideba, Semweoba avadmyofobis dros da a.S., sakiTxebi, romelsac is exeboda iseTive farTo iyo, rogorc moraluri Zalebi, romlebze apelirebasac is axdenda. rwmenam imisa, rom swori meTodis mignebis SemTxvevaSi, adamianis cxovreba kvlavac Rirseuli gaxdeboda, SesaZlebeli gaxada, rom moZraobis fesvebs cnobierebis iseT Rrma SreebSi SeeRwia, sadac adamianis pirovnuli Camoyalibeba mimdinareobs. iSviaTad Tu uarsebia amaze ufro naklebad inteleqtualizebul moZraobas, romelmac amxela masStabebs miaRwia; masSi CarTuli adamianebis 312 Tavi 14 bazari da adamiani rwmena-warmodgenebma maT, erTi SexedviT, yvelaze ufro trivialur qmedebebsac ki iseTi mniSvneloba SesZina, rom araviTari cxadad formulirebuli rwmenis simboloebis saWiroeba aRar idga. Tumca ki, maTi rwmena winaswarmetyveluri iyo, vinaidan isini apelirebas axdendnen cxovrebis gadawyobis iseT meTodebze, rac sabazro ekonomikis farglebs scdeboda. ouenizmi es iyo industriis religia, romlis mimdevaric mSromelTa klasi iyo 1 . misi formebisa da iniciativebis siuxve jer arnaxuli iyo. faqtobrivad, igi warmoadgenda Tanamedrove profkavSirTa moZraobis sawyiss. daarsda kooperatiuli sazogadoebebi, romelic ZiriTadad sakuTar wevrebTan sacalo vaWrobaSi iyo Cabmuli. ra Tqma unda, es gaxldaT ara momxmarebelTa Cveulebrivi kooperativebi, aramed ufro saTavsoebi, romelTa ukanac idgnen enTuziasti adamianebi, romlebic momarTulni iyvnen, rom TavianTi sawarmoebis mogeba ouenisturi gegmebis ganxorcielebaSi, saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi, kooperatiul soflebSi CaedoT. „ maTi saqmianoba, komerciulTan erTad, saganmanaTleblo da propagandistulic iyo; xolo maTi survili iyo, rom erTiani ZalisxmeviT axali sazogadoebis Camoyalibeba gamxdariyo SesaZlebeli “ . „ profkavSirTa maRaziebi “ , romelTac profkavSirebi flobda ufro mwarmoebelTa kooperativebs warmoadgenda, sadac dausaqmebel xelosnebs SeeZloT samsaxuri eSovaT anda gaficvebis SemTxvevaSi, garkveuli Semosavali mieRoT, sagaficvo anazRaurebis amarad yofnis magivrad. ouenistur „ Sromis birJaze “ kooperatiuli maRaziis idea unikalur institutad Camoyalibda. birJis Tu bazris ideis amosavali wertili iyo xelobaTa urTierTSemavsebeli buneba; erTmaneTis saWiroebebis 1 Cole , G . D . H ., Robert Owen , 1925 , naSromi, romelsac Cven aqtiurad veyrdnobiT. 313 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi dakmayofilebiT, moiazreboda rom, xelosnebi daculebi iyvnen bazris ryevebisagan; mogvianebiT, amas daemata SromiTi Tamasuqebi, romlebic farTod gamoiyeneboda. msgavsi sqema dRes SesaZloa fantastikis sferodan iyos, magram ouenis epoqaSi aramxolod anazRaurebadi Sromis, aramed Tavad banknotebis gamoyenebis idea jerac bundovani iyo. socializmi arsebiTad ar gansxvavdeboda im proeqtebisa da Canafiqrebisagan, romliTac savse iyo benTamistebis moZraoba. ara mxolod meamboxe mowinaaRmdegeebi, aramed respeqtabeluri saSualo klasic ki jerac eqsperimentebis xasiaTze iyo. Tavad jeremi bentamma fuli Cado ouenis futuristuli ganaTlebis sqemaSi niu lanarkSi da dividendic miiRo. ouenisturi sazogadoebebi warmoadgenda srulfasovan asociaciebs anda klubebs, romlebic miznad isaxavdnen iseTi soflis kooperativebis Seqmnis gegmis mxardaWeras, rogorzec zemoT siRaribis Semsubuqebis konteqstSi vsaubrobdiT; es gaxldaT agromwarmoeblebis kooperativis Canasaxi, romlis ideac ukve didi xania arsebobda. pirveli saerTo erovnuli mwarmoebelTa organizacia, romelsac sindikalisturi miznebi hqonda, gaxldaT mSenebel xelosanTa gaerTianeba. igi cdilobda, rom Tavad daeregulirebina samSeneblo mrewveloba „ yvelaze ufro didmasStabiani Senobebis “ aSenebiT, sakuTari valutis SemoRebiT da imis CvenebiT Tu ra gziT SeiZleboda „ didi gaerTianebis Seqmna mwarmoebelTa klasebis emansipaciisaTvis. “ me19 saukunis industriul mwarmoebelTa kooperativebi swored am wamowyebiT TariRdeba. swored mSenebelTa profkavSiridan Tu gildiidan da misi „ parlamentidan “ warmoiSva kidev ufro masStaburi konsolidirebuli profkavSirebi, romelic mcire xnis ganmavlobaSi Tavs uyrida TiTqmis erT milion muSasa da xelosans profesiuli kavSirebisa da kooperatiuli sazogadoebebis federaciaSi, romelsac Tavisufali organizaciuli mowyoba hqonda. misi mizani iyo 314 Tavi 14 bazari da adamiani mSvidobiani gzebiT industriis gadatrialeba, romelic winaaRmdegobrivad aRar mogveCveneba, rogorc ki gavixsenebT, rom moZraobis mesianistur gariJraJze mis wevrebs Rrmad swamdaT, rom mSromelTa mier misiis ubralod gacnobierebac ki sakmarisi iqneboda, rom moZraoba warmatebuli gamomdgariyo. swored am organizaciis erT-erT sasoflo Stos warmoadgendnen tolpudleli wamebulebi. fabrikebTan dakavSirebuli kanonmdeblobis Sesaxeb propagandis warmarTvaze aRorZinebis sazogadoebebi ( Regeneration Socie ties ) iyvnen pasuxismgeblebi; mogvianebiT ki daarsda eTikuri sabWoebi, romlebic sekularuli moZraobis winamorbedebs warmoadgendnen. swored maT wiaRSi Seisxa xorci araZaladobrivi winaaRmdegobis ideam. safrangeTSi sen simonianizmis msgavsad, ouenizmi inglisSi spiritualuri STagonebis yvelanair niSans atarebda; oRond, Tuki sen simoni qristianTa winaaRmdegobas edga saTaveSi, oueni gaxldaT qristianobis mowinave oponenti Tanamedrove muSaTa klasis liderebs Soris. did britaneTSi momxmarebelTa kooperativi, romelsac mogvianebiT mTel msoflioSi gamouCndnen mimdevrebi, ra Tqma unda, praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT, ouenizmis yvelaze warmatebul ganStoebas warmoadgenda. is faqti, rom, misi impulsi daikarga – anda, ufro swori iqneba Tu vityviT, rom igi mxolod da mxolod momxmarebelTa moZraobebis periferiul sferoebSi SemorCa – sasuliero Zalebis calsaxad yvelaze didi marcxi gaxldaT industriuli inglisis istoriaSi. Tumca, unda vaRiaroT, rom adamianebma, romlebmac spinhemlendis sistemis periodis moraluri degradacias gauZles, jer kidev SerCenili hqondaT Zala, romelic saWiro iyo aseTi warmosaxviTi da stabiluri SemoqmedebiTi SromisaTvis, risTvisac usazRvrod didi inteleqtualuri da emociuri energiis gaReba sWirdebodaT. 315 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi ouenizmSi, romelic apelirebda adamianis holistur gagebaze, mainc iyo SemorCenili Sua saukuneebis memkvidreoba, rogorc korporaciuli cxovrebis saxiT, ramac gamoxatuleba mSenebelTa gildiaSi pova, aseve misi soflisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli socialuri idealis saxiT, romelic soflebis kooperativebSi gamoixata. miuxedavad imisa, rom ouenizmi warmoadgenda Tanamedrove socializmis wyaros, misi wamyvani ideebi ar iyo dakavSirebuli kerZo sakuTrebis sakiTxTan, romelic mxolod da mxolod kapitalizmisTvis aris principulad mniSvnelovani iuridiuli sakiTxi. rodesac axal fenomens, industrias waawyda, sen-simonis msgavsad manac aRiara gamowvevebi, romelsac manqana-danadgarebi qmnidnen. Tumca, ouenizmis maxasiaTebeli niSani iyo is, rom igi daJinebiT akeTebda aqcents socialur midgomaze: igi uaryofda sazogadoebis dayofas ekonomikur da politikur sferoebad da Sedegad, igi uaryofda am sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi politikuri qmedebis saWiroebasac. ekonomikuri sferos damoukideblad cnoba niSnavda mogeba-miwodebis principis sazogadoebis maorganizebel Zalad aRiarebas. amas ki oueni ewinaaRmdegeboda. Tavisi gamWriaxobis damsaxurebiT, man ganWvrita, rom manqana-danadgarebis inkorporireba mxolod da mxolod axali tipis sazogadoebaSi iyo SesaZlebeli. ouenisTvis industriasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar Semoifargleboda mxolod da mxolod ekonomikuri aspeqtiT ( vinaidan es niSnavda sazogadoebis gagebas bazris konteqstSi, rasac is ewinaaRmdegeboda ) . niu lanarkSi man gaacnobiera, rom xelfasi muSis cxovrebaSi mxolod da mxolod erTi faqtoria, mraval iseT faqtorTa Soris, rogoricaa bunebrivi Tu saojaxo garemo, saqonlis xarisxi da fasi, stabiluri samsaxuri da dakavebulad yofnis garantiebi. ( niu lanakris qarxnebi, iseve rogorc manamde arsebuli ramdenime firma, dasaqmebulebs xelfasebs im SemTxvevaSic uxdida, Tuki im moment316 Tavi 14 bazari da adamiani Si maTTvis saqme ar hqondaT ) . Tumca, reorganizeba TavisTavSi gacilebiT ufro met rames moiazrebda. bavSvebisa da mozardebis ganaTleba, dasvenebisa da garTobis, cekvis, musikis xelSewyoba, da zogadad axalgazrdebsa da mozrdilebSi maRali moralisa da piradi standartebis damkvidreba qmnida atmosferos, sadac mTlianad industriul sazogadoebas axali statusi eniWeboda. mTeli evropidan ( da amerikidanac ki ) aTasobiT adamiani stumrobda niu lanarks rogorc momavlis rezervacias, sadac SeuZleblis miRweva SeZles – warmatebiT marTavdnen qarxanas, romelSic adamianebi ise muSaobdnen, rom adamianur saxes ar kargavdnen. miuxedavad amisa, ouenis firma TanamSromlebs gacilebiT ufro naklebs uxdida, vidre amas mezobel qalaqebSi akeTebdnen. niu lanarkis mogebis ZiriTadi wyaro Sromis maRali produqtiuloba da Semcirebuli samuSao saaTebi iyo, brwyinvale mowyobisa da dasvenebuli muSa-xelis damsaxurebiT, romlisgan miRebuli sargebelic gadawonida gazrdil realur anazRaurebas, romelic uzrunvelyofda Rirseul cxovrebas. am garemoebaTagan bolo kargad xsnis im faqts Tu ratom aRmerTebdnen dasaqmebulebi ouens. am tipis gamocdilebebiT igi aanalizebda, rom industriasTan dakavSirebuli problemis mosagvareblad socialuri midgoma gacilebiT ufro efeqturi iyo, vidre viwro ekonomikuri. misi gamWriaxobis kidev erTi dasturi iyo is, rom miuxedavad sakiTxebis kompleqsuri aRqmisa, amas ar SeuSlia misTvis xeli, rom gaeazrebina konkretuli materialuri faqtebis gadamwyveti roli muSaTa cxovrebaSi. misi religiuri grZnobebi aumxedrda hana morisa da mis iaffasiani propagandistuli Txzulebebis materialur transcendentalizms. magaliTad, erT-erTi aseTi Txzuleba xotbas asxamda qvanaxSiris sabadoSi momuSave lankaSirel gogonas. 9 wlis asakSi is SaxtaSi gaamweses, Tavisze ori wliT 317 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi patara ZmasTan erTad, sadac qvanaxSiri unda ezidaT 1 . „ igi sixaruliT gahyva mas [ mamamiss ] qvanaxSiris maRaroSi da CaZvra miwis wiaRSi, sadac miuxedavad patara asakisa da Tavisi sqesisa, mas sulac ar uTqvams uari saqmianobaSi SeerTeboda maRaroelebs, adamianTa am marTlac tlanq, magram sazogadoebisaTvis esoden sasargeblo modgmas. “ mama Svilebis Tvalwin imsxverpla ubedurma SemTxvevam. mogvianebiT gogonam gadawyvita, rom mosamsaxured emuSava, magram imis gamo, rom is meSaxte iyo, misdami crurwmenebis gamo samsaxurSi ar aiyvanes. bedis gangebiT, romelic ubedurebebs madlad gardaqmnis xolme, misma moTminebam da amtanobam yuradReba miiqcia, gaikiTxes ra misi vinaoba maRaroSi da mas Semdeg rac brwyinvaled daaxasiaTes is, sabolood igi samsaxurSi aiyvanes. „ es ambavi, “ – askvnida Txzuleba, „ Raribebma SesaZloa gakveTilad CaTvalon, rom TiTqmis ar arsebobs iseTi dabali sazogadoebrivi mdgomareoba, sadac damoukideblobis garkveul dones ver miaRwev, Tuki saTanado Zalisxmevas gaiReb da ar arsebobs iseTi warmoudgenlad rTuli cxovrebiseuli situacia, romelic SeuZlebels gaxdis, rom uamravi Rirseuli saqme akeTo. “ debi morebi umeteswilad SimSilisagan gasavaTebul mSromel xalxSi saqmianobdnen, Tumca, maTi fizikuri tanjviT odnavac ar interesdebodnen. maT erCivnaT industrializmis materialuri problemis gadawyvetis martivi gza gamoenaxaT da TavianTi usazRvro didsulovnebiT muSebi maTi statusisa da funqciis gamo SebralebodaT. hana mori daJinebiT amtkicebda, rom misi moTxrobis mTavari gmiris mama sazogadoebis Zalzed gamosadegi wevri iyo; xolo Tavad gogonas gansakuTrebul Rirsebas misi damsaqmeblebis Sefasebebic cxadyofda. hana moris swamda, 1 More , H ., The Lancashire Colliery Girl , May , 1795 ; cf . Hammond , J . L . and B ., The Town Labourer , 1917 , p . 230 . 318 Tavi 14 bazari da adamiani rom amaze meti arc araferi iyo saWiro gamarTulad momuSave sazogadoebis arsebobisaTvis. 1 robert ouenma ki zurgi aqcia qristianobas, romelic uaryofda amqveyniuri cxovrebis sirTuleebze gamarjvebas da amjobinebda, rom hana moris Txzulebis gaubedurebuli gmiri ganedidebina, nacvlad imisa, rom Tvali gaesworebina kompleqsur sazogadoebaSi adamianis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb saSineli simarTlisaTvis, rac axali aRTqmis sazRvrebs cdeboda. veravin daeWvdeba gulwrfelobaSi, romliTac ganmsWvalulia hana moris msjeloba, rom rac ufro morCilad Seegueboda Raribi adamiani Tavis dakninebul mdgomareobas, miT ufro iolad povebda is nugeSs, razec mori mTel Tavis imedebs amyarebda – rogorc RaribTa sulebis gadarCenis sakiTxSi, ise bazarze orientirebuli sazogadoebis gamarTuli funqcionirebaSi, romlisac mas ase mtkiced swamda. Tumca, mTeli es fuWi qristianuli garsi, romelic aristokratiis metnaklebad Rirseuli warmomadgenlebis sulier cxovrebas Zlivs umagrebda zurgs, sakmaod usaxurad gamoiyureboda industriis religiis SemoqmedebiT rwmenasTan SedarebiT, romlis SemarTebiTac inglisis rigiTi moqalaqeebi qveynis gadarCenas cdilobdnen. Tumca, kapitalizmis dasasrulamde jer kidev Sori iyo. Cartistuli moZraoba absoluturad gansxvavebul impulsebze apelirebda, xolo imis gamo, rom ouenizmma da misma umwifarma iniciativebma faqtobrivi marcxi ganicada, rTuli iyo winaswar ar gangeWvrita am moZraobis aRmocenebis SesaZlebloba. es gaxldaT sufTad politikuri moZraoba, romelic gaTvlas akeTebda konstituciuri gze1 Cf . Drucker , P . F ., The End of Economic Man , 1939 , p . 93 , inglisur evangelikanur moZraobasTan dakavSirebiT; and The Future of Industrial Man , 1942 , pp . 21 and 194 . statussa da funqciasTan dakavSirebiT. 319 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi biT xelisuflebaze zegavlenis moxdenaze; misi mcdelobebi, rom wnexi ganexorcielebina mTavrobaze, srul TanxmobaSi modioda saparlamento reformis moZraobis tradiciul taqtikasTan, romelmac manamde uzrunvelyo rom saSualo klass xmis micemis ufleba hqonoda. qartiis eqvsi principi gamoxatavda xalxisaTvis xmis micemis qmediTi uflebis moTxovnas. ukompromiso sixiste, romelsac reformirebuli parlamenti TiTqmis saukunis mesamedis ganmavlobaSi iCenda xmis micemis uflebis amgvari gafarToebisaTvis winaaRmdegobis gawevaSi; qartiisadmi masebis mxardaWeris mniSvnelobis gaTvaliswineba da zizRi, romliTac 1840 -ian wlebSi liberalebi iyvnen ganmsWvalulebi saxalxo mTavrobis ideisadmi, cxadyofda, rom inglisis saSualo klasisaTvis demokratiis cneba ucxo iyo. saSualo klasma xmis micemis ufleba ukeTes poziciaSi myof muSebs mxolod mas Semdeg dauTmo, rac mSromelTa klasma kapitalisturi ekonomiis principebi gaiTavisa, xolo profkavSirebma sakuTari zrunvis mTavar sagnad industriis Seuferxebeli funqcionireba gaixada, anu Cartistuli moZraobis Cacxromidan didi xnis Semdgom, rodesac ukve cxadi gaxda, rom mSromelebi aRniSnuli uflebis sakuTari ideebis sasargeblod gamoyenebas ar Seecdebodnen. arsebobis sabazro formebis gavrcelebis perspeqtividan am yovelives gamarTleba SesaZlebeli iyo, ramdenadac igi xels uwyobda winaaRmdegobebis gadalaxvas, romelsac qmnida mSromel xalxebSi cxovrebis organuli da tradiciuli formebis arseboba. xolo rac Seexeba absoluturad gansxvavebul sakiTxs – ubralo xalxis mdgomareobis gaumjobesebas, romelTa cxovrebasac industriulma revoluciam umowyalod gamouTxara Ziri da maT dabrunebas sayovelTao erovnuli kulturis farglebSi – es kvlavac mougvarebeli rCeboda. xmis micemis uflebis miniWebas maSin, rodesac ukve gamousworebeli ziani hqonda miyenebuli maT unars, gae320 Tavi 14 bazari da adamiani nawilebinaT pasuxismgebloba qveynis marTvaze, maTi mdgomareobis gamosworeba aRar SeeZlo. aristokratiam Secdoma dauSva mkacri klasobrivi mmarTvelobis principebis ganvrcobiT iseTi tipis civilizaciaze, romelic moiTxovda qveynis erTianobas kulturul da saganmanaTleblo sakiTxebTan dakavSirebul midgomebSi, Tuki mas damakninebeli gavlenebisagan Tavis dacva surda. Cartistuli moZraoba politikur xasiaTs atarebda da Sesabamisad, ouenizmTan SedarebiT ioli iyo mis arsSi Cawvdoma. miuxedavad amisa, mainc saeWvoa, rom Cartizmis emociur simZafres an Tundac am moZraobis masStabebs CavwvdeT, Tuki im epoqis sulieri atmosferos warmodgenas ar SevecdebiT. 1789 da 1830 wlebma revolucia evropaSi regularul instituciad aqcia; 1848 weli, parizis ajanyebis weli, londonsa da berlinSi gasaocari sizustiT iwinaswarmetyveles, Tumca saubari iyo ara socialur cvlilebebze, aramed bazris gaxsnaze, rasac maleve mohyva „ gagrZeleba “ revoluciebis saxiT berlinSi, venaSi, budapeStsa da italiis zogierT qalaqSi. daZabuli viTareba iyo londonSic, sadac yvela, maT Soris, Tavad Cartistebic elodnen, rom garkveuli Zaladobrivi moqmedebebi daiwyeboda, raTa parlamenti eiZulebinaT, rom xalxisaTvis xmis micemis ufleba mieniWebina. ( im droisaTvis xmis micemis privilegia zrdasruli mamakacebis 15 % -ze naklebs hqonda ) . inglisis mTeli istoriis ganmavlobaSi arasdros momxdara iseTi maRali koncentracia Zalebis, romlebic mzad iyvnen daecvaT kanoni da wesrigi, rogorc 1848 wlis 12 aprils. specialurad daniSnuli policielebis gankargulebaSi iyo aTasobiT moqalaqe, romlebic mzad iyvnen im dRes iaraRi mieSviraT CartistebisaTvis. parizis revolucia zedmetad daagvianda, saimisod rom inglisSi saxalxo moZraobis gamarjveba uzrunveleyo. im periodisaTvis revoluciuri suli, romelic siRaribis kanonis reformirebis aqtma da 40 -iani wle321 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi bis SimSilisgan gamowveulma tanjvam gaaRviZa, ukve milevis procesSi iyo; vaWrobis mzardma talRam samuSao adgilebi gaaCina, kapitalizmma ki saqonlis mowodeba uzrunvelyo. Cartistebi mSvidobianad daiSalnen. maTi iniciirebuli sakiTxi parlaments aRarc ki ganuxilavs, vidre mogvianebiT TemTa palatam maTi winadadeba xuTi xmiT erTis winaaRmdeg saerTod ukuagdo. amao gamodga Segrovebuli milionobiT xelmowera. amao gamodga Cartistebis kanonmorCili moqalaqeoba. gamarjvebulebma Cartistebis moZraobas damcirebiT mouRes bolo. ase dasrulda ingliseli xalxis udidesi Zalisxmeva, rom TavianTi qveyana saxalxo demokratiad eqciaT. erTi-ori wlis Semdeg ki, Cartistebi aRaravis axsovda. industriulma revoluciam kontinentur evropamde naxevari saukunis Semdeg CaaRwia. aq, miwis dasakuTrebis moZraobam muSaTa klasi ki ar Seaviwrova da gandevna, aramed maRali xelfasebisa da qalaquri cxovrebis mimzidvelobam naxevrad damonebul mdgomareobaSi myofi agromuSaki waaxalisa, rom daetovebina adgili da gadasaxlebuliyo qalaqSi, sadac is tradiciuli saSualo klass Seerwya da gauCnda „ qalaquri tonebis “ miRebis SesaZlebloba. nacvlad dakninebisa, man axal garemoSi Tavi amaRlebulad igrZno. ra Tqma unda, sacxovrebeli pirobebi savalalo iyo da qalaqis mSromelTa dabal fenebSi alkoholizmi da prostitucia me20 saukunis dasawyisamdec ki mZvinvarebda. miuxedavad amisa, Sedarebac ki ar SeiZleba moraluri da kulturuli katastrofis TvalsazrisiT ingliseli glexis anda Rirseuli warmomavlobis kopiholderis, romelmac erT dResac nors-vesternis fabrikebis samezobloSi socialur da fizikur jurRmulSi gaiRviZa da slovak anda pomeraniel miwaTmoqmed glexs Soris, romelic TavlaSi mcxovrebi dRiuri mojamagiridan lamis erT RameSi metropoliis sawarmos muSad gadaiqca. irlandiel 322 Tavi 14 bazari da adamiani an uelsel dRiur muSas anda Sotlandiis mTianeTis dasavleTSi mcxovrebs SesaZloa igive gamocdileba hqonoda manCesteris anda liverpulis xeivnebSi xetialisas, magram ingliseli iomenis Svils anda gamosaxlebul mojamagires namdvilad ar ugrZnia, rom misi socialuri statusi gaizarda. kontinentur evropaSi mcxovreb axlad emansipirebul fermis muSas ara mxolod imisi Tanabari Sansi gauCnda, rom xelosanTa da movaWreTa wvril burJuaTa klasSi aRzevebuliyo, romelsac Tavisi ZvelisZveli kulturuli tradiciebi mosdgamda, aramed Tavad burJuaziac ki, romelic socialur kibeze maTze maRla ayenebda Tavs, politikurad imave navSi, realuri mmarTveli klasisagan distancirebuli aRmoCnda. feodaluri aristokratiisa da romis episkopatis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi mzardi saSualo da muSaTa klasi erTmaneTis gverdiT idga. inteligenciam, kerZod ki universitetis studentobam, es kavSiri kidev ufro ganamtkica saerTo miznis damsaxurebiT, ieriSi mietanaT absolutizmsa da privilegiebze. inglisSi burJuazia, skvairebi iqnebodnen an vaWrebi me17 saukuneSi, Tu fermerebi da xelosnebi me19 saukuneSi, sakmarisad Zlierebi iyvnen saimisod, rom sakuTari uflebebi Tavad daecvaT da 1832 wlis movlenebSi, romelic lamis revoluciiT dasrulda, muSaTa mxardaWeris mopovebas arc ki cdilobdnen. metic, inglisSi axlad CamosulTagan yvelaze mdidrebis asimilacia aristokratiam daufiqreblad daiwyo da Tavisi socialuri ierarqiis zeda eSelonebi gaafarTova, maSin rodesac kontinentur evropaSi jer kidev naxevrad-feodaluri aristokratia burJuaTa Svilebze ar qorwindeboda, xolo maioratis institutis ararsebobam saguldagulod moaxdina maTi izolireba danarCeni klasebisagan. amitomac, Tavisuflebisa da Tanasworobisaken gadadgmuli yovel nabijs sargebeli mohqonda rogorc saSualo, ise muSaTa klasisaTvis. 1830 wlidan, da SeiZleba 1789 wlidanac ki, kontinen323 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi turi evropis tradiciad Camoyalibda is, rom muSaTa klasi burJuazias gverdSi edga feodalizmis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi, rogorc gavrcelebul gamonaTqvamSi iyo aRniSnuli, miuxedavad imisa, rom Tundac saboloo jamSi gamarjvebis sikeTeebTan dakavSirebiT burJuazias is moetyuebina. imis miuxedavad muSaTa klasma gaimarjva Tu vera, maTi miznebi politikurad iqca. swored es igulisxmeboda klasobrivi cnobierebis gaCenaSi. marqsistulma ideologiebma qalaqSi mcxovreb muSaTa Tvalsawieris kristalizeba moaxdina, romelsac garemoebebma aswavla, rom sakuTari industriuli da politikuri Zlieri mxareebis iaraRad gamoyeneba politikis umaRlesi formaa. Tuki britanelma muSebma SeiZines Seudarebeli gamocdileba profkavSiruli moZraobis pirad da socialur problemebTan dakavSirebiT, xolo saerTo erovnuli politikis sakiTxebi socialur kibeze maTze maRla mdgomebs dautoves, centralur evropaSi mcxovrebi muSebi politikur socialistebad Camoyalibdnen, romlebic saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis meSveobiT problemebis mogvarebas Seudgnen, Tumca, ra Tqma unda, pirvel rigS,i im problemebis, romlebic maT exebodaT. Tuki kontinentur evropasTan SedarebiT industrializacia naxevari saukuniT adre daiwyo did britaneTSi, erovnuli erTianobis Camoyalibebis kuTxiT es CamorCena kidev ufro TvalSisacemi iyo. erTianobis done, romelsac italiam da germaniam mxolod da mxolod me19 saukunis meore naxevarSi miaRwies, inglisSi saukuneebiT adre iyo miRweuli, xolo aRmosavleT evropis patara saxelmwifoebSi es etapi kidev ufro gvian dadga. saxelmwifos mSeneblobis am procesSi muSaTa klasma sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis roli SeiTavsa, ramac kidev ufro gaaZliera maTi politikuri gamocdileba. industriul epoqaSi SeuZlebeli iyo, rom aseT process aseve ar moecva socialuri politika. amgvarad, bismarkma meore raixis erTianobas socialur sakiTxebTan 324 Tavi 14 bazari da adamiani dakavSirebuli epoqaluri mniSvnelobis kanonmdeblobis SemoRebiT miaRwia. italiis erTianoba rkinigzis nacionalizaciam daaCqara. avstria-ungreTis samefoSi, romelic Tavs uyrida sxvadasxva ersa da xalxs, Tavad monarqi mimarTavda xolme muSebs centralizaciisa da imperiuli erTianobis miRwevis procesSi maTi mxardaWerisaTvis. am gacilebiT ufro farTo sferoSi, sakanonmdeblo organoebSi TavianTi gavlenebis meSveobiT, socialisturi partiebi da profkavSirebic naxulobdnen moqmedebis SesaZleblobas sawarmoTa muSebis interesebis dasacavad. 1 ekonomisturma akviatebulma Sexedulebebma muSaTa klasis sakiTxis sazRvrebi gaauferula. britanel avtorebs uWirdaT gaeazrebinaT, Tu ra saSineli STabeWdileba moaxdina damkvirveblebze kontinenturi evropidan lankaSirSi arsebulma adreuli kapitalisturi Sromis pirobebma. isini xels iSverdnen fabrika-qarxnebis muSaTa kidev ufro dabali cxovrebis standartebze centraluri evropis mravali qveynis teqstilis industriaSi, romelTa Sromis pirobebic xSirad albaT iseTive savalalo iyo, rogoric maTi ingliseli amxanagebis. Tumca, aseTi Sedareba saerTod bundovans xdida aTvlis wertils, rac gamoixateboda imaSi, rom mSromelTa socialuri da politikuri statusi maRla iwevda kontinentur evropaSi, gansxvavebiT inglisisa, sadac es statusi mxolod dabla mieqaneboda. kontinentur evropaSi mcxovreb muSas ar gauvlia spiinhamlandis gamanadgurebeli pauperizacia da arc siRaribesTan dakavSirebuli axali kanonis msgavsi araviTari paraleli moiZebneboda mis gamocdilebaSi. ymuri statusidan igi gadavida – ufro swored, aRzevda – fabrikis muSis da Zalian male ukve politikuri uflebebis mqone, profkavSiris wevri mu1 Knowles , L ., Industrial and Commercial Revolutions in Great Britain during the Nineteenth Century , 1926 . 325 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi Sis statusamde. amdenad, igi ascda katastrofas, romelic inglisSi industriuli revoluciis gamoRviZebas mohyva. metic, kontinentur evropaSi industrializacia maSin moxda, rodesac ukve SesaZlebeli iyo adaptacia sawarmoTa organizebis axal formebTan, umeteswilad, socialuri dacvis inglisuri meTodebis imitaciis damsaxurebiT. kontinentur evropaSi muSebs dacva sWirdebodaT ara imdenad industriuli revoluciis efeqtebisgan – socialuri TvalsazrisiT kontinentur evropaSi aseT rames adgili ar hqonia – ramdenadac fabrikebSi arsebuli pirobebis normaluri qmedebebisa da Sromis bazrisagan. amis miRweva ki maT SeZles ZiriTadad kanonmdeblobis meSveobiT, maSin rodesac maTi britaneli amxanagebi ufro metad eyrdnobodnen nebayoflobiT gaerTianebebs – profkavSirebs – da maT unars, moexdinaT Sromis monopolizeba. socialuri dazRveva kontinentur evropaSi gacilebiT ufro swrafad Semovida, vidre inglisSi. es gansxvaveba advilad aixsneboda kontinenturi evropis politikuri midrekilebiT da muSaTa masebisaTvis xmis micemis uflebis SedarebiT adreve gadacemiT. marTalia ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT gansxvaveba dacvis savaldebulo da nebayoflobiTi meTodebis niSniT – kanoni Tu iunionizmi – gadaWarbebulad SeiZleba iqnas Sefasebuli, magram am gansxvavebis politikuri Sedegebi mniSvnelovani iyo. kontinentur evropaSi profkavSirebi iyo muSaTa klasis politikuri partiebis mier Seqmnili; inglisSi ki politikuri partiebi iyo profkavSirebis mier Seqmnili. Tuki kontinentur evropaSi iunionizmi met-naklebad socialisturi gaxda, inglisSi politikuri socializmic ki arsebiTad profkavSirul xasiaTs inarCunebda. amitomac, universaluri xmis micemis uflebis moZraobas, romelic inglisSi sayovelTao erovnul Tanxmobas uwyobda xels, zogjer sapirispiro Sedegebi mohqonda kontinentur evropaSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom swored 326 Tavi 14 bazari da adamiani iq da ara inglisSi gamarTlda pitisa da pilis, tokvilisa da maklaus winaswarmetyvelebebi, rom saxalxo mTavrobis arsebobas SesaZloa safrTxe Seeqmna ekonomikuri sistemisaTvis. ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT, socialuri dacvis rogorc britanuli, ise kontinenturi meTodebi TiTqmis identur Sedegebamde mivida. maT miaRwies imas, rac miznad hqondaT dasaxuli: bazris destruqcia warmoebis im faqtorisaTvis, romelic samuSao Zalis saxeliT iyo cnobili. aseT bazars Tavisi funqciis Sesruleba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi SeeZlo, Tuki xelfasebi fasebis dacemis paralelurad Semcirdeboda. adamianuri TvalsazrisiT es postulati gulisxmobda muSebisTvis Semosavlebis gansakuTrebul arastabilurobas, profesiuli standartebis ararsebobas, srul mzadyofnas, rom ise moqceodnen rogorc nivTebs, romlebsac saiTac moesurvebodaT, iqiT moisvrian, erTi sityviT, bazris axirebebze damokidebulad yofnas. misesi sworad SeniSnavda, rom Tuki muSebi „ profkavSirebSi ar gaerTiandebodnen da erTad ar imoqmedebdnen da nacvlad amisa, TavianT moTxovnebs Seamcirebdnen da Seicvlidnen TavianT adgilmdebareobasa da profesias Sromis bazris moTxovnebis Sesabamisad, saboloo jamSi, isini SeZlebdnen samuSaos Sovnas. “ es kargad aRwers pozicias sistemaSi, romelic dafuZnebuli iyo Sromis sasaqonlo bunebis postulatze. saqonlis gadasawyveti ar aris, Tu sad gaitanen mas gasayidad, ra miznebiT gamoiyeneben mas, ra fasad unda iyos nebadarTuli misi gacvla anda ra formiT unda gamoiyenon an gaanadguron is. „ jerjerobiT, TavSic ki aravis mosvlia azrad, “ – werda es Tanmimdevrulad liberali avtori, „ rom xelfasis simcire gacilebiT ukeTesi pirobaa, vidre samuSaos arqona, vinaidan is ris danaklissac umuSevari adamiani ganicdis, aris ara Sroma, aramed Sromis anazRaureba. “ misesi marTali iyo, Tumca originalurobaze pretenzia ar 327 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi unda hqonoda. jer kidev 150 wlis win episkoposma uotlim Tqva: „ rodesac adamiani samuSaos ixveweba, is iTxovs xelfass da ara Sromas “ . miuxedavad amisa, teqnikurad, marTlac „ umuSevroba kapitalistur qveynebSi imiT aris gamowveuli, rom rogorc mTavrobis, ise profkavSirebis politikas mizanSi amoRebuli aqvs anazRaurebis iseTi niSnuli, rac Sromis arsebul produqtiulobasTan harmoniaSi ar modis. “ sxva ra SeiZleba iwvevdes umuSevrobas, kiTxulobs misesi, Tu ara is faqti, rom muSebs „ ar surT imuSaon im xelfasze, romlis miRebac Sromis bazarze SeuZliaT, konkretuli saqmisaTvis, romlis gakeTebac SeuZliaT da romlis survilic aqvT? “ aqedan naTlad Cans Tu ras niSnavs sinamdvileSi damsaqmeblis moTxovna Sromis mobilobasa da xelfasebis moqnilobaze: swored imas, rac zemoT aRvwereT rogorc bazari, sadac adamianuri Sroma saqonlad aRiqmeba. yovelgvari socialuri dacvis bunebiTi mizani iyo, rom aseTi institucia moeSala da SeuZlebeli gaexada misi arseboba. Sromis bazars faqtobrivad SeeZlo Tavisi mTavari funqciis SenarCuneba, oRond im pirobiT, rom xelfasebi da Sromis pirobebi, standartebi da regulaciebi unda yofiliyo iseTi, rom unda uzrunveleyo am erTgvari saqonlis, samuSao Zalis adamianuri buneba. imis mtkiceba, rom socialur sakiTxebTan dakavSirebul kanonmdeblobas, kanonebs fabrikebis Sesaxeb, umuSevrobis dazRvevas da, gansakuTrebiT, profkavSirebs xeli ar SeuSliaT Sromis mobilobisa da xelfasebis moqnilobisaTvis, rasac zogjer gadavawydebiT, niSnavs, rom am instituciebma sakuTar miznebs saerTod ver miaRwies. maTi miznebi ki swored imas gulisxmobda, rom es institutebi win unda aRdgomodnen moTxovna-miwodebis kanonebs adamianuri Sromis konteqstSi da CamoeSorebinaT is bazris orbitisagan. 328 Tavi 15 bazari da buneba is, rasac Cven miwas vuwodebT, aris bunebis elementi, romelic mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli adamianTa instituciebTan. misi gamocalkeveba da misTvis bazris Seqmna, albaT, Cveni winaprebis mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebaTagan erT-erTi yvelaze ufro ucnauria. tradiciulad, miwa da Sroma erTmaneTisagan ganuyofeli iyo; Sroma warmoadgens cxovrebis nawils, miwa ki rCeba bunebis nawilad, xolo cxovreba da buneba erT mTlianobas qmnian. amgvarad, miwa mibmulia naTesaobis, mezoblobis, xelosnobisa da rwmenis institutebTan – gvar-tomTan, salocavTan, sofelTan, gildiasTan da eklesiasTan. meore mxriv, erTi didi bazari, ekonomikuri cxovrebis damaxasiaTebelia, romelic Tavis TavSi aerTianebs warmoebis Semadgeneli elementebisaTvis cal-calke arsebul bazrebs. vinaidan es elementebi ganurCevelia adamianTa instituciebis elementebisagan, anu Tavad adamianisa da bunebisagan, ioli dasanaxia, rom sabazro ekonomika moicavs sazogadoebas, romlis institutebic eqvemdebarebian sabazro meqanizmis moTxovnebs. 329 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi es mtkiceba miwasTan mimarTebaSic iseTive utopiuria, rogorc SromasTan mimarTebaSi. ekonomikuri funqcia miwis funqciebidan mxolod da mxolod erT-erTia da ara erTaderTi. miwa adamianis cxovrebas stabilurs xdis; swored masze dgas adamianis sacxovrebeli adgili; is aris misi fizikuri usafrTxoebis winapiroba; miwa es aris landSafti da weliwadis droebi. miwis gareSe cxovreba adamianisaTvis igivea, rac xelfexis gareSe dabadeba. da mainc, miwis gamijvna adamianisagan da sazogadoebis mowyoba imgvarad, rom dakmayofilebuliyo uZravi qonebis bazris moTxovnebi, iyo sabazro ekonomikis utopiuri cnebis sasicocxlod mniSvnelovani nawili. kidev erTxel gavimeoreb, rom swored Tanamedrove kolonizaciis sferoSi gamoCnda amgvari avantiuris realuri saxe. xolo is, Tu raSi sWirdeba kolonialists miwa, simdidris dasamarxad Tu adgilobrivebis Sesaviwroeblad, raTa Semdgom sakvebi da nedli masala awarmoos, xSir SemTxvevaSi saerTod ararelevanturi sakiTxia; iseve, rogorc araviTari mniSvneloba ar aqvs adgilobrivi dasaqmebulebi kolonialistis pirdapiri zedamxedvelobis qveS imuSaveben Tu raRac sxva formis arapirdapiri Zaldatanebis pirobebSi, vinaidan TiToeuli aseTi SemTxveva, pirvel rigSi, adgilobrivTa socialuri da kulturuli sistemebis nacartutad qcevas gulisxmobs. bevri msgavseba arsebobs dRevandel koloniur situaciasa da erT-ori saukunis win dasavleT evropul kolonizacias Soris. Tumca, miwebis mobilizeba, rac axla egzotikur regionebSi SesaZloa sul ramdenime wlis anda ramdenime aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi gagrZeldes, dasavleT evropis saxelmwifoebis SemTxvevaSi ramdenime saukunis ganmavlobaSi grZeldeboda. gamowveva ki mas Semdeg gaCnda, rac wmindad komerciuli formis garda, sxva tipis kapitalizmma daiwyo zrda. 330 Tavi 15 bazari da buneba arsebobda agrokulturuli kapitalizmi, romelic tiudorTa epoqis inglisSi gaCnda da romelic miwisadmi individualur midgomebs moiTxovda, maT Soris, gadakeTebisa da SemosazRvris TvalsazrisiT. aseve, me18 saukunis dasawyisSi, safrangeTsa da inglisSi gaCnda industriuli kapitalizmi, romelic umeteswilad qalaqgareT viTardeboda da romelsac sivrceebi sawarmos Senoba-nagebobebisa da muSaTa dasaxlebebisTvis sWirdeboda. dabolos, me19 saukuneSi gaCnda yvelaze ufro mZlavri forma, romelic miwis gamoyenebaze ufro axdenda gavlenas, vidre iq arsebul sakuTrebaze, industriuli qalaqebis aRzevebis saxiT, romelsac, praqtikulad, sakvebisa da nedlis masalebis ulevi resursi sWirdeboda. erTi SexedviT, am gamowvevebis sapasuxod gadadgmul nabijebSi msgavseba ar SeiniSneboda, Tumca es yovelive erTiani procesis sxvadasxva safexurs warmoadgenda, rac planetis zedapiris industriuli sazogadoebis saWiroebebisadmi daqvemdebarebas gulisxmobda. pirveli safexuri es iyo niadagis komercializacia da miwidan miRebuli feodaluri Semosavlebis mobilizeba. meore safexuri iyo sakvebisa da nedli organuli masalebis warmoebis daCqareba, mTeli qveynis masStabiT swrafad mzardi industriuli mosaxleobis saWiroebebis dasakmayofileblad. mesame safexuri, gulisxmobda Warbi warmoebis amgvari sistemebis gavrcelebas okeanis gadaRma teritoriebsa da koloniebSi. bolo safexuris meSveobiT ki miwa da misi produqti sabolood Tavsdeboda TviTregulirebadi msoflio bazris sqemaSi. niadagis komercializacia ubralod feodalizmis likvidaciis gansxvavebuli saxeli iyo, romelic rogorc dasavlur saqalaqo centrebSi, aseve inglisSi me14 saukuneSi daiwyo da TiTqmis xuTi saukunis Semdeg evropuli revoluciebiT dagvirgvinda, rodesac feodaluri baton-ymobis 331 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi gadmonaSTebi aRmoifxvra. adamianis gancalkeveba niadagisgan niSnavda meurne sxeulis daSlas iseT nawilebad, rom mis TiToeul elements SesZleboda sistemis iseT nawilTan morgeba, sadac is yvelaze ufro gamosadegi iyo. Tavdapirvelad, axali sistema Zveli sistemis arsebobis paralelurad gaCnda, romlis asimilaciasa da SeTvisebasac is jer kidev kapitalizmamdeli periodis marwuxebiT Seborkili miwebis sakuTari kontrolis qveS moqceviT Seecada. miwebis CamorTmevis feodaluri wesi aRmoifxvra. „ aRniSnuli aqtis mizani iyo, rom samezoblo Tu sanaTesavo institutebs CamorTmeodaT miwaze raime saxis uflebis Tu pretenziis qonis SesaZlebloba, gansakuTrebiT, mdidar aristokratiasa da eklesias – romelTa mxridan gamoxatuli pretenziac xels uSlida miwis dagiravebasa Tu mis gamoyenebas aReb-micemobisaTvis. “ 1 amis miRweva zogan individualuri ZalisxmeviTa da ZaladobiT moxerxda, zogan – qvemodan Tu zemodan wamosuli revoluciiT, zogan – omiTa da dapyrobiT, zogan – sakanonmdeblo qmedebiT, zogan – administraciuli wnexiT, zogan ki – kerZo pirebis mxridan xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi mciremasStabiani spontanuri qmedebebiT. am danawevrebiT miyenebuli iarebi swrafad Sexorcdeboda Tu Ria Wrilobad darCeboda socialur sxeulze, umeteswilad, damokidebuli iyo zomebze, romlebic miiReboda procesebis regulirebisaTvis. Tavad mTavrobebma gadadges seriozuli nabijebi cvlilebebis gasatareblad da adaptaciisaTvis. magaliTad, italiur risorjimentomde ( italiis gaerTianeba ) modernuli saxelmwifos erT-erTi mTavari fundamenti da aseve, sxvaTa Soris, miwebis kerZo individebis xelSi mowesrigebulad gadasvlis erT-erTi mTavari meTodi eklesiis miwebis sekularizacia iyo. 1 Brinkmann , C ., ” Das soziale System des Kapitalismus ; ’ in Grundriss der Sozial Okonomik , 1924 . 332 Tavi 15 bazari da buneba am mxriv, metnaklebad mniSvnelovani nabijebi gadaidga safrangeTis revoluciisa da benTamiseuli reformebis meSveobiT 1830 -ian da 1840 -ian wlebSi. „ agrokulturis ayvavebisaTvis yvelaze ufro Sesaferisi pirobebi iqmneba iq, “ – werda benTami – „ sadac ar arsebobs maioratuli memkvidreoba, ar arsebobs gausxvisebeli qoneba, saerTo miwebi, ufleba gamosyidvaze da saeklesio meaTedebi... “ . kerZo sakuTrebisadmi da gansakuTrebiT miwis saxiT arsebuli kerZo sakuTrebisadmi aseTi midgoma Seadgenda individualuri Tavisuflebis benTamiseuli koncefciis arsebiT nawils. aRniSnuli Tavisuflebis ganvrcoba ama Tu im mimarTulebiT, warmoadgenda iseTi kanonebis mizansa da Sedegs, rogoric iyo aqti siZveleebis Sesaxeb, memkvidreobis aqti, jarimebisa da sasamarTlos ZaliT zRvevinebis aqti, uZravi qonebis aqti da 1801 wlis sazRvrebis dadgenis zogadi aqti da mis Semdgom miRebuli dokumentebi; 1 iseve, rogorc saarendo uflebebis ( kopiholdis ) aqti, 1841 wlidan 1926 wlamde. safrangeTsa da kontinenturi evropis calkeul nawilebSi napoleonis kodeqsma sakuTrebis burJuaziuli formebis institucionalizeba moaxdina, ramac miwa gasayid saqonlad, xolo giravnoba kerZo samoqalaqo kontraqtebis nawilad aqcia. meore safexuri, romelic nawilobriv pirvel safe­ xurzec vrceldeba, iyo miwis daqvemdebareba qalaqis swrafad mzard macxovrebelTa saWiroebebisaTvis. marTalia, Tavad miwis mobilizeba fizikurad SeuZlebelia, magram SesaZlebelia misi produqciis mobilizeba, Tuki gamarTuli satransporto saSualebebis arseboba da kanonmdebloba amis saSualebas iZleva. „ amdenad, saqonlis mobiloba garkveulwilad akompensirebs danakliss, romelic gamowveulia regionebs Soris qarxnebis mobilobis SeuZle1 Dicey , A . V ., op . cit ., p . 226 . 333 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi blobiT; anda, vaWroba anazRaurebs sawarmoo saSualebebis araxelsayreli geografiuli ganawilebiT gamowveul naklovanebebs ( rac principSi imaves niSnavs ) . “ 1 tradiciuli warmodgenebisaTvis aseTi Sexeduleba absoluturad ucxo iyo. „ arc antikur da arc adreul Sua saukuneebSi – es xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos – yoveldRiuri moxmarebis saqonlis regularuli yidva-gayidva ar xdeboda. “ 2 maSindeli gagebiT, marcvleulis morCenili maragebiT samezobloSi arsebuli qalaqebi unda momaragebuliyo, xorblis bazrebi me15 saukunemde mkacrad lokaluri organizebiT gamoirCeoda. Tumca, qalaqebis zrdam miwaTmflobelebs ubiZga, rom produqcia umTavresad bazarze gasatanad ewarmoebinaT, inglisSi metropoliebis zrdam ki xelisufleba aiZula, rom xorbliT vaWrobasTan dakavSirebuli SezRudvebi Seemsubuqebina da daeSva regionuli, Tumca ara qveynis masStabiT misi gayidva. saboloo jamSi, me18 saukunis meore naxevarSi, indus­ triuli qalaqebis mosaxleobisagan dakompleqtebul aglomeraciebSi situacia sruliad Seicvala – jer erovnuli, Semdgom ki mTeli msoflios masStabiT. Tavisufali vaWrobis WeSmariti arsi swored am cvlilebiT gamowveul SedegebSi aisaxa. miwaTmoqmedebis produqciis mobilizeba axlo-maxlo sasoflo dasaxlebebs gascda da tropikul da subtropikul regionebsac miswvda – Sromis industriul-agrokulturuli dayofa mTel planetaze gavrcelda. Sedegad, Soreul adgilebSi mcxovrebi 1 Ohlin , B ., Interregional and International Trade , 1935 , p . 42 . 2 Bucher , K ., Entstehung der Volkswirtschaft , 1904 . Cf . also Penrose , E . F ., Population Theories and Their Application , 1934 ; citirebuli Longfield , 1834 , sadac pirvelad iyo naxsenebi idea, rom saqonlis mobiloba SesaZloa gagebuli iyos rogorc sawarmoo faqtorTa mobilobis Semcvleli. 334 Tavi 15 bazari da buneba adamianebi cvlilebaTa morevSi iqnen CaTreulebi, romlis warmoSobac kvlavac bundovani rCeboda maTTvis, evropuli saxelmwifoebi ki amasobaSi, TavianT yoveldRiur saqmianobaSi, damokidebulebi gaxdnen sazogadoebrivi integraciis ideaze, romelic jer kidev ar iyo garantirebuli. amgvarad, Tavisufal vaWrobasTan erTad adamianis cxovrebaSi SemoiWra axali, grandiozuli masStabis planetaruli urTierTdamokidebulebis riskebi. socialuri wesrigis sayovelTao moSlisagan Tavdacvis fronti iseTi farTomasStabiani iyo, rogoric Tavdasxmis fronti. marTalia, zogadi kanonebi da sakanonmdeblo regulaciebi zogjer am process aCqarebda, Tumca zogjer igi Tavad xdeboda Semaferxebeli faqtori. magram, zogadi kanoni da sakanonmdeblo aqtebi sulac ar moqmedebdnen yovelTvis erTnairad. zogadma kanonebma, umeteswilad, dadebiTi roli Seasrula Sromis bazris CamoyalibebaSi – Sromis rogorc saqonlis Teoriaze, Tavdapirvelad, iuristebma daiwyes xazgasmiT saubari da ara ekonomistebma. mSromelTa gaerTianebisa da faruli molaparakebebis kanonTan dakavSirebiTac kanonmdebloba upiratesobas Tavisufal Sromis bazars aniWebda, miuxedavad imisa, rom igi organizebuli mSromelebis gaerTianebis Tavisuflebas zRudavda. Tumca, miwasTan dakavSirebiT, zogadi kanonis damokidebuleba droTa ganmavlobaSi Seicvala; Tavdapirvelad, igi mxars uWerda, Semdgom ki ewinaaRmdegeboda cvlilebas. me16 da me17 saukuneebSi zogadi kanoni, umeteswilad, mxars uWerda mepatronis uflebas gaeumjobesebina miwis Semosavlianoba, im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu es radikalur cvlilebebs moitanda miwaze mcxovrebTa da masze momuSaveTaTvis. kontinentur evropaSi mobilizaciis es procesi, rogorc cnobilia, gulisxmobda romis kanonis miRebas, xolo ingliss Tavisi sakuTari kanoni hqonda da man warmatebiT 335 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi daaaxlova erTmaneTTan Sua saukuneebis kerZo sakuTrebis SezRuduli uflebebi da Tanamedrove individualuri sakuTreba, ise rom ar mouwia sasamarTlos mier miRebuli kanonis principebis msxverplad gaReba, rac konstituciuri TavisuflebisaTvis sasicocxlod mniSvnelovani iyo. meore mxriv, me18 saukunidan moyolebuli, miwis Sesaxeb zogadi kanoni asrulebda warsulis Tanamedrove kanonmdeblobisagan dacvis funqcias. Tumca, saboloo jamSi benTamis mimdevrebma TavianTi gaitanes da 1830 -dan 1860 wlamde kontraqtebis Tavisufleba miwebzec gavrcelda. es mZlavri tendencia mxolod da mxolod 1870 -ian wlebSi Seicvala mas Semdeg, rac kanonmdeblobam viTareba radikalurad Semoatriala. ase daiwyo „ koleqtivisturi “ periodi. zogadi kanonis inercias axla ukve mizanmimarTulad umagrebda zurgs daCqarebulad miRebuli sakanonmdeblo aqtebi, raTa Tavisufali kontraqtebis Sedegebisagan soflad mcxovrebi klasis sacxovrebeli da samuSao pirobebi daecva. mniSvnelovani Zalisxmeva iqna gaRebuli, raTa RaribTa sacxovreblebSi sanitarul-higienuri normebi gaumjobesebuliyo, ijariT miscemodaT maT miwebi, raTa hqonodaT Sansi, rom jurRmulebidan amosuliyvnen da sufTa haeri esunTqaT. gaRatakebuli irlandieli moijareebi da londonis jurRmulebSi mcxovreblebi bazris kanonebis rkinis marwuxebisagan sakanonmdeblo aqtebma daixsna, romlebic progresis ulmobeli Zalisagan maT dasacavad iqna SemoRebuli. kontinentur evropaSi ki, umeteswilad statutis aqtebi da administraciuli qmedebebi icavda moijares, glexsa da miwis muSebs urbanizaciis yvelaze ufro mkacri Sedegebisagan. prusieli konservatorebi, rogoric iyo magaliTad rodbertusi, romlis iunkerulma socializmmac gavlena moaxdina marqsze da ingliseli tori-demokratebi erTi sisxli da xorci iyvnen. 336 Tavi 15 bazari da buneba maleve, Tavi iCina agrokulturaSi Cabmuli mosaxleobis dacvis problemam mTlianad qveynebsa Tu kontinentebze. saerTaSoriso Tavisufali vaWroba, Tuki misi regulireba ar xdeba, aucileblad usargeblod aqcevs agrokulturis warmoebaSi CarTul, nebismier metnaklebad msxvil kompaqtur jgufs. 1 ngrevis am gardauval process, gansakuTrebiT amwvavebda transportirebis Tanamedrove saSualebebis ganviTarebaSi momxdari wyvetebi, romelTa ganvrcobac planetis axal regionebze Zalian Zviri jdeboda, Tuki misgan miRebuli sargebeli gansakuTrebiT maRali ar iyo. rogorc ki gemebisa da rkinigzis mSeneblobaSi Cadebulma didZalma resursebma Sedegi gamoiRo, mTlianad kontinentebis karebi gaiRo da marcvleulma zvavebad daiwyo dena gaWirvebaSi myof evropaSi. movlenebis aseTi ganviTareba klasikur prognozs ar Seesabameboda. magaliTad, rikardo aqsiomad miiCnevda, rom, pirvel rigSi, yvelaze ufro sargebliani miwebis ganaSenianeba moxdeboda. rogorc ki rkinigzis gayvanam, antipodebSi kidev ufro meti nayofieri miwebisaken gaxsna gza, es aqsioma ukve sasacilo gamoCnda. centraluri evropa, romelsac soflad mcxovrebi sazogadoebis sruli ganadgureba emuqreboda, iZulebuli gaxda, rom sakuTari glexebi puris kanonebiT daecva. Tumca, marTalia evropis gamarTulad mowyobil qveynebs SeeZloT Tavis dacva saerTaSoriso Tavisufali vaWrobis Sedegebisagan, magram politikurad araorganizebul koloniebSi mcxovrebi xalxi amas ver axerxebda. imperializmis winaaRmdeg ajanyeba, umeteswilad, iyo egzotikuri xalxebis mcdeloba, mieRwiaT politikuri statusisaTvis, romelic saWiro iyo evropuli savaWro politikiT gamowveuli socialuri moSlisagan Tavis dasacavad. usafrTxoebis garantiebze, romlis miRebac TeTrkanian ada1 Borkenau , F ., “ Towards Collectivism ; ’ in The Totalitarian Enemy , 1939 . 337 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi mians iolad SeeZlo, sxva rasis warmomadgenlebs xeli ar miuwvdebodaT, vinaidan isini ganicdidnen mTavari winapirobis, politikuri marTvis sadaveebis naklebobas. vaWarTa klasi aqtiurad uwyobda xels miwebis mobilizebaze moTxovnis gaCenas. kobdenma inglisel miwaTmflobelebSi SfoTi Semoitana imis aRmoCeniT, rom fermeruli meurneoba „ komerciuli saqmianoba “ iyo, xolo isini, vinc gaRaribdnen, sxvebs gzidan unda CamoSorebodnen. rogorc ki naTeli gaxda, rom Tavisufali vaWroba sakvebze fasis dawevas ganapirobebda, muSaTa klasma mis mxardamWerTa banakSi gadainacvla. profkavSirebi iqca anti-agrarianizmisa da revoluciuri socializmis bastionad, romelic msoflio glexobas erTi xelis mosmiT akerebda reaqcionerTa masis iarliys. Sromis saerTaSoriso danawileba calsaxad progresul princips warmoadgenda; xolo misi mowinaaRmdegeebis gadabireba xSirad im adamianebidan xdeboda, romelTa gansjis unaric piradi interesebis anda bunebisgan miniWebuli gonis naklovanebis gamo arc Tu saxarbielo iyo. xolo ramdenime damoukidebeli da piradi interesebis ar mqone adamiani, romlebmac SeuzRudavi Tavisufali vaWrobis naklovanebebi dainaxes, zedmetad cotani iyvnen saimisod, rom STabeWdileba moexdinaT. miuxedavad amisa, damdgari Sedegi nakleb realuri ar gamxdara imis gamo, rom adamianebs sruli seriozulobiT ar hqondaT is gaazrebuli. arsebiTad, udidesi gavlena, romliTac miwaTmflobelebi sargeblobdnen dasavleT evropaSi da cxovrebis feodaluri formebis SenarCuneba centralur da aRmosavleT evropaSi me19 saukuneSi, kargad xsnida im sasicocxlod mniSvnelovan damcav funqcias, romelic am Zalebs hqondaT miwis mobilizebis Seyovnebis procesSi. xSirad gaismoda SekiTxva: ram misca kontinenturi evropis feodalur aristokratias imis SesaZlebloba, rom TavianTi Zalaufleba SeenarCunebinaT burJuaziul 338 Tavi 15 bazari da buneba saxelmwifoSi, mas Semdeg, rac maT dakarges samxedro, samarTlebrivi da administraciuli funqciebi, romelTa damsaxurebiTac isini Tavis droze aRzevdnen? „ gadarCenis “ Teoria zogjer mohyavdaT xolme rogorc axsna-ganmarteba imisa, rom ufunqcio instituciebma Tu Cvevebma SesaZloa kvlavac ganagrZon arseboba inerciis damsaxurebiT. Tumca, ufro swori iqneba Tu vityviT, rom ar arsebobs institucia, romelic bolomde amowuravs Tavis daniSnulebas – rodesac gvgonia, rom ase moxda, imis bralia xolme, rom igi iwyebs raRac sxva funqciis Sesrulebas, romelic ar ris saWiro rom Tavdapirvel funqcias gulisxmobdes. amgvarad, feodalizmma da miwaTmflobelma konservatorebma SeinarCunes TavianTi Zalaufleba, imis gamo, rom isini emsaxurebodnen mizans, romelic gulisxmobda miwis mobilizebis katastrofuli Sedegebis SezRudvas. am droisaTvis Tavisufali vaWrobis mxardamWerebs daviwyebuli hqondaT, rom miwa qveynis teritoriis nawils warmoadgens da suverenobis teritoriuli maxasiaTebeli ubralod sentimentaluri asociaciis Sedegi ki ar aris, aramed ganpirobebulia mravali faqtoriT, maT Soris ekonomikuriTac. „ momTabare xalxebisagan gansxvavebiT, miwaTmoqmedi adamianebi Zalisxmevas iReben garkveuli progresis misaRwevad, romelic mibmulia konkretul adgilTan. aseTi progresis gareSe adamianebis cxovreba primitiuli darCeboda da cxovelebisagan didad gansxvavebuli ar iqneboda. marTlac, ramxela roli Seasrules amgvarma fiqsaciebma kacobriobis istoriaSi ! swored isini, gasufTavebuli da kultivirebuli miwebi, saxlebi da sxva nagebobebi, komunikaciis saSualebebi, warmoebisaTvis, maT Soris industriisa da samTo mopovebisaTvis saWiro danadgarebi, sayofacxovrebo keTilmowyobilobebi, romelTac mudmivi da „ stacionaruli “ maxasiaTeblebi aqvT, amyareben kavSirs adamianTa jgufebsa da garkveul adgilebs Soris. maTi improvizacia 339 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi SeuZlebelia, isini etapobrivad unda Seqmnas Taobebis mier moTminebiT gaRebulma Zalisxmevam, sazogadoebas ki imis fufuneba ar aqvs, rom es yovelive gawiros da sadRac sxvagan yvelafris sufTa furclidan Seneba daiwyos. aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom saxelmwifo suverenitetis teritoriuli maxasiaTebeli ganuyofelia Cveni politikuri warmodgenebisagan. “ 1 es cxadi WeSmariteba erTi saukunis ganmavlobaSi sasacilod miiCneoda. ekonomikasTan dakavSirebuli argumentis ganvrcoba rTuli ar iqneba ise, rom moicvas niadagisa da misi resursebis erTianobasTan dakavSirebuli usafrTxoebis pirobebic – rogoricaa, magaliTad, mosaxleobis cxovrebiseuli Zala da energia, sakvebi resursebis siuxve, TavdacvisaTvis saWiro masalebis raodenoba da xarisxi da qveynis klimatic ki. am yovelives, SesaZloa didi ziani hqondes miyenebuli tyeebis gaCexis, eroziebisa da qviSis qariSxlebis mier, rac, saboloo jamSi, miwis faqtorzea damokidebuli, miuxedavad imisa, rom arc erTi maTgani ar aris damokidebuli bazris moTxovna-miwodebis meqanizmze. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom egzistencialuri saWiroebebis garantirebulad dakmayofilebis sakiTxSi sistema mTlianad aris damokidebuli bazris funqciebze, ndoba bunebrivad Cndeba iseTi Zalebisadmi, romlebic bazris sistemis miRma arseboben da romelTac danamdvilebiT SeuZliaT saerTo interesebis dacva, romelTac sistema safrTxes uqmnis. es Sexeduleba srul Tanxvdeba Cvens Sexedulebas gavlenebis realuri wyaroebis Sesaxeb, romelic ama Tu im klasSi iCens xolme Tavs: nacvlad imisa, rom movlenebis ganviTareba, romelic epoqisTvis damaxasiaTebel zogad tendencias emTxveva, avxsnaT reaqciuli klasebis ( auxsneli ) gavleniT, gvirCevnia, rom aRniSnuli klasebis am tipis gavlenebi 1 Hawtrey , R . G ., The Economic Problem , 1933 · 340 Tavi 15 bazari da buneba avxsnaT im faqtiT, rom marTalia SemTxveviT, magram isini mxars uWeren procesebis iseT ganviTarebas, romelic mxolod garegnulad upirispirdeba sazogadoebis zogad interesebs. is, rom amgvari politikuri SemoTavazebebiT maTi sakuTari interesebis dakmayofileba xdeba, kidev erTi ilustraciaa im WeSmaritebisa, rom klasebi warmatebulad axerxeben, rom araproporciulad meti sargebeli miiRon servisebidan, romelTac isini Temze avrceleben. amis kargi magaliTi iyo spinhemlendi. memamule, romelic marTavda sofels uceb poulobda gzebs, raTa SeeCerebina soflad mcxovrebTa xelfasebis zrda da safrTxe, romelic moSliT emuqreboda soflis cxovrebis tradiciul struqturas. Sor perspeqtivaSi, SerCeuli meTodi ganwiruli iyo saimisod, rom yovlad amazrzeni Sedegebi mohyoloda. da mainc, miwaTmflobelebi ver SeZlebdnen sakuTari praqtikis gagrZelebas, TavianTi am qmedebiT isini mTlianad qveyanas rom ar daxmarebodnen, industriuli revoluciis mewyerTan Sesaxvedrad. kidev erTxel gavimeoreb, rom kontinentur evropaSi, agraruli proteqcionizmi aucilebloba iyo. Tumca, im epoqis yvelaze aqtiuri inteleqtualuri Zalebi gaxveulni iyvnen avantiuraSi, romlis gamoc maTi mzera sul sxva mxares iyo mimarTuli da Sedegad, agraruli problemis realuri mniSvneloba maTTvis SeumCneveli darCa. am pirobebSi, jgufs, romelsac SeeZlo rom safrTxis winaSe arsebuli agraruli interesebi warmoedgina, SeeZlo Tavisi masStabis araTanazomieri gavlena moepovebina. proteqcionistulma kontrmoZraobam marTlac warmatebiT SeZlo evropis qalaqgareT teritoriebze stabilurobis miRweva da mosaxleobis qalaqis mimarTulebiT dinebis SeCereba, rac im epoqis namdvili Wiri iyo. reaqcia sargebels naxulobda sazogadoebisaTvis sasargeblo funqciaSi, romelsac igi rTul situaciaSi asrulebda. aRniSnuli funqcia, 341 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi romelic evropaSi reaqciul klasebs SesaZleblobas aZlevda, rom tradiciuli sentimentebiT eTamaSaT agraruli tarifebisaTvis brZolaSi, pasuxismgebeli iyo daaxloebiT naxevari saukunis Semdeg amerikaSi tenesis xeobis administraciisa da sxva progresuli socialuri teqnikebis warmatebaze. sazogadoebis saWiroebebi, romliTac demokratia sargeblobda axal samyaroSi, ZvelSi aristokratiis gavlenas aZlierebda. miwis mobilizaciisaTvis gaweuli winaaRmdegoba iyo is sociologiuri procesi, romlis fonzec viTardeboda brZola liberalizmsa da masze reaqcias Soris, rac me19 saukunis kontinenturi evropis politikuri istoriis Semadgeneli nawilia. am brZolaSi samxedro klasi da umaRlesi samRvdeloeba miwaTmflobelTa mokavSireebi iyvnen, romlebmac TiTqmis srulad dakarges TavianTi umTavresi funqcia sazogadoebaSi. aRniSnuli klasebi axla ukve mzad iyvnen, rom mxari daeWiraT Cixidan nebismieri reaqcioneruli gamosavlisTvis, romliskenac maT sabazro ekonomika da misi WeSmariti pirmSo, konstituciuri sistema miaqanebda – maT xom arc tradicia da arc ideologia ar akavSirebdaT samoqalaqo Tavisuflebis Tu saparlamento mmarTvelobis principebTan. mokled, ekonomikuri liberalizmi gadajaWvuli iyo liberalur saxelmwifosTan, xolo miwaTmflobelTa interesebi ki – ara; swored es ganapirobebda kontinentur evropaSi maT mudmiv politikur mniSvnelobas, ramac prusiis politikaSi bismarkis mmarTvelobisas sawinaaRmdego dinebebi gaaCina, safrangeTSi samRvdeloebisa da samxedroTa revanSi gaaZliera, habsburgTa imperiaSi Seqmna garantiebi sasamarTloze aristokratiis gavlenisaTvis, xolo eklesia da jari rRvevis piras misuli taxtebis damcvelebad aqcia. vinaidan am kavSirma ori Taobis kritikulad mniSvnelovan periods gauZlo ( romelic jon meinard keinsma daadgina 342 Tavi 15 bazari da buneba rogorc usasrulobis praqtikuli alternativa ) , miwa da miwasTan dakavSirebuli sakuTreba axla ukve ganixileboda rogorc reaqciulobis Tandayolili da ganuyreli niSani. me18 saukunis inglisi Tavisufali vaWrobis mxardamWer torebTan da agraruli sferos novatorebTan erTad daviwyebul iqna, msgavsad tiudorTa epoqis monopolistebisa da miwidan fulis Sovnis maTi revoluciuri meTodebisa. frangi da germaneli fiziokrati miwaTmflobelebi da maTi enTuziazmi Tavisufali vaWrobisadmi sazogadoebis mexsierebidan amoSala im droisaTvis soflisadmi rogorc mudmivad CamorCenili sivrcisadmi arsebulma winaswar ganwyobam. herbert spenserisTvis erTi Taobac SeiZleba yofiliyo sakmarisi usasrulobis sademonstraciod, Tumca, es man ubralod militarizmze reaqciiT gamoxata. socialuri da teqnologiuri Semguebloba, romelic bolo xanebSi gamoaCina iaponurma, rusulma anda nacisturma armiam, misTvis gaugebari darCeboda. Tumca, aseTi mosazrebebi konkretuli epoqis viwro gad­mosaxediT iyo nasazrdoebi. sabazro ekonomikis grandiozuli industriuli miRwevebi, sazogadoebis arsisaTvis miyenebuli mniSvnelovani zianis fasad iqna mopovebuli. am pirobebSi feodalurma klasebma dainaxes SesaZlebloba, rom miwisa da masze momuSaveTa sikeTeebis mxardamWerebad qceviT, dakarguli prestiJis nawili mainc daebrunebinaT. literaturul romantizmSi buneba warsulis mokavSired iqca; me19 saukunis agrarul moZraobaSi feodalizmi, arc Tu warmatebulad, cdilobda, rom sakuTari Tavis rogorc adamianebis bunebrivi saarsebo garemosa da niadagis damcvelad warmodgeniT warsulis dideba aRedgina. safrTxe rom realuri ar yofiliyo, am xriks SesaZloa ar emuSava. garda amisa, jarma da eklesiam prestiJi moipova imis gamoc, rom isini mzad aRmoCndnen, qceuliyvnen „ wesrigisa da kanonis damcvelebad, “ rac mgrZnobiare sakiTxi iyo, radgan 343 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi mmarTveli burJuaziuli klasi axali tipis ekonomikis am moTxovnis dakmayofilebisaTvis Seuferebeli iyo. sabazro sistema gacilebiT ufro alergiuli iyo ajanyebebisadmi, vidre CvenTvis cnobili romelime sxva ekonomikuri sistema. tiudorTa mTavroba ajanyebebs saTavisod iyenebda, raTa adgilobrivi ukmayofilebebisken miemarTa yuradReba, ramdenime buntisTavs saxrCobelas gzas gauyenebdnen da amiT amoiwureboda mTeli es usiamovneba. finansuri bazris aRzeveba ki, aseTi damokidebulebis dasasruls niSnavda; 1797 wlis Semdeg areulobebi aRar warmoadgenda londonis cxovrebis ganuyrel nawils. maTi adgili nel-nela daikava Sekrebebma, sadac, sul mcire principebis doneze mainc, xelebs muSti-krivisTvis ki ar iRerebdnen, aramed maT xmis micemisaTvis swevdnen haerSi. 1 prusiis mefe, romelic amtkicebda, rom mSvidobis dacva aRniSnuli subieqtebis pirveli da umTavresi movaleoba iyo, pirveli cnobili paradoqsi gaxldaT, romelic maleve Cveul movlenad iqca. me19 saukuneSi sazogadoebrivi simSvidis darRveva, SeiaraRebuli xalxis mier ajanyebisa da saxelmwifosaTvis umwvavesi safrTxis Seqmnis sawyis safexurad ganixileboda; safondo birJebze panika isadgurebda, aqciaTa fasebis vardnas ki bolo ar uCanda. metropoliis quCebSi ayalmayalsa da iaraRis gasrolas SesaZloa qveynis erovnuli nominaluri kapitalis mniSvnelovani nawili gaenadgurebina. miT umetes, rom saSualo klasi samxedro samsaxurisTvis kvla1 Trevelyan , G . M ., History of England , 1926 , p . 533 . “ inglisi ualpolis pirobebSi jer kidev aristokratia warmoadgenda, ajanyebebisagan Sesustebuls “ hana moris Txzuleba, „ janyi; daiwera oTxmocdaTxuTmet wels, gaWirvebisa da gangaSis Jams “ spinhemlendis epoqaSi. Cf . The Repository Tracts , Vol . I , New York , 1835 . aseve, The Library , 1940 , fourth series , Vol . XX , p . 295 , on “ Cheap Repository Tracts ( 1795 98 ) 344 Tavi 15 bazari da buneba vac Seuferebeli iyo; saxalxo demokratia ki Tavisi TaviT amayobda, rom masebis protests gzas uxsnida; kontinentur evropaSi ki, burJuazia jerac sakuTari revoluciuri axalgazrdobis mogonebebs iyo CabRauWebuli, rodesac isini barikadebze uSiSrad upirispirdebodnen aristokratTa tiranias. erTi sityviT, mxolod glexoba, romelic yvelaze naklebad iyo liberaluri virusiT daavadebuli, miiCneoda erTaderT fenad, romelsac SeeZlo, mkerdiT gadafareboda „ kanonsa da wesrigs “ . gamodioda, rom reaqciis erT-erTi amocana iyo, rom dasaqmebul klasebs scodnodaT TavianTi adgili da SeenarCunebinaT simSvide, raTa bazrebze panika ar dawyebuliyo. marTalia, es momsaxureba Zalze iSviaTad xdeboda saWiro, magram glexobis rogorc kerZo sakuTrebis uflebis damcvelebis mzaoba agraruli banakisaTvis didi resursi iyo. 1920 -iani wlebis istoriis gansxvavebuli axsna SeuZlebelia. rodesac omisa da marcxis Sedegad gamowveuli mRelvarebis gamo centralur evropaSi socialuri struqtura Camoingra, erTaderTi mSromelTa klasi aRmoCnda mzad, rom procesebis marTvis sadaveebi aeRo xelSi. Zalaufleba yvelgan profkavSirebisa da social-demokratiuli partiebis xelSi gadavida: avstria, ungreTi da germaniac ki respublikebad gamocxaddnen, miuxedavad imisa, rom arc erT am qveyanaSi manamde aqtiur respublikur partiebs ar uarsebia. Tumca, rogorc ki socialuri CamoSlis mwvave safrTxem gaiara da profkavSirebis momsaxureba aRar iyo saWiro, burJuazia Seecada, rom sazogadoebriv cxovrebaze mSromelTa klasis gavlenebi mTlianad SeezRuda. es procesi cnobilia, rogorc omis Semdgomi periodis kontrrevoluciuri faza. realurad, komunisturi reJimisagan araviTari seriozuli safrTxe ar momdinareobda, vinaidan mSromelebi organizebulebi iyvnen iseT partiebsa da profkavSirebSi, romlebic aqtiurad mtrobdnen komu345 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi nistebs. ( ungreTis bolSevikur epizodTan dakavSirebiT, pirdapir SeiZleba iTqvas, rom qveyanas sxva alternativa ubralod aRar hqonda darCenili Tavis dasacavad, rodesac safrangeTi SeiWra ) . realur safrTxes warmoadgenda ara bolSevizmi, aramed gulgriloba sabazro ekonomikis wesebisadmi, romlebic profkavSirebsa da muSaTa partiebs sagangaSo mdgomareobamde miiyvanda. vinaidan sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi, uwyinari Carevebi sazogadoebrivi wesrigisa da savaWro meqanizmebis normalur funqcionirebaSi, SesaZloa sasikvdilo safrTxed qceuliyo 1 , vinaidan maT SeeZloT gamoewviaT ekonomikuri reJimis ngreva, romelzec sazogadoebis yoveldRiuri sarCo-sabadebeli iyo damokidebuli. amiT aixsneboda is gasakviri gadasvla sawarmoTa muSebis savaraudod gardauvali diqtaturidan glexobis realur diqtaturaze, rac zogierT qveyanaSi moxda. swored 1920 -ian wlebSi glexobam, romelsac Cveulebriv mxolod da mxolod mokrZalebuli roli ekisra, zogierT qveyanaSi ekonomikuri politikis gansazRvra daiwyo. axla ukve glexoba gamodga erTaderTi klasi, romelsac SeeZlo wesrigisa da kanonis dacva, am terminis Tanamedrove, Zalzed mgrZnobiare gagebiT. omis Semdgom evropaSi, mwvave brZola agraruli interesebisaTvis naTels fens im privilegirebul damokidebulebas, romliTac, politikuri mizezebis gamo, glexoba sargeblobda. finuri lappos moZraobidan moyolebuli, avstriuli heimveiris moZraobamde glexebma daamtkices, rom sabazro ekonomikis namdvili liderebi iyvnen, ramac isini politikurad Zalze mniSvnelovan aqtorebad aqcia. 1 Hayes , C ., A Generation of Materialism , 1870 1890 , heisi aRniSnavs, rom „ calkeul saxelmwifoTa umravlesoba, sul mcire, dasavleT da centralur evropaSi erTi SexedviT aRmatebiT Sida stabi­ lurobas ganicdida. “ 346 Tavi 15 bazari da buneba sakvebis deficiti omis Semdgom wlebSi, romelsac zogjer miaweren xolme maT aRzevebas, arafer SuaSi iyo. magaliTad, imisaTvis rom glexebs finansurad enaxaT sargebeli, avstrias mouwia sakvebis standartebis daweva marcvleulze gadasaxadebis SenarCunebis gziT, miuxedavad imisa, rom qveyana gansakuTrebiT damokidebuli iyo importze, sakvebze moTxovnilebis dasakmayofileblad. glexobis interesebi nebismier fasad unda daecvaT, Tundac agrarul proteqcionizms qalaqis macxovrebelTa tanjva da saeqsporto industriaSi fasebis aragonivruli mateba mohyoloda. amgvarad, glexTa klasma, romelsac adre gavlena ar hqonda, Tavisi ekonomikuri mniSvnelobis araproporciulad swrafi aRmasvla ganicada. bolSevizmis SiSi iyo is, ramac maTi politikuri pozicia uryevi gaxada. Tumca, rogorc vnaxeT, es gaxldaT ara muSaTa klasis diqtaturis SiSi – sabolood, araferi amis msgavsi ar gamoCenila horizontze – aramed SiSi, rom sabazro ekonomikis paralizeba moxdeboda, Tuki politikuri avanscenidan ar gaqreboda yvela moTamaSe, romelic, kritikul situaciaSi, sabazro TamaSis wesebidan gadauxvevda. ramdenadac glexoba erTaderT klass warmoadgenda, romelsac aRniSnuli davalebis Sesruleba SeeZlo, isini gansakuTrebulad didi avtoritetiT sargeblobdnen da SeeZloT qalaqSi mcxovrebi saSualo klasi tyveobaSi hyolodaT. rogorc ki saxelmwifo Zalauflebis konsolidaciam... xolo manamde, faSizmis mier qalaqSi mcxovreb meSCanTa Semtev jariskacebad qcevam burJuazia glexebze damokidebulebisagan gaaTavisufla, am ukanasknelis politikuri gavlenebi mkveTrad Semcirda. qalaqsa da qarxanaSi „ Sida mtris “ ganeitralebis Tu damorCilebisTanave, glexoba daubrunda Tavis mokrZalebul adgils industriul sazogadoebaSi. msxvil miwaTmflobelTa gavlenebi SeumCneveli ar darCenila. maT sasargeblod ki gacilebiT ufro stabiluri 347 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi faqtori muSaobda – agrokulturuli TviTmyofadobis mzardi militaristuli mniSvneloba. pirvelma msoflio omma sazogadoebas naTlad daanaxa strategiasTan dakavSirebuli fundamenturi sakiTxebi, xolo msoflio bazrisadmi gulubryvilo ndobam gza gauxsna sakvebis warmoebis SesaZleblobebis panikur dagrovebas. bolSevikTa SiSiT dawyebuli „ re-agrarizacia “ centralur evropaSi avtarkiis niSnebiT dasrulda. „ Sida mterTan “ dakavSirebuli argumentis garda, axla ukve „ gare mtris “ argumentic gaCnda. liberali ekonomistebi, am yoveliveSi, rogorc yovelTvis, ubralod arajansaRi ekonomikuri doqtrinebisgan gamowveul romantikul gadacdomas xedavdnen; maSin, rodesac realobaSi mRelvare politikuri movlenebi yvelaze ufro aragamWriaxi gonebisTvisac ki TvalnaTels xdida ekonomikuri warmodgenebis ararelevanturobas, saerTaSoriso sistemis moaxloebuli kraxis fonze. Jeneva ganagrZobda Tavis fuW mcdelobebs daerwmunebina xalxi, rom isini warmosaxviT safrTxesTan gasamklaveblad axvavebdnen produqtebs da Tuki yvela unisonSi imoqmedebda, SesaZlebeli iqneboda Tavisufali vaWrobis aRdgena da misgan sayovelTao xeiris naxva. im periodis ucnaurad gulubryvilo atmosferoSi bevri apriori miiCnevda, rom ekonomikuri problemidan ( rasac ar unda niSnavdes is ) gamosavlis povna omis safrTxes ubralod ki ar CaaxSobda, aramed samudamod gaaqrobda mas. aswlianma mSvidobianma periodma gaaCina iluziaTa gadaulaxavi kedeli, romliTac faqtebs Crdili adgeboda. im periodis avtorebi realizmis gansakuTrebuli miuReblobiT gamoirCeodnen. eri-saxelmwifo a.i. toinbis viwro, SezRudul crurwmenad miaCnda, ludvig von misesi suverenulobas sasacilo iluzias uwodebda, norman anxeli ki oms araswor komerciul gaTvlad miiCnevda. politikas348 Tavi 15 bazari da buneba Tan dakavSirebuli problemebis sabaziso bunebis Sesaxeb cnobiereba uprecedentod dabal niSnulze iyo dasuli. Tavisufali vaWroba, romlisTvis brZolac 1846 wels marcvleulis kanonis miRebiT dagvirgvinda, 8 wlis Semdgom kvlavac davis sagnad iqca da amjerad, imave sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT damarcxda. avtarkiis mtanjveli problema sabazro ekonomikas dasabamidanve Tan sdevda. Sesabamisad, ekonomikurma liberalebma omis aCrdili Serisxes da TavianTi argumentebi sruliad gulubryvilod daafuZnes sabazro ekonomikis uZlevelobis rwmenas. SeumCneveli darCa, rom maTi argumenti ubralod imaze miuTiTebda Tu ramxela gansacdeli emuqreboda sazogadoebas, romelic Tavis usafrTxoebas iseT myife institucias andobda, rogoric TviTregulirebadi bazari iyo. 1920 -iani wlebis avtarkiis moZraoba, faqtobrivad, winaswarmetyveluri gamodga: igi miuTiTebda wesrigis gaqrobis faqtTan adaptaciis saWiroebaze. pirvelma msoflio omma safrTxe xiluli gaxada da adamianebmac Sesabamisad imoqmedes; Tumca, vinaidan maTi qmedeba 10 wliT iyo dagvianebuli, kavSiri mizezsa da Sedegs Soris ugulebelyofili iqna rogorc aragonivruli. „ ra saWiroa Tavis dacva gardasul safrTxeTagan? “ kiTxulobda araerTi adamiani maSin. am mcdarma logikam gaarTula ara mxolod avtarkiis gaazreba, aramed rac kidev ufro mniSvnelovania, faSizmis. principSi, avtarkiac da faSizmic im faqtiT aixsneboda, rom rogorc ki sazogado goni aRiqvams, rom gansakuTrebuli safrTxe emuqreba, masSi warmoqmnili SiSi farulad agrZelebs arsebobas, vidre am SiSis mTavari wyaro ar gaqreba. Cven vamtkicebdiT, rom evropis erebma verafriT ver SeZles Tavis daRweva Sokidan, romelic miiRes omis gamocdilebidan da romelmac isini moulodnelad daayena im safrTxeTa winaSe, rasac erTmaneTze damokidebulad 349 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi yofna warmoSobda. amao aRmoCnda savaWro kavSirebis ganaxleba, amao gamodga mTeli wyeba samSvidobo saerTaSoriso konferenciebisa Tu Tavisufali vaWrobis principebis erTgulebaze gakeTebuli gancxadebebi aTobiT qveynis mTavrobebis mier; xalxi ver iviwyebda, rom Tuki maT xeli ar miuwvdebodaT sakvebsa da nedl masalaze an Tuki ar iyvnen darwmunebulebi, rom aRniSnul resursebze xelmisawvdomoba garantirebuli iqneboda samxedro gzebiT, verc myari valuta da verc garantirebuli krediti ver daicavda maT saTanadod, rom sruliad umweo situaciaSi ar aRmoCeniliyvnen. veraferi iqneboda ufro logikuri vidre is Tanmimdevruloba, romliTac aRniSnulma fundamenturma ideam, sazogadoebrivi politikebi Camoayaliba. safrTxis wyaro jerac arsad gamqraliyo. maS, ratom unda velodoT, rom SiSi gaqreboda? msgavsi daSvebis gamo faSizmis kritikosebic Secdnen ( aRsaniSnavia, rom isini srul umravlesobaSi imyofebodnen ) , romlebic faSizms rogorc politikuri racionalobis armqone anomalias ganixilavdnen. isini ambobdnen, rom musolini amtkicebda, TiTqos italiaSi bolSevizmis safrTxe airida Tavidan, Tumca statistikam cxadyo, rom ajanyebis talRa mxolod romisaken msvlelobamde erTi wliT adre daiSala. cnobilia, rom 1921 wels SeiaraRebulma muSebma daikaves fabrikebi. Tumca iyo ki es sakmarisi safuZveli, raTa maTi ganiaraReba momxdariyo 1923 wels, rodesac isini ukve karga xnis Camosulebi iyvnen kelebidan, sadac darajebad iyvnen gamagrebulebi. hitleri amtkicebda, rom man germania ixsna bolSevizmisagan. magram nuTu ar SeiZleba imis dadastureba, rom umuSevrobis talRam, romelic mis kanclerobas uZRoda win, mis ZalauflebaSi mosvlamde daiwyo ukusvla? mtkiceba, rom man Tavidan airida is, rac misi xelisuflebaSi mosvlis dros saerTod aRar arsebob350 Tavi 15 bazari da buneba da, ewinaaRmdegeboda mizez-Sedegobriv logikas, romelic aseve SenarCunebuli unda iqnas politikaSi. sinamdvileSi, germaniaSi, iseve rogorc italiaSi, omis Semdgomma periodma cxadyo, rom bolSevizms warmatebis mciredi Sansic ki ar hqonda. Tumca, am periodma isic naTlad cxadyo, rom sagangebo situaciaSi mSromelTa klasma, maTma profkavSirebma da partiebma, SesaZloa ugulebelyon bazris kanonebi, romlebic kontraqtebis dadebis Tavisuflebisa da kerZo sakuTrebis xelSeuxeblobis absoluturobas awesebs; movlenaTa msgavs ganviTarebas ki, sazogadoebaze gansakuTrebulad mavne zegavlena unda hqondes, man xeli unda SeuSalos investiciebs da kapitalis dagrovebas, datovos anazRaureba dabal niSnulze, safrTxe Seuqmnas valutas, Ziri gamouTxaros ucxour kreditebs, daasustos sawarmoebi da gamoiwvios maTi paralizeba. im faruli SiSis wyaro ki, romelmac gadamwyvet momentSi faSisturi panikis saxiT amoxeTqa, iyo ara komunisturi revoluciis iluzoruli safrTxe, aramed is dadasturebuli faqti, rom muSaTa klasebi iseT mdgomareobaSi iyvnen Cayenebulni, rom iZulebulni gaxdnen ganexorcielebinaT intervenciebi, romlebic Tavad maT gaanadgurebda. rTulia erTmaneTisagan mkveTrad gamijno safrTxeebi, romlebic adamians da bunebas emuqreba. mSromelTa klasisa da glexobis reaqciebi sabazro ekonomikaze proteqcionizmamde midioda. pirvel SemTxvevaSi, es gamoixata socialuri kanonmdeblobisa da fabrikebTan dakavSirebuli kanonebis formiT, meore SemTxvevaSi ki – agraruli tarifebiTa da miwebTan dakavSirebuli kanonebiT. miuxedavad amisa, mainc arsebobda Semdegi mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba: kritikul situaciaSi, fermerebi da glexebi evropaSi sabazro sistemas icavdnen, rac safrTxes uqmnida muSaTa klasis politikebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom arsebiTad aramyari sistemiT 351 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi gamowveuli krizisi proteqcionistuli moZraobis orive frTas safrTxes uqmnida; socialuri fena, romelic dakavSirebuli iyo miwasTan, midrekili iyo sabazro sistemasTan kompromisebze wasvlisaken, xolo ufro farTo mSromelTa klasi ki sulac ar Semcirebula sabazro ekonomikis wesebis darRvevisa da maTi gamowvevis winaSe Riad dayenebis gamo. 352 Tavi 16 bazari da sawarmoo organizacia Tavad kapitalisturi firmebic ki dasacavebi gaxdnen sabazro meqanizmis SeuzRudavi muSaobisagan. aman mainc unda gafantos eWvebi, romelTac terminebis „ adamianisa “ da „ bunebis “ xseneba iwvevs xolme zogjer erudirebul tvinebSi; romlebic midrekilni arian, rom nebismieri saubari Sromisa da miwis rogorc produqtebis dacvaze gamoacxadon moZvelebul ideebad, Tuki saerTod monopoliuri interesebis SeniRbvaSi ar dasdeben brals. realurad, sawarmoo organizaciebis SemTxvevaSi, bunebisa da adamianis ar iyos, realuri da obieqturi safrTxe arsebobda. dacvis saWiroeba gaCnda imis gamo, Tu rogor iyo fulis maragebi organizebuli sabazro sistemaSi. Tanamedrove centralizebuli sabanko sistema, arsebiTad, gaxldaT meqanizmi, romelic Seiqmna, raTa SeeTavazebina dacvis garantiebi, romelTa gareSec bazari bolos mouRebda Tavissave Svilebs, sxvadasxva komerciul sawarmoebs. Tumca, saboloo jamSi, swored dacvis es forma iyo is, ramac yvelaze swrafad Seitana wvlili saerTaSoriso sistemis CamongrevaSi. 353 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi Tuki metnaklebad cxadia is riskebi, romlebic miwasa da Sromas emuqreba bazris oromtrialSi, monetarul sistemaSi biznesis winaSe arsebuli safrTxeebi advili gasaazrebeli sulac ar aris. miT umetes, rom Tuki mogeba damokidebulia fasebze, maSin monetaruli SeTanxmebebi, romelzec fasebia damokidebuli, gadamwyveti mniSvnelobis unda iyo nebismieri sistemis funqcionirebisaTvis, romelic mogebis miRebiTaa motivirebuli. marTalia, Sor perspeqtivaSi, gasayid fasebSi momxdari cvlileba sulac ar aris aucilebeli rom gavlenas axdendes mogebaze, imis gamo, rom xarjebi Sesabamisad aiwevs an daiwevs, magram axlo perspeqtivaSi es sulac ar aris ase, vinaidan garkveuli dro sWirdeba imas, sanam cvlileba Seva kontraqtiT fiqsirebul fasebSi. aseT safasurTa Soris aris Sromis safasuric, romelic bunebrivad xdeba kontraqtiT fiqsirebuli, bevr sxva tipis fasebTan erTad. aqedan gamomdinare, Tuki fasebi monetaruli mizezebis gamo didi xnis ganmavlobaSi ecema, bizness eqmneba likvidaciis safrTxe, rasac mohyveba sawarmoo organizaciis CamoSla da kapitalis masiuri ganadgureba. safrTxes qmnida ara dabali, aramed klebadi fasebi. hiumma safuZveli Cauyara fulis raodenobriv Teorias Tavisi aRmoCeniT, rom komerciuli sawarmo danakargs ar ganicdis fulis moculobis ganaxevrebis SemTxvevaSi, vinaidan fasebic ubralod orjer Semcirdeba Tavis pirvandel donesTan SedarebiT. Tumca, mas mxedvelobidan gamorCa, rom am procesSi SesaZloa komerciuli sawarmo saerTod ganadgurdes. es gaxlavT iolad gasagebi mizezi imisa Tu ratom aris SeuTavsebeli industriul warmoebasTan saqonluri fulis sistema, romlis gare Carevisagan damoukideblad warmoebiskenac aris midrekili bazris meqanizmi. saqonluri fuli gaxlavT garkveuli tipis saqoneli, romelic funqcionirebs ise, rogorc fuli da Sesabamisad, misi odenoba, principSi, SeuZlebelia rom gaizardos, garda im SemTxvevisa, ro354 Tavi 16 bazari da sawarmoo organizacia desac saqoneli, romelic ar asrulebs fulis rols, klebas iwyebs. praqtikaSi saqonlur fuls warmoadgens oqro an vercxli, romlis odenobac SesaZloa gaizardos, Tumca ara mniSvnelovnad drois mokle periodSi. Tumca, warmoebisa da vaWrobis zrdam, romelsac Tan ar axlavs fulis odenobis zrda, unda gamoiwvios fasebis kleba – swored is gamakotrebeli deflacia, romelsac vgulisxmobdiT. fulis ukmarisoba gaxldaT mudmivi, seriozuli safiqrali me17 saukuneSi vaWarTa sazogadoebebSi. nominaluri fuli adreul epoqaSi imisTvis gaCnda, rom vaWroba daecva momZlavrebuli deflaciisagan, romelic Tan axlda liTonis fulis gamoyenebas mas Semdeg, rac komerciuli warmoebebi gaizarda. sabazro ekonomikis arseboba warmoudgeneli iyo xelovnuri fulis saxiT mediumis arsebobis gareSe. realuri sirTule warmoiSva maSin, rodesac gaCnda sazRvargareT stabiluri mimocvlis saWiroeba da Semovida misi Tanmxlebi oqros standarti, daaxloebiT napoleonis omebis epoqaSi. stabiluri mimocvla sasicocxlod mniSvnelovani gaxda inglisis ekonomikis arsebobisTvis; londoni ki iqca mzardi msoflio vaWrobis finansur centrad. Tumca, am daniSnulebiT swored saqonluri fulis gamoyeneba unda momxdariyo gasagebi mizezebis gamo – nominaluri fuli, bankis gamouSvebda mas Tu raime sxva institucia, sazRvargareT ver gavrceldeboda. Sedegad, gaCnda oqros standarti, rac saerTaSoriso saqonluri fulis sistemis gavrcelebuli saxelia. Tumca, adgilobrivi miznebisaTvis, rogorc viciT, liTonis fuli ar gamodgeba swored imis gamo, rom igi saqonluria da misi odenoba survilisamebr ver gaizrdeba. oqros moculoba SesaZloa weliwadSi mxolod ramdenime procentiT gaizardos, Tumca ara aTeulobiT procentiT ramdenime kviraSi, rac SesaZloa saWiro gaxdes, raTa gauZlos tranzaqciebis moulodnel zrdas. nominaluri 355 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi fulis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi, komerciul sawarmos SesaZloa warmoebis Sekveca anda muSaobis dabal fasad gagrZeleba mouwios, rac mkveTr ekonomikur dacemas da umuSevrobas gamoiwvevs. rom gavamartivoT es sakiTxi, problema iyo SemdegSi: saqonluri fuli iyo sasicocxlod mniSvnelovani sazRvargareT vaWrobisaTvis; nominaluri fuli ki adgilobrivi vaWrobisaTvis. Tumca, ramdenad modiodnen isini erTmaneTTan TanxmobaSi? me19 saukuneSi arsebul garemoebaTa gaTvaliswinebiT, sazRvargareT vaWrobasa da oqros standarts calsaxad prioriteti eniWeboda adgilobrivi komerciuli warmoebis saWiroebebTan SedarebiT. oqros standartis gamarTuli muSaoba moiTxovda adgilobrivi fasebis dawevas, rogorc ki gaufasurebis gamo mimocvlas safrTxe emuqreboda. vinaidan deflacia kreditze dawesebuli SezRudvebis meSveobiT xdeba, gamodis, rom saqonluri fulis gamoyeneba xels uSlida sakredito sistemis funqcionirebas. es ki komerciuli warmoebisaTvis mudmiv safrTxes qmnida. miuxedavad amisa, nominaluri fulis srulebiT ugulebelyofa da valutis saqonlur fulamde dayvana saerTod arc ki ganixileboda, radgan aseTi wamali avadmyofobaze uares Sedegs daayenebda. centralizebulma sabanko sistemam sakredito fulis es naklovaneba mniSvnelovanwilad Seamcira. qveyanaSi arsebuli sakredito resursebis centralizebis meSveobiT, SesaZlebeli gaxda deflaciis damaxasiaTebeli komerciuli saqmianobisa da dasaqmebis sferos sruli moSlis Tavidan arideba; aseve, misi ise organizeba, rom Sokis talRa SeeCerebina da negatiuri Sedegebi mTeli qveynis masStabiT gadaenawilebina. normalur pirobebSi banki Semamsubuqeblis rols asrulebda, rogorc oqros maragebis amoRebis dauyovneblivi efeqtebisTvis banknotebis cirkulaciaze, 356 Tavi 16 bazari da sawarmoo organizacia iseve banknotebis Semcirebuli cirkulaciis SedegebisTvis komerciul saqmianobaze. bankma SesaZloa bevr sxvadasxva meTods mimarTos. mokle vadianma sesxebma SesaZloa amoavsos naprali, romelsac oqros moklevadiani danakargi aCens da Tavidan airidon kreditze dawesebuli SezRudvebis saWiroeba. Tumca, maSinac ki, rodesac sakredito SezRudvebi gardauvali iyo, rac xSirad xdeboda, bankis qmedebebi erTgvari buferis rols asrulebda: sabanko tarifebis zrda, iseve rogorc Ria bazarze arsebuli sakredito operaciebi SezRudvebis Sedegebs mTel qveyanaze avrcelebda, riTac SezRudvaTa simZime yvelaze Zlier aqtorTa mxrebze gadahqonda. modi, warmovidginoT erTi mimarTulebiT ganxorcielebuli gadaxdis mniSvnelovani magaliTi, rodesac Tanxis tranzaqcia xdeba erTi qveynidan meore qveyanaSi. amis saWiroeba SesaZloa dadges, rodesac adgilobrivi sakvebis nacvlad, moTxovna Cndeba ucxour sakvebze. oqro, romelic am situaciaSi unda gaigzavnos sazRvargareTidan saWmlis importisTvis, sxva SemTxvevaSi Sida gadasaxadebSi daixarjeboda. axla ki, imis gamo, rom es oqro aRar arsebobs, adgilobrivma gayidvebma unda daiklos da Sesabamisad, fasebic unda daeces. aseTi tipis deflacias „ tranzaqciuli “ vuwodoT, vinaidan igi erTi konkretuli firmidan meore firmaze vrceldeba maTi SemTxveviTi garigebebis Sesabamisad. sabolood, deflaciis gavrceleba miaRwevs saeqsporto firmebamdec da amgvarad miiRweva saeqsporto aqtiuri saldo, romelic warmoadgens „ realur “ transfers. Tumca, ziani da zarali, romelic mTel sazogadoebas miadga gacilebiT ufro didi iyo, vidre aseTi saeqsporto saldos misaRwevad iyo saWiro. vinaidan, yovelTvis arseboben firmebi, romelTac didi saeqsporto SesaZleblobebi ar gaaCniaT da romlebisTvisac sakmarisia fasebis umniSvnelo Semcirebac ki saimisod, rom „ Setevaze gadavidnen “ ; aseTi 357 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi Semcirebis miRweva ki, yvelaze ekonomikurad SesaZlebelia deflaciis nabij-nabij gavrcelebiT, mTels komerciul sazogadoebaze. swored es gaxldaT centraluri bankis erT-erTi funqcia. Camofasebis politikam da Ria bazarze operirebam, rac mniSvnelovani wnexi iyo, ganapiroba adgilobrivi fasebis met-naklebad Tanabrad daweva; aseve, „ eqsportisaTvis TiTqmis mzad myof “ firmebs SesaZlebloba misca, gaegrZelebinaT an gaezardaT eqsporti, xolo likvidacia yvelaze araefeqtur kompaniebs mouwevdaT. amgvarad, „ realuri “ transferis ganxorcieleba ekonomikuri sistemis gacilebiT ufro nakleb moSlas gamoiwvevda, vidre es moxdeboda imave saeqsporto aqtiuri saldos miRwevisas „ tranzaqciuli “ deflaciis viwro arxebis meSveobiT gadacemuli SemTxveviTi da xSirad katastrofuli impulsebis iracionaluri meTodiT. Tumca, oqros standartis misamarTiT arsebuli erT-erTi mTavari braldeba iyo is, rom miuxedavad deflaciis zegavlenis Semsubuqebis meqanizmebis arsebobisa, Sedegi, kvlavac, biznesis sruli dezorganizeba da Tanmdevi masobrivi umuSevroba gaxldaT. fulTan dakavSirebuli magaliTi, SromasTan da miwasTan dakavSirebuli situaciis Zalian zust analogias warmoadgenda. saqonluri fiqciis gamoyenebam TiToeul maTganTan mimarTebiT, gamoiwvia maTi inkorporireba sabazro sistemaSi, ris paraleluradac sazogadoebis winaSe arsebuli safrTxeebi sul ufro mwvavdeboda. fulis SemTxvevaSi, safrTxe emuqreboda mwarmoebel kompaniebs, romelTa arsebobasac safrTxe emuqreboda fasebis yoveli dacemisas, rasac saqonluri fulis gamoyeneba iwvevda. am SemTxvevaSic, saWiro gaxda damcavi zomebis gatareba, romlis Sedegadac bazris TviTmarTvadi meqanizmis gamoTiSva unda momxdariyo. 358 Tavi 16 bazari da sawarmoo organizacia centralizebulma sabanko sistemam oqros standartis avtomaturi funqcionireba ubralo TvalTmaqcobad aqcia. is gulisxmobda valutis centralizebul marTvas; sakredito uzrunvelyofis TviTregulirebadi meqanizmi icvleboda marTuliT, miuxedavad imisa, rom es meTodi yovelTvis winaswar gansazRvruli da gaazrebuli ar yofila. ufro da ufro metad xdeboda imis aRiareba, rom saerTaSoriso oqros standarti TviTregulirebadi mxolod im SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba gamxdariyo, Tuki calkeuli qveynebi uars ityodnen centralizebul sabanko sistemaze. sufTad oqros standartis erTaderTi Tanmimdevruli mxardamWeri, romelic marTlac amarTlebda am sasowarkveTil nabijs ludvig von misesi iyo; misi mosazreba rom gaeTvaliswinebinaT, erovnuli ekonomika nangrevebis grovebad iqceoda. fulis TeoriaSi dabneulobas, didwilad, iwvevda politikisa da ekonomikis erTmaneTisagan gamijvna, rac sabazro sazogadoebisTvisaa gamorCeulad damaxasiaTebeli. saukuneze meti xnis manZilze, fuli ganixileboda rogorc wminda wylis ekonomikuri kategoria, saqoneli, romelic gamoiyeneboda arapirdapiri gacvla-gamocvlis mizniT. oqro rom aseTi upiratesi saqoneli yofiliyo, oqros standarti gaagrZelebda funqcionirebas. ( msazRvreli „ saerTaSoriso “ am standartTan mimarTebaSi araviTar Sinaarss ar atarebda, vinaidan ekonomistisaTvis saerTod ar arsebobda erebi; tranzaqcia xorcieldeboda ara erebs, aramed individebs Soris, romelTa politikuri loialoba iseTive ararelevanturi sakiTxi iyo, rogorc maTi Tmis feri ) . rikardom me19 saukunis inglisSi daamkvidra azri, rom termini „ fuli “ gacvla-gamocvlis saSualebas aRniSnavda; banknotebi ubralod ufro mosaxerxebeli iyo da maTi gamoyenebis upiratesoba is gaxldaT, rom ufro ioli mosaxmari iyo, vidre oqro; Tumca, maTi Rirebuleba gamomdinareobda iqidan, rom maTi flobiT Cven vflobdiT 359 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi saSualebas, raTa Tavad saqonels, anu oqros vflobdeT, CvenTvis sasurvel dros. aqedan gamomdinareobda, rom valutebis erovnul maxasiaTeblebs araviTari mniSvneloba ar hqonda, ramdenadac isini erTi da imave saqonels ubralod sxvadasxva niSniT gamoxatavdnen. da Tuki mTavrobebis SemTxvevaSi aragonivruli iyo, rom Zalisxmeva gaeRoT Tavad oqros flobisTvis ( vinaidan aRniSnuli saqonlis gavrceleba, yvela sxva tipis saqonlis msgavsad, TavisTavad regulirdeboda msoflio bazarze ) , kidev ufro aragonivruli iyo warmogvedgina, rom niSnebs, romlebic ama Tu im erovnebis simboloebs atarebdnen, raime mniSvneloba hqondaT Sesabamisi qveynebis ganviTarebisa da keTildReobisaTvis. Tumca, politikuri da ekonomikuri sferoebi instituciurad erTmaneTisagan srulad gamijnuli arasdros yofila da swored valutis sakiTxi adasturebda imas, rom aseTi gamijvna bolomde arasdros momxdara. saxelmwifo, romlis daqvemdebarebaSi myofi zarafxanac ubralod monetebis wonis sertificirebas axdenda, realurad Tavad iyo nominaluri fulis Rirebulebis garanti, romelsac is gadasaxadebis akrefisa Tu sxva funqciebis Sesrulebis meSveobiT iZenda. es fuli iyo ara gacvla-gamocvlis, aramed gadaxdis saSualeba; igi gaxldaT ara saqoneli, aramed msyidvelobiTi unari; igi TavisTavad raime sargebels ki ar warmoadgenda, aramed ubralod sagnis SeZenis survilis ricxvebSi gamoxatuli mTvleli iyo. cxadia, sazogadoeba, sadac distribucia damokidebuli iyo msyidvelunarianobis aseTi simboloebis flobaze, sabazro ekonomikisagan absoluturad gansxvavebulad iyo mowyobili. aq, Cven vsaubrobT, ra Tqma unda, ara realur suraTze, aramed konceptualur modelebze, romelTa gamoyenebac xdeba meti sicxadis SemotanisTvis. sabazro ekonomikis politikuri sferodan gamijvna SeuZlebeli iyo; piriqiT, 360 Tavi 16 bazari da sawarmoo organizacia es gaxldaT konstruqcia, romelic safuZvlad edo ekonomikis klasikur gagebas devid rikardodan moyolebuli da romlis gareSec misi cnebebisa da daSvebebis gaazrebac SeuZlebeli iqneboda. am sqemis Tanaxmad, sazogadoeba Sedgeboda gacvla-gamocvlaSi CarTuli individebisagan, romlebic garkveuli tipis saqonels flobdnen – produqtebs, miwas, Sroma da maT Semadgenel nawilebs. fuli ki ubralod erT-erTi saxeoba iyo saqonlis, romlis gacvlac, sxvebTan SedarebiT, ufro xSirad xdeboda da aqedan gamomdinare, igi gamoiyeneboda gacvla-gamocvlisaTvis. aseTi „ sazogadoebis “ warmodgena SesaZloa ararealuri iyos, Tumca igi kargad aRwers konstruqciis CarCos, romelsac ekonomikis klasikuri gageba daefuZna. realobis kidev ufro naklebad srul suraTs gvTavazobs msyidvelunarianobis ekonomika. 1 miuxedavad amisa, misi maxasiaTeblebi gacilebiT ufro miaxloebulia realuri sazogadoebis maxasiaTeblebTan, vidre sabazro ekonomikis paradigmis. modi, vcadoT iseTi „ sazogadoebis “ warmodgena, sadac yoveli individi aRWurvilia gansazRvruli odenobis msyidvelunarianobiT, romelic saSualebas aZlevs mas, rom SeiZinos produqtebi, romelTagan TiToeuls garkveuli fasi aqvs miniWebuli. aseT sazogadoebaSi fuli saqoneli ar aris; mas TavisTavadi gamosadegoba ar gaaCnia; misi gamoyeneba erTaderTi garkveuli produqciis SeZenisTvis SeiZleba, romelsac garkveuli fasi adevs. anu, daaxloebiT ise, rogorc amas dRes maRaziebSi vakeTebT. marTalia, me19 saukuneSi, rodesac socialuri institutebi bevri niSniT Tanxvdebodnen sabazro models, saqonluri fulis Teoria bevrad uswrebda Tavis metoqe Teorias; magram, me20 saukunis dasawyisidan msyidve1 Teoria, romelic safuZvlad daedo mas, f. Saferma ganaviTar­ a velingtonSi, axal zelandiaSi. 361 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi lunarianobis koncefciam nel-nela Zala moikriba. oqros standartis dezintegraciasTan erTad, saqonlurma fulma praqtikulad arseboba Sewyvita da bunebrivi iyo, rom fulis msyidvelunarianobis koncefcias Caenacvlebina is. meqanizmebidan da koncefciebidan saqmeSi CarTul socialur Zalebs rom davubrundeT, mniSvnelovania gaviazroT, rom Tavad gabatonebuli klasebi fuladi saxsrebis centraluri bankis meSveobiT marTvas uWerdnen mxars. marTvis es meTodi, ra Tqma unda, ar ganixileboda oqros standartis institutisTvis xelis SeSlad; piriqiT, igi warmoadgenda TamaSis wess, romlis farglebSic oqros standarts unda efunqcionira. vinaidan, oqros standartis SenarCuneba aqsiomas warmoadgenda da centralizebuli sabanko meqanizms ar SeeZlo ise moqceuliyo, rom qveyana oqros maragebis gareSe darCeniliyo ( aramed piriqiT, bankis umTavresi direqtiva is iyo, rom nebismier pirobebSi qveyanas oqros maragebi SeenarCunebina ) , ise Canda TiTqos, araviTari principuli winaaRmdegoba ar arsebobda. Tumca, es ase xdeboda mxolod da mxolod iqamde, vidre mocemuli fasebis donis meryeoba, e.w. oqros niSnulidan maqsimum 2 3 procentis farglebSi rCeboda. Tumca, rogorc ki gacvla-gamocvlis stabilurobis SenarCunebisaTvis aucilebeli adgilobrivi fasebis meryeoba gacilebiT ufro didi iyo, rodesac is 10 an 30 procentamde adioda, situacia radikalurad icvleboda. fasebis aseT vardna maSinve iwvevda aTasgvar ubedurebasa da destruqcias. Tavad is faqti, rom fulis regulireba mimdinareobda, umniSvnelovanesi xdeboda, vinaidan es niSnavda, rom centralizebuli sabanko meTodebi garkveul politikaSi eqceoda; anu iqceoda iseT sakiTxad, romelTan dakavSirebiTac politikuri subieqtebi iRebdnen gadawyvetilebas. marTlac, centralizebuli sabanko sistemis gansakuTrebuli instituciuri mniSvneloba is iyo, rom monetaruli politika 362 Tavi 16 bazari da sawarmoo organizacia mas politikur sferoSi gadahqonda. am yovelives Sedegebi ki SesaZloa mxolod Sorsmimavali yofiliyo. aRniSnuli Sedegebi SesaZloa orad gavyoT. qveynis SigniT, monetaruli politika ubralod intervencionizmis morigi forma iyo. xolo ekonomikuri klasebis dapirispireba midrekili iyo, rom am sakiTxis garSemo kristalizebuliyo. es ki ase mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli oqros standartTan da dabalansebul biujetebTan. rogorc Semdgom vnaxavT, 1930 -iani wlebis Sida konfliqtebi, xSirad fokusirdeboda am sakiTxze, ramac mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitana antidemokratiuli moZraobis gaZlierebaSi. sagareo saqonelbrunvis sferoSi erovnuli valutebis roli gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani iyo, Tumca im periodisTvis am faqtis aRiareba mainca da mainc ar xdeboda. me19 saukunisaTvis pacifizmi da internacionalizmi wamyvan filosofiebs warmoadgenen; „ principSi “ yvela ganaTlebuli adamiani Tavisufali vaWrobis mxardamWeri iyo da visac raime kvalifikacia hqonda, rac dRevandeli gadmosaxedidan sasacilod mokrZalebulad moCans, praqtikaSic Tavisufal vaWrobas uWerdnen mxars. aseTi perspeqtivis aTvlis wertili, raRa Tqma unda, ekonomikuri interesi iyo; barterisa da vaWrobis sferoebidan gacilebiT ufro gulwrfeli idealizmi gamosWvioda – sruli paradoqsi iyo, magram adamianis egoisturi survilebi ganamtkicebda mis yvelaze ufro didsulovan impulsebs. Tumca, 1870 -iani wlebidan moyolebuli SesamCnevi xdeboda emociuri damokidebulebis cvlileba, miuxedavad imisa, rom dominantur ideebs Soris Sesabamisi wyveta ar momxdara. msoflios kvlavac swamda internacionalizmisa da urTierTdamokidebulebis ideis, nacionalizmisa da TviTkmarobis impulsebis mixedviT moqmedebis miuxedavad. xdeboda liberaluri nacionalizmis transformireba nacionalur liberalizmSi Tavisi mkveTrad gamoxatuli tendenciebiT proteqcionizmiTa da 363 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi imperializmiT sazRvargareT da monopolisturi konservatizmiT saSinao sakiTxebSi. Seusabamoba arsad iseTi mZafri, Tumca amavdroulad yvelaze naklebad gaazrebuli ar yofila, rogorc monetarul sferoSi; radgan saerTaSoriso oqros standartis dogmaturi rwmena kvlavac ganagrZobda adamianebis upirobo mxardaWeris mopovebas. paralelurad, iqmneboda valutebi, sxvadasxva centralizebuli sabanko sistemis suverenulobaze dayrdnobiT. saerTaSoriso principebis egidiT, emisiis centraluri bankebis saxiT, uneblied, axali nacionalizmis auRebeli bastionebis ageba mimdinareobda. sinamdvileSi, axali nacionalizmi axali internacionalizmis pirmSo iyo. saerTaSoriso oqros standarts ver Seqmnidnen qveynebi, romelTac is unda gamoeyenebinaT, Tuki isini winaswar Tavs ar daizRvevdnen safrTxeebisagan, romliTac es standarti emuqreboda mis erTgul sazogadoebebs. srulad monetizebuli sazogadoebebi ver gauZlebdnen fasebis donis mkveTri cvlilebiT gamowveul gamanadgurebel efeqtebs, romelic saWiro iyo stabiluri gacvla-gamocvlis SenarCunebisaTvis, Tuki Sokis Semsubuqeba ar moxdeboda damoukidebeli centraluri sabanko politikis meSveobiT. erovnuli nominaluri valuta iyo am SedarebiTi usafrTxoebis erTgvari garanti, ramdenadac igi SesaZlebels xdida, rom centralur banks Seesrulebina erTgvari buferis roli saSinao da sagareo ekonomikebs Soris. Tuki sagadasaxado balanss aralikviduroba daemuqreboda, sirTulis daZlevaSi CaerTveboda rezervebi da ucxouri sesxebi; Tuki saWiro gaxdeboda srulebiT axali ekonomikuri balansis Seqmna, romelic adgilobriv bazarze fasebis donis dawevas gulisxmobda, kreditze dawesebuli SezRudvebi SesaZloa maqsimalurad racionalurad gadanawilebuliyo, raTa aRmoefxvra araefeqturi SezRudvebi da mTeli datvirTva efeqtur SezRudvebze gadasuliyo. 364 Tavi 16 bazari da sawarmoo organizacia aseTi meqanizmis ararseboba SeuZlebels gaxdida, rom romelime ganviTarebuli qveyana orientirebuliyo oqros standartze, vinaidan mas gamanadgurebeli efeqti eqneboda mis keTildReobaze, iqneboda es warmoebis pirobebis, Semosavlisa Tu dasaqmebis TvalsazrisiT. Tuki sabazro ekonomikis mTavari gmiri vaWarTa klasi iyo, aRniSnuli klasis bunebrivi lideri bankiri gamodioda. dasaqmeba da xelfasebi damokidebuli iyos samewarmeo saqmianobis Semosavlianobaze, Tumca samewarmeo saqmianobis Semosavlianoba damokidebuli iyo stabilur gacvla-gamocvlasa da jansaR sakredito pirobebze, rac mTlianad bankiris prerogativa iyo. swored mas swamda, rom am oris erTmaneTisagan gamijvna ar unda momxdariyo. jansaRi biujeti da stabiluri adgilobrivi sakredito pirobebi gansazRvravda stabilur sagareo gacvla-gamocvlas; iseve, rogorc gacvla-gamocvla stabiluri ver iqneboda, Tuki adgilobrivi krediti garantirebuli, xolo saxelmwifos finansuri meurveoba ekvilibriumis mdgomareobaSi ar iqneboda. mokled rom vTqvaT, bankirs ormagi pasuxismgebloba ekisreboda: jansaRi saSinao finansebisa da sagareo valutis stabilurobis uzrunvelyofa. swored amis gamo iyo rom, rodesac orive maTganma mniSvneloba dakarga, bankirTa klasi ukanaskneli iyo vinc es SeniSna. marTlac, araferia gasaocari 1920 -ian wlebSi saerTaSoriso bankirebis dominantur gavlenebSi da arc 1930 -ian wlebSi maTi gavlenebis gaqrobaSi. 1920 -ian wlebSi oqros standarti kvlavac stabilurobasa da keTildReobasTan dabrunebis winapirobad miiCneoda; Sesabamisad, misi profesionali meurveebis, bankirebis mxridan wamoyenebuli araviTari moTxovna ar ganixileboda rogorc zedmetad rTulad Sesasrulebeli, Tuki igi gacvliTi kursis dastabilurebis pirobas iZleoda; 1929 wlis Semdeg, rodesac dadasturda rom es yovelive SeuZlebeli iyo, wamyvan saWiroebad Sida 365 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi valutis stabiluroba iqca, xolo aRniSnulis uzrunvelsayofad bankirze ufro arakvalificiuri aravin iyo. sabazro ekonomikis krizisi arc erT sxva sferoSi iseTi mwvave ar yofila, rogorc fulad urTierTobebSi. agrarulma tarifebma, romelmac xeli SeuSala sazRvargareTidan produqtis imports, Tavisufali vaWroba daasamara; Sromis bazris Semcirebam da regulirebam molaparakebebis mimdinareoba iseT donemde daiyvana, rom kanoni masSi CarTul mxareebs utovebda gadawyvetilebis miRebis prerogativas. Tumca, arc Sromis da arc miwis SemTxvevaSi, sabazro meqanizmebSi ar momxdara iseTi moulodneli da sruli formaluri wyveta, rogorc amas adgili hqonda fulad urTierTobebSi. sxva bazrebze araferi momxdara iseTi, romlis Sedarebac SesaZlebeli iqneboda didi britaneTis mier 1931 wlis 21 seqtembers oqros standartze uaris TqmasTan; anda 1933 wlis ivnisSi amerikis msgavs qmedebasTanac ki, romelic Tavisi mniSvnelobiT ukve meorexarisxovani iyo. marTalia, didma depresiam, romelic 1929 wels daiwyo, msoflio vaWrobis umetesi nawili gaanadgura, magram amas araviTari cvlileba ar moutania meTodebSi da arc gabatonebul ideebze mouxdenia gavlena. Tumca, oqros standartis saboloo marcxi Tavad sabazro ekonomikis finaluri marcxi iyo. ekonomikurma liberalizmma gezi asi wliT adre aiRo, rasac proteqcionistuli kontrmoZraoba gadaeRoba win, romelmac axla ukve sabazro ekonomikis ukanaskneli bastionic ki daamxo. TviTregulirebadi bazris samyaro amjerad ukve axalma wamyvanma ideebma Caanacvla. TanamedroveTa sruli umravlesobis sisulelis damsaxurebiT, Tavi iCines qarizmatuli liderobisa da avtarkistuli izolacionizmis uxilavma Zalebma da daiwyes sazogadoebebis axali formebiT gaerTianeba. 366 Tavi 17 Sesustebuli TviTregulacia naxevari saukunis ganmavlobaSi, 1879 1929 wlebSi, dasavluri sazogadoebebi mWidrod SekavSirebuli erTeulebad Camoyalibdnen, romlebic farulad sakmaod seriozul damangrevel midrekilebebs atarebdnen. aRniSnuli procesis uSualo wyaro ki sabazro ekonomikis Sesustebuli TviTregulireba iyo. vinaidan sazogadoeba iZulebuli iyo, rom sabazro meqanizmis saWiroebebs morgeboda, meqanizmis funqcionirebaSi arsebuli yoveli naklovaneba xels uwyobda aRniSnuli midrekilebebis dagrovebas Tavad socialur sxeulSi. dasustebuli TviTregulireba iyo proteqcionizmis Se­degi. ra Tqma unda, garkveuli gagebiT, bazrebi yovelTvis TviTregulirebadebi arian, vinaidan isini midrekilni arian, rom daaweson fasi, romelic maT arsebobas gaamarTlebs; oRond, es xdeba nebismieri bazris SemTxvevaSi, Tavisufali iqneba is Tu ara. Tumca, rogorc ukve vaCveneT, TviTregulirebadi bazris sistema gulisxmobs raRac gacilebiT ufro gansxvavebuls, kerZod, bazars warmoebis elementebisTvis – Sromis, miwisa da fulisaTvis. vinaidan aseTi bazrebis funqcionireba sazogadoebis ganadgure367 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi bis safrTxes qmnis, sazogadoebis moqmedeba, romelic mimarTuli iyo Tavis dacvisaken, miznad isaxavda aRniSnuli bazrebis gaCenisaTvis xelis SeSlas anda maTi Tavisuflad funqcionirebis Seferxebas, maTi Seqmnis Semdeg. ekonomikur liberalebs mohyavdaT amerikis magaliTi rogorc sabazro ekonomikis funqcionirebis SesaZleblobis saboloo mtkicebuleba. ukve erTi saukunis ganmavlobaSi, StatebSi Sroma, miwa da fuli iyideboda sruliad Tavisuflad da miuxedavad amisa, rogorc amtkicebdnen, socialuri dacvis araviTari zomis gatareba ar gamxdara saWiro da sabaJo tarifebs Tu ar CavTvliT, industriuli cxovreba yovelgvari samTavrobo Carevis gareSe grZeldeboda. am yvelafers, ra Tqma unda, ubralod Tavisufali SromiT, miwiTa da fuliT xsnidnen. 1890 -ian wlebamde sazRvrebi Ria iyo da miwaTa Tavisufali gamoyenebac grZeldeboda 1 ; pirvel msoflio omamde dabali standartis muSaxelis rezervebi Tavisuflad Semoedineboda; da axali saukunis dadgomamde ar arsebobda araviTari valdebuleba, rom sagareo gacvla-gamocvlis stabiluroba SeenarCunebinaT. miwis, Sromisa da fulis Tavisufali maragebi kvlavac xelmisawvdomi iyo; Sesabamisad, ar arsebobda TviTregulirebadi sabazro sistema. vidre aRniSnuli pirobebi narCundeboda, arc adamians, arc bunebas da arc komerciul sawarmos ar sWirdeboda iseTi tipis dacva, romlis uzrunvelyofac mxolod intervencias SeeZlo. Seicvala Tu ara aRniSnuli garemoebebi, maSinve amoqmedda socialuri dacvis zomebi. rogorc ki mSromelTa qveda rigebis Tavisuflad Sevseba veRar xdeboda imigrantTa amouwuravi rezervebis xarjze, xolo zeda rigebs jer 1 Penrose , E . F ., op . cit . malTusis kanoni moqmedebs mxolod im Sem­ TxvevaSi, Tuki miwis resursebi SezRudulia. 368 Tavi 17 Sesustebuli TviTregulacia kidev ar SeeZlo, rom Tavisuflad dasaxlebuliyo miwebze; rogorc ki Tavisufali miwa da bunebrivi resursebi mwiri, maTi ekonomikurad damuSaveba ki saWiro gaxda; rogorc ki oqros standarti SemoiRes, raTa fuladi urTierTobebi politikis sferodan gaetanaT da Sida vaWroba msoflio vaWrobasTan daekavSirebinaT, aSS maSinve erTi saukuniT wamoewia evropul ganviTarebas: daiwyes, da Tan sakmaod masStabur doneze, miwisa da miwaTmoqmedebis dacva, profkavSirebisa da kanonmdeblobis doneze mSromelTa socialuri dacva da amoqmedda centralizebuli sabanko sistema. jer monetarulma proteqcionizmma iCina Tavi: federaluri sarezervo sistemis daarseba miznad isaxavda oqros standartis saWiroebebis harmonizebas regionul moTxovnebTan; amas mohyva proteqcionizmi Sromisa da miwis sferoSi. keTildReobis aTwleuli 1920 -ian wlebSi iseTi sastiki krizisiT dagvirgvinda, rom „ axali kursis “ farglebSi, evropaSi jerac arnaxuli masStaburi damcavi zomebis gatareba daiwyes Sromasa da miwasTan dakavSirebiT. Sesabamisad, aSS aris Cveni Tezis cocxali magaliTi – rogorc dadebiTi, ise uaryofiTi gagebiT – rom socialuri dacva TiTqosda TviTregulirebadi bazris Tanmxlebi iyo. amavdroulad, proteqcionizmi yvelgan myar damcav Sres qmnida socialuri cxovrebis axlad aRmocenebuli organizmisaTvis. es axali warmonaqmni nacionalur niadagze iyo amozrdili, Tumca, sxva mxriv, mas Zalze cota ram hqonda saerTo Tavis winamorbedebTan, warsulSi arsebul udardel erebTan. es axali „ kibosmagvari “ nacia Tavis identobas erovnul nominalur valutebSi gamoxatavda, romelTac aqamde jer arnaxuli eWvebiT aRsavse da absoluturi suvereniteti icavda. am valutaTa sikaSkaSe gareTac aRwevda, vinaidan swored maTi meSveobiT xdeboda saerTaSoriso oqros standartis Camoyalibeba, romelic msoflio ekonomikis wamyvan instruments warmoadgenda. da 369 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi axla, Tuki calsaxa iyo, rom samyaros fuli marTavda, am fulze erovnuli niSani iyo aRbeWdili. erebsa da valutebze aseTi gansakuTrebuli aqcentis dasma liberalTa gonebisaTvis sruliad miuwvdomeli iqneboda. Cveulebisamebr, maT xom saerTod TvalTaxedvidan rCebaT, Tu ras warmoadgens realurad samyaro, romelSic isini cxovroben. Tuki ers isini anaqronizmad afasebdnen, erovnul valutebs isini saerTod yuradRebis Rirsadac ki ar Tvlidnen. liberaluri epoqis arc erTi ekonomisti, romelic sakuTar Tavs pativs scemda, arc ki daeWvdeboda im faqtis araseriozulobaSi, rom saxelmwifo sazRvris sxvadasxva mxares qaRaldis sxvadasxva nawils gansxvavebuli dasaxeleba hqonda. araferi iyo imaze ufro advili, vidre erTi kupiuris meoreTi Secvla savaluto bazris meSveobiT, instituciis, romlis funqcionirebasac safrTxe ar emuqreboda, vinaidan, sabednierod, saxelmwifos an politikosTa kontrols ar eqvemdebareboda. dasavleT evropa axali ganmanaTleblobis epoqas gadioda da mis mier mtrad Seracxil cnebaTa Soris mowinave poziciebs ikavebda eris „ traibalisturi “ koncefcia, romlis TiTqosda suverenuloba liberalebisaTvis CamorCenili azrovnebis cocxali gamovlineba iyo. 1930 -ian wlebamde nebismieri ekonomikuri cnobari irwmuneboda, rom fuli ubralod gacvla-gamocvlis instrumenti gaxldaT da amitomac, igi araarsebiTi iyo. sabazro ekonomikis ideebiT dabrmavebuli goneba Tanabrad aramgrZnobiare gaxldaT rogorc eris, ise fulis fenomenisadmi. rogorc erTis, ise meoresTan mimarTebaSi Tavisufali vaWrobis momxre nominalisti iyo. es kavSiri gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani iyo, miuxedavad imisa, rom im periodisaTvis is absoluturad SeumCneveli darCa. periodulad, Tavs iCenda xolme Tavisufali vaWrobis doqtrinis, iseve rogorc orTodoqsuli doqtrinebis kritika, Tumca iSviaTad, rom vinmes SeemCnia, rom am 370 Tavi 17 Sesustebuli TviTregulacia doqtrinaTagan orive TiTqmis erTsa da imaves qadagebda gansxvavebuli sityvebiT da Tuki erT-erTi maTgani cdeboda, maSin meorec iseTive mcdari gamodioda. uiliam kaninghemma da adolf vagnerma gamoavlines kosmopolituri Tavisufali vaWrobis naklovanebebi, Tumca maT am sakiTxis fulTan kavSiri ar uCvenebiaT; meore mxriv, makloudma da geselma ieriSi miitanes fulis klasikur Teoriebze, kosmopolituri savaWro sistemebis upiratesobebze xazis gasmiT. valutis arsebiTi mniSvneloba eris, rogorc im epoqis kritikulad mniSvnelovani ekonomikuri da politikuri erTeulis dafuZnebaSi, iseve aqvT gamorCenili liberaluri ganmanaTleblobis xanis avtorebs, rogorc istoriis arseboba daaviwydaT maT winamorbedebs me18 saukunidan. swored am principebs iziarebda yvelaze gamoCenili ekonomisti moazrovne rikardodan moyolebuli uaizeramde, jon stiuart milidan moyolebuli marSalisa da uikselis CaTvliT; maSin, roca ganaTlebuli klasis rigiTi warmomadgenlebi mtkiced iyvnen darwmunebulni, rom erovnuli ekonomikuri sakiTxis akviateba anda valutiT daintereseba individebs arasrulfasovnebis kompleqss uCenda. xolo aRniSnuli cdomilebebis im sazarel TeoremasTan gaerTianeba, rom erovnuli valutebi wamyvan rols TamaSobdnen Cveni civilizaciis instituciuri meqanizmis CamoyalibebaSi, Sefasdeboda uazro da yovelgvari saRi azrisagan daclil paradoqsad. realurad, axali erovnuli erTeuli ganuyofeli iyo axali erovnuli valutisagan. swored valutas mohyavda moqmedebaSi erovnuli Tu saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri sistemis meqanizmi da swored mas Semohqonda saerTo suraTSi is maxasiaTeblebi, romlebic uzrunvelyofda aRniSnuli meqanizmis ucabed damuxruWebas, rodesac amis saWiroeba dadgeboda. monetaruli sistema, romelsac sakredito sis371 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi tema efuZneboda, gaxldaT sasicocxlo arteria rogorc erovnuli, ise saerTaSoriso ekonomikisaTvis. proteqcionistuli moZraoba sami mimarTulebiT viTardeboda. TiToeul am faqtors – miwas, Sromas da fuls – Tavisi gansazRvruli funqcia hqonda. Tumca, Tuki miwa da Sroma dakavSirebuli iyo konkretul, Tumca farTo socialur fenebTan, magaliTad, muSebTan an glexobasTan, monetaruli proteqcionizmi, didwilad, saerTo erovnuli sakiTxi iyo, romelic xSirad mraval sxvadasxva interess uyrida Tavs. marTalia, monetarul politikas SeeZlo rogorc eris gaerTianeba, ise misi dayofa, Tumca obieqturad, monetaruli sistema iyo erT-erTi umTavresi ekonomikuri faqtori, romelic mis integracias axdenda. Sroma da miwa, upirveles yovlisa, dakavSirebuli iyo socialur kanonmdeblobasTan da marcvleulis mosakreblebTan. fermerebi aprotestebdnen valdebulebebs, romlebsac sargebeli mohqonda mSromelebisaTvis da iwvevda xelfasebis zrdas, xolo mSromelebi ewinaaRmdegebodnen fasebis yovelgvar zrdas sakvebze. Tumca, rogorc ki marcvleulisa da Sromis kanonmdebloba Sevidoda ZalaSi – rac germaniaSi adreuli 1880 -iani wlebidan moxda – erTi maTganis gauqmeba meoris gauqmebis gareSe SeuZlebeli xdeboda. agrokulturul da industriul tarifebs Soris ki kidev ufro mWidro kavSiri arsebobda. mas Semdeg, rac bismarkis damsaxurebiT, popularuli gaxda sayovelTao proteqcionizmis idea ( 1879 w ) , politikuri aliansi miwaTmflobelebsa da mewarmeebs Soris rogorc erTi, ise meore tarifis dacvis mizniT germanuli politikuri cxovrebis maxasiaTeblad iqca; tarifebis xelSewyoba erTmaneTis sasargeblod friad gavrcelebuli iyo, iseve, rogorc kartelebis Seqmna, raTa tarifebidan kerZo sargeblis miReba uzrunvelyofiliyo. 372 Tavi 17 Sesustebuli TviTregulacia Sida da sagareo, socialuri da saerTo erovnuli proteqcionizmi midrekili iyo Serwymisaken. 1 marcvleulTan dakavSirebuli kanonebiT gamowveuli sayofacxovrebo xarjebis zrda mewarmeebs ubiZgebda, rom moeTxovaT proteqcionistuli tarifebi; rasac isini TiTqmis yovelTvis warmatebulad iyenebdnen karteluri politikis instrumentebad. bunebrivia, rom profkavSirebi daJinebiT moiTxovda xelfasebis gazrdas, raTa momxdariyo momatebuli sayofacxovrebo xarjebis kompensireba da araviTari mizezi ar hqonda, rom SewinaaRmdegeboda iseT sabaJo tarifebs, romlebic damsaqmeblebs saSualebas miscemda, rom dasaqmebulisaTvis gazrdili anazRaureba miecaT. Tumca, rogorc ki socialuri kanonmdeblobiT gansazRvruli angariSsworeba tarifebiT ganpirobebul anazRaurebis dones daefuZna, damsaqmeblebisagan aRar iyo mosalodneli aRniSnuli kanonmdeblobiT dakisrebuli valdebulebis Sesruleba, Tuki maT ar eqnebodaT uwyveti dacvis garantiebi, rac savsebiT samarTliani iyo. sxvaTa Soris, swored es gaxldaT faqtobrivi safuZveli, romelsac emyareboda koleqtivisturi SeTqmulebis ideis momxreTa wayenebuli brali, romelic TiTqosda pasuxismgebeli iyo proteqcionistul moZraobaze. Tumca, aRniSnuli pozicia Sedegebsa da mizezebs erTmaneTSi urevda. moZraoba Tavdapirvelad spontanuri da mravalferovani iyo, Tumca rogorc ki is daiwyo, ra Tqma unda, SeuZlebeli iyo, rom amas ar gamoewvia paraleluri interesebis gaCena, romelTac surdaT, rom moZraoba gagrZelebuliyo. Tumca, interesTa Tanxvedraze ufro mniSvnelovani iyo im realuri pirobebis erTgvarovani gavrceleba, romlebic msgavsi zomebis gatarebis erToblivi Sedegi iyo. Tuki sxvadasxva qveyanaSi cxovreba erTmaneTisagan gansxvavde1 Carr , E . IL ., The Twenty Years ’ Crisis , 1919 1939 , 1940 . 373 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi boda, rac realobaSi yovelTvis ase xdeboda, aRniSnuli sxvaobis axsna axla ukve SesaZlebeli iyo konkretuli sakanonmdeblo da administraciuli aqtebis proteqcionistuli miznebiT, vinaidan warmoebis pirobebi da axla, Sroma ZiriTadad damokidebuli iyo tarifebze, gadasaxadebsa da socialur kanonebze. aSS-isa da britanuli dominionis mier imigracias SezRudvamdec ki gaerTianebuli samefodan emigrirebulTa raodenoba mkveTrad Semcirda, miuxedavad umuSevrobis mwvave problemisa, romelsac mSobliur qveyanaSi bevrad gaumjobesebuli socialuri klimati iwvevda. Tumca, Tuki sabaJo tarifebma da socialurma kanonmdeblobam xelovnuri klimatis Seqmnas Seuwyo xeli, monetarulma politikam Seqmna is, rac marTlac SeiZleba, rom xelovnuri klimatis pirobebs SevadaroT; is yoveldRiurad icvleboda da zegavlenas axdenda sazogadoebis yovel wevrsa da mis uSualo interesebze. monetarulma politikam Tavisi maintegrirebeli funqciis damsaxurebiT, ukan Camoitova sxva tipis proteqcionistuli zomebi, romlebic zanti da mouxerxebeli aparatiT xasiaTdebodnen, vinaidan monetaruli dacvis gavlena yovelTvis aqtiuri da mudam cvalebadi iyo. is, rac komerciul mewarmes, organizebul muSas Tu diasaxliss awuxebda an is, razec fiqrobda fermeri, romelic mosavlis moyvanas gegmavda, mSobeli, romelsac Tavisi Svilis momavali afiqrebda Tu Seyvarebulebi, romlebsac qorwineba surdaT, gacilebiT ufro pirdapir iyo dakavSirebul centraluri bankis monetarul politikasTan, vidre sxva romelime calkeul faqtorTan. da Tuki es simarTles Seesabameboda maSin, rodesac valuta stabiluri iyo, arastabiluri valutis pirobebSi, am gancxadebis simarTleSi eWvsac ver Seitandi da inflaciis Tu deflaciis gardauvali gadawyvetileba misaRebi iyo. politikurad eris identobas mTavroba gansazRvravda, ekonomikurad ki pasuxismgebloba centralur banks eniWeboda. 374 Tavi 17 Sesustebuli TviTregulacia saerTaSoriso doneze, monetaruli sistema, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, kidev ufro met mniSvnelobas iZenda. fulis Tavisufali mimoqceva, rogor paradoqsuladac ar unda JRerdes, vaWrobaze dawesebuli SezRudvebis Sedegi iyo, vinaidan, rac ufro rTuldeboda produqciisa da adamianebis mier sazRvris kveTa, miT ufro saimedod unda momxdariyo fulis gadaxdis Tavisuflebis uzrunvelyofa. moklevadiani fulis miReba dedamiwis erTi wertilidan meoreSi ramdenime saaTis SualedSi iyo SesaZlebeli. saerTaSoriso gadaricxvebis saxeobebi mTavrobebsa da kerZo korporaciebs Tu individebs Soris erTgvarad regulirdeboda; ucxouri valebis gadaxdaze uaris Tqma an sabiujeto garantiebis sferoSi TaRliTobis mcdelobebi, CamorCenili qveynebis mTavrobebis mxridanac ki, axla ukve miutevebel Secdomad iTvleboda da isjeboda kreditisaTvis SeuferebelTa gariyulebis wreSi moxvedriT. msoflio monetaruli sistemis yvela relevantur sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT yvelgan msgavsi instituciebi gaCnda, kerZod, warmomadgenlobiTi organoebi da werilobiTi konstituciebi; isini gansazRvravdnen maT iurisdiqcias da aregulirebdnen biujetis damtkicebis wess, kanonebis gamoqveynebas, xelSekrulebebis ratificirebas, finansuri valdebulebebis aRebis meTodebs, sazogadoebrivi angariSvaldebulebebis sakiTxebs, ucxoelTa uflebebs, sasamarTloTa iurisdiqcias, saveqselo gadaxdis adgils da Sesabamisad, emisiis bankis, obligaciebis ucxoeli mflobelebisa da yvela saxis kreditorebis statuss. es gulisxmobda banknotebisa da monetebis gamoyenebis, safosto regulaciebsa da safondo birJisa da sabanko meTodebis damorCilebas. albaT yvelaze mdidari qveynebis garda, sxva verc erTi mTavroba ver gabedavda, rom fulTan dakavSirebuli tabuebi daerRvia. saerTaSoriso doneze eris warmomadgeneli valuta 375 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi gaxldaT; da ar arsebobda eri, romelic xangrZlivi droiT saerTaSoriso sistemis gareT SeZlebda arsebobas. adamianisa da saqonlisagan gansxvavebiT, fuli yovelgvari xelis SemSleli pirobebisagan Tavisufali iyo da warmatebiT ganagrZobda nebismier distanciasa Tu droSi komerciuli warmoebisaTvis saWiro saqmianobas. rac ufro rTuldeboda realuri sagnebis sivrceSi gadaadgileba, miT ufro ioldeboda maTze moTxovnis gagzavna. maSin, roca saqonlisa da momsaxurebebis SeZena barierebs awydeboda da maTi balansi garemoebebis mixedviT meryeobda, gadaricxvaTa balansi TiTqmis avtomaturad likviduri rCeboda, mTeli msoflios masStabiT mimoqcevaSi myofi xanmokle sesxebisa da fasiani qaRaldebis operaciebis meSveobiT, rac TiTqmis arafriT iyo dakavSirebuli xilul vaWrobasTan. gadaxdebze, valebsa da finansur saWiroebebze TiTqmis araviTar gavlenas ar axdenda produqtis gacvla-gamocvlis winaSe aRmarTuli barierebi; saerTaSoriso monetaruli meqanizmebis mzardi moqniloba da universaluroba garkveulwilad akompensirebda msoflio vaWrobis arxebis mudmiv Seviwroebas. 1930 -iani wlebis dasawyisSi, rodesac msoflio vaWrobis aRniSnuli arxebi TiTqmis daSra, saerTaSoriso moklevadianma sesxebma mobilobis aqamde arnaxul masStabebs miaRwia. vidre saerTaSoriso kapitalis mimoqcevis da xanmokle kreditebis meqanizmi gamarTulad muSaobda, realuri vaWrobis disbalansi iseT masStabebs ver miaRwevda, romelsac angariSsworebis meTodebi ver gadalaxavda. kreditebis mimoqcevam SesaZlebeli gaxada socialuri rRvevis Tavidan arideba; ekonomikuri disbalansi finansurma saSualebebma aRadgines. saboloo jamSi, bazris dasustebuli TviTregulireba politikur intervenciiT dagvirgvinda. morigi savaWro ciklis dasrulebis Semdgom, rodesac yvelaferi Tavis adgilas ar dadga da umuSevrobis sakiTxi ar gamosworda, ro376 Tavi 17 Sesustebuli TviTregulacia desac importma eqsporti ver uzrunvelyo, rodesac sabanko regulaciebi panikaSi myof bizness daemuqra, rodesac ucxoelma mevaleebma valis dabrunebaze uari ganacxades, mTavrobas mouwia SezRudvebis SemoReba. kritikul situaciaSi, sazogadoebam sakuTari erTianobis demonstrireba intervenciebis meSveobiT moaxdina. ramdenad Sors unda wasuliyo saxelmwifo Carevis waxalisebaSi, es sakiTxi damokidebuli iyo politikuri sferos mowyobasa da ekonomikuri wnexis doneze. vidre xmis micemis ufleba SezRuduli rCeboda da mxolod da mxolod ramdenime adamians hqonda politikuri gavlena, intervencionizmi gacilebiT nakleb problemuri Canda, vidre mas Semdeg, rac sayovelTao xmis uflebis moZraobam saxelmwifo milionobiT adamianis marTul organod aqcia – imave milionebis, visac ekonomikur sferoSi xSirad marTulis tvirTi unda ezida. vidre samuSao uxvad iyo, Semosavlebi – garantirebuli, warmoeba – uwyveti, sacxovrebeli pirobebi – atanadi, xolo fasebi – stabiluri, intervencionistuli wnexi bunebrivad naklebi iyo, vidre mas Semdeg, rac gaWianurebulma krizisma industria gamouyenebeli xelsawyoebisa da gacruebuli imedebis grovad aqcia. saerTaSoriso donezec, politikuri meTodebi gamoiyeneboda rogorc bazris arasrulyofili TviTregulirebis damateba. rikardos vaWrobisa da valutis Teoria amaod axdenda statusebs Soris gansxvavebis ignorirebas, romelic arsebobda sxvadasxva qveyanas Soris simdidris warmoebisa da saeqsporto SesaZleblobebis, vaWrobis, gadazidvisa da sabanko gamocdilebis TvalsazrisiT. liberaluri Teoriis Tanaxmad, didi britaneTi iyo ubralod rigiTi atomi vaWrobis samyaroSi, sadac mas zustad igive adgili ekava, rac danias an gvatemalas hqonda. realurad ki, samyaro iyofoda sul ramdenime tipis qveynebad, gamsesxebel da msesxebel qveynebad, eqsportior da praqtikulad 377 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi damoukidebel qveynebad, diversificirebul eqsportior da iseT qveynebad, romlebic importsa da sagareo vaWrobaSi mTlianad damokidebulebi iyvnen erTaderT produqtze, magaliTad, xorbalze an yavaze. aseT gansxvavebebs SesaZloa ignorireba gaukeTo TeoriaSi, magram praqtikaSi maTi Sedegebis srulad ugulebelyofa SeuZlebelia. xSirad, okeanis miRma qveynebi aRmoCndebodnen xolme mdgomareobaSi, rodesac ucxouri valis gastumreba ar SeeZloT an maTi valuta gaufasurebuli iyo, rac maT gadaxdisunarianobas safrTxis winaSe ayenebda; zogjer isini gadawyvetdnen xolme, rom balansi politikuri meTodiT aRedginaT da ucxoeli investorebis sakuTrebaSi iWrebodnen. arc erT aseT SemTxvevaSi ar iyo SesaZlebeli ekonomikuri TviTgajansaRebis procesis ndoba, miuxedavad imisa, rom klasikuri doqtrinis Tanaxmad, aRniSnuli procesebi srulad daubrunebda fuls kreditors, aRadgenda valutas da daicavda ucxoels msgavsi danakargebisagan. es rom marTlac ase momxdariyo, CarTuli qveynebi msoflio Sromis ganawilebis sistemis metnaklebad Tanaswori monawileni unda yofiliyvnen, Tumca, amas namdvilad ar hqonia adgili. amao iyo molodini, rom qveyana, romlis valutac uecrad daeca, avtomaturad gazrdida Tavis eqsports da Sedegad, aRidgenda sagadasaxado balanss. an, TiTqosda, ucxouri kapitalis saWiroeba aucileblad aiZulebda mas, rom ucxoelisTvis kompensacia mieca da kvlavac gaagrZelebda valis aRebis Sedegad dakisrebuli movaleobebis Sesrulebas. magaliTad, yavis an nitratebis uecrad momatebulma gayidvebma, SeiZleba bazarze maTi fasis katastrofuli dacema ganapirobos. amitomac, SesaZloa kabaluri ucxouri valis gadaxdaze uaris Tqma ufro sasurveli Candes, vidre erovnuli valutis gaufasureba. msoflio bazris meqanizms aseTi riskis gawevis fufuneba ar hqonda. nacvlad amisa, maSinve 378 Tavi 17 Sesustebuli TviTregulacia kanonerebi 1 gaigzavneboda adgilze da mTavrobas, romelic valdebulebas ar asrulebda, miuxedavad imisa TaRliTobda iyo Tu ara is, ori arCevani eqneboda, dabombva an kreditis gadaxda. gadasaxadis gadaxdis iZulebis, didi danakargebis Tavidan aridebis da sistemis gamarTuli muSaobisTvis araviTari sxva meTodi ar arsebobda. msgavsi praqtika gamoiyeneboda kolonizebul xalxebTanac, raTa vaWrobis upiratesoba eRiarebinaT, rodesac ormxrivi sargeblis Teoriulad saimedo argumenti droulad – da albaT saerTodac – ar iyo gaziarebuli mkvidri xalxebis mier. kidev ufro cxadi iyo intervenciuli meTodebis saWiroeba Tuki mocemuli regioni iseTi nedli masaliT aRmoCndeboda mdidari, raze moTxovna arsebobda evropel mwarmoeblebSi, miuxedavad imisa, rom araviTari arsebuli harmoniuli mocemuloba ar aCvenebda, rom adgilobriv xalxebSi ltolva ar arsebobda evropeli mwarmoeblebisadmi, romelTa bunebrivi moTxovnilebebi adre sruliad sxva mxares iyo mimarTuli. TavisTavad cxadia, rom viTomda TviTregulirebadi sistemis pirobebSi arc erT aRniSnul problemas ar unda eCina Tavi. Tumca, rac ufro xSiri iyo, rom valis gastumreba mxolod da mxolod SeiaraRebuli intervenciebis muqaris SiSiT xdeboda, rac ufro xSirad gamoiyeneboda kanonerebi savaWro gzebis Caketvis Tavidan asacileblad, rac ufro xSirad mohyveboda savaWro gemebi samxedro flots, floti ki im mimarTulebiT gacurdeboda, saiTac Tavisi mTavrobis saWiroebebi ukarnaxebdnen, miT ufro cxadi xdeboda, rom msoflio ekonomikaSi wonasworobis SesanarCuneblad politikuri instrumentebis gamoyeneba iyo saWiro. 1 kanoneri – qvemexiani navi ( mTarg. ) 379 Tavi 18 damangreveli daZabuloba instituciuri mowyobis amgvarma erTgvarovnebam gasaocari msgavseba gamoiwvia im movlenebisa, romlebic naxevari saukunis manZilze, 1879-1929 wlebSi farTo masStabiT viTardeboda. xasiaTis, gamocdilebebis, inteleqtualuri ganviTarebisa da winaparTa ugzo-ukvlo mravalferovnebam bevr qvey­anas adgilobrivi niSa da elferi SesZina, Tumca, civilizebul samyaros, metwilad, mainc saerTo agebuleba hqonda. es msgavseba saziaro kulturul Strixebs erTnairi xelsawyoebiT gardaqmnida da gaweuli ZalisxmevisTvis dawesebuli jildoebic erTmaneTis msgavsi iyo. ufro zustad, istoriul konteqstSi ganviTarebuli movlenebis is funqciebi iyo msgavsi, romlebic koleqtiuri Tanaarsebobis droSi SezRuduli komponentia. swored am identuri midrekilebebisa da wnexebis analizma unda gamoavlinos is meqanizmi, romelic am periodSi gamorCeulad erTgvarovan istoriul Targebs qmnida. wnexebi SegviZlia martivad davajgufoT mTavari instituciuri sferoebis mixedviT. Sida ekonomikaSi aramdgradobis mravalferovani simptomebi – warmoebis, samuSao adgilebisa da gamomuSavebis kleba – umuSevrobis sadams380 Tavi 18 damangreveli daZabuloba jelo efeqtSi unda gavaerTianoT. Sida politikaSi socialuri Zalebis dapirispireba da SeuTanxmebloba klasTa Soris dapirispirebis magaliTad gamodgeba. sirTuleebi saerTaSoriso ekonomikaSi, romelic sagadasaxado balansis irgvliv iyo koncentrirebuli da eqsportis klebis, vaWrobisTvis araxelsayreli garemos, nedli masalebis importis simwirisa da sagareo investiciebis dakargvisagan Sedgeboda, saxasiaTo jgufs unda mivakuTvnoT, saxeldobr – wnexi saqonlis mimocvlaze. dabolos, saerTaSoriso politikaSi arsebuli daZabulobebi unda mivakuTvnoT imperialistTa metoqeobis qvejgufs. ganvixiloT qveyana, romelmac komerciuli mewarmeobis ekonomikuri aqtiurobis klebis Sedegad umuSevrobis TvalsazrisiT didi dartyma miiRo. TvalsaCinoa, rom ekonomikuri politikis nebismieri zoma, romelic SesaZloa bankebma airCion, SesabamisobaSi unda modiodes stabiluri birJebis moTxovnebTan. bankebi ver SeZleben industriul seqtorze gacemuli sesxebis gafarToebas an gaxangrZlivebas centraluri bankisTvis mimarTvis gareSe. es ukanaskneli, Tavis mxriv, dinebas ver gayveba, radgan valutis usafrTxoeba sapirispiro moqmedebas moiTxovs. erTi mxriv, Tuki zewola samrewvelo sferodan saxelmwifoze gavrceldeba – profesiulma gaerTianebebma SesaZloa, maTTan afilirebuli politikuri partiebi waaqezon, rom sakiTxi parlamentSi daayenon – Semamsubuqebeli zomebis an sajaro samuSaoebis masStabi biujetis wonasworobis moTxovnebiT iqneba SezRuduli, rac stabiluri birJebis kidev erTi winapirobaa. Sesabamisad, oqros standartiT, xazinisa da centraluri bankis moqmedebebi Tanabari efeqtianobiT unda Semowmdes, kanonmdebloba ki iseTive SezRudvebis winaSe aRmoCndeba, rogorc industriuli seqtori. ra Tqma unda, SesaZloa, rom umuSevrobis wnexma qveynis masStabiT industriul an samTavrobo seqtorze gadaiaros. 381 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi Tuki konkretul SemTxvevaSi krizisi xelfasebze deflaciuri zewoliT gadailaxa, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom tvirTi umeteswilad ekonomikis sferos daawveboda. Tumca, Tuki mtkivneuli zomebi samemkvidreo gadasaxadidan subsidirebuli sajaro samuSaoebis daxmarebiT iqna Tavidan aridebuli, mTavari dartyma politikur sferos miadgeboda. ( igive iqneboda, romelime samTavrobo RonisZiebis safuZvelze profkavSirebisTvis xelfasebis Semcirebis iZuleba, rac mopovebuli uflebebis darRveva iqneboda ) . xelfasebze deflaciuri zewolis magaliTSi wnexi sabazro sivrces ar gasclia da Semosavlebis gadanawilebaSi gamoixata, rac fasTa cvalebadobiT iyo ganpirobebuli. meore SemTxvevaSi, rogoricaa sazogadoebrivi samsaxurebis an profkavSirebisTvis dawesebuli SezRudvebi, Seicvala samarTlebrivi statusi an dabegvris wesi, ramac umeteswilad am jgufis politikur poziciebze iqonia gavlena. sabolood, umuSevroba SesaZloa qveynis sazRvrebs gascdes da ucxour birJebze iqonios gavlena. es SeiZleba moxdes ganurCevlad imisa, umuSevrobis winaaRmdeg brZolis romeli meTodi iqneba gamoyenebuli – politikuri Tu ekonomikuri. oqros standartis mixedviT, romelic, CavTvaloT rom yovelTvis ZalaSia, nebismierma saxelmwifo RonisZiebam, romelmac sabiujeto deficiti gamoiwvia, SesaZloa erovnuli valutis gaufasurebac gamoiwvios: Tu umuSevrobas fulis maragebis zrdiT ebrZodnen, Sida fasebis zrda eqsportze moaxdenda gavlenas, rac sagadasaxado balansze imoqmedebda. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, es bazarze kriziss gamoiwvevda da qveynis valutas tvirTad daawveboda. anda, umuSevrobiT gamowveulma wnexma SesaZloa sagareo daZabuloba gamoiwvios. zog SemTxvevaSi, amas mniSvnelovnad gauuaresebia susti qveynebis saerTaSoriso poziciebi. maTi statusi dakninda, uflebebi ugulebelyofil 382 Tavi 18 damangreveli daZabuloba iqna, maTze sagareo kontroli dawesda, xolo erovnuli miswrafebebi – Caflavda. Zlieri qveynebis SemTxvevaSi, es wnexi SesaZloa ucxouri bazrebis, koloniebis, gavlenis zonebisa da imperialisturi metoqeobis sxva formebisken ltolvaSi gadaizardos. amdenad, bazridan wamosuli wnexi bazarsa da sxva mTavar instituciur sivrceebSi monacvleobda da zogjer mTavrobis sferos moqmedebaze axdenda gavlenas, zogjer ki oqros standartze an ZalTa balansis sistemaze, situaciidan gamomdinare. TiToeuli sfero sxvebTan SedarebiT damoukidebeli iyo da wonasworobisken miiRvwoda. balansis miuRwevlobis dros, gauwonasworebloba sxva sferoebzec vrceldeboda. SedarebiT avtonomiur sferoebSi wnexi grovdeboda, zogjer im doziT, rom sabolood, Sedegi metnaklebad stereotipuli formis afeTqeba iyo. vidre me19 saukune warmosaxviT liberalur utopias aSenebda, realurad, igi garkveuli raodenobis konkretul instituciebs gadascemda kontrols, romelTa meqanizmebic dRis wesrigs gansazRvravda. realobis gacnobierebasTan miaxloeba, albaT, erTi ekonomistis ritorikuli SekiTxva iyo, romelmac 1933 wels, „ mTavrobaTa did umravlesoba ” protecqcionisturi politikis gatarebaSi daadanaSaula. ramdenad aris SesaZlebeli, rom politika, romelsac yvela eqsperti erTxmad gmobs imis gamo, rom igi ukiduresad mcdari, uxeSad absurduli da ekonomikuri Teoriis yvela principTan winaaRmdegobaSia, swori iyos? – ikiTxa man. calsaxad, „ ara ” 1 , iyo misi pasuxi. Tumca ki, amaoa aSkara faqtebis axsna-ganmarteba liberalur literaturaSi eZebo. erTaderTi pasuxi mTavrobebis, politikosebisa da saxelmwifo moxeleebis mxridan Zalauflebis borotad gamoyeneba iyo, rasac bolo ar 1 Haberler , G ., Der internationale Handel , 1933 , p . vi . 383 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi uCanda. savaraudod, swored maTi ucodinaroba, ambiciebi, sixarbe da aragamWriaxi winaswarganwyobebi ganapirobebda am qveynebis „ did umravlesobaSi ” popularul proteqcionizmis politikas. maT gadawyvetilebebSi sul mcire dasabuTebuli argumentic ki iSviaTad Tu moiZebneboda da maTi qmedebebi aSkara winaswarganwyobebis saSiSi masStabebiT gamovlineba iyo. erTaderTi inteleqtualuri pasuxi proteqcionistuli konspiraciis miTis imperialisturi maniis miTiT dagvirgvineba iyo. liberaluri argumentacia, yovel SemTxvevaSi, misi artikulirebuli versia, amtkicebda, rom daaxloebiT adreul 1880 -ian wlebSi dasavleTis qveynebSi imperialisturi vnebebi aRiZra da ekonomisti moazrovneebis nayofieri Sroma tomobrivi crurwmenebisadmi emociurma midrekilebma gaanadgura. nel-nela am sentimentalurma politikam Zala moikriba da pirvel msoflio omamde migviyvana. pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg ganmanaTleblobis Zalebs kidev erTi Sansi miecaT, keTilgonierebis mmarTveloba aRedginaT, Tumca progresi imperializmis moulodnelma amofrqvevam SeaCera, gansakuTrebiT axlad gaCenil patara qveynebSi, mogvianebiT ki, „ uqonel ” germaniaSi, italiasa da iaponiaSi. „ cbierma cxovelma, ” politikosma maraTonSi Cabmuli gonierebis centrebi – Jeneva, uol striti da londoni daamarcxa. popularuli politikuri Teologiis am nawilSi imperializmi adamianuri bunebis Tandayolil codvil bunebas warmoadgens. saxelmwifoebi da imperiebi dabadebiT imperialisturebad moiazrebian, TiTqos, isini mezoblebs sinanulis gareSe gadasanslaven. am mtkicebis meore nawili simarTlea, Tumca ara pirveli. marTalia, imperializmi, ganurCevlad imisa, Tu sad da rodis aRmocenda igi, gafarToebis dros keTligonierebas an moralur gansjas eyrdnoba, Tumca mcdari Sefasebaa, rom saxelmwifoebi da 384 Tavi 18 damangreveli daZabuloba imperiebi yovelTvis eqspansionistebi arian. teritoriuli gaerTianebebi ar arian yovelTvis sazRvrebis gafarToebisken midrekili; arc qalaqebs, saxelmwifoebsa da imperiebs aqvT aseTi mania. sapirispiros mtkiceba zogierTi tipuri SemTxvevis zogad wesad gasaReba iqneboda. arsebiTad, popularuli azris sapirispirod, Tanamedrove kapitalizmi xangrZlivi kontraqcionizmiT ( SekumSviT ) daiwyo. imperializmisaken man mogvianebiT gadauxvia. antiimperializmi adam smitma daafuZna, romelmac ara mxolod amerikuli revolucia, aramed momavali sau­ kunis „ patara inglisis ” moZraobac ki iwinaswarmetyvela. ganxeTqilebas ekonomikuri mizezebi hqonda: bazrebis swrafma zrdam, rac „ Svidwliani omiT ” daiwyo, imperiebis popularoba Seamcira. Tuki geografiuli aRmoCenebi Tavisi SedarebiT neli satransporto saSualebebiT, Soreul plantaciebs aniWebda upiratesobas, komunikaciebis daCqarebam koloniebi ZviradRirebuli fufunebis sagnebad aqcia. plantaciebisTvis araxelsayreli kidev erTi faqtori is iyo, rom eqsporti importze mniSvnelovani gaxda; myidvelis bazris idealma gza gamyidvelis bazars dauTmo, romelSic metoqeebs, maT Soris ukve kolonistebs, saqonlis SedarebiT dabal fasad gayidviT igeriebdnen. atlantikuri zRvispireTis koloniebis dakargvis Semdeg kanadam imperiaSi ( 1837 ) Tavis Senaxva ver moaxerxa; disraelic ki dasavleT afrikaSi arsebuli qonebis likvidaciis momxre iyo. „ narinjisferma saxelmwifom ” amaod iTxova imperiis wevroba da zogierTma kunZulma wynar okeaneSi, romlebic dRes msoflio strategiul RerZebad iwodebian, araerTxel miiRo uari SemoerTebaze. Tavisufalma movaWreebma da proteqcionistebma, liberalebma da gulmxurvale torebma aRiares, rom kolonia xarjiani qoneba iyo, romelic, adre Tu gvian, politikuri da finansuri tvirTi gaxdeboda. yvela, vinc 1780-1880 wlebis saukunovan SualedSi koloniebs 385 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi mxars uWerda, moZvelebuli reJimis mimdevrad miiCneoda. saSualo klasma dagmo dapyroba da omebi, romelTac dinastiuri maqinacia uwoda, sanacvlod ki pacifizmi airCia ( fransua kusena pirveli iyo, vinc Caurevlobis politikas mSvidobis dafnis gvirgvini daadga ) . inglisis magaliTs safrangeTi da germaniac mihyvnen. safrangeTma sagrZnoblad Seamcira eqspansia da misi imperializmic ki ufro kontinenturi gaxda, vidre koloniuri. bismarkma uari ganacxada adamianebis sicocxlis gawirvaze balkaneTisTvis da mTeli Tavisi gavlena anti-koloniuri propagandisken mimarTa. aseTi iyo mTavrobis ganwyoba, roca kontinentebs kapitalisturi kompaniebi eseodnen; roca East India Com pany lankaSireli eqsportiorebis mowadinebiT daiSala, xolo indoeTSi gamorCeuli figurebi, klaiv da voren hastingebi qsovilis anonimma vaWrebma Caanacvles. mTavrobebi procesebisgan Tavs Sors iWerdnen. kanings birJis moTamaSeebis gamo procesebSi Careva sasacilod eCveneboda. politikisa da ekonomikis gamijvna axla ukve saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSic gavrcelda. Tuki dedofali elisabedi sakuTar Semosavals keperebis Semosavlisgan didad ar ganasxvavebda, gladstoni cru braldebas uwodebda imas, rom britaneTis sagareo politika ucxoel investorebs emsaxureboda. saxelmwifo Zalauflebisa da savaWro interesebis gaerTianeba me19 saukunis idea ar yofila, piriqiT – adre-viqtorianuli saxelmwifo moxeleebi politikisa da ekonomikis damoukideblobas saerTaSoriso qcevis principad moiazrebdnen. mxolod viwrod gansazRvrul SemTxvevebSi unda emoqmedaT diplomatiur warmomadgenlebs maTi Tanamoqalaqeebis kerZo interesebis sasargeblod da am praqtikis farulad gagrZeleba sazogadod miuRebeli qceva iyo, damtkicebis SemTxvevaSi ki, dagmobas imsaxurebda. kerZo biznesSi Caurevlobis principi ara mxolod qveynis SigniT, aramed sazRvargareTac vrceldeboda. mTavro386 Tavi 18 damangreveli daZabuloba ba kerZo savaWro urTierTobebSi ar unda Careuliyo da sagareo ofisebisganac ar iyo molodini, rom sazRvargareT kerZo interesebisadmi gansxvavebuli midgoma eqnebodaT. investiciebi qveynis SigniTve rCeboda, metwilad, soflis meurneobaSi; sagareo investiciebi ki jerac sariskod iTvleboda da miiCneoda, rom investorebisgan gamowveuli xSiri zarali uxvad kompensirdeboda samevaxSeo sesxebis SemaSfoTebeli pirobebiT. cvlileba moulodnelad da erTdroulad moxda dasavleTis yvela wamyvan qveyanaSi. marTalia, germaniam inglisSi ganviTarebuli procesebi naxevari saukunis dagvianebiT gaiara, Tumca gardauvali iyo, rom msoflio masStabis sagareo movlenebi yvela savaWro qveyanas erTnairad Seexeboda. swored aseTi movlena iyo saerTaSoriso vaWrobis ritmisa da moculobis zrda da miwis universaluri mobilizacia, rac marcvleulisa da sasoflo-sameurneo nedleulis planetis erTidan meore wertilSi minimaluri danaxarjebiT masobriv transportirebaSi gamoixateboda. am ekonomikurma miwisZvram sameurneo evropaSi aTeulobiT milioni adamianis cxovreba Secvala. ramdenime weliwadSi Tavisufali vaWroba warsulad iqca, sabazro ekonomikis gafarToeba ki sruliad axal pirobebSi moxda. Tavad am pirobebs „ ormagi moZraoba ” adgenda. saerTaSoriso vaWrobis nimuSebs, romlebic aCqarebuli dinamikiT vrceldeboda, proteqcionistuli institutebi daemata, romelTa funqcia bazris saerTo qcevis Semowmeba iyo. agrarulma krizisma da 1873-86 wlebis didma depresiam eko­nomikuri TviTgankurnebis rwmena Searyia. amieridan, sabazro ekonomikis tipuri institutebi bazarze mxolod proteqcionistuli zomebis TanxlebiT Cndebodnen. amis kidev erTi mizezi is iyo, rom gvian 1870 -iani da adreuli 1880 -iani wlebidan erebma organizebul erTeulebad daiwyes Camoyalibeba, romlebic sagareo birJebisa da vaWrobis 387 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi saWiroebebisadmi swrafad morgebis Tanmxlebi ZvrebiT didad itanjebodnen. amdenad, sabazro ekonomikis gafarToebis mTavar iaraRs, rac oqros standarti iyo, rogorc wesi, Tan axlda im epoqisTvis damaxasiaTebeli tipuri proteqcionistuli politikebi, rogorebicaa socialuri kanonmdebloba da sabaJo tarifebi. am etapze, koleqtivisturi konspiraciis tradiciuli liberaluri versiac faqtebis damaxinjeba iyo. Tavisufali vaWroba da oqros standartis sistema umizezod ar daungreviaT egoist tarifebiT movaWreebs an gulkeTil kanonmdeblebs. piriqiT, oqros standartis wamowevam Tavad daaCqara proteqcionistuli institutebis gavrceleba, romlebsac miT ufro miesalmebodnen, rac ufro mZime aRmoCndeboda fiqsirebuli birJebi. am droidan moyolebuli, tarifebi, fabrikebTan dakavSirebuli kanonmdebloba da aqtiuri koloniuri politika stabiluri sagareo valutis aucilebeli winapiroba gaxda ( didi britaneTi Tavisi farTo industriuli upiratesobiT is gamonaklisi iyo, romelic mxolod da mxolod wess ganamtkicebda ) . sabazro ekonomikis meTodebis usafrTxod danergva mxolod an winapirobebis gaTvaliswinebis Semdeg gaxda SesaZlebeli. iq, sadac aseTi meTodebi damcavi meqanizmebis gareSe, egzotikuri da naxevradkoloniuri regionebis msgavsad, daucvel adamianebze gamocades, Sedegi eniT aRuwereli tanjva iyo. imperializmis moCvenebiTi paradoqsis gasaRebi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom qveynebi ekonomikuri gamarTlebis gareSe, savaraudod, iracionalur uars amboben erTmaneTTan vaWrobaze, sanacvlod ki Soreuli da egzotikuri bazrebisken iswrafvian. aseTi qcevis mizezi iyo SiSi, rom iseTive Sedegebamde ar misuliyvnen, Zalauflebis armqone xalxma rom ver aicila Tavidan. gansxvaveba mxolod is iyo, rom Tuki gaRatakebuli koloniis tropikuli mosaxleoba 388 Tavi 18 damangreveli daZabuloba imdenad degradirdeboda, rom xSirad fizikuri gadaSenebis safrTxis winaSec ki dgeboda, dasavleTis qveynebi vaWrobaze uars naklebi riskis fasad ambobdnen, romelic amavdroulad sakmarisad realuri iyo saimisod, rom yvelafris fasad aeridebinaT Tavidan. is faqti, rom koloniebis SemTxvevis msgavsad, riski arsobrivad ekonomikuri ar iyo, arafers cvlida. winaswarganwyobebis garda, ekonomikuri simZlavris socialuri Zvrebis Ziebis mizezi ar arsebobda. absurdia imis mtkiceba, rom sazogadoeba arafrad Caagdebda umuSevrobas, industriebisa da saqmianobis cvlilebasa da maT Tanamdev fsiqologiur wamebas mxolod imis gamo, rom grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi umniSvnelo ekonomikuri efeqti mieRo. erebi erTnairi warmatebiT aRmoCndebodnen xolme wnexis pasiuri mimRebni da aqtiuri iniciatorebi. Tuki romelime sagareo faqtori mZimed daawveboda qveyanas, misi Sida meqanizmi Cveulebrivad muSaobda, anu wnexs ekonomikuridan politikur zonaSi gadaitanda da piriqiT. omis Semdgom periodSi amis uamravi magaliTi gamoCnda. centraluri evropis zogierTi qveynisTvis damarcxebam gansakuTrebiT xelovnuri pirobebi Seqmna, romelTa SemadgenlobaSic, reparaciis sagareo wnexi Sedioda. aTwleulze meti xnis ganmavlobaSi, germaniis Sida politikaSi sagareo wnexi industriul seqtorsa da saxelmwifos Soris monacvleobda, erTi mxriv, xelfasebsa da sargebels, meore mxriv ki, socialur sargebelsa da gadasaxadebs Soris. reparacia mTeli eris zurgze gadadioda da qveynis SigniT mdgomareobac imis mixedviT icvleboda, Tu rogor umklavdeboda am wnexs qveyana, saxeldobr, mTavroba da biznesi. amitomac, erovnuli solidaroba oqros standartSi damkvidrda, ramac valutis sagareo Rirebulebis SenarCuneba prioritetad aqcia. germanuli valutis dasacavad „ daeivisis gegma ” sagangebod Seiqmna. es aucilebeli piroba iyo „ iangis gegmaSic ” . reix389 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi markis sagareo Rirebulebis SenarCunebis valdebulebis gamo, am periodis germaniis Sida politika gaurkveveli gaxda. valutis simyareze koleqtiurma pasuxismgeblobam urRvevi CarCo Seqmna, romelSic wnexs biznesi da partiebi, industriuli seqtori da saxelmwifo erTad inawilebdnen. Tumca, is, risi gadatanac germanias omSi damarcxebis gamo mouwia, pirvel msoflio omamde adamianebma nebayoflobiT gamocades. kerZod, es iyo xelovnuri integracia stabiluri birJebis wnexis gamo. mxolod bazris gardauvali kanonebis miRebiT aixsneboda amayi morCileba, romliTac mZime jvari unda ezidaT. SegviZlia vidavoT, rom es monaxazi sakiTxis zedmetad gamartivebis Sedegia. sabazro ekonomika erT dReSi ar dawyebula, samive bazars troikis msgavsi tempi ar hqonia da arc proteqcionizms hqonia paraleluri efeqti yvela bazarze. es, ra Tqma unda, simarTlea, Tumca ki problemis arss yuradRebis miRma tovebs. marTlac, ekonomikurma liberalizmma ubralod axali meqanizmi Seqmna ukve met-naklebad ganviTarebuli bazrebisgan. man sxvadasxva tipis ukve arsebuli bazrebi gaaerTiana da maTi funqciebis erT sistemaSi koordinacia moaxdina. im droisTvis, Sromisa da miwis gancalkeveba ukve dawyebuli procesi iyo, iseve rogorc fulisa da kreditebisTvis bazrebis ganviTareba. mTeli am procesis ganmavlobaSi awmyo warsulTan iyo dakavSirebuli da wyveta arsad Canda. instituciuri cvlileba – aseTia misi buneba – moulodnelad daiwyo. kritikul momenti inglisSi Sromis bazris Seqmnis dros dadga, sadac muSebi daqiravebuli Sromis pirobebTan SeuTavseblobis SemTxvevaSi SimSilobis safrTxis winaSe dgebodnen. am mkacri nabijis Semdeg, bazris TviTregulirebis meqanizmi swrafad amoqmedda. sazogadoebaze misi dartyma imdenad Zlieri iyo, rom TiTqmis myisierad da azris ucvlelad aamoqmeda Zlieri dacviTi reaqcia. 390 Tavi 18 damangreveli daZabuloba garda amisa, miuxedavad maTi gansxvavebuli bunebisa da warmomavlobisa, bazrebi industriis sxvadasxva elementebisTvis paralelurad viTardebodnen. sxvagvarad verc iqneboda. adamianis, bunebisa da mwarmoebeli organizaciis dacva utoldeboda Sromisa da miwis bazrebSi, iseve rogorc gacvlis saSualebaSi Carevas da amdenad, faqtobrivad, sistemis TviTregulirebas azianebda. ramdenadac intervenciis daniSnuleba adamianebisa da maTi sacxovrebeli garemos reabilitacia, maTTvis daculobis miniWeba iyo, intervencia miznad isaxavda xelfasebis cvlilebas da Sromis mobilobas, Semosavlis stabilurobasa da warmoebis gangrZobiTobis uzrunvelyofas. intervenciis Sedegad erovnul resursebze sazogadoebrivi kontroli wesdeboda, xolo valutis menejments fasTa arasasurveli cvalebadoba unda aeridebina. 1873-86 wlebis xangrZlivma depresiam da 1880 -iani wlebis agrarulma gaWirvebam wnexi samudamod gazarda. depresiis dasawyisSi evropa Tavisufali vaWrobis zenitSi imyofeboda. germaniis axalma raixma safrangeTs, maT Soris, upiratesi reJimis xelSewyobis daTqmis SemoReba aiZula, SoTisebr Tujze tarifebis moxsna daisaxa miznad da oqros standarti daamkvidra. depresiis dasrulebamde, germaniam irgvliv dacviTi tarifebi Semoikriba, karteluri organizacia daaarsa, yovelmxrivi socialuri dazRvevis sistema Seqmna da agresiul koloniur politikas awarmoebda. aSkaraa, rom proteqcionizmze gadarTvis mizezi iseve ar yofila prusianizmi, romelic Tavisufali vaWrobis pioneri iyo, rogorc mas ar miewereba „ koleqtivizmis ” Semotana. aSS-is raixze maRali tarifebi hqonda da Taviseburad, aranakleb „ koleqtivisturi ” iyo; man mZimed daasubsidira perspeqtiuli sarkinigzo Senobebi da kreditebis giganturi warmonaqmni Seqmna. 391 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi tendencias yvela dasavluri qveyana ahyva, ganurCevlad erovnuli mentalitetisa Tu istoriisa 1 . amoqmedda saerTaSoriso oqros standartis yvelaze ambiciuri sabazro gegma, rac erovnuli xelisuflebebisgan bazrebis srul damoukideblobas udrida. msoflio vaWroba axla imas niSnavda, rom planetaze cxovreba TviTregulirebadi bazris principiT organizdeboda da masSi samuSao Zala, miwa da fuli Sedioda. am giganturi avtomatizaciis mfarveli ki oqros standarti iyo. erebi da xalxi ubralo marionetebad iqcnen speqtaklSi, romelsac ver akontrolebdnen. isini umuSevrobisa da arastabilurobisgan Tavs msoflio bankis, sabaJo tarifebisa da migraciis kanonebis daxmarebiT icavdnen. es meqanizmebi Tavisufali vaWrobisa da fiqsirebuli valutebis damangreveli efeqtis dasabalanseblad Seiqmna da imdenad aRwevdnen am mizans, ramdenadac am meqanizmis moqmedebaze axerxebdnen gavlenas. miuxedavad imisa, rom TiToeul SezRudvas Tavisi mosargeble hyavda, romelTa super-mogebebi an xelfasebi yvela sxva moqalaqeze dawesebuli gadasaxadi iyo, gaumarTlebeli zogjer ara proteqcionizmi, aramed Tavad gadasaxadis odenoba iyo. sabolood, fasebi masobrivad daeca, riTac yvelam isargebla. miuxedavad imisa, gamarTlebuli iyo Tu ara proteqcionizmi, msoflio bazris sistemis sisuste intervenciis Sedegebma gamoavlina. erTi qveynis importis tarifebi meore qveynis eqsports aferxebda da mas politikurad daucvel regionebSi aiZulebda bazrebis Zebnas. ekonomikuri imperializmi, metwilad, politikurad daucvel bazrebze vaWrobis gaxangrZlivebis privilegiisTvis brZola iyo. eqspor1 jorj duglas houard kouli 1870 -ian wlebs uwodebs „ sruliad me19 saukunis yvelaze aqtiur periods socialuri kanonmdeblobisTvis ” 392 Tavi 18 damangreveli daZabuloba tis wnexi nedleulis maragebisTvis brZolam gaacocxla, rac warmoebis cieb-cxelebiT iyo gamowveuli. mTavrobebi ekonomikurad CamorCenil qveynebSi komerciuli warmoebis mqone moqalaqeebs daxmarebas uwevdnen. vaWrebi da floti erTmaneTis kvaldakval monawileobda am maraTonSi. Zalebi, romlebic ufro da ufro damokidebuli xdebodnen msoflio ekonomikis arastabilur sistemaze, imperializmisa da avtokratiisken naxevrad gacnobierebuli swrafvisken iyvnen midrekilni. da mainc, saerTaSoriso oqros standartis mTlianobis SenarCunebas imperatiuli mniSvneloba hqonda. es ngrevis erTi instituciuri wyaro iyo. erovnul sazRvrebSic analogiuri winaaRmdegoba arsebobda. proteqcionizmis wyalobiT, konkurentuli bazrebi monopolistebad iqcnen. sul ufro da ufro naklebad miesadagebodaT bazrebs aRwera, rom isini konkurenti nawilebis avtonomiuri da avtomaturi meqanizmebi iyvnen. individebs sul ufro xSirad anacvlebdaT konkurenciisgan ganridebul jgufebTan gaerTianebuli asociaciebi, adamianebi da kapitali. ekonomikuri morgeba neli da rTuli procesi gaxda. bazrebis TviTregulacia Zalian garTulda. sabolood, fasebisa da xarjebis dauregulirebelma struqturebma depresia gaaxangrZliva, Seusabamo aRWurvam aramomgebiani investiciebis likvidacia Seaferxa, fasebisa da Semosavlebis dauregulireblobam ki socialuri daZabuloba ganapiroba. imis miuxedavad samuSao bazari iqneboda es, miwis Tu sakredito, wnexi ekonomikur zonas gascdeboda, balansis aRdgena ki politikuri meTodebiT gaxdeboda saWiro. Tumca, politikis ekonomikuri sferosgan gamijvna sabazro sazogadoebis maxasiaTebeli iyo. amdenad, ganurCevlad wnexisa, is unda SenarCunebuliyo. es iyo gamanadgurebeli daZabulobis meore wyaro. amiT Txrobis dasasruls vuaxlovdebiT, Tumca, Cveni argumentis mniSvnelovani nawili jerac win aris. im SemTxve393 meore nawili sabazro ekonomikis aRmasvla da marcxi vaSic ki, Tu danamdvilebiT movaxerxeT imis damtkiceba, rom transformaciis mTavari mizezi bazris utopiis kraxi gaxda, valdebulebi varT, vaCvenoT, Tu ra procesebis gamo dadga es Sedegi. raRac TvalsazrisiT, es SeuZlebelia, ramdenadac istorias erTi gancalkevebuli faqtori ar qmnis. miuxedavad misi simdidrisa da mravalferovnebisa, istoriis dinebaSi ganmeorebebi da alternativebi gvxvdeba, romlebic epoqis movlenaTa teqsturaSi zogadi msgavsebebis ganmapirobebelia. Tuki raRac doziT im procesebis danaxvas movaxerxebT, romlebic Cveul pirobebSi mimarTulebebs da kontrmimarTulebebs qmnidnen, SegviZlia amoucnobi qariSxlebis winareperiodebze aRar vifiqroT. aseT pirobebs me19 saukuneSi TviTregulirebadi bazrebis meqanizmi qmnida, romlis moTxovnebic erovnuli da saerTaSoriso cxovrebis dinebas unda daekmayofilebina. am meqanizmma civilizaciis ori Tavisebureba warmoSva: misi jiuti determinizmi da ekonomikuri xasiaTi. Tanamedrove xedva am ors akavSirebda da askvnida, rom determinizmi ekonomikuri motivaciis bunebidan warmoiSva, romlis Tanaxmadac, individebi finansur interesebs unda dahyolodnen. sinamdvileSi, am ors Soris kavSiri ar arsebobda. „ determinizmi ” , romelic bevr detalSi aseTi mniSvnelovania, ubralod Sedegi iyo sabazro sazogadoebis meqanizmebisa, TavianTi ganWvretadi alternativebiT, romelTa simkacrec SecdomiT miewereboda ekonomikuri motivebis Zalas. sinamdvileSi, moTxovna-miwodebis fasTa sistema yovelTvis dabalansdeba, ganurCevlad individis motovebisa da rogorc aseTi, cnobilia, rom umetesad, ekonomikuri motivebi adamianebze imaze naklebad moqmedeben, vidre e.w. emociuri motivebi. kacobrioba ara axali motivebis, aramed axali meqaniz­ mebis muWSi moeqca. mokled rom vTqvaT, wnexi bazridan 394 Tavi 18 damangreveli daZabuloba gavrcelda da politikur sferoze gadavida, Sesabamisad, mTeli sazogadoeba moicva. Tumca, vidre msoflio ekonomika funqcionirebas ganagrZobda, zogierT erSi daZabuloba uxilavi formiT narCundeboda. stresi mxolod maSinRa gamoTavisuflda, roca bolo gadarCenili instituti, oqros standarti daiSala. ramdenadac es qveynebi gansxvavebulad pasuxobdnen mocemul situacias, isini tradiciuli msoflio ekonomikis moSlasTan Seguebis nimuSebs warmoadgendnen. roca is daiSala, mTlianad sabazro civilizaciac STainTqa. amiT aixsneba TiTqmis daujerebeli faqti, rom civilizacias usulo institutebis brma moqmedebebi angrevdnen, romelTa erTaderT mizans materialuri keTildReobis avtomaturi zrda warmoadgenda. magram, sinamdvileSi, rogor moxda is, rac gardauvali iyo? rogor iTargmna is politikur movlenebSi, romlebic istoriis RerZs warmoadgenen? sabazro ekonomikis dacemis am saboloo fazaSi klasobrivi Zalebis dapirispirebam gabedulad Seabija. 395 mesame nawili transformacia mimdinareobs Tavi 19 saxalxo mTavroba da sabazro ekonomika roca 1920ian wlebSi saerTaSoriso sistemam marcxi ganicada, adreuli kapitalizmis TiTqmis daviwyebulma sakiTxebma xelaxla iCina Tavi. maT Soris pirvel rigSi iyo saxalxo mTavrobis sakiTxi. faSistebis mier saxalxo demokratiaze Setevam , mxolod gaacocxla politikuri intervencionizmis sakiTxi, romelic Crdilad gasdevda sabazro ekonomikis istorias, radgan es sakiTxi TiTqmis sinonimi iyo politikuri sferosgan ekonomikuris gamocalkevebis. pirvelad, SromasTan mimarTebiT intervencionizmis sakiTxi, erTi mxriv , spinhemlendma da axalma RaribTa kanonma, xolo meore mxriv, saparlamento reformam da Cartistulma moZraobam daayena. miwasa da fulTan dakavSirebiT intervencionizmi aranakleb mniSvnelovani iyo, miuxedavad imisa, rom bataliebi nakleb sanaxaobrivi iyo. kontinentze msgavsi sirTuleebi SromasTan, miwasTan da fulTa dakavSirebiT droSi dagvianebiT gaCnda, ramac konfliqtebi industriulad ufro Tanamedrove, magram socialurad naklebad erTgvarovan garemoSi warmoSva. yvelgan ekonomikuri da politikuri sferoebis gancalkeve ba igivenairi 399 mesame nawili transformacia mimdinareobs ganviTarebis Sedegi iyo. rogorc inglisSi, ise kontinentze sawyisi wertili konkurentuli SromiTi bazris Seqmna da politikuri saxelmwifos demokratizeba iyo. spinhemlendi samarTlianad aRiwera rogorc prevenci­ uli intervencia, ramac xeli SeuSala SromiTi bazris Camoyalibebas. industriuli inglisisTvis pirveli brZola gaimarTa da droebiT spinhemlendSi damarcxda. am brZolaSi sityva “ intervencionizmi ” klasikurma ekonomistebma sloganad moifiqres, xolo spinhemlendi jer kidev ararsebul sabazro wesrigSi xelovnur Carevad moinaTla. Taunsendma, malTusma da rikardom RaribTa kanonis myife safuZvelze klasikuri ekonomikebis CarCo aRmarTes, yvelaze mrisxane da gamanadgurebeli cnebobrivi aparati romelic odesme aRmarTula gacveTili wesrigis winaaRmdeg. Tumca, Semweobebis sistemam maRali saqalaqo xelfasebis mizidulobisgan soflis sazRvrebi kidev erTi TaobisTvis daicva. 1820 iani wlebis Sua periodisTvis, haskisoni da piili sagareo vaWrobis arealebs afarToebdnen, danadgarebis eqsporti daSvebuli gaxda, bambis eqsportze embargo moixsna, saqonlis transportirebis SezRudvebi gauqmda, emigracia gamartivda, xolo swavlebisa da saxelfaso Sefasebis Taobaze arsebuli xelosanTa wesdebis formalur gauqmebas gaerTianebebis sawinaaRmdego kanonebis gamoxmoba mohyva. miuxedavad amisa, spinhemlendis demoralizebis Semtani kanoni sagrafodan sagrafoSi vrceldeboda, mSromels patiosani Sromisgan akavebda da sakuTriv damoukidebeli mSromelis cnebas ararealurs xdida. marTalia, SromiTi bazris dro damdgari iyo, mis dabadebas memamuleTa “ kanoni ” uSlida xels. reformatorulma parlamentma erTianad gadawyvita Semweobebis sistemis gauqmeba. axal RaribTa kanons, romelmac am mizans miaRwia, ewoda yvelaze mniSvnelovani socialuri aqti romelic ki odesme TemTa palatas miuRia. arse400 Tavi 19 saxalxo mTavroba da sabazroekonomika biTad ki kanonproeqti ubralod spinhemlendis anulireba gulisxmobda. amaze ukeTesi sabuTi ar arsebobs imis saCveneblad, rom im droisTvis Sromis bazarze intervenciis ubralo ar arseboba, aRiares fundamenturi mniSvnelobis faqtad, mTlianad sazogadoebis momavali struqturis gansazRvrisTvis. iseve rogorc ekonomikuri daZabulobis wya­ rod . rac Seexeba politikur ganzomilebas, 1832 wlis saparlamento reforma mSvidobian revolucias miaRwia. 1834 wlis RaribTa kanonis SesworebiT, qveynis socialuri stratifikacia gadasxvaferda, xolo inglisuri cxovrebis zogierTi martivi faqti radikalurad axali poziciebidan ganimarta. axalma RaribTa kanonma gaauqma Raribis, “ patiosani Raribis ” an “ mSromeli Raribis ” zogadi kategoria – cnebebis romelTa winaaRmdeg berki ibrZoda. yofili Raribebi axla dayofilebi iyvnen fizikurad umweo pauperebad, romelTa adgili samuSao saxlebSi iyo, da damoukidebel mSromelebad romlebic TavianT sarCos xelfasze muSaobiT moipovebdnen. aman Seqmna Raribis sruliad axali kategoria, umuSevari, romelic socialur scenaze pirvelad gamoCnda. maSin roca paupers, kacobriobis saxeliT, unda Sewevnodnen, umuSevars, industriis saxeliT, ar unda Sewevnodnen. is rom umuSevari mSromeli ar iyo Tavisi bedis ganmsazRvreli aRar miiCneoda sapatiod. saqme imaSi ki ar iyo is ipovida Tu ar samsaxurs Tu amas marTla moindomebda, aramed imaSi rom Tu is SimSiliT sikvdilis safrTxis winaSe ar iqneboda , risi erTaderTi alternativa autaneli Sroma-gamosworebis saxli iyo, saxelfaso sistema CamoiSleboda da amgvarad sazogadoeba ubedurebasa da qaosSi gadaeSveboda. cnobili iyo is rom es udanaSauloTa dasjas gulisxmobda. sisastikis perversiuloba swored imaSi mdgomareobda, rom mSromelis gaTavisufleba emsaxureboda gacxadebul mizans, rom SimSiliT sikvdilis safrTxe realuri gamxda401 mesame nawili transformacia mimdinareobs riyo. es procedura gasagebs xdis im sasowarkveTis damTrgunvel gancdas , rac Cven klasikuri ekonomistebis Sromebis kiTxvisas gveufleba xolme. SromiTi bazris sazRvrebSi gamomwyvdeuli zedmeti mSromelebisTvis kari usafrTxod rom gamoeketaT, mTavrobam gamosca sakuTari Tavis uarmyofeli brZaneba, ariet martinos sityvebiT – udanaSaulo msxverplebisTvis Semweobis gacema saxelmwifos mxridan “ xalxis uflebebis darRveva iyo ” . roca Cartistulma moZraobam memkvidreobis gareSe darCenilTaTvis arCevnebSi monawileobis ufleba moiTxova, ekonomikisa da politikis gancalkevebam Sewyvita akademiur sakiTxad yofna da sazogadoebis arsebuli sistemis safuZveli gaxda. sigiJe iqneboda Tu Raribebis axali kanonis administrirebas, misi Tanmxlebi fsiqologiuri wamebis mecnieruli meTodebiT, gadascemdnen im xalxis warmomadgenlebs, vis winaaRmdegac aseTi mopyrobis gegma iyo SemuSavebuli. lordi makolei, es didi liberali, ubralod Tanmimdevrulobas iCenda roca lordTa palatisgan, Tavis erT-erT yvelaze mWermetyvel sityvaSi, sakuTrebis institutis saxeliT, moiTxova Cartistebis peticiis upirobo uaryofa, romelzedac idga yvela civilizacia.. ser robert pilma qartias konstituciis impiCmenti daarqva. Tumca, SromiTi bazari rac ufro amrudebda muSebis cxovrebas, miT ufro xmamaRla iTxovdnen isini xmis uflebas. saxalxo mTavrobis moTxovna daZabulobis politikuri wyaro iyo. am pirobebSi konstitucionalizma sruliad axali mniSvneloba SeiZina. iqamde sakuTrebis uflebaSi ukanono Carevisgan dacvis konstituciuri garantiebi, zemodan wamosuli TviTneburi qmedebebis winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli. lokis xedva ar scdeboda samamulo da komerciuli sakuTrebis sazRvrebs, da miznad isaxavda taxtis iseTi TviTneburi qmedebebis gamoricxvas rogoric iyo henri VIII mier saeklesio qonebebis CamorTmeva [ secularizations ] , Carlz 402 Tavi 19 saxalxo mTavroba da sabazroekonomika I mier zarafxanis gaZarcva, an Carlz II dros xazinis “ gaCereba ” . lokiseuli gagebiT biznesisgan mTavrobis gamocalkeveba samagaliTod miiRwa 1694 wels, damoukidebeli inglisis bankis qartiiT. komerciulma dedaqalaqma taxts xeli gadauwia. asi wlis Semdeg ara komerciuli aramed industriuli sakuTreba iyo dasacavi, da ara taxtis, aramed xalxisgan. mxolod arasworma warmodgenam SeiZleba migvayenebinos meCvidmete saukunis mniSvnelobebi, mecxramete saukunis situaciebs. uflebamosilebebis gancalkeveba, romelic amasobaSi monteskiem (1748) gamoigona, axla ukve gamoiyeneboda imisaTvis, rom xalxi gamocalkevebuliyo maTive uflebamosilebisgan, TavianT ekonomikur cxovrebaze. amerikulma konstituciam, romelic Camoyalibda fermeri-xelosnis garemoSi im liderebis mier romlebic icnobdnen inglisis industriuli scenis safrTxeebs, ekonomikuri sfero mTlianad gamoacalkeva konstituciis iurisdiqciisgan; Sesabamisad kerZo sakuTreba moaqcia yvelaze maRali SesaZlo dacvis qveS, da Seqmna erTaderTi samarTlebrivad gamyarebuli sabazro sazogadoeba msoflioSi. miuxedavad sayovelTao xmis uflebisa, amerikeli amomrCevlebi uZlurebi iyvnen mesakuTreebis winaaRmdeg. 1 inglisSi konstituciis dauwerel kanonad iqca is rom muSaTa klass ar unda hqonoda xmis micemis ufleba. Cartisti liderebi daiWires; maTi momxreebi, romelTa ricxvi milionebs iTvlida, sasacilod aigdes kanonmdeblebma romlebic mTliani mosaxleobis mxolod namcecs warmoadgendnen; xolo ubralod xmis micemis uflebis moTxovnas xSirad mTavroba danaSaulebriv qmedebad miiCnevda. kompromisebis sulis , rac viTom britanuli sistemis maxasiaTebelia 1 Hadley , A . T ., Economics : An Account of the Relations between Private Property and Public Welfare ,. 403 mesame nawili transformacia mimdinareobs – gviandeli gamogoneba – niSanwyali ar Canda. iqamde sanam muSaTa klasma ar gaiara SimSilis ormocianebi [ Hungry For ties ] da morCili Taoba ar wamovida , romelic kapitalizmis oqros xanis Sedegebs moimkida; iqamde sanam kvalificiuri muSaxelis zeda fenam ar Camoayaliba Tavisi profkavSirebi da daemSvidoba gaRatakebul mSromelTa bnel masas; iqamde sanam muSebi ar dayabuldnen sistemas romlis Tavs moxvevasac Raribebis axali kanoni gulisxmobda da maTma ukeTesi anazRaurebis mqone fenam miiRo eris sabWoebSi monawileobis ufleba. Cartistebma ibrZoles uflebisTvis gaeCerebinaT bazris wisqvili , romelic xalxis cxovrebas safuZvels udebda. Tumca xalxs ufleba mxolod maSin mieniWa , roca saSinelebasTan Segueba ukve moxda. inglisis SigniT da gareT, makoleidan mizesamde, spenseridan samneramde, ar iyo mebrZoli liberali romelmac ar gamoxata rwmena rom saxalxo demokratia kapitalizmisTvis safrTxea. SromiTi sakiTxis gamocdileba valutis sakiTxze ganmeorda. aqac 1920 ianebs win uswrebda 1790 ianebi. benTami pirveli iyo vinc SeniSna rom inflacia da deflacia sakuTrebis uflebaSi intervencia iyo: pirveli biznesze gadasaxadi iyo, xolo meore ki masSi Careva. 1 mas mere Sroma da fuli, umuSevroba da inflacia politikurad erTi da imave kategoriaSi iyo. kobetma axal Raribebis kanonTan erTad oqros standartic dagmo; rikadro, Zalian msgavsi argumentebiT, orivesTvis ibrZoda. misTvis rogorc Sroma ise fuli saqoneli iyo, xolo mTavrobas arc erTSi hqonda Carevis ufleba. iseTi bankirebi, rogoric birminghemis etvudi iyo, da romlebic upirispirdebodnen oqros standartis SemoRebas, TavianTi Tavi iseTi socialistebis mxares aRmoaCines, rogoric oueni iyo. erTi saukunis 1 Bentham , J ., Manual of Political Economy , p . 44 , on inflation as ‘‘ forced frugality ’’ ; p . (footnote) as ‘‘ indirect taxation . ’’ Cf . also Principles of Civil Code , Ch .. 404 Tavi 19 saxalxo mTavroba da sabazroekonomika Semdeg mizesi kvlav gaimeorebs rom Sroma da fuli iseve araa saxelmwifos saqme, rogorc bazarze sxva saqoneli. meTvramete saukunis winarefederalur amerikaSi iafi fuli spinhemlendis ekvivalenti iyo, ese igi, saxelmwifos mxridan ekonomikurad damRupveli daTmoba saxalxo saWiroebebis sasargeblod. frangulma revoluciam da misma asignaciebma aCvena rom xalxma SeiZleba gaanadguros valuta, xolo amerikis Statebis istoria ar iZleoda imis mizezs , rom aseTi scenarisadmi eWvebi gamqraliyo. berkma amerikuli demokratia savaluto TavsatexTan gaaigiva, xolo hamiltos ara mxolod eSinoda ara mxolod ganxeTqilebebis, aramed inflaciisac. maSin roca mecxramete saukunis amerikaSi populisturi da saxelmwifo sabanko banknotebis momxre partiebis wvrilmani davebi uol stritis magnatebTan endemuri iyo, evropaSi demokratiulad arCeuli kanonmdeblebis winaaRmdeg inflaciurobis braldebam mxolod 1920 ian wlebSi SeiZina Zala, rasac grZelvadiani politikuri Sedegebi hqonda. socialuri dacva da valutaSi Careva ara ubralo analogiad iyo warmodgenili, aramed xSirad mas erTi da imave sakiTxad Tvlidnen. oqros standartis dadgenis mere, valutas safrTxes uqmnida rogorc gazrdili saxelfaso done, ise pirdapiri inflacia – orives SeeZlo Seemcirebina eqsporti da Sedegad daegdo gacvliTi kursi. es martivi kavSiri intervenciis or sabaziso formas Soris politikis centrSi 1920 ian wlebSi moeqca. is partiebi romlebsac valutis usafrTxoeba aRelvebdaT , aprotestebdnen rogorc saSiSi sabiujeto deficits, ise iafi fulisken mimarTul sajaro politikur gadawyvetilebebs. amgvarad isini Tanabari mondomebiT upirispirebodnen rogorc “ saxazino inflacias ” , ise “ sakredito inflacias ” , an, ufro praqtikuli sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, isini gmobdnen socialur tvirTs da maRal xelfasebs, profkavSirebsa da SromiT 405 mesame nawili transformacia mimdinareobs partiebs. aq ara forma, aramed Sinaarsi mniSvnelobda, da gana vinmes SeeZlo eWvi mietana imaze rom zRvardaudebeli umuSevrobis Semweobebi iseve warmatebiT moarRvevda sabiujeto balans, rogorc fasebis inflaciis dros Zalian dabali saprocento ganakveTi – da rom am yvelafers igive avi Sedegebi eqneboda gacvliT kursze ? gleidstonma biujeti britaneli eris sindisad aqcia. ufro dabali wodebis mqone xalxisTvis stabiluri valutas SeiZleba biujetis adgili daekavebina. Tumca Sedegi Zalian msgavsi iyo. mniSvneloba ar hqonda moxdeboda Tu ara xelfasebis an socialuri momsaxurebebis Sekveca, arSekvecis Sedegebi bazris meqanizmiT gardauvalad iyo dadgenili. am analizis mixedviT, didi britaneTis erovnulma mTavrobam SedarebiT mokrZalebulad igive funqcia Seasrula , rac amerikulma axalma SeTanxmebam [ New Deal ] . orive SemTxvevaSi saqme gvqonda calkeuli qveynebis did transformaciaze morgebasTan. Tumca, britaneTis SemTxvevas is upiratesoba hqonda rom is Tavisufali iyo damatebiTi gamarTulebeli faqtorebisgan, rogoric iyo samoqalaqo dapirispirebebi an ideologiuri miqcev-moqcevebi, Sesabamisad, gadamwyveti mniSvnelobis maxasiaTebels is ufro mkafiod aCvenebda. 1925 wlidan moyolebuli didi britaneTis savaluto pozicia arasaimedo iyo. oqroze dabrunebas Sesabamisad ar moyva fasebis donis gasworeba, romelic msoflio balansTan SedarebiT aSkarad maRla iyo. Zalian cota adamiani acnobierebda im gezis absurdulobas romelic mTavrobam da bankma, partiebma da profkavSirebma erTad aiRes. snoudeni, xazinis kancleri leiboristebis pirvel mTavrobaSi (1924) , oqros standartis yvelaze jiuti mxardamWeri iyo, miuxedavad amisa is ver mixvda rom funtis aRdgenis mcdelobiT man Tavis partias aiZula an pasuxismgebloba aeRo xelfasebis vardnaze an daekarga Zalaufleba. Svidi wlis Semdeg leoboristuli partia – Tavad snoudenis meSveo406 Tavi 19 saxalxo mTavroba da sabazroekonomika biT – iZulebuli Seiqna orive gaekeTebia. 1931 wlis SemodgomisTvis depresiiT gamowveuli gangrZobadi gamofitva funts ukve etyoboda. amao aRmoCnda 1926 wlis sayovelTao gaficvis CaSla, romelmac uzrunvelyo saxelfaso donis argazrda – aman xeli ver SeuSala mzard finansur tvirTs socialur momsaxurebebze, saidanac lomis wili upirobo umuSevrobis Semweobaze modioda. ar iyo bankirebis “ TaRliTobis ” saWiroeba ( Tumca TaRliTobas adgili hqonda ) imisTvis rom erisTvis CaegonebinaT, erTi mxriv, alternatiuli saimedo valutisa da saimedo biujetis, xolo, meore mxriv , gaumjobesebuli socialuri momsaxurebebisa da gaufasurebuli valutis saWiroeba – miuxedavad imisa es gaufasureba gamoiwvia maRalma xelfasebma da eqsportis klebam Tu ubralod deficiturma xarjvam. sxva sityvebiT, an socialuri momsaxurebebi unda Sekveciliyo an gacvliTi kursi unda dacemuliyo. vinaidan leiboristebma ver SeZles maT Soris gadaewyvitaT – Sekveca profkavSirebis politikis sawinaaRmdego iyo, xolo oqros standartis moSoreba mkrexelobad CaiTvleboda – maT daatovebines mTavroba da Tavad tradiciulma partiebma Sekveces socialuri momsaxurebebi, maT maleve oqros standartic SeaCeres. upirobo umuSevrobis Semweoba gauqmda, sanacvlod saWiroebebis Semowmebis politika SemoiRes. amavdroulad qveynis politikuri tradiciebi mniSvnelovan cvlilebebs ganicdida. orpartiuli sistema gauqmda da mis aRdgenas aravin Cqarobda. Tormeti wlis Semdeg is kvlav miTvlemili iyo da araferi mianiSnebda mis dabrunebas. qveynis keTildReobis an Tavisuflebis yovelgvari tragikuli danakargis gareSe, qveyanam oqros standartis SeCerebiT gadamwyveti nabiji gadadga masStaburi gardaqmnisken. meore msoflio omis dros , am yvelafers ukve daemata cvlilebebi liberaluri kapitalizmis meTodebSi. miuxedavad amisa, es ukanaskneli 407 mesame nawili transformacia mimdinareobs ar iyo Cafiqrebuli mudmivmoqmedad da Sesabamisad, qveyana ar dacilebula saSiS zonas. yvela mniSvnelovan evropul qveyanaSi msgavsi meqanizmi muSaobda, rac yvelgan Zalian msgavs Sedegs iZleoda. avstriaSi 1923 wels, belgiasa da safrangeTSi 1926 wels, germaniaSi 1931 wels, “ valutis gadasarCenad ” Sromis partiebi aiZules daetovebinaT mTavroba. iseTma saxelmwifo moRvaweebma rogorebic iyvnen zaipeli, franki, puankare an barningi, mTavrobidan amoZirkves SromiTi partiebi, Seamcires socialuri xarjebi da Seecadnen gaetexaT profkavSirebis winaaRmdegoba saxelfaso cvlilebebis winaaRmdeg. TiToeul am SemTxvevaSi safrTxe emuqreboda valutas, da Tanabari sixSiriT pasuxismgeblobas akisrebdnen gazrdil xelfasebsa da daubalansebel biujetebs. aseTi gamartiveba aranairad ar uwyobda xels problemaTa mTeli speqtris gadaWras , romelic Sedgeboda ekonomikisa da safinanso politikis TiTqmis yvela sakiTxisgan, maT Soris, sagareo vaWrobis, soflis meurneobisa da industriis sakiTxebisgan. Tu am sakiTxebs axlodan SevxedavT naTeli unda gaxdes rom saboloo jamSi valutam da biujetma centrSi moaqcia is sakiTxebi , romlebic damsaqmeblebsa da dasaqmebulebs Soris unda gadawyvetiliyo, xolo danarCeni mosaxleoba ki an erTi jgufis wamyvan jgufebs unda mimxroboda an meores. egre wodebulma blumis eqsperimentma (1936) kideve erTi magaliTi mogvca. mTavrobaSi Sromis partia iyo, Tumca erTi pirobiT rom oqros eqsportze embargo ar dawesdeboda. frangul axal SeTanxmebas aranairi Sansi ar hqonda, radgan mTavroba SeboWili iyo valutis umniSvnelovanes sakiTxze. es SemTxveva gansakuTrebiT sagulisxmoa radgan safrangeTSi, iseve rogorc inglisSi, rogorc ki Sromis partiebi gaauvnebelyes, saSualo klasis partiebma yovelgvari zedmeti ceremoniebis gareSe uari Tqves oqros stan408 Tavi 19 saxalxo mTavroba da sabazroekonomika dartze. es magaliTebi aCvenebs imas , Tu ra gamanadgurebeli Sedegebi hqonda saimedo savaluto politikis postulats , saxalxo sajaro politikebze. amerikulma gamocdilebam igive gakveTili sxvanairad gvaswavla. axali SeTanxmeba SeuZlebeli iqneboda oqros standartze uaris Tqmis gareSe, miuxedavad imisa rom sagareo gacvliTi kursi faqtori iyo; Tumca mcire oqros standartis pirobebSi finansuri bazris liderebs, gardauvalad, eboZaT pasuxismgebloba daecvaT stabiluri gacvliTi kursi da saimedo saSinao finansireba, razedac umeteswilad mTavrobis finansebia damokidebuli. amrigad, sabanko organizacias aqvs Zala ekonomikur sferoSi xeli SeuSalos nebismier saSinao svlas romelic mas ar moewoneba, ar aqvs mniSvneloba es svla keTilgonivrulia Tu ara. rac Seexeba politikas: valutasa da kreditTan dakavSirebiT mTavroba unda miiRos bankirebis rCevebi, radgan mxolod maT uwyian Seuqmnis Tu ara safrTxes finansuri RonisZiebebi kapitalis bazarsa da gacvliT kurss. is rom socialuri proteqcionizmi am SemTxvevaSi CixSi ar Sevida gamowveulia im faqtiT , rom SeerTebulma Statebma droulad SeaCera oqros standarti. marTalia am svlis teqnikuri upiratesobebi mcire iyo ( xolo administraciis gacxadebuli mizezebi, rogorc xSirad xdeba, Zalian susti ) , uol stritis politikuri ganZarcva swored am nabijis Sedegi iyo. finansuri bazrebi panikiT imarTeba. 1930 ian wlebSi uol stritis dasustebam , SeerTebuli Statebi evropis msgavsi socialuri katastrofisgan ixsna. Tumca, mxolod SeerTebul StatebSi, msoflio vaWrobisgan Tavisi damoukideblobiTa da zedmetad Zlieri savaluto poziciiT, oqros standarti iyo upiratesad saSinao politikis nawili. sxva qveynebSi, oqros standartze uaris Tqma arc meti, arc naklebi msoflio ekonomikisgan mowyvetas niSnavda. albaT erTaderTi gamonaklisi didi britane409 mesame nawili transformacia mimdinareobs Ti iyo, romlis wili msoflio vaWrobaSi imdenad didi iyo , rom mas SeeZlo SemoeRo pirobebi , romelSic saerTaSoriso savaluto sistema imuSavebda da amgvarad oqros standartis tvirTi sxvebze gadaetana. iseT qveynebSi rogorebicaa germania, safrangeTi, belgia da avstria, arc erTi es piroba ar arsebobda. maTTvis valutis ganadgureba garesamyarosgan mowyvetas niSnavda da Sesabamisad importirebul nedleulze damoukidebeli industriebis gawirvas, sagareo vaWrobis arevas romelzedac dasaqmeba iyo damyarebuli; da yvelaferi es im SesaZleblobis gareSe , rom TavianTi Tanafardi gaufasureba eiZulebinaT mommarageblebisTvisac da amiT Tavidan aeridebinaT saSinao Sedegebi – maTi valutis oqros RirebulebasTan mimarTebaSi dacema, is rac didma britaneTma gaakeTa. gacvliTi kursi Zalian efeqturi berketi iyo , romelic saxelfaso dones awveboda. sanam gacvliTi kursi yvelafers Tavdayira daayenebda, Cveulebriv saxelfaso sakiTxebi zrdidnen xolme zRvrul daZabulobas. Tumca, imas rasac bazris kanonebi xSirad ver aiZulebdnen xolme xelfasze momuSaveebs, sagareo gacvliTi kursis meqanizmi amas yvelaze efeqturad asrulebda. savaluto kursis maCvenebeli xiluls xdida yvela araxelsayrel gavlenas, rac profkavSirebis intervencionistulma sajaro politikebma iqonies sabazro meqanizmze ( romlis Sinagani sisuste, maT Soris savaWro ciklebi, TavisTavadad iyo miRebuli ). marTlac, SeuZlebelia sabazro sazogadoebis utopiuri bunebis saxis ukeT warmoCena , im absurdis gareSe, romelSic SromasTan dakavSirebulma sasaqonlo fiqciam, sazogadoeba unda CarTos. gaficva, muSebis mier molaparakebebze zemoqmedebis es Cveulebrivi instrumenti, ufro da ufro xSirad warmoCindeboda socialurad sasargeblo Sromis TviTnebur Seferxebad, romelic, amavdroulad, amcirebda socialur wils saidanac sabolood xelfasebi unda 410 Tavi 19 saxalxo mTavroba da sabazroekonomika darigebuliyo. solidarobis gaficvebis aRmaSfoTebeli iyo,, sayovelTao gaficvebi ki sazogadoebis saarsebo safrTxed moinaTla. realurad, sasicocxlod mniSvnelovan samsaxurebsa da sajaro dawesebulebebSi mowyobili gaficvebi moqalaqeebs gamouval mdgomareobaSi ayenebda da amavdroulad, maT SromiTi bazris namdvili funqciebis CaxlarTul problemebSi rTavda. Sromam bazarze Tavisi fasi unda ipovos, nebismieri fasi , garda imisa romelic araekonomiuria. iqamde sanam mSromels es pasuxismgebloba eqneba aRebuli, is iqneba Semadgeneli nawili imisa rac Tavad aris, saqoneli “ Sroma ” , da uars ityvis es gayidos sabazro fasze dabali tarifiT, romlisTvisac myidvels mainc SeuZlia rom fuli gadaixados. aqedan logikurad gamomdinareobs , rom mSromelis mTavari valdebulebaa , TiTqmis yovelTvis gaficuli iyos. am winadadebas SeuZlebelia ajobo Tavisi absurdulobiT, Tumca is mxolod logikurad gamomdinareobs Sromis sasaqonlo Teoriidan. Teoriisa da praqtikis Seusabamobis wyaro ki, cxadia isaa , rom Sroma sinamdvileSi ar aris saqoneli, da Tu Sromas SevwyvetT mxolod imitom rom misi zusti fasi gavigoT ( iseve rogorc , yvela sxva saqonlis miwodebis zrda wydeba msgav viTarebebSi ) , sazogadoeba Zalian male saarsebo saSualebebis naklebobis gamo daSlas daiwyebs. saocaria rom gaficvis Taobaze am Tvalsazriss Zalian iSviaTad, an saerTod ar axseneben xolme liberali ekonomistebi. realobas rom davubrundeT: gaficvis gziT xelfasebis fiqsireba nebismieri tipis sazogadoebisTvis damangreveli iqneba, rom araferi vTqvaT Cvenisaze, romelic Tavs iwonebs misi utilitarianuli racionalobiT. sinamdvileSi, kerZo sawarmoebis sistemaSi , muSas ar aqvs usafrTxoeba Tavis samuSao adgilze , es garemoeba gulisxmobs misi statusis radikalur gauaresebas. amas Tu daumatebT masobrivi umuSevrobis safrTxes, profkavSirebis funqcia 411 mesame nawili transformacia mimdinareobs moralurad da kulturulad sasicocxlo gaxdeba xalxis umravlesobisTvis , minimaluri standartebis SesanarCuneblad. Tumca, isic cxadia , rom intervenciis nebismieri meTodi romelic muSebs daicavs, amavdroulad, TviTregulirebadi bazris meqanizmis xelis SeSlacaa, rac Sedegad amcirebs Tavad momxmarebelTa saerTo simdidris fonds, saidanac isini xelfasebs iReben. misi Sinagani logikidan gamomdinare, sabazro sazogadoebis Zireulma problemebma xelaxla iCina Tavi: intervencionizmi da valuta. isini 1920 -iani wlebis politikis centrSi moeqcnen. ekonomikuri liberalizmi da socialisturi intervencionizmi maTTvis mocemuli gansxvavebuli pasuxebiT ganisazRvra. ekonomikurma liberalizmma yvelaze maRali fsoni, sistemis TviTregulirebis aRdgenis sasargeblod, intervenciuli sajaro politikebis aRmofxvraze dado, romelic xels uSlida miwaze, samuSao Zalasa da fulze bazrebis Tavisufal wvdomas. sagangebo viTarebaSi man miznad daisaxa arc meti arc naklebi Tavisufali vaWrobis, Tavisufali SromiTi bazrisa da Tavisuflad funqcionirebadi oqros standartis sami fundamenturi principis, grZelvadiani problemis gadaWra. Sedegad is heroikuli mcdelobis wamyvani Zala gaxda, romelsac unda aRedgina msoflio vaWroba, moeSorebina samuSao Zalis mobilobis damabrkolebeli yvela araaucilebeli faqtori da daebrunebina stabiluri gacvliTi kursi. es ukanaskneli mizani yvela danarCenze upiratesad iTvleboda. iqamde sanam valutisadmi ndoba ar aRdgeboda, bazris meqanizmi ver imuSavebda; am SemTxvevaSi ki, iluzoruli iqneboda mTavrobebisgan imis molodini, rom Tavs Seikavebdnen maT xelT arsebuli nebismieri saSualebiT TavianTi xalxis cxovrebis dacvas. bunebrivia rom es saSualebebi, romelTa Soris mTavari iyo tarifebi da socialuri kanonebi, mimarTuli sakvebisa da dasaqmebis 412 Tavi 19 saxalxo mTavroba da sabazroekonomika uzrunvelyofisken, Sesabamisad, zustad iseTi intervenciebi iyo, romlebic TviTregulirebad sistemas muSobaSi xels SeuSlida. arsebobda aseve meore, ufro myisieri mizezi ratomac saerTaSoriso savaluto sistemis aRdgena upiratesi unda yofiliyo: dezorganizebuli bazrebisa da arastabiluri gacvliTi kursis pirobebSi saerTaSoriso krediti ufro da ufro sasicocxlo rols asrulebda. did omamde saerTaSoriso kapital moZraobebi ( maT garda romlebic grZelvadian investiciebTan iyo dakavSirebuli ) ubralod exmareboda gadaxdis balansis likvidurobis SenarCunebas, Tumca am funqciaSic ki is ekonomikuri gaTvlebiT mkacrad iyo SezRuduli. krediti gaicemoda mxolod maSin roca biznes gaTvlebis safuZvelze ndobis gamocxadeba iyo SesaZlebeli. axla viTareba Sebrunebuli iyo: valebi iseTi politikuri safuZvliT iqmneboda rogoric iyo reparaciebi, xolo sesxebi naxevradpolitikuri safuZvliT gaicemoda, raTa reparaciebis gadaxda SesaZlebeli yofiliyo. Tumca sesxebi aseve ekonomikuri politikis mizezebiTac gaicemoda, raTa dastabilurebuliyo msoflio fasebi an aRdgeniliyo oqros standarti. sakredito meqanizms msoflio ekonomikis SedarebiT sando nawili iyenebda, raTa amoevsoT naprali ekonomikis SedarebiT dezorganizebuli nawilSi, miuxedavad warmoebasa da vaWrobaSi arsebuli viTarebisa. gadaxdis balansis, biujetebisa da gacvliTi kursebis dabalanseba rig qveynebSi viTom yovlisSemZle saerTaSoriso sakredito meqanizmebis meSveobiT xelovnurad xdeboda. Tumca es meqanizmi Tavad dafuZnebuli iyo stabiluri gacvliTi kursis dabrunebis molodinze, rac isev da isev oqros standartis dabrunebas gulisxmobda. am gasaocarma Zalisxmevam SeZlo Sladi ekonomikuri sistemis pirobebSi SeenarCunebina misi erTianobis moCvenebiToba; 413 mesame nawili transformacia mimdinareobs Tumca ramdenad gauZlebda aseTi erTianoba datvirTvas damokidebuli iyo oqros droul dabrunebaze. am mxriv Jenevis SeTanxmeba gansakuTrebuli iyo. mizani rom arsebiTad SeuZlebeli misaRwevi ar yofiliyo, is namdvilad SeZlebda Tavisi amocanis Sesrulebas, vinaidan mcdeloba iyo mZlavri, mdgradi da mizanmimarTuli. dRevandeli gadmosaxedidan, albaT ar arsebula imaze ufro damangreveli Sedegebis mqone intervencia, romelic Jenevis SeTanxmebas mohyva. vinaidan is TiTqmis warmatebulad moCanda, aman misi saboloo marcxisgan gamowveuli Sedegebi erTiorad gaamwvava. 1923 wels ( roca germanuli marka ramdenime TveSi daifSvna ) da 1930 wels Soris ( roca msoflios yvela mniSvnelovani valuta oqros daubrunda ) , Jenevam gamoiyena saerTaSoriso sakredito meqanizmi raTa, pirvel rigSi, aRmosavleT evropis arasakmarisad stabilizebuli ekonomikebis tvirTi gadaetana dasavlel gamarjvebulebze; xolo Semdeg, es tvirTi aqedan amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis kidev ufro did mxrebze daedo. 1 amerikaSi CamoSla Cveulebriv biznes ciklTan erTad daiwyo, Tumca, im droisTvis roca es daiwyo, Jenevur da anglo-saqsur sabanko sistemas planetis ekonomika ukve finansur qselebSi hyavda gabmuli, ramac is erTianad amoayirava. Tumca aq kidev ufro meti ram xdeboda. 1920 ian wlebSi, Jenevis mixedviT, socialuri organizebis sakiTxebi srulad unda daqvemdebarebuliyo valutis aRdgenis saWiroebebs. deflacia upiratesi saWiroeba iyo; adgilobrivi institutebi am garemoebas maqsimalurad kargad unda Seguebodnen. raRac vadiT, Tavisufali Sida bazrebisa da liberaluri saxelmwifos aRdgenac ki unda gadadebuliyo. oqros delegaciis sityvebiT, deflaciam ver SeZlo “ zega1 Polanyi , K ., ‘‘ Der Mechanismus der Weltwirtschaftskrise, ’’ Der Osterreichische Volkswirt( damateba ). 414 Tavi 19 saxalxo mTavroba da sabazroekonomika vlena moexdina saqonlisa da servisebis garkveul tipebze, da maSasadame, ver SeZlo axali stabiluri wonasworobis Seqmna. ” mTavrobebi unda Careuliyvnen raTa SeemcirebinaT fasebi calkeul monopoliur saqonlebze, SeemcirebinaT SeTanxmebuli saxelfaso skalebi da SeekvecaT renta. deflacionisturi ideali gaxda “ Tavisufali ekonomika Zlieri mTavrobis qveS ” ; Tumca marTalia , mTavrobis Sesaxeb fraza imas gulisxmobda rasac ambobda, saxeldobr, sagangebo uflebamosilebebs da sajaro Tavisuflebebis SezRudvas, praqtikaSi “ Tavisufal ekonomika ” imis sapirispiros gulisxmobda rasac ambobda , kerZod, mTavrobis daregulirebul fasebsa da xelfasebs ( aRsaniSnavia, rom regulireba gacvliT kursisa da adgilobrivi Tavisufali bazrebisTvis , Tavisuflebis dabrunebis gacxadebuli mizniT gakeTda ) . gacvliTi kursisTvis upiratesi mniSvnelobis miniWeba arc meti, arc naklebi gulisxmobda – liberaluri kapitalizmis ori svetis – Tavisufali bazrebisa da Tavisufali mTavrobebis Sewirvas. am mxriv Jeneva , miznis da ara meTodis cvlilebas gulisxmobda: maSin rodesac Jenevis mier dagmobili inflaciuri mTavrobebi , valutis stabilurobas uqvemdebarebdnen Semosavlebisa da dasaqmebis stabilurobas, Jenevis mier ZalauflebaSi moyvanili deflaciuri mTavrobebi aranakleb intervencionistul meTodebs iyenebdnen; raTa Semosavlebisa da dasaqmebis stabiluroba valutis stabilurobisTvis daeqvemdebaraT. erTa ligis oqros delegaciis moxsenebam Tqva rom gacvliTi kursis gaurkvevlobis dabrunebiT, gasuli aTwleulis monetaruli miRwevebi wyalSi gadaiyara. is rac moxsenebam ar Tqva iyo is, rom mTeli am amao deflaciuri mcdelobebis periodSi, miuxedavad Tavisufali mTavrobebis Sewirvisa, Tavisufali bazrebi ar aRdga. marTalia TeoriaSi ewinaaRmdegebodnen intervencionizmsa da inflacias, ekonomikur liberalebs ors Soris arCevani 415 mesame nawili transformacia mimdinareobs unda gaekeTebinaT da myari-valutis ideali Caurevlobisaze ufro maRla unda daeyenebinaT. amgvarad isini gahyvnen TviTregulirebadi ekonomikis Sinagan logikas. Tumca aseTi gza kriziss mxolod avrcobda, is finansebs masiuri ekonomikuri Zvrebis autaneli tvirTs adebda, da kidev ufro zrdida sxvadasxva erovnuli ekonomikebis deficits iqamde sanam saerTaSoriso Sromis danawilebis narCenebis ganadgurebac gardauvali ar gaxdeboda. sijiute romliTac ekonomikurma liberalebma, umniSvnelovanes aTwleulSi, deflaciuri sajaro politikebis sasargeblod, avtoritarul intervencionizms dauWires mxari saboloo mxolod imiT dasrulda rom Zlieri dartyma miadgaT demokratiul Zalebs, romlebic sxva SemTxvevaSi Tavidan airidebdnen faSistur katastrofas. didma britaneTma da SeerTebulma Statebma – valutis batonebma da ara msaxurebma – am gansacdelisgan Tavis aridebis mizniT droulad miatoves oqros standarti . arsebiTad socializmi industriuli civilizaciis Sinagani midrekilebaa , gadailaxos TviTregulirebadi bazari , misi demokratiul sazogadoebisTvis mizanmimarTuli daqvemdebarebiT. is aris bunebrivi gadaWris gza industriuli muSebisTvis, romlebic ver xedaven mizezs ratom pirdapir ar unda regulirdebodes warmoeba da ratom unda iyos bazari imaze meti vidre Tavisufal sazogadoebas daqvemdebarebuli instrumenti. mTlianad sazogadoebis perspeqtividan, socializmi mxolod gagrZelebaa im miswrafebisa rom sazogadoeba gaxdes pirovnebaTa Sorisi gamorCeulad adamianuri urTierToba, romelic dasavleT evropaSi yovelTvis qristianul tradiciasTan iyo asocirebuli. ekonomikuri sistemis perspeqtividan ki, piriqiT, is warsulTan radikaluri ganSorebaa; imdenad, ramdenadac es ukanaskneli ar aRiarebs mcdelobas kerZo fuladi mogeba iyos mwarmoebluri aqtivobebis zogadi wamaxalisebeli, 416 Tavi 19 saxalxo mTavroba da sabazroekonomika da ar aRiarebs kerZo individebis uflebas gaanadguron warmoebis mTavari instrumentebi. saboloo jamSi, swored amitomaa socialisturi partiebis mier kapitalisturi ekonomikis reformireba rTuli , maSin roca gadawyvetili aqvT ar Caerion sakuTrebis sistemaSi. im mciredi SesaZleblobis SemTxvevaSi Tu isini gadawyveten rom ase qnan, es Zirs uTxris im tipis ndobas, romelic liberaluri ekonomikisTvis sasicocxloa, kerZod, absolutur darwmunebulobas sakuTrebis uwyvetobaSi. marTalia kanonmdeblebis xelSi sakuTrebis uflebis arsebuli Sinaarsebi SeiZleba axleburad ganisazRvros, Tumca formalur uwyvetobaSi darwmuneba muSa sabazro sistemisTvis arsebiTia. didi omidan moyolebuli ori ram Seicvala rac socializmis poziciebze gavlenas axdens. pirveli, sabazro sistemam aCvena rom is arasandoa da zogjer SeiZleba totalur CamoSlamdec mivides, nakli romelsac misi kritikosebic ki ar elodnen; meore, ruseTSi socialisturi ekonomika dafuZnda, rac sruliad axal gzas warmoadgens. miuxedavad imisa , rom pirobebi romelSic mas safuZveli Caeyara mas dasavluri qveynebisadmi Seusabamos xdis, Tavad sabWoTa ruseTis arsebobam aCvena rom mas pirdapiri gavlena aqvs. marTalia rom is socializmisken ganviTarebuli industriebis, sayovelTao wera kiTxvis codnisa da demokratiuli tradiciebis gareSe wavida – dasavluri ideebis mixedviT samive socializmis winapirobebs warmoadgenda. aman misi gansakuTrebuli meTodebi da amoxsnebi Seuferebeli gaxada sxvebisTvis, magram xeli ar SeuSala socializms , gamxdariyo STagoneba. kontinentze muSaTa partiebi Tavisi msoflmxedvelobiT yovelTvis socialisturebi iyvnen da nebismier reforma romlis miRwevasac cdilobdnen, cxadia, socialisturi miznebisadmi msaxurebaSi iyo eWvmitanili. wynar droSi aseTi eWvi dausabuTebeli iqneboda; socialisturi muSaTa klasis partiebi mTlianobaSi 417 mesame nawili transformacia mimdinareobs kapitalizmis reformirebisken iyvnen mowodebuli, da ara misi revoluciuri gadagdebisken. Tumca sagangebo viTarebaSi pozicia gansxvavebuli iyo. Tu Cveulebrivi meTodebi arasakmarisi iyo, maSin araCveulebrivs cdidnen xolme; muSaTa partiisTvis aseTi meTodi zogjer sakuTrebis uflebis ugulebelyofas gulisxmobda. gardauvali safrTxis winaSe muSaTa partiebi SeiZleba gaficuliyvnen im zomebis mosaTxovnad , romlebic socialisturismagvari iyo an sul mcire, aseTad moCanda kerZo sawarmoebis xmalamoRebuli damcvelebisTvis. mciredi miniSnebac ki sakmarisia , rom aman bazrebis dabneuloba gamoiwvios da sayovelTao panikas daudos saTave. aseT pirobebSi rutinuli konfliqtma dasaqmebulebisa da damsaqmeblebis interesebs Soris avbediTi saxe miiRo. maSin roca gansxvavebuli ekonomikuri interesebi Cveulebriv kompromisiT Sesjerdeboda, sazogadoebis ekonomikuri da politikuri sferoebis gancalkevebam aseTi konfliqtebi sazogadoebisTvis mZime Sedegebis mqoned warmoaCina. damsaqmeblebi qarxnebisa da maRaroebs mflobelebi iyvnen, ese igi, pirdapir pasuxismgeblebi sazogadoebaSi warmoebis gagrZelebaze ( rac sakmaod daSorebulia mogebaSi maTi piradi interesisgan ) . principis doneze, maT yvelanairi mxardaWera unda hqonodaT TavianT saqmianobaSi raTa emuSavebinaT industria. Tumca, meore mxriv, dasaqmebulebi sazogadoebis did nawils warmoadgendnen; maTi interesebi agreTve mniSvnelovani TvalsazrisiT emTxveoda mTlianad sazogadoebis interesebs. isini warmoadgendnen erTaderT klass romelsac SeeZlo momxmarebelTa, moqalaqeTa da zogadad adamianTa interesebis dacva; xolo xmis micemis sayovelTao uflebis pirobebSi , maTi raodenoba saSualebas miscemda upiratesoba hqonodaT politikur sferoSi. miuxedavad amisa, industriis msgavsad, sakanonmdeblo organos sazogadoebaSi Tavisi formaluri funqciebis hqon418 Tavi 19 saxalxo mTavroba da sabazroekonomika da Sesasrulebeli. mis wevrebs uflebamosileba hqondaT miniWebuli SeeqmnaT sazogadoebrivi neba, ganesazRvraT sajaro politikis mimarTuleba, SeemuSavebinaT grZelvadiani saSinao da sagareo programebi. vercerTi kompleqsur sazogadoebas ver iarsebebs politikuri xasiaTis muSa sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli organoebis gareSe. jgufuri interesebis jaxi romelic industriuli an saxelmwifo organoebis paralizebas iwvevda – erT-erTis an orives – sazogadoebisTvis myisier safrTxes warmoadgenda. 1920 -ian wlebSi swored aseTi viTareba iyo. muSaTa partiebi parlamentSi gamagrdnen, sadac TavianTi raodenoba maT wonas aZlevda, kapitalistebma industria TavianT cixesimagred aqcies saidanac qveynisTvis unda ekarnaxaT. saxalxo organoebma maT biznesSi daundobeli intervenciebiT upasuxes, ugulebelyves industriis mocemuli formis saWiroebebi. industriis kapitnebi moeSalaT mosaxleobis mxardaWera TavianTi Tavisuflad arCeuli liderebisadmi; xolo demokratiuli organoebi ki oms awarmoebdnen im industriuli sistemis winaaRmdeg , romelzec yvelas sarCo-sabadebeli iyo damokidebuli. sabolood, dadgeboda momenti roca ekonomikuri da politikuri sistemebi sruli paralizebis safrTxis winaSe dadgebodnen. xalxs SiSi moicavda, xolo lideroba iZulebuli iqneboda maTi daejerebina vinc advil gamosavals , bundovan fasad sTavazobda. krizisis faSisturi gadawyvetisTvis dro momwifda. 419 Tavi 20 socialuri cvlilebebiT datvirTuli istoria Tu odesme arsebobda politikuri moZraoba, romelmac obieqturi viTarebis saWiroebebs upasuxa da SemTxveviTobis Sedegi ar iyo – es faSizmia. amavdroulad, faSisturi gamosavlis degeneraciuli xasiaTic aSkara iyo. instituciuri Cixidan, romelic bevri qveynebisTvis arsebiTad msgavsi iyo, is sTavazobda Tavis daRwevis gzas, miuxedavad amisa, Tu SemoTavazebuli wamali gamoicdeboda, is yvelgan Wrilobaze marilis moyra iqneboda. swored ase qrebian civilizaciebi. liberaluri kapitalizmis mier Cixidan gamosvlis faSisturi gza SeiZleba aRiweros rogorc warmoebisa da politikis sferoSi yvela demokratiuli institutis amoZirkvis xarjze sabazro ekonomikis reformirebad. amiT ngrevis piras misuli ekonomikuri sistema unda gajansaRebuliyo, xolo Tavad xalxis msoflmxedveloba ise unda Secvliliyo rom individi arabunebrivi gamxdariyo da mas ver SesZleboda politikuri sxeulis pasuxismgeblobian nawilad arseboba. es axali msoflmxedveloba, romelic politikuri religiis postulatebisgan Sedgeboda da sayovelTao Zmobis ideas mis nebismier gamovlinebaSi ua420 Tavi 20 socialuri cvlilebebiT datvirTuliistoria ryofda, miiRwa wamebis mecnieruli meTodebis gamoyenebiT, urCTa masobrivi iZulebiTi moqcevis gziT. msoflios industriul qveynebSi, da zog odnav industrializebul qveyanaSi, aseTi moZraobebis gamoCena ar unda agvexsna lokaluri mizezebiT, erovnuli mentalobebiT an istoriuli warsuliT, rasac ase xSirad akeTebdnen am movlenaTa Tanamedroveebi. faSizms araferi hqonda saerTo rogorc did omTan, ise versalis zavTan, rogorc iunkerTa militarizmTan, ise italiur temperamentTan. moZraoba gaCnda iseT damarcxebul qveynebSi, rogoric bulgareTi iyo da iseT gamarjvebul qveynebSi, rogoric iugoslavia iyo, Crdilouri temperamentis qveynebSi, rogoric fineTi da norvegia iyo da samxreTuli temperamentis qveynebSi, rogoric italia da espaneTi iyo, iseT ariuli rasis qveynebSi rogoric inglisi, irlandia an belgia iyo da ara-ariuli rasis qveynebSi rogoric iaponia, ungreTi an palestina iyo; aseve, kaTolikuri tradiciis qveynebSi, rogoric portugalia iyo da protestantulSi, rogoric holandia iyo, samxedro sazogadoebebSi, rogoric prusia iyo da samoqalaqoSi, rogoric avstria iyo, Zvel kulturebSi rogoric safrangeTi iyo da axlebSi, rogoric SeerTebuli Statebi da samxreT-amerikis qveynebi iyo. realurad, ar arsebobda warsuli gamocdilebis tipi – religiuri, kulturuli an erovnuli – rac qveyanas faSizmisadmi imunurs gaxdida, roca misi aRmocenebis pirobebi gaCndeboda. garda amisa, yuradsaRebia rom ar arsebobda urTierTkavSiri am moZraobebis materialur da raodenobriv Zalasa da maT politikur Sedegianobas Soris. Tavad sityva “ moZraoba ” iyo SecdomaSi Semyvani, radgan is gulisxmobs bevri xalxis garkveul CarTulobas an pirad monawileobas. Tu raime axasiaTebda faSizms, es swored aseTi saxalxoobisgan damoukidebloba iyo. Cveulebriv, maTi mizani masobrivi mxardaWeris mopoveba iyo, Tumca, maTi potenciuri 421 mesame nawili transformacia mimdinareobs Zala , ara maTi mxardamWerebis raodenobiT, aramed maRal socialur poziciebze myofi pirebis gavlenebiT izomeboda, romelTa keTilganwyobiTac faSisti liderebi sargeblobdnen, da sazogadoebaSi visi gavlenis imedzec unda yofiliyvnen im SemTxvevaSi Tu gadatrialeba Cavardeboda, rac revoluciis mcdelobis riskebis dazRvevas niSnavda. qveyana , romelic faSistur fazas uaxlovdeboda , aCvenebda simptomebs , romelTa Soris Soris aucileblad ar iyo sakuTriv faSisturi moZraobis arseboba. sul mcire aranakleb mniSvnelovani niSani iyo iracionalisturi filosofiebis gavrceleba, rasobrivi esTetika, antikapitalisturi demagogia, heterodoqsuli savaluto xedvebi, partiuli sistemis kritika, “ reJimis ” sayovelTao Zageba an imisa rac arsebul demokratiul wyobilebas erqva. avstriaSi otmar Spenis egreT wodebuli universalisturi filosofia, germaniaSi Stefan georges poezia da ludvig klages kosmogenuri romantizmi, inglisSi di eiC lorensis erotikuli vitalizmi, xolo safrangeTSi JorJ sorelis politikuri miTis kulti warmoadgendnen erT-erTs uaRresad mravalferovan winamorbedebs Soris. hitleri xelisuflebaSi dasva prezident hinderburgis garSemo myofma feodalisturma dajgufebam, iseve rogorc musolini da primo de rivera xelisuflebaSi maTi mefeebis meSveobiT moxvdnen. hitlers didi moZraoba uWerda mxars, musolinis patara, primo de riveras ki aravin. arcerT SemTxvevaSi arsebuli xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg namdvil revolucia ar momxdara; yovelTvis faSisturi taqtika dadgmuli ajanyeba iyo, romelsac xelisufleba farulad uWerda mxars da romelic Tavs aCvenebda TiTqos uzarmazar Zalas win veRar aRudga. es mxolod kompleqsuri suraTis monaxazia, romelSic sivrce unda davutovoT iseTi erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebuli figurebisTvis, rogorebic arian industriuli detroitis upartio kaTolike demagogi, CamorCe422 Tavi 20 socialuri cvlilebebiT datvirTuliistoria nili luizianas “ kingfiSi ” , iaponiis armiis SeTqmulebi da ukraineli anti-sabWoTa diversantebi. 1930 iani wlebidan yvela industriul sazogadoebaSi faSizmi ufro da ufro mkvidrdeboda rogorc politikuri SesaZlebloba, rogorc myisieri emociuri reaqcia. amas SeiZleba ewodos “ Zvra ” da ara “ moZraoba ” , raTa xazi gaesvas krizisis upirovno bunebas, romlis simptomebi xSirad bundovani da gaurkveveli iyo. xalxi xSirad veRar xvdeboda iyo Tu ara faSisturi esa Tu is politikuri sityva an dadgma, qadageba Tu sajaro msvleloba, metafizika Tu xelovneba, poema Tu partiis programa. maSin ar arsebobda faSizmis damkvidrebuli kriteria, xolo Tavad faSizmi ar atarebda nacnob principebs. miuxedavad amisa, mis yvela organizebul formas axasiaTebda moulodneli gamoCena da gaqroba, ganusazRvreli droiT Zilis mere Zaladobrivad isev rom amoexeTqa. es yvelaferi Seesabameba im socialuri Zalis suraTs, romelic obieqturi viTarebis Sesabamisad zvirTdeba an miileva xolme. rasac Cven SemoklebiT “ faSisturi viTareba ” vuwodeT sxva araferi iyo Tu ara tipuri SemTxveva roca faSistebi advil da srul gamarjvebas aRwevdnen. moulodnelad muSebis uzarmazari industriuli da politikuri organizaciebi da konstituciuri Tavisuflebebis Tavdadebuli damcvelebi qrebodnen, xolo patara faSisturi Zalebi gverdze moisrodnen demokratiuli mTavrobebis, partiebisa da profkavSirebis iqamde gadaulaxav Zalebs. Tu “ revoluciur viTarebas ” axasiaTebs winaaRmdegobis Zalebis fsiqologiuri da moraluri dezintegracia iqamde, sanam mcirericxovan msubuqad SeiaraRebul ajanyebulebs saSualeba ar miecemaT SturmiT aiRon reaqciis TiTqos SeuRwevadi simagreebi, maSin “ faSisturi viTareba ” amis srulyofili analogia im gansxvavebiT rom aq demokratiisa da konstituciuri Tavisuflebebis simagreebi aiRes SturmiT da aranakleb gasaocrad maTi TavdacviTi zRudeebi ar423 mesame nawili transformacia mimdinareobs sad Canda. 1932 wlis ivlisSi, prusiaSi, social demokratebis kanonierma mTavrobam, romelic legitimur Zalauflebas flobda, kapitulacia gamoacxada arakonstituciuri Zaladobis ubralo muqaris winaSe romelic maT winaaRmdeg her for papenma gaaJRera. daaxloebiT eqvsi Tvis Semdeg hitleri mSvidobianad daeufla xelisuflebis umaRles postebs, saidanac man revoluciuri Seteva wamoiwyo vaimaris respublikis institutebisa da konstituciuri partiebis sruli ganadgurebisTvis. imis warmodgena rom TiTqos am moZraobis Zalam Seqmna aseTi viTarebebi da ver dainaxo is rom swored viTarebam Sva, am SemTxvevaSi, moZraoba, niSnavs gasuli aTwleulebis gamorCeuli gakveTilebis ugulebelyofas. faSizmi, socializmis msgavsad, safuZvels im sabazro sazogadoebaSi iRebda, romelic uars ambobda funqcionirebaze. swored amitom is iyo globaluri, masStabiT yovlismomcveli, gamoyenebiT universaluri; sakiTxebi gascda ekonomikis sferos da gamorCeulad socialuri xasiaTis zogadi transformacia Sva. man adamianis aqtivobis TiTqmis yvela sferoSi SeaRwia, iqneba es politikur Tu ekonomikuri, kulturuli Tu filosofiuri, saxelovnebo Tu religiuri. raRac doziT is Seerwya lokalur da mimdinare tendenciebs. am periodis istoriis gageba SeuZlebelia iqneba Tu ar gavmijnavT safuZvelmdebare faSistur biZgs im meoradi tendenciebisgan, romelTa saxec am biZgma sxvadasxva qveynebs miiRo. 1920 iani wlebis evropaSi ori aseTi tendencia – kontrrevolucia da nacionalisturi revizionizmi – iyo gabatonebuli da zeddebuli ufro yovlismomcvel magram faSizmis ufro sust paternze. cxadia, maTi amosavali wertili samSvidobo zavebi da omis Semdgomi revoluciebi iyo. Tumca, naTelia rom kontrrevoluciac da revizionizmic 424 Tavi 20 socialuri cvlilebebiT datvirTuliistoria TavisTavad SezRuduli iyo , miznebSi da amitom advilad erwymoda faSizms. konttrevolucia politikuri qanqaras Cveuli ukureaqcia iyo , im viTarebis aRsadgenad , romelic Zaladobrivad airia. aseT ganviTareba tipuri iyo evropisTvis sul mcire mas mere rac inglisuri Tanamegobroba arsebobs, Tumca amas SezRuduli kavSiri hqonda im drois socialur procesebTan. 1920 ian wlebSi mravali msgavsi viTareba Seiqmna, socialurma Zvrebma aTobiT samefo taxti gaanadgura centralur da aRmosavleT evropaSi rac nawilobriv omSi damarcxebis gamoZaxili iyo da ara demokratiisken svlis. kontrrevoluciis mTavari saqme politikuri iyo da mas iseTi ganZarcvuli klasebi da jgufebi xelmZRvanelobdnen rogorebic iyvnen dinastiebi, aristokratiebi, eklesiebi, mZime industriebi da maTTan daaxloebuli partiebi. am periodSi konservatorebsa da faSistebs Soris aliansebi da dapirispirebebi ZiriTadad im wilze iyo rac faSistebs unda SexvedrodaT kontrrevoluciuri saqmianobisTvis. faSizmi revoluciuri tendencia iyo romelic iseve dapirispirebuli iyo konservativizmTan, rogorc mis metoqe socializmis revoluciur ZalasTan. aman xeli ar SeuSala faSistebs politikur velze ZalauflebisTvis ebrZolaT kontrrevoluciisTvis daxmarebis aRmoCeniT. piriqiT, isini Zalauflebis monopolizebisTvis legitimacias ZiriTadad eZebdnen konservativizmis TiTqosda uunarobaSi, rac gardauvali iyo Tu mizani socializmis SeCereba iyo. bunebrivia, konservatorebma scades kontrrevoluciis monapovaris monopolizeba da sinamdvileSic, rogorc es germaniaSi moxda, es maT damoukideblad miaRwies. maT muSaTa partiebs waarTves gavlena da Zalaufleba ise rom es nacistebs ar Cabarebian. msgavsad, avstriaSi qristian socialistebma – konservatiulma partiam – umeteswilad ganaiaraRes muSebi (1927) ise, rom araferi daeTmoT “ memar425 mesame nawili transformacia mimdinareobs jvene revoluciisTvis ” . maSinac roca kontrrevoluciaSi faSistebis monawileoba gardauvali iyo, axladSeqmnilma “ Zlierma ” mTavrobebma faSizmi ukan moitoves. ase moxda estoneTSi 1929 wels, fineTSi 1932 wels, latviaSi 1934 wels. fsevdo-liberalurma reJimebma droebiT gatexes faSisturi Zalebi ungreTSi 1922 wels da bulgareTSi 1926 wels. mxolod italiaSi ver SeZles konservatorebma industriisTvis aRedginaT samuSao disciplina ise, rom faSistebisTvis ar miecaT Zalauflebis xelSi aRebis SesaZlebloba. omSi damarcxebul qveynebSi, da aseve “ fsiqologiurad ” damarcxebul italiaSi, erovnuli problema uzarmazari iyo. aq amocana dasaxuli iyo, romlis simkacris uaryofa SeuZlebeli iyo. yvela sakiTxze ufro Rrma iyo damarcxebuli qveynebis mudmivi ganiaraRebis problema; im msoflioSi sadac saerTaSoriso samarTlis, saerTaSoriso wesrigisa da saerTaSoriso mSvidobis organizeba ZalTa balanss emyareboda, rigi qveynebi dauZlurdnen ise rom aranairi miniSneba ar Canda Tu ra tipis sistema Caanacvlebda Zvels. ukeTes SemTxvevaSi, erTa liga ZalTa balansis gaumjobesebul sistemas warmoadgenda, Tumca axlosac ar iyo venis SeTanxmebis meore etapis donesTan, radgan axla Zalauflebis zogadi difuziis winapiroba ar arsebobda. CanasaxSi myofma faSisturma moZraobam Tavisi Tavi TiTqmis yvelgan erovnuli sakiTxebis samsaxurSi Caayena; is ver SeinarCunebda arsebobas Tu am ferxuls ar Caebmeboda. Tumca, misTvis am sakiTxs mxolod instrumentuli mniSvneloba hqonda; sxva dros is pacifistur da izolacionistur notebzec ukravda. inglissa da SeerTebul StatebSi is mokavSired gauxda daSoSminebis politikas; avstriaSi haimveri TanamSromlobda sxvadasxvanair kaTolike pacifistebTan; xolo kaTolikuri faSizmi principis doneze antinacionalisturi iyo. hiui longs ar sWirdeboda sasazRvro konfliqti misisipisTan an teqsasTan raTa daewyo 426 Tavi 20 socialuri cvlilebebiT datvirTuliistoria misi faSisturi moZraoba baton ruJidan. msgavsi moZraobebi holandiaSi da norvegiaSi imdenad aranacionalisturi iyo rom zogjer Ralats udrida – qvislingi SeiZleba karg faSistis saxeli iyos, magram aranairad kargi patriotis. politikuri ZalauflebisTvis brZolaSi faSizmi sruliad Tavisufalia ugulebelyos an gamoiyenos adgilobrivi sakiTxebi. misi mizani politikuri da ekonomikuri CarCos miRmaa: is socialuria. is politikur religias degeneraciuli procesis samsaxurSi ayenebs. aRmasvlisas is Tavisi repertuaridan Zalian cota sentiments gamoricxavs; Tumca rogorc ki warmatebas miaRwevs is Caxsnis yvelas garda motivaciaTa Zalian mcire jgufisa – aqac Zalian saxasiaToebs. Tu Cven erTmaneTisgan ar gavarCevT Zalauflebisken mimaval gzaze fsevdo-Seuwynareblobas , ZalauflebaSi mosvlis Semdgomi namdvili Seuwynareblobisgan, Cven ver SevZlebT gavigoT is faqizi , magram gadamwyveti gansxvaveba rac arsebobs revoluciis periodSi zogierTi faSisturi moZraobis fsevdo-nacionalizmsa da specifikurad imperialistur aranacionalizms Soris, romelic revoluciis Semdeg maT ganaviTares. 1 rogorc wesi konservatorebi sakuTari ZalebiT axorcielebdnen warmatebul saSinao kontrrevoluciebs, Tumca isini iSviaTad axerxebdnen TavianTi qveynebis erovnul-saerTaSoriso problemebis gadaWras. 1940 ianebSi briuningi amtkicebda rom iqamde gadaWra germanuli reparaciebisa da ganiaraRebis sakiTxi sanam “ hinderburgis garemocvam ” is Tanamdebobas CamoaSora da Zalaufleba nacistebs Caabara. mis TqmiT, maTi qmedebis mizezi is iyo rom maT ar surdaT am saqmeSi damsaxureba mas, briunings, 1 Rauschning , H ., The Voice of Destruction . 427 mesame nawili transformacia mimdinareobs miweroda. 1 es marTlac ase iyo Tu ara naklebad mniSvnelovania, radgan germaniis Tanabari statusi ar izRudeboda mxolod teqnikuri ganiaraRebiT, rogorc amas briuningi ambobs, aramed gulisxmobda demilitarizebis Tanabrad mniSnvelovan sakiTxsac. amasTan erTad, SeuZlebelia imis ugulebelyofac , rom germanulma diplomatiam nacisturi masebis mier nacionalisturi politikebisadmi mxardaWeriT mniSvnelovani Zala igrZno. movlenebma mkafiod aCvena , rom germaniisTvis Tanabari statusis miRweva SeuZlebeli iqneboda revoluciuri gamosvlis gareSe da swored am perspeqtividan Cans aSkarad nacizmis saSineli pasuxismgebloba, romelmac Tavisufali da Tanaswori germania danaSaulis gzaze daayena. germaniaSi da italiaSi faSizmma Zalauflebis xelSi aReba SeZlo mxolod imitom rom mas SeeZlo berketad gamoyenebina gadauWreli erovnuli sakiTxebi, xolo safrangeTsa da did britaneTSi faSizmi mniSvnelovnad dasustda misi antipatriotizmiT. mxolod patara da bunebrivad damokidebul qveynebSi SeiZleboda ucxo Zalisadmi morCilebis saerTo ganwyoba gamxdariyo faSizmisTvis sasargeblo. rogorc ukve vnaxeT, mxolod SemTxveviToba iyo rom 1920 ian wlebSi evropuli faSizmi erovnul da kontrrevoluciur tendenciebs daukavSirda. es iyo erTmaneTisgan damoukidebeli warmoSobis mqone moZraobebs Soris simbiozis SemTxveva, ramac erTmaneTi gaaZliera da Seqmna arsebiTi msgavsebis STabeWdileba, miuxedavad imisa isini sinamdvileSi ar iyvnen erTmaneTTan dakavSirebulebi. realurad, faSizmis roli erTma faqtorma gansazRvra: sabazro sistemis arsebobam. 1 Heymann , H ., Plan for Permanent Peace , 1941 . Cf . Bruning ’ s letter of January 8 , 1940 . 428 Tavi 20 socialuri cvlilebebiT datvirTuliistoria 1917-1923 wlebSi mTavrobebi iyenebdnen faSistebis daxmarebas raTa aRedginaT kanoni da wesrigi: meti araferi iyo saWiro sabazro sistemis funqcionirebisTvis. faSizmi ganuviTarebeli rCeboda. 1924-1929 wlebSi, roca sabazro sistemis aRdgena TiTqos uzrunvelyofili iyo, faSizmi rogorc politikuri Zala TiTqmis gaqra. 1930 wlis mere sabazro ekonomika saerTo krizisSi Sevida. ramdenime weliwadSi faSizmi msoflio Zala gaxda. pirvel periods, 1917-1923 wlebSi, cnebaze meti TiTqmis ar Seuqmnia. mTel rig evropul qveynebSi – rogorebic arian fineTi, lietuva, estoneTi, latvia, poloneTi, rumineTi, bulgareTi, saberZneTi da ungreTi – agraruli an socialisturi revoluciebi moxda, xolo sxvebSi – romelTa Sorisaa italia, germania da avstria – industriulma muSaTa klasma SeiZina politikuri gavlena. amas moyva kontrrevoluciebis mier Sida ZalTa balansis aRdgena. qveynebis umravlesobaSi glexoba qalaqis muSebis winaaRmdeg wavida; zogierT qveyanaSi faSisturi moZraobebi oficrebma da wvrilma Tavadaznaurobam daiwyo, romelic win gauZRva glexobas; sxvagan ki, rogorc italiaSi, umuSevrebi da wvrili burJuazia faSistur dajgufebebad Camoyalibda. arsad kanonisa da wesrigis garda arc erTi sxva sakiTxi ar dasmula, aranairi radikaluri reformebis mowodeba ar gakeTebula; sxvanairad rom vTqvaT, ar arsebobda faSisturi revoluciis mkafio niSnebi. es moZraobebi faSisturi iyo mxolod formiT, im azriT rom samoqalaqo dajgufebebs, egreT wodebul upasuxismgeblo elementebs, gavlenis mqone pirebi TavianT sasargeblod iyenebdnen. faSizmis antidemokratiuli filosofia ukve dabadebuli iyo, Tumca is jer kidev ar iyo politikuri faqtori. 1920 wels kominternis meore yrilobaze trockim vrceli moxseneba waikiTxe italiaSi mimdinare movlenebze, Tumca arc ki 429 mesame nawili transformacia mimdinareobs uxsenebia faSizmi, miuxedavad imisa rom faSi [ fasci ] ukve sakmao xani arsebobda. kidev aTi weli an meti dasWirda sanam italiuri faSizmi, qveynis mTavrobaSi mosvlidan didi xnis mere, Camoayalibebda gansakuTrebul socialur sistemas. 1924 wels da Semdeg, evropa da SeerTebuli Statebi xmauriani bumis scena iyo, sadac sabazro sistemis simyarisadmi yvela kiTxva gaqra. kapitalizmi aRdgenilad gamocxadda. bolSevizmi da faSizmi periferiul regionebis garda yvelgan ganadgurda. kominternma kapitalizmis konsolidireba faqtad gamoacxada; musolinim xotba Seasxa kapitalizms; didi britaneTis gamoklebiT yvela mniSvnelovani qveyana win midioda. SeerTebulma Statebma legendaruli ayvavebis dro gamoiara, xolo kontinentze TiTqmis aseve kargad midioda saqmeebi. hitleris putCi CaaxSves; safrangeTma ruris gaaTavisufla; raixsmarka lamis saswaulebrivad aRdga; dauesis gegmam reparaciebi da politika gamijna; lokarno SeTanxmebebi axlos iyo; xolo germania aRmasvlis Svid weliwadSi Sedioda. 1926 wlamde oqros standarti moskovidan lisabonamde iyo gabatonebuli. swored mesame periodSi – 1929 wlis Semdeg – gaxda faSizmis namdvili mniSvneloba naTeli. sabazro sistemis Cixi aSkara iyo. iqamde faSizmi mxolod italiis avtoritaruli mTavrobis Strixi iyo, rac mcirediT gansxvaveboda sxva ufro tradiciuli tipebisgan. is axla warsdga industriuli sazogadoebis problemis alternatiul gadawyvetad. germania wina gauZRva evropis masStabis revolucias, xolo ZalauflebisTvis mis brZolas faSisturma blokma dinamikuroba SesZina, ramac maleve xuTive kontinenti moicva. istoriis msvleloba socialur Zvrebs daeqvemdebara. gauTvaliswinebelma Tumca ara SemTxveviTma movlenam saerTaSoriso sistemis ngrevis procesi daiwyo. uol stritis vardnam uzarmazar masStabebs miaRwia, rasac didi britaneTis mier oqros standartidan gamosvla moyva. ori 430 Tavi 20 socialuri cvlilebebiT datvirTuliistoria wlis Semdeg, msgavsi svla gaakeTa SeerTebulma Statebmac. amavdroulad, ganiaraRebis konferenciam Sexvedrebi Sewyvita, xolo 1933 wels germaniam erTa liga datova. am simbolurma movlenebma msoflio wesrigSi uzarmazari cvlilebebis epoqa daiwyo. sami Zala, iaponia, germania da italia, status kvos winaaRmdeg ajanyda da daangria mSvidobis morRveuli institutebi. amavdroulad msoflio ekonomikis faqtobrivi organizeba funqcionirebaze uars ambobda. oqros standarti sul mcire droebiT SeaCeres misma anglo-saqsonma Semqmnelebma; defoltis saSiSroebis winaSe, sagareo valebze pasuximgebloba moiSores; kapitalis bazrebi da msoflio vaWroba mniSvnelovnad Semcirda. planetis politikurma da ekonomikurma sistemam erTdrouli Sla daiwyo. Tavad qveynebSi cvlilebebi aranakleb Rrma iyo. orpartiuli sistemebi erTpartiuli mTavrobebiT Canacvlda, zogjer erovnuli Tanxmobis mTavrobebiT. miuxedavad amisa, garegani msgavsebebi diqtatorul qveynebsa da im qveynebs Soris romlebic inarCunebdnen demokratiul sajaro sivrces emsaxureboda mxolod imas rom xazi gasmoda Tavisufali msjelobisa da gadawyvetilebis miRebis gazviadebul mniSvnelobas. ruseTma socializmi diqtatorul formebSi gardaqmna. liberaluri kapitalizmi gaqra im qveynebSi romlebic germaniis, iaponiisa da italiis msgavsad omisTvis emzadebodnen, ufro naklebi xarisxiT SeerTebul Statebsa da did britaneTSic. Tumca, axlad gaCenili faSizmis, socializmis da axali SeTanxmebis [ New Deal ] reJimebi erTmaneTis msgavsi mxolod lese-feris [ lais ser-faire ] principebis uaryofiT iyvnen. marTalia es istoriuli procesi yvelas mimarT garegani movleniT daiwyo, calkeulma erebma am gamowvevas maTi mdebareobidan gamomdinare upasuxes. zogs ar surda cvlileba, zogs didi dro dasWirda axal garemoebebTan 431 mesame nawili transformacia mimdinareobs Sesagueblad; zogi gulgrili iyo. aseve isini yvela mimarTulebiT eZebdnen gamosavals. Tumca, sabazro ekonomikis Tvalsazrisidan gamomdinare, es erTi SexedviT radikalurad gansxvavebuli gadaWris gzebi ubralod mocemul alternativebs warmoadgenda. maT Soris , vinc mowodebuli iyo saerTo krizisi Tavisi interesebis sasargeblod gamoeyenebina , iyo ukmayofilo didi saxelmwifoebis jgufi, romelTaTvisac ZalTa balansis sistemis dasruleba, Tundac erTa ligis dasustebuli formiT, iSviaT SesaZleblobad moCanda. germania axla ukve mowadinebuli iyo daeCqarebina tradiciuli msoflio ekonomikis dacema, romelic jer kidev amagrebda saerTaSoriso wesrigs, da elodeboda am ekonomikis CamoSlas raTa upiratesoba hqonoda mis mowinaaRmdegeebTan mimarTebiT. is mizanmimarTulad CamoSorda kapitalur, sasaqonlo da savaluto saerTaSoriso sistemas, raTa Seemcirebina masze gare samyaros gavlena im droisTvis roca politikur valdebulebebze uaris TqmisTvis xelsayreli viTareba Seiqmneboda. man ganaviTara ekonomikuri avtarkia raTa amiT misi Sorsmimavali gegmebisTvis saWiro Tavisufleba uzrunveleyo. man gaflanga sakuTari oqros rezervebi, gaanadgura misi sagareo vali valdebulebebis umizezo uaryofiT da, garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi, mospo misi dadebiTi sagareo savaWro balansi. man advilad SeZlo Tavisi namdvili miznebis SeniRbva, radgan arc uol strits, arc qalaq londons da arc Jenevas eWvi ar miutaniaT imaze rom nacistebi fsons debdnen mecxramete saukunis ekonomikis saboloo ganadgurebaze. ser jon saimonsa da montagu normans dabejiTebiT sjerodaT rom Saxti sabolood mainc aRadgenda orTodoqsul ekonomikas germaniaSi, romelic wnexis qveS iyo da, Tu mxolod finansurad daexmarebodnen, daubrundeboda mis adrindel mdgomareobas. aseTi iluziebi dauning stritze miunxenamde da merec SenarCun432 Tavi 20 socialuri cvlilebebiT datvirTuliistoria da. maSin roca germaniisTvis Zalzed xelsayreli aRmoCnda misi faruli gegmebis gansaxorcieleblad misi unari morgeboda tradiciuli sistemis ngrevas, didi britaneTi xelfexSekruli aRmoCnda sistemisadmi misi erTgulebis gamo. marTalia inglisi droebiT CamoSorda oqros standarts, misi ekonomika da finansebi agrZelebda stabiluri gacvliTi kursisa da myari valutis principebze yofnas. aqedan gamomdinareobs misi xelfexSekruloba xelaxal SeiaraRebasTan mimarTebiT. iseve rogorc germanuli avtarkia samxedro da politikuri gaTvlebs Sedegi iyo, romelic gamomdinareobda misi ganzraxvidan xeli SeeSala sayovelTao transformaciisTvis, britaneTis strategia da sagareo politika SezRuduli iyo misi konservatiuli finansuri xedviT. SezRuduli omis strategia asaxavda kunZulovani imperiis warmodgenas, romelic Tavis Tavs usafrTxod miiCnevda sanam mas hqonda sakmarisad Zlieri sazRvao Zalebi, romelic uzrunvelyofda Svid zRvaSi myari valutiT SeZenili saqonliT usafrTxo momaragebas. hitlers ukve Zalaufleba hqonda, roca 1933 wels, daf kuperi, gulmodgined icavda 1932 wlis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis biujetis Semcirebas, rac ganxorcielda “ erovnuli gabankrotebis safrTxis winaSe, rac maSin ufro didi safrTxed miiCneoda vidre araefeqturi sabrZolo samsaxuri ” . sami wlis Semdeg lordi halifaqsi amtkicebda rom mSvidobis miRweva SesaZlebeli iyo ekonomikuri reformebiT da rom ar unda momxdariyo vaWrobaSi Careva, radgan es aseT reformebs ufro gaarTulebda. miunxenis SeTanxmebis wels, halifaqsi da Cemberleni britaneTis politikas kvlav germaniisTvis “ vercxlis tyviebisa ” da tradiciul amerikuli sesxebis cnebebSi ayalibebdnen. marTlac, maSinac ki roca hitlerma rubikoni gadalaxa da praRa daikava, ser jon saimonma mxari dauWira TemTa palataSi montagu normanis monawileobas 433 mesame nawili transformacia mimdinareobs CexeTis oqros rezervebis hitlerisTvis gadacemaSi. saimons sjeroda rom oqros standartis dacva, ris aRdgenasac man mTeli Tavisi moRvaweoba miuZRvna, yvela sxva sakiTxze wonadi iyo. mis Tanamedroveebs egonaT rom saimonis qmedeba daSoSminebis politikiT iyo nakarnaxevi. sinamdvileSi es erTguleba iyo oqros standartis suliskveTebisadmi, romelic kvlav asazrdoebda qalaq londonis gavleniani kacebis msoflmxedvelobas , rogorc strategiul, ise politikur sakiTxebSi. zustad omis gaCaRebis kviras, sagareo samsaxurma, hitleris CemberlenTan sityvieri komunikaciis pasuxad, britaneTis politika germaniisTvis tradiciuli amerikuli sesxebis saxiT Camoayaliba. inglisis samxedro moumzadebloba umetesad Sedegi iyo misi oqros standartis ekonomikisadmi erTgulebis. germaniam miiRo is upiratesoba rasac iReben xolme isini vinc xels uwyoben dasruldes is rac dasrulebisTvisaa ganwiruli. misma foram iqamde gastana sadamdec gacveTili mecxramete saukunis sistemis ganadgureba mas upiratesobas aZlevda. liberaluri kapitalizmis, oqros standartisa da absolutur suverenitetTa ganadgureba misi mtacebluri reidebis Tanmxlebi Sedegi iyo. TviTizolaciaze morgebiT da cxadia, Semdeg, monaTvaWrobiTi eqspediciebiT, man ganaviTara eqsperimentuli meTodebi im problemaTa gadasaWrelad romelic transformaciam gaaCina. Tumca, misi mTavari politikuri kapitali Zevs mis unarSi daerwmunebina msoflios qveynebSi SekavSirebuliyvnen bolSevizmis winaaRmdeg. germaniam Tavisi Tavi transformaciis pirvel mosargebled aqcia imiT rom is win gauZRva sabazro ekonomikis problemis gadaWras, romelic did xnis manZilze upirobo mxardaWeras iRebda xolme mdidari klasebisgan, da zogjer ara mxolod maTgan. liberaluri da marqsistuli postulatidan gamomdinare rom ekonomikuri klasobrivi interesebi upiratesi iyo, hitleri ga434 Tavi 20 socialuri cvlilebebiT datvirTuliistoria marjvebisTvis iyo ganwiruli iyo. grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi erovnuli socialuri qsovili ufro gamZle aRmoCnda vidre klasobrivi ekonomikuri qsovili. ruseTis aRmasvla dakavSirebuli iyo transformaciaSi mis rolTan. 1917 dan 1929 wlamde bolSevizmis SiSi sxva araferi iyo Tu ara ganukiTxaobis SiSi, rasac sabediswerod SeeZlo sabazro ekonomikis aRdgena, romelic ver imuSavebda misadmi upirobo ndobis klimatis gareSe. momdevno aTwleulebSi ruseTSi socializmi realoba gaxda. fermebis koleqtivizeba gulisxmobda sabazro ekonomikis Canacvlebas kooperaciuli meTodebiT miwasTan rogorc fundamentur faqtorTan mimarTebiT. ruseTi, romelic ubralo adgili iyo saidanac revoluciuri agitacia kapitalistur samyaroSi iwarmoeboda, axla warsdga rogorc axali sistema romelsac SeeZlo sabazro ekonomikis Canacvleba. xSirad ar ician xolme rom bolSevikebi, romlebic Tavad gulmxurvale socialistebi iyvnen, jiutad uaryofdnen “ socializmis ruseTSi damyarebis ideas ” . mxolod maTi marqsistuli warmodgenebic ki sakmarisi iyo rom aseTi SesaZlebloba gamoericxaT CamorCenil agrarul qveyanaSi. 1920 iani wlebis e.w. “ omis komunizmis ” sruliad gansakuTrebuli periodis gamoklebiT, liderebi misdevdnen xedvas rom msoflio revolucia unda daiwyos industrializebul dasavleT evropaSi. socializmi erT qveyanaSi maTTvis winaaRmdegobrivi winadadeba iqneboda, da roca es realoba gaxda, TiTqmis yvela Zvelma bolSevikebidan uaryo is. miuxedavad amisa, swored es gadaxveva iyo is ramac saocari warmateba aCvena. roca ruseTis istoriis saukunis meoTxeds ukan vuyurebT, Cans rom rasac Cven rusul revolucias veZaxiT, sinamdvileSi ori sxva revoluciisgan Sedgeboda, saidanac pirveli tradiciuli dasavlur evropuli idealebis gansaxiereba iyo, xolo meore, ocdaaTiani wlebis sruliad axali 435 mesame nawili transformacia mimdinareobs gzis nawili iyo. 1917-1924 wlebis revolucia marTla bolo iyo evropis politikur ZvrebSi, romelic mihyva inglisis Tanamegobrobisa da safrangeTis revoluciis models; revolucia romelic 1930 ian wlebSi fermebis koleqtivizebiT daiwyo, pirveli iyo im did socialur cvlilebebs Soris romlebmac Cveni msoflio ocdaaTian wlebSi gardaqmnes. pirvelma rusulma revoluciam gaanadgura absolutizmi, feodaluri miwis mflobeloba da rasobrivi Cagvra – 1789 wlis idealebis WeSmariti memkvidre; meore revoluciam ki socialisturi ekonomika daafuZna. saboloo JamSi, pirveli ubralod rusuli movlena iyo – man rusul miwaze dasavluri ganviTarebis grZeli procesi daagvirgvina – Tumca meore revolucia nawili gaxda Tanadrouli msoflio transformaciisa. Cans xolme TiTqos 1920 ian wlebSi ruseTi evropisgan gareT idga da sakuTar xsnaze muSaobda. ufro siRrmiseulma analizma es warmodgena SeiZleba gaabaTilos. im faqtorebs Soris ramac mas or revolucias Soris es gadawyvetileba aiZula iyo saerTaSoriso sistemis Cavardna. 1924 wlisTvis “ omis komunizmi ” daviwyebas mieca da ruseTma aRadgina xorblis Tavisufali Sida bazari da amavdroulad inarCunebda saxelmwifo kontrols sagareo vaWrobasa da sakvanZo industriebze. is axla cdilobda gaezarda sagareo vaWroba, rac ZiriTadad marcvleulis, xe-tyis, tyavisa da sxva bunebrivi wiaRiseulisgan Sedgeboda, romelTa fasebma didi vardna ganicada agraruli depresiisas, rac win uZRoda vaWrobis zogad moSlas. ruseTis uZlurebam saeqsporto vaWroba xelsayreli pirobebiT ganeviTarebina xels uSlida manqana-danadgarebis imports da Sesabamisad erovnuli industriebis Seqmnas; aman Tavis mxriv uaryofiTad imoqmeda qalaqsa da sofels Soris gacvlazec – e.w. “ makratlis krizisi ” – Sedegad gaizarda glexebis winaaRmdegoba qalaqis muSaTa mmarTvelobasTan. am mxriv 436 Tavi 20 socialuri cvlilebebiT datvirTuliistoria msoflio ekonomikis moSlam gazarda wnexi ruseTSi agraruli sakiTxis droebiTi mogvarebis zomebze da daaCqara kolxozebis gamoCena. evropis tradiciuli politikuri sistemis CamoSlam romelsac mSvidoba da usafrTxoeba unda uzrunveleyo, moTxovna gazarda SeiaraRebaze, riTac mtkivneuli industrializebis sirTuleebi kidev ufro daamZima. mecxramete saukunis ZalTa balansis sistemis gaqrobam, iseve rogorc msoflio bazris uunarobam Seesruta ruseTis sasoflo-sameurneo produqtebi, mas aiZula uxalisod wasuliyo TviTkmarobis gzaze. socializmi erT qveyanaSi moitana sabazro ekonomikis uunarobam uzrunveleyo msoflios qveynebs Soris kavSiri; is rac rusul avtarkiad Canda mxolod kapitalisturi internacionalizmis dasruleba iyo. saerTaSoriso sistemis marcxma istoriis energia gamoaTavisufla – misi relsebi ki ukve sabazro sazogadoebis Sinagan tendenciebs hqonda dagebuli. 437 Tavi 21 Tavisufleba kompleqsur sazogadoebaSi mecxramete saukunis civilizacia barbarosebs ar gaunadgurebiaT, arc garedan da arc Signidan; misi sasicocxlo energia ar amowurula pirveli msoflio omis ubedurebebiT da arc socialisturi proletariatis an faSisturi saSualo klasis ajanyebiT. misi marcxis mizezi ar iyo raRac ekonomikuri kanoni, mogebis normis vardnis Taobaze; dabali an Warbi moxmareba. misi morRveva sruliad sxva rigi mizezebis gamo moxda: mizezi iyo is zomebi, romelic sazogadoebam miiRo raTa, Tavis mxriv, ar ganadgurebuliyo TviTregulirebadi bazris mier. garda gansakuTrebuli garemoebebisa romelic Crdilo amerikis Ria sazRvrebis saukunes axasiaTebda, konfliqtma bazarsa da organizebuli socialuri cxovrebis elementarul saWiroebebs Soris am saukunes mamoZravebeli Zala misca da warmoSva saxasiaTo daZabuloba da stresi ramac sabolood gaanadgura is sazogadoeba. sagareo omebma mxolod daaCqara misi ngreva. brma “ gaumjobesebis ” saukunis Semdeg kaci ibrunebs mis “ sacxovrebel sivrces ” . Tu gvinda rom industrializmma ar 438 Tavi 21 Tavisufleba kompleqsur sazogadoebaSi gaanadguros kacTa modgma, is unda daeqvemdebaros adamianis bunebis moTxovnebs. sabazro sazogadoebis swori kritika is ki araa rom is ekonomikaze iyo dafuZnebuli – raRac azriT, yvela da nebismier sazogadoeba mas unda efuZnebodes – aramed is rom misi ekonomika TviT-interesze iyo dafuZnebuli. ekonomikuri cxovrebis aseTi organizeba srulad arabunebrivi da viwro empiriuli TvalsazrisiT gamonakliss warmoadgens. mecxramete saukunis moazrovneebi warmoidgendnen rom adamiani Tavis ekonomikur aqtivobaSi mogebas eswrafoda, rom misi materialisturi midrekilebebi mas ufro naklebi Zalisxmevis gawevaSi waaxalisebda da gauCenda molodins rom misi Sroma unda anazRaurebuliyo; mokled rom vTqvaT, am warmodgenis mixedviT mis ekonomikur saqmianobaSi adamiani ixelmZRvanelebda, rasac isini eZaxdnen, ekonomikuri racionalobiT, xolo yvela masTan Seusabamo qceva garegani Carevis Sedegi iqneboda. aqedan gamomdinareobda rom bazari bunebrivi institucia iyo, rom isini spontanurad warmoiqmneboda Tu adamianebs ubralod Tavis nebaze datovebdnen. amgvarad, imaze normaluri araferi SeiZleboda yofiliyo vidre ekonomikuri sistema romelic bazrebisgan Sedgeboda da romelsac mxolod sabazro fasebi akontrolebda. Sesabamisad, adamianTa sazogadoeba romelic aseT bazrebs efuZneboda nebismier progresis mizani unda yofiliyo. miuxedavad imisa sasurveli iyo Tu ara aseTi sazogadoeba moraluri TvalsazrisiT, misi praqtikuloba – da es aqsiomad miiCneoda – efuZneboda kacTa modgmis TanSobil maxasiaTeblebs. dRes Cven viciT rom sinamdvileSi, adamianis qceva rogorc mis primitiul mdgomareobaSi, ise istoriis manZilze, am xedvaSi nagulisxmevi qcevis TiTqmis sruliad sapirispiro iyo. frenk h. naiTis gamoTqma rom “ arc erTi gansakuTrebulad adamianuri motivi araa ekonomikuri ” miesadageba ara mxolod zogadad socialur cxovrebas, aramed 439 mesame nawili transformacia mimdinareobs Tavad ekonomikur cxovrebasac. barterisadmi midrekileba, razec adam smitma ase Tavdajerebulad daafuZna Tavisi warmodgenebi primitiuli adamianis Sesaxeb, ekonomikur saqmianobaSi aris ara adamianis sayovelTaod gavrcelebuli qceva, aramed, piriqiT, yvelaze iSviaTi. araTu Tanamedrove anTropologiis mopovebuli faqtebi abaTilebs am racionalistur konstruqtebs, aramed vaWrobisa da bazrebis istoriac sruliad gansxvavebuli aRmoCnda im warmodgenebisgan, romlebic mecxramete saukunis sociologebis harmoniul swavlebebSi iyo nagulisxmebi. ekonomikuri istoria aCvenebs rom erovnuli bazrebis gaCena aranairad ar iyo Sedegi samTavrobo kontrolisgan ekonomikuri sferos TandaTanobiTi da spontanuri gaTavisuflebisa. piriqiT, bazari iyo Sedegi saxelmwifos mxridan mizanmimarTuli da xSirad Zaladobrivi Carevisa, riTac man Tavisi araekonomikuri miznebisTvis sazogadoebas sabazro principiT organizeba aiZula. xolo, Tu axlodan SevxedavT, aRmoCndeba, rom mecxramete saukunis TviTregulirebadi bazari radikalurad gansxvavebuli iyo Tundac misi uSualo winamorbedisgan imiT, rom misi regulirebis meqanizmi ekonomikuri TviTinteresi iyo. mecxramete saukunis sazogadoebis sisuste is ki ar iyo rom industriuli iyo, aramed is rom sabazro sazogadoeba iyo. industriuli civilizacia arsebobas maSinac ganagrZobs roca TviTregulirebadi bazris utopiuri eqsperimenti mogonebad darCeba. industriuli civilizaciis axal arasabazro safuZvelze gadasvlaze fiqri bevrisTvis zedmetad uimedo amocanaa. maT instituciuri vakuumis eSiniaT, an, uaresi, Tavisuflebis dakargvis. gana SeuZlebelia am safrTxeebis Tavidan arideba ? uzarmazari tanjvis didi nawili romelic gardamaval periods axasiaTebs, ukve ukan movitoveT. Cveni epoqis socialur da ekonomikur ryevebSi, didi depresiis tragikul 440 Tavi 21 Tavisufleba kompleqsur sazogadoebaSi bedis ukuRmarTobaSi, valutis meryeobaSi, masobriv umuSevrobaSi, socialuri statusis swraf cvlilebebSi, istoriuli saxelmwifoebis uzarmazar ngrevebSi – yvelaze cudi ukve gamovcadeT. cvlilebis fass Cvenda uneblied vixdidiT. raoden Sors ar unda iyos kacobrioba manqanebis gamoyenebasTan Seguebisgan, da raoden didic ar unda iyos momavali cvlilebebi, warsulis dabruneba iseve SeuZlebelia, rogorc yvela Cveni problemis sxva planetaze gadatana. agresiisa da dapyrobis demonuri Zalebis ganadgurebis nacvlad, aseTi fuWi mcdeloba mxolod uzrunvelyofs am Zalebis gadarCenas maSinac, Tu isini samxedro TvalsazrisiT srulad damarcxdebian. borotebis mizezi CaiTvleba upiratesobad, politikaSi esoden mniSvnelovani, romelic imas warmoadgens rac SesaZlebelia da Sepirispirebuli iqneba imasTan risi miRwevac SeuZlebelia, miuxedavad imisa raoden kargic ar unda iyos ganzraxva. arc tradiciuli sistemis CamoSlas davutovebivarT sicarieleSi. istoriaSi pirvelad ar xdeba roca droebiTi sistemebi Seicaven didi da grZelvadiani institutebis Canasaxs. sxvadasxva erebSi Cven vxedavT procesebs sadac ekonomikuri sistema aRar uwesebs kanons sazogadoebas da sistemaze sazogadoebis upiratesoba uzrunvelyofili xdeba. es bevrnairad SeiZleba moxdes, demokratiulad da aristokratiulad, konstitucionalisturad da avtoritarulad da albaT kidev raRac gzebiT romelTa winaswar ganWvreta SeuZlebelia. zogierTi qveynis momavali SeiZleba ukve awmyo iyos sxvebSi, xolo zogi SeiZleba yvela danarCenis warsuls ganasaxierebdes. miuxedavad amisa, Sedegi yvelgan erTia: sabazro sistema principis donezec aRar iqneba TviTregulirebadi, radgan masSi aRar iqneba CarTuli Sroma, miwa da fuli. 441 mesame nawili transformacia mimdinareobs bazridan Sromis gamoyvana iseTive radikaluri transformaciaa, rogoric konkurentuli SromiTi bazris Camoyalibeba iyo. daqvemdebarebuli da damxmare rolis miRma SromiTi kontraqti wyvets kerZo kontraqtad yofnas. araTu SromiTi pirobebi, samuSao dro da kontraqtis formebi, aramed Tavad xelfasic bazris miRma wydeba; maSasadame, is Tu ra roli aqvs profkavSirebs, saxelmwifosa da sxva sajaro organoebs damokidebulia ara mxolod am institutebis bunebaze, aramed warmoebis realuri menejmentis organizebazec. marTalia saxelfaso gansxvavebebi arsebiT rols Seasrulebs ( da unda Seasrulos ) ekonomikur sistemaSi, sxva motivebma, romlebic pirdapir fulad Semosavals ar gulisxmoben, SeiZleba gadawonon Sromis finansuri aspeqtebi. bazridan miwis gamoyvana igivea rac miwis Seyvana iseT gansazRvrul institutebSi rogorebicaa homstedi [ homestead ] , kooperativi, qarxana, raioni [ township ] , skola, eklesia, parki, bunebrivi nakrZali da ase Semdeg. raoden gavrcelebulic ar unda darCes fermerebis mier miwis individualuri mflobeloba, miwis flobasTan dakavSirebul SeTanxmebebSi mxolod meorexarisxovan detalebze SeiZleba iyos laparaki, radgan arsebiTi sakiTxebi bazris iurisdiqciidanaa gayvanili. igive SeiZleba iTqvas kvebis ZiriTad produqtebsa da bunebriv nedl masalebze, radgan bazars ar aqvs fasebis fiqsaciis ufleba. Tu produqciis uzarmazari mravalferovnebisTvis, konkurentunariani bazrebi ganagrZoben funqcionirebas, maSin es socialur sistemaze gavlenas ar unda axdendes, vidre Sromis, miwisa da fulis fasebis bazris garedan fiqsireba axdens gavlenas sxvadasxva produqtebTan mimarTebiT faswarmoebis funqciaze. cxadia, aseTi zomebis miReba sakuTrebis xasiaTs mniSvnelovnad cvlis, radgan saWiro aRaraa daSvebuli iyos sakuTrebis ubralo flobiT miRebuli Semosavali 442 Tavi 21 Tavisufleba kompleqsur sazogadoebaSi ukontrolod izrdebodes, im ubralo mizezis gamo rom uzrunvelyofili iyos dasaqmeba, warmoeba da sazogadoebaSi resursebis gamoyeneba. bazrisTvis fulze kontrolis CamorTmeva dReisTvis TiTqmis yvela qveyanaSia miRweuli. umeteswilad es anabrebis gaCenam gaxada SesaZlebeli, Tumca 1920 ian wlebSi oqros standartis krizisma daamtkica rom saqonel-fulsa da pirobiT-fuls Soris kavSiri ar gawyvetila. yvela mniSvnelovan StatSi “ funqciuri finansebis ” SemoRebis mere, investirebis mimarTuleba da danazogebis moculobis regulireba saxelmwifos amocana gaxda. bazridan warmoebis elementTa – miwis, Sromisa da fulis – gamoyvana bazris perspeqtividan erTgvarovani aqti iyo, radgan maT ganixilavda ise TiTqos isini saqonlebi iyvnen. adamianuri realobis perspeqtividan ki, is rac sasaqonlo funqciis CamoSorebiT aRidgens Tavs, socialuri cxovrebis yvela mxares exeba. Sedegad, erTgvarovani sabazro ekonomikis Sla gzas uxsnis sazogadoebaTa axal formebs. aRsaniSnavia rom sabazro sazogadoebis dasasruli aranairad ar niSnavs bazrebis ar arsebobas. isini sxvadasxva formiT kvlav agrZeleben momxmarebelTaTvis Tavisuflebis uzrunvelyofas, moTxovnaTa cvalebadobis CvenebiT, mwarmoebelTa Semosavalze zemoqmedebiT, da asruleben angariSvaldebulebis uzrunvelyofis funqcias; amavdroulad, isini mTlianad wyveten ekonomikuri TviTregulirebis meqanizmebad yofnas. XIX saukunis sazogadoeba rogorc mis sagareo, ise saSinao politikaSi ekonomikiT iyo SezRuduli. fiqsirebuli gacvliTi kursi civilizaciis Tanadroulia. iqamde sanam oqros standarti da – rac TiTqmis misi Tanmxlebi gaxda – sakonstitucio mowyoba ZalaSi iyo, ZalTa balansi mSvidobas uzrunvelyofda. sistemam imuSava didi saxelmwifoebis meSveobiT, pirvel rigSi britaneTis, romelic msoflios finansuri centri iyo da nakleb ganviTarebul qveynebis443 mesame nawili transformacia mimdinareobs gan warmomadgenlobiTi demokratiebis Seqmnas daJinebiT iTxovda. es moTxovna aucilebeli iyo movale qveynebis finansebisa da valutebis – da aqedan gamomdinare biujetebis – kontrolisTvis. Tumca, rogorc wesi aseTi warmodgenebi gaucnobiereblad arsebobda saxelmwifo moRvaweebis TavebSi, es ase xdeboda mxolod imitom rom oqros standartis muSaobisTvis aucilebeli moTxovnebi aqsiomad iTvleboda. monetaruli da warmomadgenlobiT institutebis erTgvarovani msoflio modeli im periodis tlanqi ekonomikis Sedegi iyo. aseT pirobebSi XIX saukunis saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis ori principi yvelaze mniSvnelovani gaxda: anarqistuli suverenuloba da sxva qveynis saqmeebSi “ gamarTlebuli ” intervencia. marTalia es ori erTmaneTs ewinaaRmdegeboda, Tumca isini urTierTdakavSirebulebi iyvnen. cxadia, suverenuloba wmindad politikuri cneba iyo, radgan araregulirebuli sagareo vaWrobisa da oqros standartis pirobebSi mTavrobebi uZlurebi iyvnen saerTaSoriso ekonomikasTan mimarTebiT. am qveynebs ar SeeZloT da arc undodaT TavianTi qveynebisTvis monetaruli valdebulebebis dakisreba – aseTi iyo maTi formaluri samarTlebrivi pozicia. realurad, mxolod is qveynebi miiCneodnen suverenulad romlebsac centraluri bankebis mier kontrolirebuli monetaruli sistemebi hqondaT. Zlieri dasavluri qveynebis SemTxvevaSi es ulimito da SeuzRudavi erovnuli monetaruli suverenuloba misive sapirispiros erwymoda, kerZod, mZlavr zewola ris gamoc maT sabazro ekonomikisa da sabazro sazogadoebis qsovili danarCen msoflioSi unda gaevrcelebinaT. Sedegad, XIX saukunis bolosTvis moxda msoflio xalxebis aqamde arnaxuli instituciuri standartizeba. aseTi sistema sirTuleebs awydeboda misi sirTulisa da universalurobis gamo. anarqistuli suvereniteti ne444 Tavi 21 Tavisufleba kompleqsur sazogadoebaSi bismieri realuri saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis formisTvis dabrkolebas warmoadgenda, rac erTa ligis istoriam naTlad daadastura; xolo qveyanaTa saSinao sistemebis iZulebiTi standartizeba mudmiv safrTxes warmoadgenda Tavisufali erovnuli ganviTarebisTvis, gansakuTrebiT CamorCenil qveynebSi da zogjer mowinave, magram finansurad sust qveynebSic. ekonomikuri TanamSromloba kerZo institutebs Soris urTierTobis Semoifargleboda, rac iseTive uSedego da araefeqturi iyo rogoric Tavisufali vaWroba, maSin rodesac xalxebs Soris, ese igi, xelisuflebebs Soris, realuri TanamSromlobis warmodgenac ki ar SeiZleboda. aseTma viTarebam sagareo politikas ori mkafiod SeuTavsebeli moTxovna SeiZleba wauyenos: mas dasWirdeba megobar qveynebs Soris iseTi xarisxis mWidro TanamSromloba, rogoric warmoudgeneli iyo XIX saukunis suverenitetis farglebSi. amavdroulad, regulirebuli bazrebis arseboba erovnul mTavrobebs ufro eWvians gaxdis gare Carevebisadmi vidre odesme. Tumca, oqros standartis avtomaturi meqanizmis gaqrobasTan erTad, mTavrobebi SeZleben absoluturi suverenitetisTvis damaxasiaTebeli yvelaze mavne Strixis moSorebas, rac saerTaSoriso ekonomikaSi monawileobaze uaris TqmaSi gamoixateba. amasTan erTad, SesaZlebeli gaxda nebayoflobiTi Semwynarebluri midgoma sxva erebis saSinao saqmeebisadmi moawyon Sida institutebi ise rogorc es maT miswrafebebs Seefereba, amgvarad man gadaabija XIX saukunis dogmas, romlis mixedviTac qveyanaTa saSinao mowyobebi aucileblad erTgvarovani unda yofiliyo msoflio ekonomikis farglebSi. Zveli msoflios nangrevebidan, axlis qvakuTxedis danaxva ukve SesaZlebelia: xelisuflebebs Soris ekonomikuri TanamSromloba da nebisamebr erovnuli cxovrebis mowyobis Tavisufleba. Tavisufali vaWrobis SemzRudveli sistemis 445 mesame nawili transformacia mimdinareobs pirobebSi orive es SesaZlebloba warmoudgeneli iyo, rac erTa Soris TanamSromlobis mraval meTods gamoricxavda. maSin rodesac sabazro ekonomikisa da oqros standartis pirobebSi federaciis idea samarTlianad miiCneoda koSmarul centralizebad da gaerTgvarovnebad, sabazro ekonomikis dasasruli SeiZleba niSnavdes, Sida saqmeebSi damoukideblobasTan erTad, saxelmwifoebs Soris efeqtur TanamSromlobas. Tavisuflebis problema or sxvadasxva doneze wamoiWreba: instituciurze da moralur an religiurze. instituciur doneze saqme exeba balanss Tavisuflebis zrdasa da Semcirebas Soris; aq radikalurad axal sakiTxebs ar vawydebiT. ufro fundamentur doneze ki Tavad Tavisuflebis SesaZleblobaa kiTxvis niSnis qveS. Cans rom is xerxebi romliTac Tavisuflebis narCundeba xrwnis da anadgurebs Tavad Tavisuflebas. Cvens droSi Tavisuflebis problemis gasaRebi swored meore doneze unda veZeboT. instituciebi adamianis Sinaarsisa da miznis gansxeulebaa. Cven ver mivaRwevT im Tavisufleba romelsac veswrafviT Tu ver gavigebT kompleqsur sazogadoebaSi Tavisuflebis namdvil mniSvnelobas. instituciur doneze, regulaciebi afarToeben da zRudaven Tavisuflebas; mxolod mopovebul da dakargul Tavisuflebebs Soris balansia mniSvnelovani. igive SeiZleba iTqvas iuridiul da realur Tavisuflebebze. uzrunveli klasebi sargebloben im TavisuflebiT rac maTTvis usafrTxo dasvenebas moaqvs; isini bunebrivia naklebad SfoTaven sazogadoebaSi Tavisuflebis gavrcelebiT, vidre isini vinc Semosavlis naklebobis gamo amis minimumiT unda dakmayofildnen. es aSkara xdeba rogorc ki Cndeba jiuti moTxovna rom Semosavali, dasveneba da usafrTxoeba ufro samarTlianad gadanawildes. marTalia SezRudva yvelas exeba, privilegirebulebs is ufro xSirad sZulT, TiTqos is 446 Tavi 21 Tavisufleba kompleqsur sazogadoebaSi mxolod maT winaaRmdeg iyos mimarTuli. isini laparakoben monobaze, roca realurad saqme mxolod im Tavisuflebebis sxvebze ganvrcobas exeba, riTac isini ukve sargebloben. Tavdapirvelad, SeiZleba saWiro iyos maTi dasvenebisa da usafrTxoebis Semcireba, Sedegad, maTi Tavisuflebis, raTa mTel qveyanaSi gaizardos Tavisuflebis done. Tumca, Tavisuflebis aseTma gadanacvlebad, saxecvlilebam da gafarToebam ar unda mogvces raime safuZveli imis mtkicebisTvis rom axali garemoeba aucileblad ufro araTavisufalia vidre Zveli. Tumca arsebobs Tavisuflebebi romelTa SenarCuneba uaRresad mniSvnelovania. mSvidobis msgavsad isinic XIX saukunis ekonomikis Tanmdevi produqtebi iyvnen da Cven maTi TavisTavadad dafaseba daviwyeT. politikisa da ekonomikis instituciuri gamijvna, rac momakvdinebeli safrTxe aRmoCnda sazogadoebis fundamentisTvis, TiTqmis avtomaturad qmnida Tavisuflebebs samarTlianobisa da usafrTxoebis xarjze. samoqalaqo Tavisuflebebi, kerZo biznesi da saxelfaso sistema Seerwya cxovrebis models romelic upiratesobas aniWebda moralur Tavisuflebasa da gonebis damoukideblobas. aqac, iuridiuli da namdvili Tavisuflebebi saerTo mdinares SeuerTda, saidanac maTi elementebis sufTa gamijvna SeuZlebelia. zogi umuSevrobisa da spekulatorebis mier fulis keTebis borotebis gverdiTi efeqti iyo; zogi renesansisa da reformaciis yvelaze Zvirfas tradiciebs ekuTvnoda. Cven nebismieri xerxiT unda vcadoT da SevinarCunoT es maRali Rirebulebebi romlebic ukve CamoSlili sabazro ekonomikisgan memkvidreobiT gvergo. es marTlac didi amocanaa. verc Tavisufleba da verc mSvidoba ver institucionalizdeba im ekonomikis pirobebSi, radgan misi mizani iyo moetana mogeba da keTildReoba da ara mSvidoba da Tavisufleba. momavalSi Cven maTTvis gaazrebulad unda viswrafoT Tu saerTod 447 mesame nawili transformacia mimdinareobs gveqneba isini; isini unda gaxdnen sazogadoebebis mier arCeuli orientirebi saiTkenac Cven vmoZraobT. SesaZloa swored es iyos dRevandeli msoflios namdvili sazrisi, romelic cdilobs uzrunvelyos mSvidoba da Tavisufleba. ramdenad warmatebuli iqneba neba damyardes mSvidoba, Tu mxedvelobaSi miviRebT imas rom mSvidobisadmi interesi romelic XIX saukunis ekonomikidan aRmocenda aRar arsebobs, damokidebuli iqneba imaze Tu ramdenad warmatebiT SevZlebT saerTaSoriso wesrigis damyarebas. rac Seexeba pirad Tavisuflebas, is imdenad iarsebebs ramdenadac Cven gamiznulad SevqmniT misi SenarCunebisa da, raRa Tqma unda, misi gafarToebis garantirebis meqanizmebs. Semdgar sazogadoebaSi arakonformulobis ufleba instituciurad unda iyos daculi. individs unda hqondes sindisis Tavisufleba da ar eSinodes xelisuflebis romelsac Cabarebuli eqneba socialuri cxovrebis zogierTi nawilis administrireba. mecniereba da xelovneba yovelTvis swavlulTa respublikis [ Respublica literaria ] mfarvelobis qveS unda iyos. iZuleba arasdros unda iyos absoluturi; “ gamprotestebels ” unda hqondes ukan dasaxevi gza, alternativis arCevis SesaZlebloba romelic mas Rirseul cxovrebas SeunarCunebs. swored rogorc Tavisufali sazogadoebis ganmasxvavebeli niSani, moxdeba arakonformulobis uflebis uzrunvelyofa. sazogadoebis gaerTianebisken mimarTul nebismier svlas Tan unda axldes Tavisuflebis zrda; dagegmarebisken svla unda gulisxmobdes sazogadoebaSi individis uflebebis gaZlierebas. misi xelSeuvali uflebebi kanonma unda daicvas umaRlesi Zalauflebis mqoneTa piradi Tu anonimuri gavlenebis winaSec. biurokratiis rogorc Zalauflebis mavne gamoyenebis wyaros winaaRmdeg namdvili pasuxia Seiqmnas Tavisuflebis SeuzRudavi sferoebi romlebic daurRveveli kanonebiT iqneba daculi. Zalau448 Tavi 21 Tavisufleba kompleqsur sazogadoebaSi flebis delegirebis praqtika raoden farToc ar unda iyos, yovelTvis iqneba centrSi Zalauflebis koncentracia da, Sesabamisad, safrTxe individualuri TavisuflebebisTvis. igive SeiZleba iTqvas rogorc Tavad demokratiuli sazogadoebis instituciuri organoebis mimarT, ise profesiuli kavSirebis mimarTac, romelTa funqciaa daicvan TiToeuli wevris uflebebi. maTma sididem mas SeiZleba umweod agrZnobinos Tavi, miuxedavad imisa rom maTi mxridan borot qmedebaze eWvis mitanis safuZveli ar arsebobda. gansakuTrebiT maSin roca misi xedvebi an qmedebebi imgvaria rom Zalauflebis mpyrobelTa grZnobebs laxavs. uflebebis ubralo gamocxadeba ar kmara: instituciebma unda uzrunvelyon uflebebis efeqturi ganxorcieleba. habeas korpusi ar unda iyos bolo konstituciuri berketi romelic kanonis ZaliT uzrunvelyofs pirad Tavisuflebas. moqalaqeTa dRemde araRiarebuli uflebebic unda Seematos uflebaTa bils [ bill of rights ] . maT unda gadawonon nebismieri xelisufleba, saxelmwifo, municipaluri Tu profesiuli. siis TavSi unda iyos pirovnebis ufleba hqondes samsaxuri Sesabamis pirobebSi, miuxedavad misi politikuri Tu religiuri Sexedulebebia, an kanis ferisa da rasisa. es gulisxmobs usamarTlo mopyrobisgan pirovnebis dacvis uzrunvelyofas, raoden Sefarulic ar unda iyos is. SromiT davebze specializebuli sasamarTloebi [ industrial tri bunal ] cnobilebi iyvnen sazogadoebis calkeuli wevrebis dacviT iseTi TviTneburi Zalauflebrivi dajgufebebisgan, rogorebsac warmoadgendnen adreuli sarkinigzo kompaniebi. Zalauflebis SesaZlo borotad gamoyenebis kidev erTi magaliTi romelsac es sasamarTloebi pirdapir SeeWidnen iyo, sagangebo mdgomareobis dros, arsebiTi samuSaoebis brZaneba inglisSi, an ,, mSromelebis samuSoebze mimagreba “ aSS-Si, rac saxelmwifos aZlevda diskriminaciis TiTqmis SeuzRudav SesaZleblobebs. roca sazogadoebrivi azri sa449 mesame nawili transformacia mimdinareobs moqalaqo Tavisuflebebis dacvis saqmeSi Seuvali iyo, tribunalebi an sasamarTloebi yovelTvis axerxebdnen piradi Tavisuflebis gamarTlebas. misi dacva nebismier fasad unda moxdes – maT Soris warmoebis efeqturobis, moxmarebis ekonomiis an racionaluri administrirebis xarjzec. industriul sazogadoebas aqvs fufuneba iyos Tavisufali. sabazro ekonomikis daisi SeiZleba aqamde arnaxuli Tavisuflebis epoqis dasawyisi gaxdes. iuridiuli da namdvili Tavisuflebebi SeiZleba ufro gafarTovdes da ufro yovlismomcveli gaxdes vidre odesme; regulaciebma da kontrolma SeiZleba moitanos Tavisufleba ara mxolod erTeulTaTvis, aramed yvelasTvis. Tavisufleba SeiZleba aRar iyos privilegirebulTa aqsesuari, ZirSive SebRaluli, aramed saorientacio ufleba , romelic gascdeba politikuri sferos viwro CarCoebs da moicavs Tavad sazogadoebrivi wyobis safuZvlebs. amgvarad, Zveli Tavisuflebebi da samoqalaqo uflebebi daemateba industriuli sazogadoebis mier yvelasTvis SeTavazebul im axal Tavisuflebebs romlebsac dasvenebisa da usafrTxoebis axali pirobebi qmnian. aseT sazogadoebas SeiZleba hqondes fufuneba erTdroulad iyos samarTliani da Tavisufali. Tumca Cven vxedavT rom am gzas moraluri winaRoba blokavs. dagegmarebasa da kontrols uteven Tavisuflebis dacvis egidiT. Tavisufali biznesi da kerZo mflobeloba Tavisuflebis arsebiT pirobadaa gamocxadebuli. sxva safuZvelze aSenebuli arc erTi sazogadoeba ar miiCneva Rirsad ewodos Tavisufali. Tavisufleba romlebsac regulaciebi qmnis dagmobilia rogorc araTavisufleba; mis mier SeTavazebuli samarTlianoba, Tavisufleba da keTildReoba gakritikebulia rogorc SeniRbuli monoba. socialistebma amaod gaakeTes Tavisuflebis samefos dapireba, radganac saSualebebi gansazRvraven miznebs: sabWoTa kavSirma, romelmac Tavis instrumentad gamoiyena dagegmareba, re450 Tavi 21 Tavisufleba kompleqsur sazogadoebaSi gulireba da kontroli, praqtikaSi jer kidev ar ganaxorciela mis konstituciaSi dapirebuli Tavisuflebebi, da, SeiZleba, rogorc kritikosebi amboben, arc arasdros ganaxorcielos … Tumca, regulaciebis winaaRmdeg wasvla reformebis winaaRmdeg wasvlaa. liberalebis SemTxvevaSi Tavisuflebis idea gadagvarda Tavisufali biznesis ubralo advokatobaSi – rac dRes mxolod fiqciaa im realobis fonze roca arsebobs uzarmazari trestebi da monopoliebi. es niSnavs srulfasovan Tavisuflebas maTTvis visi xelfasi, dasvenebis dro da usafrTxoeba aRar saWiroebs gazrdas, xolo mizerul Tavisuflebas im xalxisTvis, vinc amaod SeiZleba Seecadon gamoiyenon TavianTi demokratiuli ufleba, raTa Tavi daicvan mesakuTreTa Zalauflebisgan. es yvelaferi araa. realurad liberalebma versad ver SeZles Tavisufali biznesis aRdgena, radgan es mcdeloba rigi mizezebis gamo winaswar ganwiruli iyo. swored maTi mcdelobebis Sedegad ramdenime evropul qveyanaSi oficialuri Zalaufleba xelSi Caigdo msxvilma biznesma da, sxvaTa Soris, faSizmis nairsaxeobebmac, rogorc es avstriaSi moxda. dagegmareba, regulireba da kontroli, risi akrZalvac maT Tavisuflebis egidiT surdaT, Semdeg gamoiyenebs Tavisuflebis Ria mtrebma raTa is mTlianad gaeuqmebinaT. faSizmis gamarjveba praqtikulad gardauvali gaxda liberalebis winaaRmdegobis gamo nebismieri reformisadmi, romelic gulisxmobda dagegmvas, regulirebas an kontrols. faSizmSi Tavisuflebis sruli kraxi marTlac gardauvali Sedegia liberaluri filosofiis, romelic amtkicebs rom Zalaufleba da iZuleba borotebaa da rom Tavisufleba moiTxovs maT ararsebobas adamianTa sazogadoebaSi. aseTi ram SeuZlebelia; kompleqsur sazogadoebaSi es aSkara xdeba. es sxva gzas ar tovebs , garda imisa , rom an erTguli darCe Tavisuflebis iluziuri ideisadmi da uaryo sazogadoebrivi realoba, an miiRo es realoba da uaryo Tavisu451 mesame nawili transformacia mimdinareobs flebis idea. pirveli liberalis daskvnaa; meore faSistis. sxva gza TiTqos ar Cans. aqedan Cven aucileblad mivalT im daskvnamde rom Tavad Tavisuflebis SesaZlebloba dgas kiTxvis niSnis qveS. Tu regulacia erTaderTi saSualebaa kompleqsur sazogadoebaSi Tavisuflebis gavrcelebisa da gaZlierebis, da Tu misi gamoyeneba Tavisuflebis rogorc aseTis sawinaaRmdegoa, maSin aseTi sazogadoeba ver iqneba Tavisufali. naTelia rom am dilemis ZirSi Tavad Tavisuflebis mniSvneloba Zevs. liberalurma ekonomikam Cvens idealebs araswori mimarTuleba misca. ise Canda TiTqos is gvaaxloebda arsebiTad utopiuri molodinebis asrulebasTan. SeuZlebelia arsebobdes sazogadoeba romelSic Zalaufleba da iZuleba ar arsebobs, arc iseTi msoflio romelSic Zalas ar aqvs funqcia. iluzia iyo imis warmodgena rom sazogadoeba mxolod adamianis nebisa da survilis mixedviT Sendeba. miuxedavad amisa, swored es iyo sazogadoebis sabazro xedvis Sedegi, romelmac ekonomika sakontraqto urTierTobebs gatola, xolo sakontraqto urTierTobebi Tavisuflebas. ukiduresi iluzia iyo imis warmodgena rom adamianTa sazogadoebaSi araferia iseTi rac ar momdinareobs individebis nebidan da rac, Sesabamisad, ar SeiZleba adamianis nebiTve ar gauqmdes. am xedvas bazari zRudavda, radgan man cxovreba “ dayo ” mwarmoeblebis nawilad, visTvisac is sruldeba bazramde produqtis mitaniT, da momxmarebelTa nawilad, visTvisac yvela saqoneli bazridan modis. pirveli bazridan “ Tavisuflad ” iRebda Semosavals, xolo meore “ Tavisuflad ” xarjavda mas. sazogadoeba rogorc mTlianoba ki uxilavi darCa. saxelmwifo Zalaufleba aq ar iyo mniSvnelovani, radgan rac ufro naklebi Zalaufleba eqneboda mas, miT ufro daubrkoleblad ifunqcionirebda sabazro meqanizmi. verc amomrCevlebi, verc mesakuTreebi, verc mwarmoeblebi da 452 Tavi 21 Tavisufleba kompleqsur sazogadoebaSi verc momxmareblebi ver agebdnen pasuxs Tavisuflebis iseTi sastiki SezRudvis gamo, rogorsac gulisxmobda umuSevroba da siRatake. nebismier wesier adamians SeeZlo pasuxismgebloba moexsna saxelmwifos mxridan ganxorcielebul iZulebis zomebze, romlebsac is, piradad, uaryofda; an sazogadoebaSi ekonomikur tanjvaze risganac mas, piradad, ar uxeiria. is “ Tavis Tavs arCenda ” , mas “ aravisi ar marTebda ” da Sors iyo Zalauflebisa da ekonomikuri Rirebulebis borotebebisgan. maTTvis misi pasuxismgeblobisgan Tavisufleba imdenad cxadi iyo rom is realobas sakuTari Tavisuflebis saxeliT uaryofda. Tumca, Zalaufleba da ekonomikuri Rirebuleba socialuri realobis paradigmas warmoadgenen. isini ar arian adamianis nebaze damokidebulebi; SeuZlebelia maTSi armonawileoba. Zalauflebis funqciaa uzrunvelyos konformulobis is xarisxi, rac saWiroa jgufis gadarCenisTvis; misi mTavari berketi sazogadoebrivi azria – da vis SevuwyobT xels Tu am an sxva azrs vatarebT ? ekonomikuri Rirebuleba uzrunvelyofs warmoebuli saqonlis sargeblianobis; is win unda uswrebdes maTi warmoebis gadawyvetilebas; is warmoadgens Stamps romelic Sromis danawilebas edeba. misi wyaro adamianis saWiroebebi da maTi dakmayofilebis saSualebebis deficitia – da rogorc SeiZleba molodini gvqondes imisa , rom ar gvsurdes erTi ram meoreze metad ? nebismieri azris an survilis qoniT Cven vxdebiT Zalauflebisa da ekonomikuri Rirebulebis qmnadobis nawili. sxvagvarad moqcevis Tavisufleba warmoudgenelia. mivadeqiT Cveni argumentis bolo etaps. sabazro utopiis uaryofa sazogadoebrivi realobis pirispir gvayenebs. erTi mxriv Cven gvaqvs liberalizmi, xolo meore mxriv faSizmi da socializmi. maT Soris mTavari gansxvaveba ar aris ekonomikuri. is moraluri da religiuria. maSin roca maT identuri ekonomikebi aqvT, isi453 mesame nawili transformacia mimdinareobs ni ara mxolod gansxvavebulebi arian, aramed sapirispiro principebis gansaxierebebic. yvelaze mTavari rac maT ganasxvavebs isev Tavisuflebaa. faSistebisa da socialistebisTvis sazogadoebrivi realoba iseTive gardauvalobas warmoadgens, rogorsac adamianis cnobierebaSi sikvdili. Zalaufleba da iZuleba am realobis nawilia; ideali romelic maT sazogadoebidan gamoricxavs gardauvalad miiCneva rogorc mcdari. sakiTxi , rac maT yofs am codnis gaTvaliswinebiT maTi Tavisuflebis dacvaa. aris Tu ara Tavisufleba carieli sityva, cduneba, romelic adamianisa da misi namoRvawaris dasangrevadaa Seqmnili, Tu SeuZlia adamians daicvas sakuTari Tavisufleba aseTi codnis winaSec da sazogadoebaSi mis ganxorcielebas eswrafos ise, rom ar Cavardes moralur iluziebSi ? es SfoTvebiT aRsavse kiTxva ajamebs adamianis mdgomareobas. am kvlevis sulma da gulma am kiTxvaze pasuxi un-­ da aCvenos. Cven moviyvaneT is rac gvgonia rom dasavleli adamianis cnobierebis sami ganmsazRvreli faqtia: codna sikvdilis Sesaxeb, codna Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb da codna sazogadoebis Sesaxeb. pirveli, ebrauli legendis mixedviT, Zveli aRTqmis ambavSi gamJRavnda. meore pirovnebis unikalurobaze axal aRTqmaSi iesos swavlebis meSveobiT gacxadda. mesame Cven industriul sazogadoebaSi cxovrebisgan viswavleT. am ukanasknelTa arc erTi didi adamianis saxeli araa dakavSirebuli, Tumca robert ouenis saxeli yvelaze axlos mivida gamxdariyo masTan dakavSirebuli. Tanamedrove adamianis cnobierebaSi sazogadoeba mTavari elementia. sazogadoebrivi realobis aRiarebis faSisturi pasuxi Tavisuflebis postulatis uaryofaa. faSizmi uaryofs TiToeuli adamianis unikalurobisa da kacobriobis erTianobis qristianul aRmoCenas. swored aqaa misi degeneraciuli xasiaTis safuZveli. 454 Tavi 21 Tavisufleba kompleqsur sazogadoebaSi robert oueni pireli iyo vinc SeniSna rom saxareba ugulebelyofda sazogadoebriv realobas. man amas qristianobis mxridan adamianis “ individualizeba ” uwoda da sjeroda rom mxolod urTierTTanamSromlobaze agebul Tanamegobrobas SeeZlo “ yvelaferi rac qristianobaSi WeSmaritad Zvirfasia ” adamianis cxovrebis nawili gaexada. ouenma SeniSna rom iesos swavlebis Sedegad moxveWili Tavisufleba ar Seesabameboda kompleqsur sazogadoebas. misi socializmi aseT sazogadoebaSi adamianis Tavisuflebisken swrafvis dacvas emsaxureboda. dasavluri civilizaciis post-qristianuli epoqa daiwyo, romelSic saxareba ukve aRar kmara, Tumca is mainc Cveni civilizaciis safuZvlad darCa. sazogadoebis aRmoCena, an Tavisuflebis dasasruli an misi xelaxali dabadebaa. maSin roca faSisti Tavisuflebaze uars ambobs da adidebs Zalauflebas, rac sazogadoebrivi realobaa, socialisti am realobas iRebs da amis miuxedavadac icavs Tavisuflebis ideas. kideve erTxel rom moviyvanoT robert ouenis STamagonebeli sityvebi: “ Tuki borotebis raime safuZveli aRmoufxvreli darCeba im axali Zalebis winaSec rasac adamiani male moipovebs, maT ecodinebaT rom isini aucilebeli da gardauvali borotebebi arian da Sewydeba bavSvuri, fuWi Civilebic. ” bedTan Serigeba yovelTvis iyo adamianis Zalisa da axali imedis wyaro. adamianma miiRo sikvdilis realoba da misi xorcieli cxovrebis sazrisi masze aago. is Seurigda WeSmaritebas, rom mas suli hqonda dasakargi da rom es uaresi iyo vidre sikvdili, da am WeSmaritebaze man aago Tavisufleba. Cvens droSi is urigdeba sazogadoebriv realobas, rac am Tavisuflebis dasasruls niSnavs. Tumca, isev da isev sicocxle swored aseTi Serigebidan moCqefs xolme. Civilis gareSe sazogadoebrivi realobis miReba adamians aZlevs uSret gambedaobasa da Zalas aRmofxvras yvela 455 mesame nawili transformacia mimdinareobs usamarTloba da araTavisufleba romelic aRmofxvradia. iqamde sanam is erTgulia misi amocanisadmi rom Seqmnas uxvi Tavisufleba yvelasTvis, mas ar unda eSinodes imis rom Zalaufleba an dagegmareba mis winaaRmdeg mobrundeba da gaanadgurebs im Tavisuflebas romlis asaSenebladac maT iyenebs. esaa Tavisufleba kompleqsur sazogadoebaSi; esaa rac gvaZlevs CvenTvis aucilebel rwmenas. 456 SeniSvnebi pirveli TavisTvis 1 . Zalis politikis balansi. Zalis politikis balansi erovnuli inglisuri instituciaa. Tavisi arsiT wmindad pragmatuli da zustia. xsenebuli termini ar unda agverios ZalTa balansis principSi an ZalTa balansis sistemaSi. mocemuli politika inglisis kunZulovani mdebareobiT iyo gamowveuli im kontitenturi sanapiros mimarT, romelic politikuri erTobebis mier iyo dakavebuli. „ misi diplomatiis aRmavali skola, uolsidan sesilamde ZalTa balanss misdevda, rogorc inglisis usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis erTaderT SesaZleblobas didi kontinenturi saxelmwifoebis formirebis pirispir “ , ambobs treveliani. am politikis dasabami, calsaxad, Tiudorebis mmarTvelobis droidan daiwyo da gamoicada ser viliam Temflis, qeningis, palmerstonisa da ser edvard greis mier. is ori saukuniT uswrebs win kontinentze ZalTa balansis sistemis warmoqmnas da sruliad damoukidebelia Tavis ganviTarebaSi ZalTa balansis doqtrinis kontinenturi wyaroebisgan, rogorc fenelonisa da vatelis mier wamoyenebuli principisgan. Tumca, am sistemis ganviTarebam imdenad didi daxmareba gauwia ingli457 mesame nawili transformacia mimdinareobs sis erovnul politikas,rom sabolood aman mniSvnelovnad gaamartiva aliansebis organizeba kontinentis nebismieri wamyvani Zalis winaaRmdeg. Sesabamisad,britaneli saxelmwifo moRvawe eswrafoda im ideis waxalisebas, rom inglisis ZalTa balansis politika sinamdvileSi ZalTa balansis principis gamoxatuleba iyo da amgvarad inglisi, romelic am politikas misdevda mxolod Tavis rols TamaSobda ZalTa balansis principze damyarebul sistemaSi. da mainc, saxelmwifo moRvaweebi ganzraxulad ar malavdnen gansxvavebas Tavdacvis miseul politikasa da sxva nebismier princips Soris,romelic saxelmwifos winsvlas Seuwyobda xels. Twenty Five Years -Si ser edvard grei wers: „ Teoriulad, didi britaneTi ar yofila mtrulad ganwyobili evropaSi Zlieri jgufis dominirebis mimarT maSin, rodesac es TiTqos stabilurobasa da simSvides uwyobda xels “ . am kombinaciis mxardaWera, rogorc wesi, upirveles arCevans warmoadgenda. da Tu dominanturi Zala agresiulobas iZens, is grZnobs, rom misi interesebi safrTxeSia da Tavdacvis instinqtiT Tu ara sulac winaswarganzraxuli politikiT, miiwevs imisken, rasac samarTlianad SeiZleba ewodos ZalTa balansi. amgvarad, inglisis mier ZalTa balansis sistemis ganviTareba kontinentze mis legitimur interesebSi Sedioda da uWerda kidec mas mxars. amgvari moqmedeba misi politikis nawili iyo. ZalTa balansis am ori, arsebiTad gansxvavebuli mimarTebis gadaxlarTviT ganpirobebuli dabneuloba Semdeg sityvebSia gamoxatuli. foqsma 1787 wels SeSfoTebulma mimarTa mTavrobas, „ gana aRar aris inglisi im mdgomareobaSi, rom evropaSi ZalTa balansi SeinarCunos da mas Tavisuflebebis mcvelad Tvlidnen “? is amtkicebda, rom es inglisis valia, miCneul iyos evropaSi ZalTa balansis sistemis garantorad. oTxi wlis Semdeg, biorkma mocemuli sistema aRwera rogorc „ evropis sajaro samarTali, romelic ori saukunis ganmavlobaSi batonobda. inglisis erovnuli politikis esoden ritorikuli gaigiveba ZalTa balansis evropul sistemasTan bunebrivia amerikelebisTvis ufro arTulebda im 458 SeniSvnebi ori koncefciis erTmaneTisgan gamorCevas, romlebic maT Tanabrad usiamovnod miaCndaT. 2 . ZalTa balansi, rogorc istoriuli samarTali. ZalTa balansis kidev erTi mniSvneloba pirdapir efuZneba Zalauflebis erTeulebis bunebas, rac pirvelad hiumis Tanamedrove sazrisSi gadmoica. misi miRweva industriuli revoluciis Semdgom, politikuri azris sruli dabnelebebis daikarga. hiumi fenomenis politikur bunebas aRiarebda da xazs usvamda mis damoukideblobas fsiqologiuri Tu moraluri faqtorebisgan. is ZalaSi Sedioda aqtorebis motivebisada miuxedavad manam, sanam isini Zalauflebis ganxorcielebad aRiqmebodnen. hiumi werda: „ gamocdilebam gviCvena, rom Sejibri iqneboda es Tu frTxili politika maTi mTavari motivi da zemoqmedeba erTmaneTis msgavsi iqneboda “ . f.Sumani ambobs: “ Tu vinme sami A , B da С erTeulisgan Semdgari saxelmwifo sistemis postulirebas axdens,maSin cxadia, rom romelime maTganis Zalis gazrda danarCeni ori erTeulis Zalis Semcirebas gamoiwvevs “ . is askvnis, rom ZalTa balansi „ Tavis yvela martiv gamovlinebaSi Seqmnilia saxelmwifo sistemis TiToeuli erTeulis damoukideblobis SenarCunebisTvis “ . garda amisa, man mocemuli postulati ganazogada, raTa is Zalauflebis yovel erTeuls misadageboda, damoukideblad imisgan, organizebuli politikuri sistemebis erTeulebze iqneboda saubari Tu ara. Sedegad, istoriis sociologiaSi ZalTa balansi swored ase warmoCindeba. Tavis Study of Histo ry -Si toinbi (Toynbee) axseniebs im faqts, rom Zalauflebis erTeulebi Zalauflebis jgufebis periferiebze ufro arian midrekilni gafarToebisken, vidre centrSi, sadac zewola yvelaze maRalia. aSS, ruseTi da iaponia, iseve, rogorc britaneTis dominionebi uCveulod gafarTovdnen im dros, rodesac TiTqos mciredi teritoriuli cvlilebebic ki praqtikulad miuRwevlad warmoedginaT dasavleTsa da centralur evropaSi. igive tipis istoriul samarTals moixmobda 459 mesame nawili transformacia mimdinareobs pirenic (Pirenne) is SeniSnavs, rom SedarebiT araorganizebul sazogadoebebSi gare zewolebis mimarT arsebuli winaaRmdegobis qvakuTxedi, Cveulebriv, Zlevamosili mezoblisgan maqsimalurad moSorebul regionebSi formirdeba. magaliTebad SegviZlia movixmoT Soreul CrdiloeTSi frankTa samefos daarseba pipin heristalelis mier an aRmosavleT prusiis, rogorc germanuli samefoebis gamaerTianebeli centris warmoqmna. imave tipis samarTali gvxvdeba belgieli de grifis (Eugene De Greef) buferul saxelmwifoSic, romelmac, rogorc Cans, zegavlena moaxdina frederik terneris skolaze. aman amerikuli dasavleTis im koncefciamde migviyvana, romelsac „ moxetiale belgias “ uwodeben. ZalTa balansisa Tu disbalansis mocemuli koncefciebi moralis, kanonisa Tu fsiqologiis cnebebisgan damoukidebelia da mxolod Zalauflebas miemarTebian, rac gamoaaSkaravebs maT politikur bunebas. 3 . ZalTa balansi, rogorc principi da sistema. rogorc ki adamianis interesi legitimur aRiarebs moipovebs, qcevis principi misgan gamomdinareobs. 1648 wlidan, evropuli saxelmwifoebis interesi miunsterisa da vestfaliis zavebiT dafuZnebul status kvoSi aRiarebulia da am mxriv zavis xelmomwer mxareebs Soris solidarobis principi damkvidrda. 1648 wlis zavs xeli TiTqmis yvela evropulma Zalam moawera; maT sakuTari Tavi garantorebad gamoacxades. niderlandebi da Sveicaria sakuTar saerTaSoriso pozicionirebas suverenuli saxelmwifoebis saxiT swored am zavis dadebiT aTariReben. amieridan,saxelmwifoebi uflebamosili gaxdnen CaeTvalaT, rom nebismieri mniSvnelovani cvlileba status qvoSi yvela danarCenis interesic iqneboda. es ZalTa balansis, rogorc naciebis ojaxis principis rudimentuli formaa da am mizeziT, arcerTi saxelmwifo, romelic mocemuli principis SesabamisobiT imoqmedebda ar CaiTvleboda mtrulad ganwyobilad im saxelmwifosadmi, romlis mimarT safuZvliani Tu usafuZvlo eWvi iarsebebda mis mier status kvos Secvlis 460 SeniSvnebi ganzraxvasTan dakavSirebiT. ra Tqma unda saqmis amgvari viTareba didwilad Seuwyobda xels cvlilebebis mowinaaRmdege koaliciebis formirebas. Tumca, mocemuli principi TvalsaCinod mxolod 75 wlis Semdgom aRiares utrextis zavSi rodesac „ ad conservadum in Europa equilibrium ” ( „ evropaSi wonasworobis SenarCunebisTvis “ ) espanuri samflobeloebi gaiyo burbonebad da habsburgebad. principis formaluri aRiarebiT evropam etapobrivad am principze damyarebul sistemad organizeba daiwyo. Tu mcire Zalebis STanTqma ( maTze dominireba ) didi Zalebis mier avnebda ZalTa balansis sistemas, mcire Zalebis damoukidebloba iribad iqneboda daculi sistemis mier. rogori moCvenebiTic ar unda yofiliyo evropis organizacia 1648 da 1723 wlebis Semdgom, didi Tu patara saxelmwifoebis SenarCuneba ori saukunis ganmavlobaSi swored ZalTa balansis sistemis damsaxurebaa. misi saxeliT uamravi brZola gaimarTa da Tumca yvela maTgani, gamonaklisis gareSe, ZalauflebiT STagonebulad unda miviCnioT, Sedegi ki iseTive iqneboda, saxelmwifoebs koleqtiuri garantiebis principiT rom emoqmedaT araprovocirebuli agresiis aqtebis winaaRmdeg. araviTari sxva axsna ar moepoveba iseTi susti politikuri sazogadoebebis gangrZobiTi arsebobis faqts, rogoricaa dania, holandia, belgia da Sveicaria, miuxedavad im safrTxeebisa, rac maT sazRvrebs emuqreboda Zlevamosili saxelmwifoebis mxridan. logikurad, gansxvaveba principsa da organizacias Soris, romelic am princips emyareba ( anu sistemas Soris ) cxadia. da mainc, ar unda ugulebelvyoT principebis efeqturoba maT suborganizebul mdgomareobaSic ki, sxva sityvebiT, rodesac maT jer kidev ar miuRweviaT instituciur safexurisTvis da ubralod asazrdoeben konvenciur Cveulebebsa da wesebs. Camoyalibebuli centris, qcevis savaldebulo kodeqsis, regularuli Sexvedrebis da sazogado moxeleebis gareSec ki, evropa sistemad formirdeboda diplomatiuri organoebis wevrebTan da sxvadasxva kancelariebTan mWidro kontaqtis meSveobiT. mkacri tradicia, romelic aregulirebs moTxovnebs, 461 mesame nawili transformacia mimdinareobs demarSebs, samaxsovro baraTebs, erToblivad Tu cal-calke mowodebuls, identurs Tu gansxvavebuli terminebiT Sedgenils- saerTo jamSi Zalauflebrivi viTarebebis gamoxatvis iseT saSualebebs qmnida, romelic maT gamwvavebas uSlida xels da kompromisisken axal gzebs xsnida, molaparakebebis CaSlis SemTxvevaSi ki saerTo qmedebisken mainc ubiZgebda. marTlac, patara qveynis saqmeebSi Carevis ufleba, im SemTxvevaSi Tu wamyvani Zalebis legitimur interesebs safrTxe daemuqreboda, suborganizebuli formiT arsebul evropuli direqtoriumis arsebobas uTanabrdeboda. SesaZloa am araformaluri sistemis yvelaze mtkice sayrdens saerTaSoriso kerZo biznesi warmoadgenda, romelic xSirad gardaiqmneboda romelime savaWro xelSekrulebas an tradiciiTa da CveulebiT gaZlierebul romelime sxva saerTaSoriso instrumentad. mTavrobebi da maTi gavleniani moqalaqeebi mravali gziT iyvnen gaxveuli msgavsi saerTaSoriso gardaqmnebis gansxvavebuli tipis finansur,ekonomikur Tu samarTlebriv qselebSi. adgilobrivi omebi mxolod mcire xniT Tu Seakavebda am gardaqmnebs,maSin rodesac sxva saerTaSoriso gardaqmnebSi CarTuli interesebi mudmivad, an sul mcire, droebiT xeluxlebeli rCebodnen da saerTo jamSi uzarmazar masas warmoqmnidnen im gardaqmnebTan SedarebiT, romlebic omebis gamoisobiT SesaZloa mtrisTvis arasaxarbielod ganviTarebuliyo. kerZo interesebis es Cumi zewola,romelmac moicva civilizebuli sazogadoebebis mTeli cxovreba da gaaRwia erovnul sazRvrebs miRma saerTaSoriso urTierTdamokidebulebis uxilav dedaboZs warmoadgenda. garda amisa, swored man uzrunvelyo ZalTa balansis principi Sedegiani sanqciebiT maSinac ki, rodesac evropis koncertma da erTa ligam ver miiRo organizebuli forma. 462 SeniSvnebi ZalTa balansi, rogorc istoriis kanoni Hume , D ., “ On the Balance ofPower ; ’ Works , Vol . III(1854) , p . 364 . Schuman , F ., InternationalPolitics(1933) , p . 55 · Toynbee , A . J ., Study ofHistory , Vol . III , p . 302 . Pirenne , H ., Outline ofthe History ofEuropefrom the Fall ofthe Roman Empire to 16oo(England1939) . Barnes Becker Becker , onDeGreef , Vol . II , p . 871 . Hofmann , A ., Das deutsche Land and die deutsche Geschichte(1920) . Also Haushofer ’ s Geo ­ political School . At the other ex treme , Russell , B ., Power . Lasswell ’ s Psychopathol ogy and Politics ; World Politics and Personal Insecurity , and other works . Cf . also Rostovtzeff , Social and Economic History ofthe Hellenistic World , Ch . 4 , Part I . ZalTa balansi, rogorc principi da sistema Mayer , J . P ., Political Thought(1939) , p . 464 . Vattel , Le Droit des gens (1758) . Hershey , A . S ., Essential sof International Public Law and Organiza tion(1927) , pp . 567 69 . Oppenheim , L ., International Law . Heatley , D . P ., Diplomacy and the StudyofInternationalRelations(1919) . aswliani mSvidoba Leathes , “ Modern Europe ; ’ Cambridge Modern History , Vol . XII , Ch . 1 . Toyn bee , A . J ., Study ofHistory , Vol . IV(C) , pp . 142 53 . Schuman , F ., Internatio nal Politics , Bk . I , Ch . 2 . Clapham , J . H ., Economic Development ofFrance and Ger ­ many , 1815 1914 , p . 3 · Robbins , L ., The Great Depression(1934) , p . t . Lippmann , W ., The Good Society . Cunningham , W ., Growth of Engli sh Industry and Commerce in Modern Times . Knowles , L . C . A ., Industrial and Commercial Revolutions in Great Britain during the Nineteenth Century (1927) . Carr , E . H ., The Twellfy Years ’ Crisis , 1919 1939(1940) . Crossman , R . H . S ., Governmentand the Governed(1939) , p . 225 . Hawtrey , R . G ., The Economic Problem(1925) , p . 265 . baRdadis rkinigza The conflict regarded as settled by the British German agreement of June 15 , 1914 : Buell , R . L ., International Relations(1929) . Hawtrey , R . G ., The Economic Problem(1925) . Mowat , R . B ., The Concert ofEurope(1930) , p . 313 . Stolper , G ., This Age ofFable(1942) . For the contrary view : Fay , S . 463 mesame nawili transformacia mimdinareobs B ., Origins of the World War , p . 312 . Feis , H ., Europe , The World ’ s Banker , 1870 1914(1930) , pp . 335 / f . evropis konferencia Langer , W . L ., European Alliances and A . lignments(1871 1890)(1931) . Sontag , R . ) ., European Diplomatic History(1871 1932)(1933) . Onken , H ., “ The German Empire , ” in Cambridge Modern History , Vol . XII . Mayer , J . P ., Political Thought(1939) , p . 464 . Mowat , R . B ., TheConcertofEurope(1930) , p . 23 . Phillips , W . A ., The Confederation ofEurope , 1914(2d ed ., 1920) . Lasswell , H . D ., Politics , p . 53 · Muir , R ., Nationalism and Internationalism(1917) , p . 176 . Buell , R . L ., International Rela ­ tion(1929) , p . 512 . 2 .aswlovani mSvidoba 1 . faqtebi. 1815 -dan 1914 wlebSi evropis wamyvani Zalebi erTmaneTTan mxolod ramdenime xanmokle monakveTSi omobdnen: 1859 wels 6 Tvis ganmavlobaSi, eqvsi kviris ganmavlobaSi 1866 wels da cxra Tvis ganmavlobaSi 1870 71 wlebSi. rogorc amaze istorikosebi qlefhemi,treveliani, toinbi da binkli Tanxmdebian, yirimis omi, romelmac sul ori weliwadi gastana, periferiuli da naxevradkoloniuri bunebis iyo. sxvaTa Soris, am omis dros britanelebis xelT arsebuli rusuli obligaciebi ( “ Russian Bonds ” – igulisxmeba war bonds , samxedro operaciebis dafinansebisTvis gamoyofili obligaciebi ) londonSi pativiT sargeblobdnen. ZiriTadi gansxvaveba mecxramete saukunesa da mis wina saukuneebs Soris omebis srul ararsebobasa da periodulad warmarTul did omebs Soris arsebuli periodi warmoadgens. general-maior fuleris mtkiceba imis Sesaxeb, rom me19 saukuneSi omis gareSe arcerT weliwads ar Cauvlia usafuZvloa. quinsi raiTi ki gansxvavebul saukuneebSi omianobis wlebis SedarebiT damoukideblad imisgan, adgilobrivi iyo es omebi Tu saxelmwifoTSorisi, gverds uvlis mniSvnelovan sakiTxs. 464 SeniSvnebi 2 . problema. inglissa da safrangeTs Soris gangrZobiTi savaWro omebis, rogorc saerTaSoriso omebis mdidari wyaros Sewyveta pirvel rigSi axsnas saWiroebs. es ori erTmaneTs ekonomikur politikaSi arsebuli ori faqtiT ukavSirdeba: ( a ) Zveli koloniuri imperiis xanis dasrulebiT da ( b ) Tavisufali vaWrobis xaniT,romelic SemdgomSi saerTaSoriso oqros standartSi gadaizarda. im dros, rodesac vaWrobis axali formebis warmoSobasTan erTad omis mimarT interesi gaqarwylda, axali saerTaSoriso valutisa da sakredito struqturis warmoqmnis Sedegad pozitiuri mSvidobis interesic gaCnda. amieridan, sruliad erovnuli ekonomikebis interesi dakavSirebuli iyo stabiluri valutis SenarCunebasTan da msoflio bazrebis funqcionirebasTan, razec Tavis mxriv damokidebuli iyo Semosavlebi da dasaqmeba. amrigad,tradiciuli eqspansionizmi anti-imperialisturi mimdinareobiT Canacvlda, rac esoden Cveuli iyo TiTqmis yvela wamyvani ZalisTvis 1880 wlamde. ( amaze Cven me18 TavSi vsaubrobT. ) SesaZloa mogveCvenos, rom TiTqmis naxevari saukunis ganmavlobaSi (1815 80 wlebSi ) erTgvari fanjara arsebobda. mocemul intervalSi igulisxmeba periodi erTi mxriv savaWro omebs ( rodesac TiTqos bunebriv mocemulobad miiCnevdnen, rom momgebiani biznesis winsvla sagareo politikis interesebSi Sedioda ) da SedarebiT gvian periods, rodesac obligaciebis ucxoeli mflobelebis Tu pirdapiri investorebis interesebi ucxouri kancelariebis legitimur sazrunavad moiazrebodnen. drois swored am SualedSi Camoyalibda doqtrina, romelmac gamoricxa kerZo biznes interesebis gavlena sagareo saqmeebis warmarTvaze; swored am periodidan daiwyes kancelariebmac msgavsi pretenziebis dasaSvebad aRqma, Tumca sazogadoebrivi azris axal mimdinareobasTan mimarTebiT mkacri daTqmebis gamoyenebiT. Cven vamtkicebT, rom mocemuli cvlileba vaWrobis xasiaTs ukavSirdeboda, romlis masStabica da warmatebac me19 saukuneSi arsebuli pirobe465 mesame nawili transformacia mimdinareobs biT, aRar iyo damokidebuli pirdapir, Zalis politikaze. garda amisa, sagareo politikaze biznes gavlenebis dabruneba im faqtiT iyo ganpirobebuli, rom saerTaSoriso valutam da sakredito sistemam erovnul sazRvrebze aRmatebuli, biznes interesebis axali tipi Seqmnes. magram manam, sanam es interesebi ubralod obligaciebis ucxoel mflobelebs ekuTvnodaT, mTavrobebi naklebi xalisiT aZlevdnen maT raime gasaqans. ucxouri sesxebi did xnis ganmavlobaSi moiazrebodnen wmindad spekulaciurad, am sityvis yvelaze mkacri gagebiT. korporaciuli Semosavlebi samTavrobo obligaciebSi iyo dabandebuli; arcerT mTavrobas azradac ar mouvidoda mxari daeWira im moqalaqeebisTvis, romlebic sarisko reputaciebis mqonde mTavrobebTan Tanxis gasesxebis saqmianobaSi iyvnen CarTuli. qeningma upirobod uaryo im investorebis daJinebuli moTxovnebi, romlebic britaneTis mTavrobisgan moelodnen maTi sagareo finansuri danakargebiT dainteresebas. garda amisa, qeningisTvis kategoriulad miuRebeli iyo laTino amerikuli respublikis aRiarebis sakiTxi maT mier sagareo valebis aRiarebasTan yofiliyo dakavSirebuli. palmerstonis 1848 wlis cnobili cirkulari pirvel miniSnebas warmoadgenda am Secvlil damokidebulebaze, Tumca arc es cvlilebebi wasula Sors, vinaidan savaWro sazogadoebis biznes interesebi imdenad farTod iyo gavrcelebuli, rom mTavroba naklebad dauSvebda viwro korporaciul interess gaerTulebina msoflio imperiis saqmeebi. sagareo politikis interesis xelaxla gaRvivebam sazRvargareTis biznes saqmianobebSi didwilad Tavisufal vaWrobaze gadasvliT da Sesabamisad, me18 saukunis meTodebTan dabrunebiT iyo ganpirobebuli. vinaidan vaWrobis ucxour investiciebTan dakavSirebam wmindad bunebrivi da amjerad araspekulaciuri xasiaTi SeiZina, sagareo politika kvlav daubrunda savaWro sazogadoebis interesebis samsaxurs. Tumca, axsnas am SemTxvevaSi xsenebuli pauzis dros am interesebis wyveta warmoadgens da ara uSualod maTi ganaxlebis mizezebi. 466 SeniSvnebi meore TavisTvis 3 . oqros Zafis gawyveta oqros standartis moSla valutebis iZulebiTi stabilizaciiT iyo gamowveuli. stabilizaciisken mimarTuli qmedebebis piki Jeneva iyo, romelmac londonisgan da uol sTriTisgan momavali zewola finansurad SedarebiT sust saxelmwifoebze gadaitana. saxelmwifoebis pirveli jgufi, romelic dastabilizda damarcxebuli qveynebisgan Sedgeboda, romelTa valutebic pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg gaufasurda. meore jgufi ki im gamarjvebuli evropuli saxelmwifoebisgan Sedgeboda, romlebmac sakuTari valutebi metwilad pirveli jgufis saxelmwifoebis Semdgom daastabilures. mesame jgufi oqros standartis mTavari beneficiaris, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebisgan Sedgeboda. 1 . damarcxebuli saxelmwifoebi 2 . gamarjvebuli evropuli saxelmwifoebi 3 . universaluri kreditori stabilizebuli stabilize- buli stabilize- buli oqros standartis mitoveba oqros standartis mitoveba ruseTi 1923 didi bri1925 1931 aSS avstria 1923 taneTi ungreTi 1924 safrange1926 1936 germania 1924 Ti bulgareTi 1925 belgia 1926 1936 fineTi 1925 italia 1926 1933 estoneTi 1926 saberZneTi 1926 poloneTi 1926 1933 pirvel jgufSi arsebuli disbalanss garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi meore jgufis saxelmwifoebze hqonda zegavle467 mesame nawili transformacia mimdinareobs na. valutis dastabilurebis Semdeg meore jgufi aseve aRmoCnda mxardaWeris saWiroebis winaSe, rac Tavis mxriv mesame jgufis mier iyo uzrunvelyofili. sabolood, swored mesame jgufi ( romelic aSS-gan Sedgeboda ) aRmoCnda is, romelmac yvelaze mZimed miiRo evropuli stabilizaciiT gamowveuli disbalansis mTeli dartyma. 4 . qanqarisebri rxeva pirveli msoflio omis Semdgom pirveli msoflio omis Semdgom qanqarisebri rxeva sayovelTao da swrafi, xolo misi amplituda mcire iyo. centraluri da aRmosavleT evropis umetes saxelmwifoebSi 1918 23 wlebma konservatizmis restavracia moitana demokratiuli ( an socialisturi ) respublikisken miswrafebiT, rac marcxiT dasrulda; ramdenime wlis Semdeg faqtobrivad msoflio masStabiT erTpartiuli mTavrobebi Camoyalibda. da mainc, moZraoba WeSmaritad sayovelTao iyo. qveyana avstria bulgareTi estoneTi fineTi germania revolucia oqt. 1928 soc. dem.respublika oqt. 1928 radikaluri agr. reforma 1917 socialisturi resp. Teb. 1917 socialisturi resp. noemb. 1928 soc. dem respublika kontrrevolucia 1920 saSualo klasis resp. 1923 faSisturi kontr-revolucia 1918 saSualo klasis respublika 1918 saSualo klasis respublika 1920 saSualo klasis respublika erTpartiuli saxelmwifo 1934 1934 1926 – 1933 468 SeniSvnebi ungreTi iugoslavia latvia oqt. 1918 demokratiuli resp. 1918 demokratiuli federacia 1927 socialisturi resp. litva 1917 socialisturi resp. poloneTi 1919 soc.dem respublika rumineTi 1918 agraruli reforma 1919 kontrrevolucia 1926 avtoritaruli samxedro saxelmwifo 1918 saSualo klasis respublika 1918 saSualo klasis respublika 1926 avtoritaruli saxelmwifo 1926 avtoritaruli reJimi – 1929 1934 1926 – – 5 . finansebi da mSvidoba ukanasknel naxevar saukuneSi saerTaSoriso finansebis politikuri rolis Sesaxeb raime masalis moZieba ukiduresad rTulia. rotSildis Sesaxeb dawerili kortis wigni mxolod evropis koncertamde arsebul periods faravs. wignSi gamotovebulia iseTi movlenebi, rogoricaa maTi monawileoba suecis aqciebis SeTanxmebaSi, blaixrioderis SemoTavazebaSi daefinansebinaT franguli omis kontribucia saerTaSoriso valis meSveobiT da aseve, maTi CarTuloba aRmosavleT rkinigzis arsebobis periodSi ganxorcielebul msxvil investiciebSi. lengerisa da sontagis istoriuli naSromebi mcired yuradRebas uTmobs saerTaSoriso finansebs ( magaliTad sontagi saerTod ar axsenebs finansebs mSvidobis ganmapirobebeli faqtorebis CamoTvlisas ) liTensis SeniSvnebi Cambridge Modern History -Si faqtobrivad gamonakliss warmoadgens. 469 mesame nawili transformacia mimdinareobs Tavisufali liberaluri kritika arc finansistebis patriotizmis naklebobebis demonstrirebisken iyo mimarTuli da arc maTi im midrekilebebis Cvenebas cdilobda, romlebic proteqcionistuli Tu imperialisturi tendenciebis mxardaWeraSi gamoixatebodnen Tavisufali vaWrobis sazianod, rogorc es safrangeTSi laisis msgavsi mwerlebis, an inglisSi j.a jobsonis SemTxvevaSia. iseTi marqsistebis naSromebSi, rogorebic magaliTad hilferingi da leninia, avtorebi mkafiod usvamdnen xazs imperialistur Zalebis arsebobas, romlebic erovnuli sabanko sferodan momdinareobdnen da organuli kavSiri hqondaT mZime industriebTan. mocemuli argumenti, garda imisa, rom SezRuduli iyo ( didwilad germaniaSi ) saerTod ver gaumklavda saerTaSoriso sabanko interesebs. uol sTriTis gavlena 1920 wels ganviTarebul movlenebze zedmetad axalia imisaTvis, rom obieqturi Seswavlis sagani gaxdes. naklebad SeiZleba eWvis Setana imaSi, rom uol sTriTis gavlena sasworze iyo Segdebuli saerTaSoriso mediaciisa da zomierebis mxares samSvidobo xelSekrulebebis periodidan davosis gegmamde, aseve iangis gegmis da reparaciebis likvidaciis droidan lozanaSi da mas Semdegac. bolodroindeli literatura miiswrafvis kerZo investiciebis problemis gamocalkevebisken, rogorc es stenlis naSromSia, sadac is mkafiod gamoricxavs mTavrobebisTvis sesxebis SesaZleblobebs damoukideblad imisgan, es sesxi sxva mTavrobebisgan aris SeTavazebuli Tu kerZo investorebisgan. mocemuli SezRudva praqtikulad gamoricxavs saerTaSoriso finansebis nebismier zogad Sefasebas mis saintereso kvlevaSi. faisis brwyinvale msjeloba,romelic Cven aq uxvad movixmeT, axlosaa sakiTxis mTlianad dafarvasTan, Tumca amasTan is avTenturi masalebis gardauval simwires ganicdis, vinaidan haute finance( Haute Finance Laissez faire periodSi saerTaSoriso sabanko saqmianobis yvelaze maRali instituciuri forma iyo, romelic garda imisa, rom damakavSirebeli rgolis rols TamaSobda msoflios politikur da ekonomikur organizebis Soris, 470 SeniSvnebi mSvidobis damyarebis instrumentadac moiazreboda ) arqivebi jerac ar aris xelmisawvdomi. erlis, remerisa da vaineris mier gaweuli fasdaudebeli Sroma swored imave gardauvali SezRudvis sagania. meoTxe TavisTvis 6 .`sazogadoebebi da ekonomikuri sistemebi~ – rCeuli wyaroebi me19 saukuneSi individualur sargeblis motivze damyarebuli TviT-regulirebadi ekonomikuri sistemis Camoyalibebis mcdeloba iyo. Cven vamtkicebT, rom msgavsi saqmianoba Tavisi arsiT SeuZlebeli iyo. am midgomasTan mimarTebiT Cveni mTavari problema cxovrebisa da sazogadoebis damaxinjebuli xedvaa. magaliTisTvis,mecxramete saukunis moazrovneebi fiqrobdnen, rom vaWariviT moqceva bazarze „ bunebrivi “ iyo da sxva nebismieri qcevis forma xelovnur ekonomikur qcevad miaCndaT, rogorc adamianur instinqtebSi Carevis Sedegi; maTi mosazrebis Tanaxmad, bazrebi spontanurad warmoiqmnebodnen, Tu adamianebs Tavs daanebebdnen da damoukideblad imisgan, ramdenad sasurveli iqneboda msgavsi sazogadoebis arseboba moraluri mosazrebebidan gamomdinare, misi praqtikuloba, sul mcire, rasis ucvlel maxasiaTeblebze iyo damyarebuli da a.S mocemuli mosazrebebis srulad sapirispiro mniSvnelobis mtkicebebia nagulisxmevi socialuri mecnierebebis gansxvavebuli mimarTulebebis, socialuri anTropologiis, primitiuli ekonomikis, adreuli civilizaciisa da zogadi ekonomikuri istoriis Tanamedrove kvlevebSi.marTlac, ekonomikuri liberalizmis filosofiaSi rTulad Tu moiZebneba iseTi socialuri an anTropologiuri ( cxadi Tu bundovani ) daSveba, romelic ar ukuagdes. qvemoT mocemulia ramdenime citata. 471 mesame nawili transformacia mimdinareobs a ) sargeblis motivi ar aris`bunebrivi~ adamianisTvis. „ primitiuli ekonomikebis damaxasiaTebeli niSani warmoebisa da gacvlisgan sargeblis miRebis survilis ararsebobaa “ ((Thurnwald , Economics in Primitive Communities , 1932 , p . xiii) . „ kidev erTi cneba, romelic erTxel da samudamod unda ukuvagdoT, zogierT amJamindel ekonomikis saxelmZRvaneloebSi mocemuli primitiuli ekonomikis adamiania ( ” (Malinowski , Argonauts of the Western Pacific , 1930 , p . 60) . „ Cven unda uarvyoT manCesteruli liberalizmis idealuri tipebi, romlebic aramxolod Teoriulad, aramed istoriuladac mcdaria “ . (Brinkmann , “ Das soziale System des Kapitalismus , ” in Grundriss der Sozialökonomik , Vol . IV , p . 11) . ( b ) gaweuli SromisTvis anazRaurebis molodini adamianisTvis ar aris`bunebrivi~. „ sargebeli, rogorc aseTi, xSir SemTxvevaSi civilizebul sazogadoebebSi Sromis stimulad moiazreba da arasdros moqmedebs, rogorc impulsi pirvelsawyis avTentur mdgomareobaSi “ ((Malinowski , op . cit ., p . 156) . „ gavlenebisgan Tavisufal primitiul sazogadoebebSi versad SexvdebiT SromasTan dakavSirebuli anazRaurebis ideas “ . (Lowie , “ Social Organization , ” in Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences , Vol . XIV , p . 14) . “ Sromas arsad yidian da yiduloben (Thurnwald , Diemenschliche Gesellschaft , Book III , 1932 , p . 169) „ SromasTan mopyroba ise, rogorc valdebulebasTan, gasamrjelos moTxovnis gareSe... “ (Firth , Primitive Economics of the New Zealand Maori , 1929) . SuasaukuneebSic ki SromiTi anazRaureba ucxoelebisTvis gaugonari ram iyo “ . “ ucxoels araviTari piradi valdebuleba ar gaaCnia da Sesabamisad, man pativisa da aRiarebisTvis unda imuSaos “ . menestrelebi, rogorc ucxoelebi, „ gasamrjelos iRebdnen da Sesabamisad, isini saZulvelni iyvnen “ (Lowie , op . cit . ) . 472 SeniSvnebi ( g ) Sromis gardauval minimumamde Semcireba ar aris`bunebrivi~ adamianisTvis. „ SeuZlebelia Tvalsawieridan gamogvrCes, rom Sroma arasdros yofila dayvanili gardauval minimumamde, is yovelTvis aWarbebs sruliad aucilebel odenobas, moqmedebisken mimarTuli bunebrivi an SeZenili funqciuri mowodebis gamoisobiT “ . (Thurnwald , Economics , p . 209) . „ Sroma yovelTvis midrekilia gacdes imas, rac aucilebel saWiroebad aris miCneuli “ ( Thurnwald , Die menschliche Gesellschaft , p . 163) . ( d ) Sromis Cveul stimulebs ara mogeba, aramed nacvalgeba, konkurencia, muSaobis xalisi da socialuri sasurveloba warmoadgenen. nacvalgeba: „ ekonomikuri qmedebebis udidesi nawili, Tu ara maTi absoluturi umravlesoba sapasuxo ZRvenebis mTel jaWvs miekuTvneba, romelic xangrZliv perspeqtivaSi orive mxarisTvis Tanabrad sargebliania... adamiani, romelic jiutad gaurbis kanonis mmarTvelobas Tavis ekonomikur saqmeebSi sakuTar Tavs maleve aRmoaCens socialuri da ekonomikuri wesrigis miRma – da is Zalian kargad icis amis Sesaxeb “ (Mali nowski , Crime and Custom in Savage Society , 1926 , pp . 40 – 41) :konkurencia: „ konkurencia Zlieria da miuxedavad miznis garSemo Tanxmobisa, gansxvavdeba srulyofilebis xarisxSi... konkurencia paeqrobaa srulyofilebisTvis nimuSebis SeqmnaSi “” (Goldenwei ser , “ Loose Ends of Theory on the Individual , Pattern , and Involution in Primitive Society , ” in Essays in Anthropology , 1936 , p . 99) . ` adamianebi ejibrebian erTmaneTs siCqareSi, sizusteSi, simZimeebis awevaSi, baRSi didi paloebis an moyvanili iamsis gadazidvaSi “ (Malinowski , Argonauts , p . 61) . Sromis xalisi: „ Sroma sakuTari TavisTvis maoris industriis mudmiv maxasiaTebels warmoadgens “ (Firth , “ Some Features of Primitive Industry ” E . J ., Vol . I , p . 17) . „ meti dro da Sroma esTetikuri miznebidan gamomdinarea boZebuli, raTa baRebi narCenebisgan gasufTavdes, didi da Zlieri iamsebis mosayvanad ki 473 mesame nawili transformacia mimdinareobs myari Robeebi aSendes. yovelive es, garkveulwilad, mcenaris gazrdisTvis aris aucilebeli, Tumca araviTari eWvi araa imaSi, rom mkvidrebi mniSvnelovnad cdebian TavianT cnobierebaSi aucilebeli saWiroebis sazRvrebs “ (Malinowski , op . cit ., p . 59) .socialuri sasurveloba: „ srulyofileba mebaReobaSi pirovnebis socialuri Rirebulebis zogad maCvenebsl warmoadgens “ . (Malinowski , Coral Gardens and Their Magic , Vol . II , 1935 , p . 124) . “ sazogadoebis TiToeuli wevrisgan arsebobs molodini, rom gamoyenebis normalur xarisxs gamoavlenen “ (Firth , Primitive Polynesian Economy , 1939 , p . 161) . “ andamanis kunZulebis mkvidri mosaxleoba sizarmaces antisocialur qcevad miiCneven (Ratcliffe Brown , The Andaman Islanders) , „ sxvisi brZanebiT Sesrulebuli Sroma aramxolod ekonomikuri, aramed socialuri samsaxuricaa “ (Firth , op . cit ., p . 303) . ( e ) kacobrioba erTsa da imave asakSi lintoni Tavis Study of Man -Si gvirCevs Tavi avaridoT pirovnebis gansazRvris fsiqologiur Teoriebs da amtkicebs, rom „ zogad dakvirvebebs im daskvnamde mivyavarT,rom am tipebis saerTo diapazoni yvela sazogadoebaSi TiTqmis erTi da igivea... sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, rogorc ki is ( damkvirvebeli ) kulturuli gansxvavebebis ekranSi SeaRwevs, aRmoaCens, rom es adamianebi arsebiTad Cveni msgavsni arian “ ( gv. 484) turnvaldi adamianebis msgavsebas usvams xazs maTi ganviTarebis yvela etapze: „ wina gverdebze Seswavlili primitiuli ekonomika ar gansxvavdeba ekonomikis sxva formebisgan imdenad, ramdenadac adamianuri urTierTobebi miemarTeba da efuZneba socialuri cxovrebis erTsa da imave zogad principebs “ ( Economis , gv. 288) „ martivi xasiaTis zogierTi koleqtiuri emociebi Tavisi arsiT yvela adamianisTvis erTnairi da xsnian maT socialur arsebobaSi msgavsi konfiguraciebis ganmeorebiTobas “ ( “ Sozialpsychische Abläufe im Völkerleben , ” in Essays in Anthropology , p . 383) . ruT benediqtis „ Patterns of Culture “ saboloo jamSi martiv daSvebas efuZneba: „ ise vsaubrob TiTqos 474 SeniSvnebi adamianis temperamenti mudmivobiT xasiaTdeba, TiTqos yovel sazogadoebaSi msgavsi gadanawileba potenciurad SesaZlebeli iyo da TiTqos maTgan amorCeulma kulturam, Tavisi tradiciuli paternebis Tanaxmad, individebis erToba erTianobad Camoayaliba. magaliTisTvis, am interpretaciis Tanaxmad transgamocdileba garkveuli individebis unarianobaa nebismier populaciaSi. rodesac amas pativs scemen da axaliseben, mniSvnelovani nawili miaRwevs kidec mas an simulirebas moaxdens... “ ( gv. 233) malinovski Tavis naSromebSi igive pozicias iziarebda. ( v ) ekonomikuri sistemebi, rogorc wesi, CaSenebulia socialur urTierTobebSi, materialuri sikeTeebis gadanawileba araekonomikuri motivebiT aris uzrunvelyofili. primitiuli ekonomika „ socialur saqmianobas warmoadgens, romelic pirovnebebis garkveul ricxvs ise umklavdeba, rogorc urTierTdakavSirebuli mTlianobis nawilebs “ (Thurnwald , Economics , p . Xii) . es imavenairad miemarTeba dovlaTs, Sromasa da barters. „ primituli dovlaTi ara ekonomikuri, aramed socialuri bunebisaa “ ( iqve ) . Sromas „ efeqturi muSaobis “ unari Seswevs vinaidan is „ integrirebulia socialuri Zalebis organizebul ZalisxmevaSi “ (Malinowski , Argonauts , p . 157) . „ saqonlis barteri da momsaxureba mimdinare partniorobis farglebSi sruldeba an dakavSirebulia gansazRvrul socialur bmebTan, romlebsac Tan erTvis urTierTgageba araekonomikur sakiTxebSi “ . (Malinowski , Crime and Custom , p . 39) . ori mTavari principi, romelic ganagebs ekonomikur qcevas, rogorc Cans nacvalgeba da Senaxva / gadanawilebaa. „ mTeli tomobrivi cxovreba gamsWvalulia mudmivi gacemiTa da miRebiT “ ((Malinowski , Argonauts , p . 167) . „ dRevandeli gacema xvalindeli miRebiT dakompensirdeba “ . es nacvalgebis principis Sedegia, romelic primitiul cxovrebaSi arsebul nebismier urTierTobaSi aRwevs... “” (Thurnwald , Economics , p . 106) . imisaTvis, rom es nacvalgeba SesaZlebeli iyos, velur sazoga475 mesame nawili transformacia mimdinareobs doebebSi instituciebis garkveuli „ orbunebianoba “ an struqturis simetriuloba unda gamoiZebnos, rogorc nacvalgebiTi valdebulebebis safuZveli “ (Malinowski , Crime and Custom , p . 25) . „ maTi sulebis savaneebis simetriuli danawileba banaros xalxTan erTad maTi sazogadoebis struqturas emyareba, romelic aseve simetriulia “ . (Thurnwald , Die Gemeinde der Bánaro , 1921 , p . 378) . turnvaldma aRmoaCina, rom maragis Seqmnis praqtika da gadanawileba erTad da cal-calkec gamoyenebis yvelaze Cveuli forma iyo sxvadasxva sazogadoebebisTvis – primitiuli monadire tomebidan yvelaze did imperiebamde. saqonels mravali sxvadasxva gziT, centralizebuli wesiT agrovebdnen da Semdgom gadaanawilebdnen sazogadoebis wevrebi. mikroneziel da polineziel xalxebSi,magaliTisTvis, mefeebi, rogorc pirveli klanis warmomadgenlebi Semosavals Rebulobdnen, Semdgom ki anawilebdnen mas mosaxleobaSi didsulovnebis niSnad “ (Thurnwald , Economics , p . Xii) . gadamanawilebeli funqcia centraluri organoebis politikuri Zalis pirveladi wyaroa ( iqve, gv 107) . ( z ) sakvebis individualuri Segroveba sakuTari Tavisa da ojaxisTvis adreuli xanis adamianis cxovrebis Cveulebas ar warmoadgenda. klasikosebs miaCndaT, rom pre-ekonomikuri xanis adamians sakuTar Tavze da ojaxze unda ezruna. es varaudi karl buCerma gaacocxla Tavis pionerul naSromSi da sakmaod farTo gavrcelebac moipova. ukanasknelma kvlevebma erTxmad Seitanes Sesworeba buSeris mosazrebebSi am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT (Firth , Primitive Economics of the New Zealand Maori , pp . 12 , 206 , 350 . Thurnwald , Economics , pp . 170 , 268 , and Die menschliche Gesellschaft , Vol . III , p . 146 ; Herskovits , The Economic Life of Primitive Peoples , 1940 , p . 34 ; Malinowski , Argonauts , p . 167 , footnote . ) 476 SeniSvnebi ( T ) nacvalgeba da gadanawileba is principebia, romlebic aramxolod primitiul sazogadoebebs, aramed didsa da mdidar imperiebsac miesadageba. „ gadanawilebas sakuTari istoria gaaCnia jer kidev yvelaze primitiuli, monadire tomebis droidan “ . „ saqme sxvagvaradaa SedarebiT axal da ufro mkafiod gamoxatuli stratifikaciis mqone sazogadoebebSi.. “ yvelaze TvalsaCino magaliTs am mxriv mwyemsebisa da soflis meurneobiT dakavebul adamianebs Soris urTierToba warmoadgens “ . „ pirobebi am sazogadoebebSi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba. Tumca, gadamanawilebeli funqcia ramdenime ojaxis politikuri Zalis zrdasTan da despotebis aRzevebasTan erTad Zlierdeba. beladi glexebis ZRvens iRebs, romelic axla „ gadasaxadebad “ gadaiqca da anawilebs mas Tavis warmomadgenlebs Soris, gansakuTrebiT ki maT Soris, vinc mis karTanaa daaxloebuli “ . „ es ganviTareba gadanawilebis ufro met rTul sistemas gulisxmobda...yvela arqauli saxelmwifo – Zveli CineTi, inkebis imperia, induri samefoebi, egvipte Tu babiloni gadasaxadebisTvis da gasamrjelosTvis metalikur valutas iyenebdnen, Tumca ZiriTadad mainc naturiT anazRaurebas eyrdnobodnen, romlebic Tavis mxriv xorblis sacavebsa da sawyobebSi inaxeboda “ ; es resursebi SemdgomSi moxeleebze, meomrebze da Tavisufal klasebze nawildeboda, sxva sityvebiT mosaxleobis aramwarmoebel klasebze “ (Thurnwald , Economics , pp . 106 – 8) . “ feodalizmze saubrisas Cveulebriv Suasaukuneebis evropaze vfiqrobT...Tumca, es is instituciaa,romelic maleve stratificirebul sazogadoebebad gardaiqmnen. swored feodalizmis ekonomikur Sedegia is faqti, rom tranzaqciebis didi nawili naturiT xorcieldeba da umaRlesi fenebi mTels miwasa da saqonelze acxadebs pretenzias... “ ( iqve, gv 195) 477 mesame nawili transformacia mimdinareobs mexuTe TavisTvis 7 . rCeuli wyaroebi „ bazris paternebis revoluciis “ Sesaxeb ekonomikuri liberalizmi im iluziiT iyo SecdomaSi Seyvanili, rom misi praqtikebi da meTodebi progresis zogadi kanonis Sedegs warmoadgendnen. imisaTvis, rom isini am bazris revoluciis paternebs misadagebodnen, TviTregulirebadi bazris principebi kacobriobis mTel ganvlil istoriaze proecirda. Sedegad, vaWrobis,bazris, fulis, qalaqis cxovrebisa da erovnuli saxelmwifoebis WeSmariti buneba da pirvelsawyisebi imdenad deformirda, rom maTi pirveladi saxis amocnoba faqtobrivad SeuZlebeli iyo. ( a ) saqonlis gadazidvis, gacvlisa da barteris “ individualuri aqtebi eqskluziurad mxolod primitiul sazogadoebaSi xorcieldeboda. „ barteri Tavdapirvelad sruliad ucnobi fenomeni iyo. barterisadmi daucxrobeli survilisgan mniSvnelovnad mocilebuli primitiuli adamiani zizRiT ekideboda mas “ (Bü cher , Die Entstehung der Volkswirtschaft , 1904 , p . 109) . „ magaliTisTvis, SeuZlebelia bonitos TevzsaWeris Rirebulebis Sefaseba sakvebis raodenobis gadmosaxedidan, vinaidan msgavsi gacvla arasdros ganxorcielebula da es tikotopielebisTvis sruliad warmoudgeneli iqneboda...TiToeuli nivTi konkretuli socialuri situaciisTvis aris Sesaferisi “ (Firth , op . cit ., p . 340) . ( b ) vaWroba ar aRmocenebula sazogadoebis SigniT; vaWroba sagareo saqmea,romelSic gansxvavebuli sazogadoebebia CarTuli. „ Tavdapirvelad savaWro garigebebi ara tomis wevrebs an erTi da igive sazogadoebis wevrebs Soris, aramed eTnikur jgufebs Soris ideboda, uZveles socialur erTobebSi es garegani fenomeni iyo, romelic mxolod da mxolod ucxo tomebs miemarTeboda “ (M . Weber , General Economic History , p . 195) . „ ucnaurad gveCveneba, magram dasawyisidanve SuasaukuneebSi komercia ara adgilobrivi, aramed eqsportuli vaWrobis gavlebis qveS iyo moqceuli “ (Pirenne , Economic and Social His 478 SeniSvnebi tory of Medieval Europe , p . 142) . „ Soreul manZilebze gaTvlili vaWroba pasuxs agebda Suasaukuneebis ekonomikur aRorZinebaze “ (Pirenne , Medieval Cities , p . 125) . ( g ) vaWroba ar efuZneba bazrebs, is calmxriv gadazidvas efuZneba, mSvidobians Tu sxvagvars. turnvaldma daadgina is faqti, rom vaWrobis adreuli formebi sagnebis did manZilze Sesyidvasa da gadmozidvas efuZnebodnen. eqspedicia omiani iqneboda Tu ara, rogor magaliTad monebze nadiroba an mekobreobaa, didwilad iyo damokidebuli im winaaRmdegobaze,romelsac is waawydeboda (op . cit ., pp . 145 , 146) . „ mekobreoba sazRvao vaWrobis pirvelsawyisad gvevlineba rogorc homeris xanaSi berZnebis, ise CrdiloeTis vikingebis SemTxvevaSi; didi xnis manZilze es ori saqmianoba SeTanxmebulad viTardeboda (Pirenne , Economic and Social History , p . 109) . ( d ) bazrebis ararseboba, rogorc mocemuloba, ar warmoadgens arsebiT maxasiaTebels; adgilobriv bazrebs zrdisken midrekileba ar gaaCniaT. im ekonomikur sistemebs, romlebic ar floben bazrebs, arc raime saerTo maxasiaTeblis qona esaWiroebaT (Thurnwald , Die menschliche Gesellschaft , Vol . III , p . 137) . adreuli xanis bazrebze „ mxolod gansazRvruli sagnebis gansazRvruli raodenobiT gacvla iyo SesaZlebeli “ ( iqve, gv. 137) . „ turnvaldi gansakuTrebul Seqebas imsaxurebs im dakvirvebisTvis, rom primitiuli fuli da vaWroba arsebiTad socialuro da ara ekonomikuri mniSvnelobisaa “ (Loeb , “ The Distribution and Function of Money in Early Society , ” in Essays in Anthropology , p . 153) . adgilobrivi bazrebi ara „ SeiaraRebuli vaWrobidan, „ Cumi barteridan “ an sagareo vaWrobis raime sxva formidan ganviTarda, aramed SezRuduli miznebiT nakarnaxevi samezoblo gacvlis adgilas SenarCunebuli „ mSvidobidan “ . adgilobrivi bazris mizans raionebSi dasaxlebuli mosaxleobis yoveldRiuri 479 mesame nawili transformacia mimdinareobs cxovrebisTvis aucilebeli saSualebebiT uzrunvelyofa warmoadgenda. swored am amiT aixsneba bazrebis yovelkvireuli gamarTva, mizidulobis SezRuduli wre da agreTve, maTi aqtivobis martiv sacalo savaWro operaciebamde dayvana (Pirenne , op . cit ., Ch . 4 , „ Commerce to the End of the Thirteenth Century , ” p . 97) . SedarebiT gvian etapzec ki, adgilobrivi bazrebi, bazrobebisgan gansxvavebiT zrdisken ar iswrafodnen: „ bazari adgilobrivebis saWiroebebs uzrunvelyofda da maT mxolod samezoblos macxovreblebi eswrebodnen;saqoneli ZiriTadad soflis nawarmisa da yoveldRiuri moxmarebis sagnebisgan Sedgeboda ” (Lipson , The Economic History of England , 1935 , Vol . I , p . 221) . adgilobrivi vaWroba dasawyisisTvis glexebisa da saSinao meurneobaSi CarTuli adamianebis damxmare saqmianobad ganviTarda da rogorc wesi, sezonuri saqmianobis xasiaTs atarebda “ (Weber , op . cit ., p . 195) . „ erTi SexedviT,bunebrivi iqneboda gvevarauda, rom vaWarTa klasi TandaTanobiT aRmocenda miwaTmoqmedi mosaxleobis SigniT, Tumca, araferi aniWebs sandoobas am Teorias (Pirenne , Medieval Cities , p . 111) . ( e ) Sromis danawileba ara vaWrobidan an gacvlidan, aramed geografiuli, biologiuri da sxva araekonomikuri faqtorebidan warmoiSva. „ Sromis danawileba araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar warmoadgens garTulebuli ekonomikis Sedegs, rogorc amas racionalisturi Teoria warmogvidgens. es principulad sqesisa da asakis fsiqologiuri gansxvavebis gamoa (Thurnwald , Economics , p . 212) . “ Sromis danawileba TiTqmis mxolod qalsa da mamakacs Soris xdeba (Herskovits , op . cit ., p . 13) .. Sromis danawilebis kidev erTi forma, romelSic Sromis danawileba SesaZloa biologiuri faqtebiT iyo ganpirobebuli gansxvavebuli eTnikuri jgufebis simbiozis SemTxvevas ukavSirdeba. „ sazogadoebis maRali fenebis “ formirebis meSveobiT „ eTnikuri jgufebi profesiul-socialur jgufebad gardaqmna. „ amrigad, iqmneba erTgvari organizacia, romelic 480 SeniSvnebi erTi mxriv damokidebuli klasis kontribuciebsa da momsaxurebazea damyarebuli, xolo meore mxriv gadanawilebis Zalauflebaze, romelic „ wamyvani fenebis “ xelTaa moqceuli. (Thurnwald , Economics , p . 86) . aq Cven saxelmwifoebis erT-erT pirvelsawyiss vxvdebiT. (Thurnwald , Sozialpsyschische Abläufe , p . 387) . ( v ) fuli ar warmoadgens sakvanZo gamogonebas; misi arseboba an ararseboba ekonomikis tipisTvis arsebiTad arafers cvlis. „ mxolod is faqti, rom romelime tomi fuls iyenebda, ekonomikurad mniSvnelovnad ar ganasxvavebda mas im tomebisgan, romlebic ar iyenebdnen mas “ (Loeb , op . cit ., p . 154) . „ da Tu ki fuli saerTod gamoiyeneboda, misi funqcia sakmaod gansxvavdeboda imisgan, rasac is Cveni civilizaciis pirobebSi asrulebs. fuli yovelTvis iyo myari masala da is arasodes gadaiqceva Rirebulebis srulad abstraqtuli gamoxatulebad “ (Thurnwald , Economics , p . 107 . barterTan dakavSirebul sirTuleebs fulis „ gamogonebaSi “ wvlili ar miuZRviT. „ klasikosi ekonomistebis es Zveli xedva upirispirdeba eTnologiur kvlevebs “ (Loeb , op . cit ., p . 167 , footnote 6) . konkretuli saqonlis gamoyenebiTi funqciebis gamo ( rom­lebsac garda fulis funqciisa, Zalis atributis funqciac gaaCnia,rogorc simboluri datvirTvis gamoxatuleba ) SeuZlebelia „ ekonomikuri mflobeloba calmxrivi racionalisturi gadmosaxedidan ganvixiloT ” (Thurnwald , Economics) . fuli ki, magaliTisTvis, SesaZloa mxolod gasamrjelosa da gadasaxadebisTvis ( iqve.gv 108) an colis, „ sisxlis fulis “ ( ing. Blood Money – erTgvari kompensaciaa, romelsac braldebuli ( rogorc wesi mkvleli ) uxdis msxverplis ojaxs ) da jarimebis gadasaxdelad iqnes gamoyenebuli. “ amrigad, winasaxelmwifoebrivi mdgomareobebis moxmobil magaliTebSi vxvdebiT Rirebuli sagnebis Sefasebas kontribuciis odenobidan, wamyvani pirebis poziciebisa da myari urTierTobebidan gamomdinare TavianTi sazogadoebebis ustatuso wevrebTan. 481 mesame nawili transformacia mimdinareobs bazrebis msgavsad, fuli didwilad garegani fenomenia, romlis mniSvnelobac sazogadoebisTvis pirvel rigSi savaWro urTierTobebi ganisazRvreba (Loeb , op . cit ., p . 156) .. „ fulis idea Cveulebriv garedan aris warmodgenili “_„ fulis, rogorc gacvlis zogadi saSualebis funqcia sagareo vaWrobidan momdinareobs “ (Weber , op . cit ., p . 238) . ( z ) sagareo vaWroba Tavdapirvelad iyo vaWroba ara individebs, aramed koleqtivebs Soris. vaWroba „ jgufuri saqmianobaa “ ; is „ sagnebis koleqtiur SeZenas “ exeba. vaWrobis pirvelsawyisebi „ koleqtiuri savaWro mogzaurobebidan “ momdinareobs “ . swored am eqspediciebisTvis momzadebaSi, rac xSirad sagareo vaWrobis xasiaTs atarebs, ikveTeba koleqtiurobis principic (Thurnwald , Economics , p . 145) . „ nebismier SemTxvevaSi, komerciis uZveleso formebi ucxoel tomebs Soris barterul urTierTobebs warmoadgendnen (We ber , op . cit ., p . 195) . Suasaukuneebis vaWroba mxolod da mxolod individebs Soris savaWro urTierTobebiT ar Semoifargleboda, es iyo „ vaWroba konkretul qalaqebs, TemTaSorisi da municipalitetebsSorisi vaWroba “ (Ashley , An Introduction to Engli sh Economic History and Theory , Part I , “ The MiddleAges , ” p . 102) . ( T ) sofeli mokveTili iyo Suasaukuneebis vaWrobidan. „ meTxuTmete saukuneSi da iqamdec, qalaqebi industriisa da komerciis erTaderT centrebs warmoadgendnen imdenad, rom ver dauSvebdnen romelime maTgani Ria sasoflo sivrceSi gaqceuliyo “ (Pirenne , Economic and Social History , p . 169) . „ brZola ruraluri vaWrobisa da xelobis mimarT TiTqmis 7 Tu 8 saukune gagrZelda “ (Heckscher , Mercantilism , 1935 , Vol . I , p . 129) . „ am zomebis simkacre „ demokratiuli mTavrobis “ gaZlierebasTan erTad izrdeboda. „ miuxedavad imisa, rom me – 14 saukuneSi regularuli SeiaraRebuli eqspediciebi mezobeli soflebis 482 SeniSvnebi winaaRmdeg iyvnen wargzavnili, xolo saqsovi dazgebsa da sawnaxels anadgurebdnen an itacebdnen “ (Pirenne , op . cit ., p . 211) . (i) SuasaukuneebSi qalaqebs Soris vaWroba SerCeviT xasiaTs atarebda. municipatitetbsSorisi vaWroba gulisxmobda SerCeviT urTierTobebs konkretul qalaqebsa da qalaqTa jgufebs Soris, rogoric, magaliTad londonisa da tauntonis hanzebs Soris kavSiria. nacvalgeba da Surisgeba am qalaqebs Soris arsebuli urTierTobebis wamyvani principebi iyo. magaliTisTvis, valebis gadauxdelobis SemTxvevaSi gamsesxeblis qalaqis mosamarTleebi mevales mimarTavda da samarTlis aRsrulebas moiTxovda, rac „ im qalaqis xalxze SurisZiebas gulisxmobda, romelsac mevale warmoadgenda valis gadauxdelobis SemTxvevaSi “ (Ashley , op . cit ., Part I , p . 109) . ( i ) erovnuli proteqcionizmi nacnobi fenomeni ar iyo. „ mecamete saukuneSi ekonomikuri miznebiT qveynebis erTmaneTisgan gansxvaveba naklebadaa saWiro, vinaidan qristianul samyaroSi socialuri urTierTobebisTvis imaze mcire barierebi gvxvdeboda, vidre axla gvxvdeba “ (Cunningham , Western Civilization in Its Economic Aspects , Vol . I , p . 3) . sabaJo gadasaxadi politikur sazRvrebze mxolod meTxuTmete saukuneSi dawesda. „ iqamde erovnuli vaWrobis sagareo konkurenciisgan dacvis odnavi survilis kvalic ki arsad Canda “” (Pirenne , Economic and Social History , p . 92) . „ saerTaSoriso “ vaWroba Tavisufali iyo Tavis yvela gamovlinebaSi (Power and Postan , Studies in English Trade in the Fifteenth Century) . ( k ) merkantilizmma erovnuli sazRvrebis farglebSi. ufro Tavisufal vaWrobas Seuwyo xeli qalaqebsa da provinciebSi. hekSeris Mercantilism(1935) – is pirveli Tavi Semdegnairad aris dasaTaurebuli: „ Mercantilism as a Unifying System “ ( merkantilizmi, rogorc gamaerTianebeli sistema ) . rogorc aseTi, merkantilizmi „ upirispirdeba yvelafers, rac ekonomikur cxovrebas konkretul adgils miajaWvebda da xels SeuSlida 483 mesame nawili transformacia mimdinareobs vaWrobas saxelmwifo sazRvrebis SigniT “ (Heckscher , op . cit ., Vol . II , p . 273) . „ municipaluri politikis orive aspeqti, ruraluri sasoflo sivrce da ucxouri qalaqebis konkurenciasTan brZolac saxelmwifos ekonomikur miznebTan winaaRmdegobaSi modioda “ (ibid ., Vol . I , p . 131) . „ merkantilizmma soflebis „ nacionalizeba “ komerciuli saqmianobis gziT moaxdina, ramac lokaluri praqtikebi mTels saxelmwifo teritoriaze ganavrco “ (Pantlen , “ Handel , ” in Handwörterbuch der Staatswissenschaften , Vol . VI , p . 281) . „ merkantilizmi xSirad xelovnurad aZlierebda konkurencias bazrebis moTxovna – miwodebis avtomaturi regulaciebiT organizebisTvis “ ( hekSeri ) . pirveli Tanamedrove avtori, romelmac cno merkantiluri sistemis liberalizaciis tendencia Smoleri iyo (Schmoller 1884) ( l ) Suasaukuneebis regulacionizmi udidesi warmatebiT sargeblobda. „ antikuri samyaros xanis dasrulebis Semdgom, Suasaukuneebis qalaqebis politika dasavleT evropaSi ekonomikuri mimarTulebis mudmiv principebze dayrdnobiT sazogadoebis organizebis pirveli mcdeloba iyo. es mcdeloba uCveulo warmatebiT dagvirgvinda....ekonomikuri liberalizmi an laissez faire , Tavisi ucilobeli uzenaesobis periodSi, SesaZloa warmoadgendes kidec aseT magaliTs, Tumca xangrZlivobis kuTxiT, liberalizmi qalaqebis mtkice politikasTan SedarebiT mcire,, efemeruli epizodi iyo “ (Heckscher , op . cit ., p . 139) . „ maT amas regulaciebis sistemis meSveobiT miaRwies, romelic ise saucxood miesadaga mis miznebs, rom SegviZlia is Tavisebur Sedevradac ki miviCnioT...qalaqis ekonomika goTikuri arqiteqturis brwyinvalebas utoldeboda, romelic amasTan misi Tanamedrovec iyo “ (Pirenne , Medieval Cities , p . 217) . 484 SeniSvnebi ( m ) merkantilizmma municipaluri praqtikebi erovnul teritoriebze ganavrco. `msgavsi praqtikebis Sedegi saxelmwifo bazisze dayrdnobili qalaqis politika iqneboda, romelmac municipaluri politikis saxiT gavrceleba pova ufro farTo sivrceebSic “ (Heckscher , op . cit ., Vol . I , p . 131) . ( n ) merkantilizmi – yvelaze warmatebuli politika „ merkantilizmma Seqmna mosurveba-dakmayofilebis (want satisfaction) kompleqsuri da daxvewili ostaturi sistema (Bücher , op . cit ., p . 159) . kolberis reglamentebis ( Jan-batist kolberis ekonomikuri politika ) miRweva, romlis TviTmizansac warmoebis maRali xarisxi warmoadgenda, STambeWdavi iyo (Heckscher , op . cit ., Vol . I , p . 166) . „ ekonomikuri cxovreba erovnuli masStabiT politikuri centralizaciis Sedegi iyo “ (Bücher , op . cit ., p . 157) . merkantilizmis maregulirebel sistemas unda mivaweroT „ Sromisa kodeqsisa da disciplinis Seqmna, romelic imaze ufro meti simkacriT gamoirCeoda, vidre nebismieri ram, rac Suasaukuneebis qalaqebis mTavrobebis viwro partikularizms SeeZlo ewarmoebina TavianTi moraluri da teqnologiuri SezRudvebis gaTvaliswinebiT “ (Brinkmann , “ Das soziale System des Kapitalismus , ” in Grundriss der Sozialökonomik , Vol . IV) . 8 . literatura spinhemlendis Sesaxeb spinhemlendis gadamwyvet mniSvnelobas Cven mxolod liberaluri kapitalizmis xanis dasawyissa da dasasruls vagnebT. ra Tqma unda, 1938 wlamde da mas Semdegac, mudmivad moixseniebdnen „ Semweobis sistemasa “ da „ RaribTa kanonis arasaTanado marTvas “ , romlebic TariRdebodnen gilbertis 1782 wlis aqtiT, Sesabamisad, spinhemlendis sistemis WeSmariti maxasiaTeblebi sazogadoebriv cnobierebaSi mkafiod Camoyalibebuli ar iyo. 485 mesame nawili transformacia mimdinareobs es maxasiaTeblebi arc dResdReobiT aris Camoyalibebuli. dRemde farTodaa gavrcelebuli is mosazreba, rom sistema RaribTa araSerCeviT daxmarebas gulisxmobda. sinamdvileSi, es arsebiTad gansxvavebuli ram iyo, romelic anazRaurebaze TandarTul sistematur daxmarebas gulisxmobda. mxolod nawilobriv Tu aRiarebdnen imas, rom msgavsi praqtika pirdapir winaaRmdegobaSi modioda Tiudorebis samarTalTan da verc imas acnobierebdnen, rom is sruliad Seusabamo iyo formirebis procesSi arsebul Sromis anazRaurebis sistemasTan. rac Seexeba praqtikul efeqtebs, isini SeumCneveli rCebodnen manam, sanam mogvianebiT, 1799 1800 wlebSi antikombinaciur kanonebTan erTad xelfasebis kleba ar daiwyo da sistema umuSevarTa subsidirebis wyarod gadaiqca. klasikos ekonomistebs arasodes SeuwyvetiaT „ Semweobis sistemis “ detalebis kvleva, rogorc isini qirisa da valutis SemTxvevaSi moiqcnen. maT Semweobisa da daxmarebis yvela forma “ RaribTa kanonebSi “ gaaerTianes da maT srul gauqmebasa da aRkveTas moiTxovdnen. arc taunsendi,arc malTusi da arc rikardo ar advokatirebdnen RaribTa kanons, piriqiT, isini misi gauqmebisken mouwodebdnen. benTami, romelmac Seiswavla es sagani, mocemul sakiTxTan mimarTebiT naklebad dogmaturi iyo. berkma gaigo is, rac pits gamorCa Tvalsawieridan, rom WeSmaritad mankieri principi is iyo, romelic xelfasTan TandarTul daxmarebas warmoadgenda. engelssa da marqss RaribTa kanoni ar SeuswavliaT. albaT rTuli warmosadgenia raime imaze metad Seeferebodes maT, vidre im sistemis fsevdohumanurobis gamomJRavneba, romelic TiTqos axalisebda RaribTa axirebebs, sinamdvileSi ki maT anazRaurebas saarsebo minimums zRvars qveda niSnulamde amcirebda ( rasac mniSvnelovnad uwyobda xels anti profkavSiruli kanoni ) da saxelmwifo fuls mdidrebs urigebda, riTac maT Raribebis wyalobiT meti fulis SovnaSi exmareboda. Tumca, maT dros RaribTa axali kanoni mtrad miiCneoda da zogierTi Cartisti Zvelis idealizebisken iyo midrekili. metic, engelssa da marqss swamdaT, rom kapitalizmis dad486 SeniSvnebi gomis SemTxvevaSi, RaribTa kanonis reformireba gardauvali iqneboda, amgvarad, maT gamotoves aramxolod pirveladi mniSvnelovnebis debatebi, aramed is argumentic, romlis meSveobiTac spinhemlendma Tavisi Teoriuli sistema gaaZliera. mocemuli argumentis Tanaxmad kapitalizmi ver SeZlebda funqcionirebas Tavisufali Sromis bazris gareSe. spinhemlendis efeqtebis Tavisi gamWriaxi aRwerebisTvis hariet martino uxvad moixmobs klasikur pasaJebs RaribTa kanonis angariSidan (11834) . guldsi da beringsi, romlebic mis didebul, mcire tomebs afinansebdnen ( romlebSic martino miznad isaxavda gaenaTlebina Raribebi TavianTi gardauvali ubedurebis Sesaxeb, vinaidan is darwmunebuli iyo, rom mxolod politikuri ekonomikis kanonebs SeeZlo maTi bedi naklebad gausaZlisi gaexada ) ukeTess gzas ver moZebnidnen sakuTari mrwamsis advokatirebisTvis ((Illustrations to Political Economy , 1831 , Vol . III ; also The Parish and The Hamlet in Poor Laws and Paupers , 1834) . misi Thirty Years ’ Peace , 1816 – 1846 , romelic gamkicxav tonalobaSi iyo Sesrulebuli ufro meti TanagrZnobiT iyo ganwyobili Cartistebis, vidre misi didi maswavleblis, benTamis mimarT (Vol . III , p . 489 , and Vol . IV , p . 453) . man Tavisi qronika am mniSvnelovani pasaJiT daasrula: „ axla mTeli Cveni guli da goneba Sromis uflebebis umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxiTa da ucxoeTidan miRebuli im STambeWdavi gafrTxilebebiT aris Sepyrobili, rom am uflebebis ugulebelyofis SemTxvevaSi yvelaze msubuqi sasjelic ki yvelasTvis damangreveli iqneba. nuTu SeiZleba, rom gamosavals ver mivakvlioT ? gamosavali SesaZloa britaneTis momdevno istoriuli periodisTvis centralur faqts warmoadgens; da ufro maSin, vidre dRes, SesaZloa mogveCvenos, rom swored misTvis mzadebaSi Zevs winamorbedi ocdaaTwliani mSvidobis uzenaesi interesi “ . es dayovnebuli qmedebis winaswarmetyvelebaa. „ britaneTis momdevno periodis istoriaSi “ Sromis sakiTxi wyvets arsebobas da mogvianebiT brundeba 1870 ian wlebSi, momdevno naxevari saukunis Semdgom ki msoflio mniSvnelobis sakiTxad gadaiqceva. aSkaraa, rom 1840 ian wlebSi 1940 ian wlebTan Se487 mesame nawili transformacia mimdinareobs darebiT ufro martivi iqneboda imis gageba, rom Sromis sakiTxis pirvelsawyisebi RaribTa kanonis reformis aqtis wamyvani principebis safuZvelSia moqceuli. mTeli viqtorianuli xanis ganmavlobaSi da mas Semdegac, arcerTi filosofosi an istorikosi ar CaRrmavebula spinhemlendis wvrilman ekonomikas. benTamizmis sami istorikosidan erT-erTs, ser lesli stephens, ar gaWirvebia CaRrmaveboda detalebs; eli halevs, romelmac pirvelma aRiara RaribTa kanonis fundamenturi roli filosofiuri radikalizmis istoriaSi, mxolod bundovani warmodgenebi hqonda sakiTxis garSemo. mesame angariSSi, daiss kidev ufro mniSvnelovani ram gamorCa. kanonisa da sazogadoebrivi azris urTierTobis Sesaxeb misi Seudarebeli analizi “ laissezz faire ” -sa da „ koleqtivizms “ ise ekidebodnen, rogorc raime teqsturis qsovils; Tavad Targi ki, rogorc mas sjeroda, biznes da industriuli centrebisgan, sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, im institutebisgan warmoiSva, romelic ekonomikur cxovrebas ayalibeben. daisze mkafiod veravin gamokveTda verc im rols, romelic pauperizmma Seasrula sazogadoebriv azrSi da verc RaribTa kanonis reformis mniSvnelobas benTamiseul sakanonmdeblo sistemaSi. da mainc, daiss sagonebelSi agdebda RaribTa kanonis reformis centraluri mniSvneloba, romelic benTamistebma miaweres mas. TavianT sakanonmdeblo gegmaSi, maT realurad sjerodaT, rom mTavari sakiTxi aq mrewvelobaze dakisrebuli sagadasaxado tvirTi iyo. Sumpterisa da mitCelis rangis ekonomikuri azris istorikosebma klasikuri ekonimistebis koncefciebi spinhemlendis pirobebis moxseniebis gareSe gaaanalizes. toinbis leqciebTan erTad (1881) industriuli revolucia ekonomikuri istoriis sakiTxad gadaiqca; toinbim torTa socializmi spinhemlendze da „ mdidari icavs Raribs “ principze pasuxismgebeli gaxada. im droisaTvis uilian qaninghemi imave sakiTxs miubrunda, rac saswaulebisamebr am SekiTxvam sicocxle SeiZina, miuxedavad imisa, rom es mxolod xma iyo udabnosa Sina. miuxedavad imisa, rom mantum (1907) erTgva488 SeniSvnebi ri sargebeli miiRo qaninghemis Sedevrisgan (1881) , is spinhemlends ise moixsenieba, rogorc mxolod da mxolod „ morig reformas “ da rac ar unda ucnauri iyos, swored am ukanasknels miawerda “ Sromis bazridan RaribTa gamodevnas (The Industrial Revolution in the Eighteenth Century , p . 438) . biri, romlis naSromis adreuli inglisuri socializmis monuments warmoadgens, TiTqmis ar moixseniebda RaribTa kanons. ase grZeldeboda, sanam hamondsma (1911) axali civilizaciis xedva ar dasaxa, romelmac industriul revolucias daudo dasabami da spinhemlendic xelaxla iqna aRmoCenili. amgvarad, spinhemlendi zemoxsenebulTan erTad ara ekonomikuri, aramed socialuri istoriis Semadgenel nawilad gadaiqca. vebsebma es saqmianoba ganagrZes da win wamowies spinhemlendis politikuri da ekonomikuri winapirobebi, imis cxadi gacnobierebiT, rom maT Cveni drois socialuri problemebis pirvelsawyisebTan hqondaT saqme. qlefhemma moisurva mtkicebulebebi Seegrovebina imis winaaRmdeg, rasac SesaZloa ekonomikuri istoriis institucionalisturi midgomac vuwodoT. mocemul midgomas engelsi, marqsi, qaninghemi, mantu da mogvianebiT, hamondsi warmoadgendnen. qlefhemi ewinaaRmdegeboda spinhemlendis sistemis institutad aRqmas da mas soflis „ agraruli organizaciis “ Cveulebad moixseniebda (Vol . I , Ch . 4) . msgavsi midgoma arasaTanado iyo, vinaidan sistemis CamoSla swored iman ganapiroba, rom is qalaqebamde ganivrco. garda amisa, gaemijna spinhemlendis ekonomikur efeqtebs xelfasidan gaqviTul gadasaxadebze da zemoT xsenebuli „ saxelmwifos ekonomikuri aqtivobebis “ nusxaSi ganixila. es, isev da isev, xelovnuri qceva iyo, ramac spinhemlendis ekonomika damsaqmebelTa klasis TvalTaxedvidan gamotova, romelmac dabali anazRaurebebidan imaze meti mogeba miiRo, vidre gadasaxadebSi dakarga. Tumca, qlefhemis mier faqtebis keTilsindisierma aRiarebam mis mier institutis ugulebelyofa gamoisyida. “ war enclosure ” -is gadamwyveti gavlenebi im sivrceze, sadac spinhemlendis sistema aRmocenda, iseve, rogorc is realuri maCveneblebi, romlebamdec 489 mesame nawili transformacia mimdinareobs Semcirda anazRaurebebi, pirvelad swored qlefhemma warmoadgina. ( ing. enclosure , inclosure – warmoadgenda saTemo miwebis likvidaciis process evropaSi kapitalizmis ganviTarebis adreul etapze. britaneTSi aman erTgvari kanonieri procesis saxe miiRo, ramac mcire miwebi SedarebiT did fermebSi gaaerTiana, rac niSnavda rom miwiT sargeblobda SezRuduli iyo da mxolod uSualo mflobelisTvis iyo daSvebuli mocemuli praqtikam mosaxleobis gaRaribeba da qalaqebSi gadasaxleba gamoiwvia ) . spinhemlendis sruli SeuTavsebloba saxelfaso sistemasTan mxolod ekonomikuri liberalebis tradicias SemorCeba mexsierebaSi. mxolod maT gaacnobieres is, rom sakiTxis farTo gagebiT, Sromis dacvis nebismieri forma spinhemlendis intervencionizmis princips miemarTeboda. spenserma “ xelfasebis gayalbebis “ braldeba nebismieri „ koleqtivisturi “ praqtikis winaaRmdeg wamoayena ( vinaidan Semweobis sistema mis mxareSic moqmedebda ) , terminis, romelic man yovelgvari sirTulis gareSe ganavrco sajaro ganaTlebaze, meurneobaze, mosasvenebeli moednebis uzrunvelyofa da a.S. 1923 wels daisma Semdegi sityvebiT Seajama Zveli sapensio aqtis (1908) miseuli kritika: “ arsebiTac, es araferia, garda RaribTa Semweobis axali forma ( ing. “ Outdoor relief – elizabeT I -is mmarTvelobis xanaSi miRebuli RaribTa kanoni, rac socialuri keTildReobis erTgvar programas warmoadgenda. daxmarebas Rarib mosaxleobas fulis,sakvebisa da samosis saxiT gadaecemoda konkretuli dawesebulebis wevrobis gareSe, mag: miusafarTa saxlis, bavSvTa saxlis an sxva raime dawesebulebis wevrobis gareSe, aqedan momdinareobs termini “ outdoor relief ” ) daiss eeWveboda, ekonomikur liberalebs saerTod odesme Tu miscemiaT maTi politikis warmatebuli amoqmedebis SesaZlebloba. „ zogierT maTi winadadeba arasdros amoqmedebula “ ; sagareo Semweoba ( outdoor relief) , magaliTisTvis, ar ukuagdes “ . aseTi iyo dasis mosazreba, mizesis aziT ki sruliad bunebrivi iyo is, rom umuSevrobis Semweobis arsebobamde, umuSevrobac iarsebebda “ (Liberalism , 1927 , p . 74) ; da rom 490 SeniSvnebi „ rogorc aRmoCnda,umuSevarTa daxmareba ganadgurebis yvelaze efeqturi iaraRia “ (Socialism , 1927 , p . 484 ; Nationalökonomie , 1940 , p . 720) . uolter lipmani Tavis „ Good Society ” (1973) mxolod imitom Seecada distancireboda spensers, rom mizesi moexmo. mizesi da lipmani asaxavdnen liberalur reaqcias 1920 1930 iani wlebis axal proteqcionizmze. am viTarebis mravali maxasiaTebeli axla udavod spinhemlends moagonebdnen. avstriaSi umuSevrobis Semweoba gakotrebuli saxazinos mier iyo subsidirebuli; didi britaneTSi “ umuSevrobis gazrdili Semweoba “ arafriT gansxvavdeboda Semweobisgan; amerikaSi PWA(Public Work Administration) da WPA amoqmedda; ser elfred mondi, Impe rial Chemical Industries -is xelmZRvaneli, 1926 wels advokatirebas uwevda britaneli damsaqmeblebis mier umuSevarTa fondidan grantebis miRebas anazRaurebaTa „ gaumjobesebis “ da Sesabamisad, umuSevrobis Semcirebis mizniT. umuSevrobis sakiTxTan, iseve rogor valutis sakiTxTan mimarTebiT, agoniaSi myofi liberaluri kapitalizmi im gadauwyvetel problemebs gadaawyda, romlebic misTvis dasawyisidanve iyo naanderZali. 9 . RaribTa kanoni da Sromis organizeba. spinhemlendis ufro Sorsmimavali Sedegebis, misi pirvelsawyisebis, gavlenebisa da bolos misi CamoSlis raime kvleva jer ar Catarebula. aq ramdenime sakiTxis gamoyofaa SesaZlebeli. 1 . ra donemde iyo spinhemlendi saomari zoma? wmindad ekonomikuri TvalTaxedvidan, spinhemlends bolomde saomar RonisZiebas ver mivakuTvnebT, rogorc amas xSirad amtkiceben. Tanamedroveni iSviaTad Tu ukavSireben saxelfaso mdgomareobas saomar sagangebo mdgomareobas. imdenad, ramdenadac xelfasebis SesamCnevi zrda SeiniSneboda, moZraoba omze adre daiwyo. artur iangis „ Circular Letter ” (1975) Seiqmna mousavlianobiT im zegavlenebis dasadgenad, romle491 mesame nawili transformacia mimdinareobs bmac simindis fasze imoqmeda. meoTxe punqtSi Camoyalibebulia SekiTxva: „ ramdenad gaizarda ( Tu gaizarda ) sameurneo saqmianobaSi CarTuli mSromelebis anazRaureba ganvlil periodTan SedarebiT ?“ misma korespondentebma ver moaxerxes frazisTvis „ ganvlili periodi “ gansazRvruli mniSvnelobis miniWeba. wyaroebi 3 -dan 50 -wlamde diapazonSia moqceulia da isini drois Semdeg monakveTebSia moqceuli: 3 weli j. boisi,gv. 97 3 4 weli j. boisi, gv 97 10 weli angariSebi SrofSiridan,midlseqsidan, kembrijSiridan. 10 15 weli e. harisi 20 weli j. noisi, gv 86 30 40 weli uiliam piti 50 weli rev. j. houleti aravis daudgenia orwliani periodi, franguli omis xan­ grZlivoba, romelic 1793 wlis TebervalSi daiwyo. sinamdvileSi, didad arc erT korespondents ar uxsenebia omi. sxvaTa Soris, mousavlianobiTa da araxelsayreli klimaturi pirobebiT gamowveuli siRatakis mzard maCvenebelTan brZola ( romelmac saboloo jamSi umuSevrobis zrdaze imoqmeda ) ori mimarTulebisgan Sedgeba: 1 . adgilobrivad Semweobis gacemisgan, iqneboda es sakvebisa da sawvavis ufasod an Semcirebul fasSi gacema. 2 . samuSao adgilebis Seqmnisgan. xelfasebi, rogorc wesi, cvlilebas ar eqvemdebarebodnen; msgavs sagangebo situaciebSi, 1788 89 normalurze dabalanazRaurebadi samuSao adgilebi iqmneboda (Cf . J . Harvey , “ Worces tershire , ” in Ann . Of Agr ., v , XII , p . 132 , 1789 . Also E . Holmes , “ Cruckton , ” I . c ., p . 196 . ) miuxedavad amisa, safuZvlianad iyo miCneuli, rom omma, sul mcire, iribi zegavlena mainc moaxdina spinhemlendis, rogorc im droisaTvis mizanSewonili zomis miRebaze. realurad, swrafad gafarToebadi sabazro sistemis ori naklovaneba omma ufro gaamwvava da xeli Seuwyo im viTarebis Seqmnas, saidanac spinhemlendi aRmocenda: 1 . simindis fasebis 492 SeniSvnebi meryeoba, 2 . uwesrigobebis saziano gavlenebi am meryeobebze. naklebad mosalodneli iyo, rom sul axlaxan gaTavisuflebuli simindis bazari omiT gamowveul daZabulobasa da blokadis saSiSroebas gauZlebda. simindis bazari arc im panikas gauZlebda, romelic ukve saxifaTo Sinaarsis mqone, Cvevad gadaqceuli uwesrigobebiT iyo gamowveuli. egreT wodebuli regulaciuri sistemis pirobebSi, centraluri xelisufleba „ mowesrigebul uwesrigobas “ ise ekideboda, rogorc adgilobrivad resursebis simwiris indikators ( romelic mSvidad unda mogvarebuliyo ) . axla ki is dagmes, rogorc am simwirisa mizezi da ekonomikuri safrTxe sazogadoebisTvis da ara uSualod RatakTaTvis. artur iangma gamoaqveyna gafrTxileba „ uwesrigobebis Sedegebze maRal fasebsa da sakveb produqtebze “ da hana morma ki msgavsi xedva gamosca Tavis didaqtikur poemebSi saxelwodebiT „ The Riot , or , Half a loaf is better than no bread ” ( „ amboxi, Tu naxevari puri jobia upurobas “ ) . misi pasuxi diasaxlisebs eriTmeba imas, rac iangma gamoxata Tavis gamogonil dialogSi: „ iqamde unda viyoT Cumad, sanam SimSiliT ar davixocebiT ? ra Tqma unda ,ase ar aris – unda gamoTqvaT ukmayofileba, Tumca ise, rom ar gavamwvavoT is ziani, rasac isedac SevigrZnobT “ . iangi amtkicebda, rom SimSilis mciredi safrTxec ki ar iqneboda, „ amboxebisgan Tavisufalni rom vyofiliyaviT “ . mRelvarebisTvis es sakmao safuZvels warmoadgens, simindis miwodeba panikisadmi gansakuTrebuli mgrZnobelobiT gamoirCeoda. metic, safrangeTis revolucia muqarisSemcvel konotacias aniWebda „ mowesrigebul uwesrigobebsac “ ki. miuxedavad imisa, rom anazRaurebis zrdis SiSi udavod warmoadgenda spinhemlendis sistemis Camoyalibebis mizezs, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom imdenad, ramdenadac saqme oms exeboda, viTarebis Sedegebi bevrad ufro socialuri Sinaarsis iyo, vidre politikuri an ekonomikuri. 2 . ser uiliam iangi da gansaxlebis kanonis Semsubuqeba. 1795 wels RaribTa kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli ori mkacri zoma miRes: spinhenlendi da batonymoba. rTulia dasajerebelia, rom es ubralo damTxvevaa. Sromis mobilobaze maT 493 mesame nawili transformacia mimdinareobs urTierTsapirispiro zegavlena moaxdines. maSin,rodesac batonymobam mSromelisTvis ufro mimzidveli gaxada gadaadgileba samuSao adgilis ZiebaSi, spinhemlendma amis saWiroeba faqtobrivad gamoricxa. migraciis kvlevebSi xSirad gamoiyeneba iseTi mosaxerxebel terminebi, rogoricaa „ moqaCva ” da „ miwola “ . pirveli daniSnulebis adgilisadmi mizidulobis zrdas aRniSnavs, xolo „ miwola “ imas, rom mSobliuri soflisadmi mijaWvulobam minimumamde iklo. spinhemlendma calsaxad Seamsubuqa ruraluri Sromis uwesrigoba rogorc 1662 wlis aqtis gadaxedvis Sedegi. RaribTa kanonis marTvis perspeqtividan, zemoTxsenebuli ori RonisZieba erTmaneTis pirdapiri Sesatyvisi iyo. 1662 wlis Semsubuqeba im riskebs Seicavda, romelTa asaridebladac Seiqmna es kanoni, rogoric iyo magaliTad, RaribTa masis mier „ ukeTesi “ fenebis gadafarva. Tumca, spinhemlendisTvis movlenebi swored ase warimarTa. Tanamedroveebi TiTqmis ar moixsenieben am kavSirs, rac sulac ar aris gasakviri imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom aravis axsovs, 1662 wlis aqtic ki yovelgvari sajaro diskusiis gareSe miiRes. da mainc, ser uiliam iangs, romelic orive zemoxsenebul RonisZiebas uWerda mxars, raRac mwramsi amoZravebda. 1795 wels is is gansaxlebis kanonis Sesworebas advokatirebda da amave dros 1796 wlis kanonproeqtis iniciatoric iyo, riTic spinhemlendis principi faqtobrivad kanons Seerwya. 1788 wels is amaod Seecada msgavsi RonisZiebebis mxardaWeras. swored imave wels, iangi gansaxlebis aqtiT gauqmebis iniciativiT gamovida, iseve, rogroc 1795 wels da amavdroulad RaribTaTvis Semweobis daniSvnas uWerda mxars ( Semweoba gulisxmobda saarsebo minimumis dawesebas,romlis ori mesamedic damsaqmeblis mier iqneboda anazRaurebuli, mesamedi ki gadasaxadebidan (Nicholls , History of the Poor Laws , Vol . II) . Tumca, am or marcxs, mousavlianobisa da safrangeTis omis saxiT, kidev erTi esaWiroeboda, raTa zemoxsenebuli principebs ezeima. 494 SeniSvnebi 3 . qalaqebSi maRali anazRaurebis gavlenebi sasoflo sazogadoebebze. qalaqebisken mizidulobis zrdam soflad anazRaurebis zrda gamoiwvia da amavdroulad soflis meurneobas SromiTi rezervi gamoacala. am ori ubedurebidan erTi bevrad ufro mniSvnelovani iyo. soflis meurneobisTvis sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis iyo sakmarisi samuSao Zalis arseboba, romlis saWiroebac oqtombersa da gazafxulSi ufro mwvaved idga xolme, vidre umoqmedo zamTris sezonze. dResdReobiT, organuli struqturis mqone tradiciul sazogadoebebSi msgavsi rezervis arseboba ara ubralod anazRaurebis donis sakiTxia, aramed ufro instituciuri garemosi, romelic mosaxleobis SedarebiT Raribi nawilis statuss gansazRvravs. CvenTvis nacnob TiTqmis yvelaze sazogadoebaSi vxvdebiT kanonier Tu sityvier SeTanxmebebs, romlebic soflis meurneobaSi dasaqmebul mSromelebs damsaqmeblis samsaxurSi yofnas avaldebulebdnen gansakuTrebiT maRali moTxovnis periodSi. swored amaSi mdgomareobs ruralur sazogadoebaSi arsebuli viTarebis arsi, romelic qalaqebSi anazRaurebebis zrdam gamoiwvia, rogorc ki kontraqtma upiratesoba moipova statusze. industriul revoluciamde soflad samuSao Zalis mniSvnelovani rezervebi arsebobda: arsebobda saSinao mrewveloba, romelSic mamakaci zamTris periodSi iyo CarTuli, xolo gazafxulsa da zafxulSi is da misi meuRle mindvrebSi muSaobdnen. gansaxlebis aqtma Raribebi faqtobrivad soflis adgilobriv xelisuflebas da amgvarad, adgilobriv fermerebs dauqvemdebara. RaribTa kanonis farglebSi sxva uamravi gzac arsebobda adgilobrivi mSromelebis dasamorCileblad, magaliTad iseTebi, rogoricaa Sromis anazRaureba, TavSesafriT uzrunvelyofa da raundsmanis sistema (Roundsman Sys tem – elizabeT pirvelis mmarTvelobis dros SemoRebuli erTgvari SromiTi gacvlis sistema mosaxleobis yvelaze Raribi fenebisTvis. adgilobrivi xelisufleba garkveul Tanxas 495 mesame nawili transformacia mimdinareobs uxdida adgilobriv fermerebs ( rogorc wesi es Tanxa minimaluri anazRaurebis niSnuls qvemoT iyo ) da sanacvlod isini mosaxleobis Rarib fenebs asaqmebdnen TavianT fermebsa Tu meurneobebSi ) . mrewvelobis sxvadasxva saxlebis wesdebebis mixedviT ( House of Industry – e.w mrewvelobis saxlebi me18 da me19 saukuneebSi gaerTianebul samefoebSi gavrcelebuli „ saqvelmoqmedo “ dawesebulebebi iyo, romlebic RaribTa kanonis farglebSi Seiqmna. mrewvelobis saxlebi erTgvar samuSao sivrceebs warmoadgendnen, sadac Ratak mSromelebs iZulebiT amuSavebdnen, sanacvlod ki sakvebsa da TavSesafars aZlevdnen ) dasaqmebulis sastikad dasja aramxolod damsaqmeblis Sexedulebisamebr xdeboda, aramed faruladac. zogierT SemTxvevaSi, rodesac Sesabamisi uflebamosilebiT aRWurvili organoebi adamianebis sacxovrebel sivrceSi SeiWrebodnen da daTvalierebis Semdeg daaskvnidnen, rom adamiani „ siRatakeSi cxovrobs da gaTavisuflebas saWiroebs “ Semweobis maZiebel adamians daakavebdnen da iZulebiT moaTavsebdnen mrewvelobis saxlebSi ” (31Geo . III . c . 78) . sikvdilianobis maCvenebeli msgavs dawesebulebebSi Semzaravi iyo. da Tu yovelive amas, imasac davurTavT, rom Sotlandia / inglisis sazRvarze macxovreblebi naturiT iRebdnen anazRaurebas da nebismier dros iyvnen iZulebuli mindvrebSi momuSaveebs daxmarebodnen, xolo e.w “ tied cottage ” ebis arseboba ( gaerTianebul samefoSi tied cottage damsaqmeblis mflobelobaSi arsebul patara soflis saxlebi iyo, romlebsac is dasaqmebulebze aqiravebda ) da Raribi fenis mier miwebis saeWvo mflobeloba daqvemdebarebulobis mravalgvar saxeebs warmoSobda, SevZlebT SevafasoT, Tu ra masStabebs aRwevda soflis meurneobaSi damsaqmeblebis gankargulebaSi myofi morCil mSromelTa armia. anazRaurebis problemis garda, mwvaved idga sakmarisi samuSao rezervis SenarCunebis sakiTxic. am ori problemis SedarebiTi mniSvnelovneba sxvadasxva periodebSi erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdeboda. im dros, rodesac spinhemlendis aRmoceneba mWidrod ukavSirdeboda fermerebis SiSs anazRaurebis gazrdis Taobaze, xolo agrikulturuli depresiis (1815) gvian 496 SeniSvnebi periodSi Semweobis sistemis swrafi ganvrcoba SesaZloa igive mizeziT iyo ganpirobebuli, 1830 iani wlebis dasawyisSi fermeruli sazogadoeba TiTqmis erTxmad uWerda mxars Semweobis sistemis SenarCunebas ara anazRaurebis zrdasTan dakavSirebuli SiSis, aramed qmediTi, sakmarisi raodenobis samuSao Zalis uzrunvelyofis gamo. Tumca, ver vityviT, am ukanasknel mosazrebas saerTod odesme Tu dautovebia maTi goneba, gansakuTrebiT ki ayvavebis xanaSi (1792 1813 wlebSi ) , rodesac saSualo fasi simindze sul ufro izrdeboda da gacilebiT aRemateboda fasebis zrdas samuSao Zalaze. spinhemlendis mudmiv problemas ara anazRaurebebi, aramed samuSao ZaliT uzrunvelyofa warmoadgenda. SesaZloa xelovnurad mogveCvenos motivebis erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebis mcdeloba im fonze, rom rogorc mosalodneli iyo, anazRaurebebis zrda samuSao Zalis mozidvas ganapirobebda. Tumca, rig SemTxvevaSi vxvdebiT naTel mtkicebulebebs imisa, Tu am ori problemidan romeli ufro awuxebdaT fermerebs. pirvel rigSi, uxvad mogvepoveba imis mtkicebuleba, rom fermerebi mtrulad iyvnen ganwyobili sagareo dasaqmebis nebismieri formis mimarT ( imitom rom es mSromels naklebad xelmisawvdoms xdida sezonuri sameurneo dasaqmebisTvis ) im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu saqme Ratak macxovrebels exeboda. 1834 wlis angariSis erT-erTma mowmem Raribi mkvidri daadanaSaula: „ isini saTevzaod midian, skumbriasa da qaSays iWeren da kviraSi erT funts gamoimuSaveben, maSin, rodesac maTi ojaxi soflis xelisufalTa sazrunavad aris gadaqceuli. dabrunebisas maT cixeebSi uSveben, Tumca arc adardebT, vinaidan gareT kargad anazRaurebadi samuSao eliT, swored amitom aris, rom fermerebi gazafxulisa da oqtombris samuSaoebisTvis sakmaris samuSao Zalas ver pouloben “ (Henry Stuart ’ s Report , App . A , Pt . I , p . 334A) . meore, mwvaved idga naqiravebi miwis sakiTxic, romelic miwaTmoqmedebisTvis iyo gankuTvnili. fermerebi erTsulovanni iyvnen im mosazrebaSi rom araferi ar Camoacilebda 497 mesame nawili transformacia mimdinareobs Rarib ojaxebs anazRaurebad Sromas ise, ( igulisxmeba e.w labour rate – romelic me19 saukuneSi gaerTianebul samefo RaribTa Semweobis sistemis nawils warmoadgenda. mSromelebis anazRaureba winaswar dadgenili odenobis iyo, xolo namati soflis adgilobrivi xelisuflebis mier gaicemoda ) , rogorc sakuTari miwis nakveTis qona. da mainc, am anazRaurebis simcirec ki ar aiZulebda maT daTanxmebuliyvnen miwis qiravnobis raime formas, romelic maT naklebad damokidebuls gaxdida sezonur fermerul samuSaoze. es sakiTxi yuradRebas saWiroebs. 1833 wlisTvis fermerTa sazogadoeba mtkiced emxroboda spinhemlendis sistemis SenarCunebas. RaribTa kanonis komisris angariSidan moxmobili pasaJidan irkveva, rom Semweobis sistema niSnavda „ iaf Sromasa da swraf mosavals “ (Power) . Semweobis sistemis gareSe fermerebi ver SeZlebdnen gangrZobiTad niadagebis kultivirebas “ (Cowell) . “ fermerebs moswonT, rom maT samsaxurSi myofi adamianebis Sroma „ RaribTa wignakidan “ anazRaurdeba “ (J . Mann) ( “ poor book ” e.w cnobari iyo da im adamianebis sias Seicavda, romlebic RaribTa Semweobas iRebdnen soflis xelisuflebisgan ) . adgilobrivi soflis xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi zizRiT ekidebian nebismier RonisZiebas, romelic mSromels misi daxmarebisgan odnav mainc gaaTavisufleb, amitom Tavis sapyrobileSi amyofebs manam, sanam gadaudebeli samuSaoze ar ubrZaneben gamocxadebas “ . isini acxadeben, rom „ maRal xelfasebsa da Tavisufal mSromelebs ver gaumklavdebian “ (Pringe) . mtkiced upirispirdebian RaribebisTvis miwis qiravnobasTan dakavSirebul nebismier winadadebas, romelic maT met damoukideblobas moutans. miwis nakveTebi, romelic maT gaRatakebisgan ixsnida da Rirseul pirobebs Seuqmna damoukideblobasac moupovebda da Sesabamisad, agrikulturuli industriis SromiTi rezervidan gaaTavisuflebda. majendai, romelic miwis qiravnobis mxardamWeri iyo, meoTxedi akri miwis nakveTebis gacemas miiCnevda mizanSewonilad, vinaidan damsaqmeblebs mSromelTa damoukideblobis eSiniaT “ . miwis qiravnobis kidev erTi mxardamWeri, faueri amas adas498 SeniSvnebi turebda. „ fermerebi zogadad emijnebian miwis qiravnobis winadadebas, sakuTari miwebidan nakveTebis dakavebis eSiniaT; amasTan, sasuqisTvis ufro Sors mouwevT siaruli; da bolos, isini mSromelTa met damoukideblobas ewinaaRmdegebian “ . okedeni 1 / 16 akri miwis farTobis miwis gacemas emxroboda, “ es swored imdenive Tavisufal dros daikavebda, rasac sakeravi manqanis borblis triali an saqovi Cxirebi ikavebdnen nebismier soflis saxlSi maqsimaluri gamoyenebis pirobebSi “ . fermeruli sazogadoebis perspeqtividan yovelive zemoTqmuli nakleb sivrces tovebs Semweobis sistemis WeSmarit funqciaSi dasaeWveblad, romelsac Raribi macxovreblebisgan Semdgeari mudmivi samuSao Zalis rezervi unda uzrunveleyo. sxvaTa Soris, am gziT spinhemlendma mosaxleobis ruraluri namatis iluzia Seqmna, maSin rodesac sinamdvileSi msgavs movlenas adgili ar hqonia. 4 . Semweobis sistema industriul qalaqebSi. spinhemlendi Tavdapirvelad soflad arsebuli mZime viTarebis Sesamsubuqeblad Seiqmna. es ar gulisxmobda soflebis SezRudvas, vinaidan sabazro qalaqebic aseve miekuTvnebodnen sasoflo dasaxlebebs. 1830 iani wlebis dasawyisSi spinhemlendis arealSi TiTqmis yvela qalaqma danerga Semweobis sistema. magaliTad,herfordis sagrafom, mosaxleobis namatis pozitiurad Sefasebis kuTxiT,aCvena, rom 6 -dan 6 qalaqSi spinhemlendis meTodebs eyrdnobodnen ( oTxs „ danamdvilebiT “ danarCen oTxs ki „ SesaZloa “ , maSin, rodesac „ cudad “ Sefasebulma saseqsma aCvena, rom 12 qalaqidan 3 ar iyenebda spinhemlendis sistemis meTodebs, am sityvebis mkacri gagebiT. CrdiloeTsa da CrdilodasavleTSi industriuli qalaqebis mdgomareoba, ra Tqma unda, gansxvavebuli iyo. 1834 wlamde demokidebuli RatakTa ricxvi industriul qalaqebSi bevrad mcire iyo, vidre soflad, sadac jer kidev 1795 wlamde manufaqturis gamoCenam siRaribis maCveneblis zrdas mniSvnlo499 mesame nawili transformacia mimdinareobs vnad Seuwyo xeli. 1789 wels rev.jon houleTi damajereblad uwevda winaaRmdegobas im „ sazogado Secdomas, rom RaribTa wili didi qalaqebisa da mWidrod dasaxlebuli samrewvelo qalaqebis mosaxleobaSi ufro maRalia vidre soflebsa da mcire qalaqebSi, rac sinamdviles ar Seesabameba “ (Annals of Agriculture , v , XI , p . 6 , 1789) . samwuxarod, zustad ar iyo cnobili, Tu rogori iyo samrewvelo qalaqebis mdgomareoba. RaribTa kanonis komisrebi wuxdnen spinhemlendis meTodebis gardauvali gavrcelebis gamo samrewvelo qalaqebSi. sayovelTaod aRiarebuli iyo, rom „ CrdiloeTis sagrafoebi naklebad inficirebulni iyvnen amiT “ , da mainc, amtkicebdnen, rom spinhemlendis meTodebi qalaqebSic ki farTod gamoiyeneboda “ . faqtebian mosazrebas naklebad adastureben. marTalia, rom manCestersa da oldhemSi Semweoba periodulad urigdeboda janmrTel da dasaqmebul adamianebs. rogorc hendersonma dawera, prestonSi anazRaurebis gadamxdelTa Sexvedraze Ratakma ukmayofileba gamoTqva soflis xelisuflebis misamarTiT, radganac misi yovelkvireuli anazRaureba 1 funtidan 18 Silingamde Semcirda. salfordid mxareSi padihami da alverstoni qalaqebis im kategoriaSi Sediodnen, romlebic „ regularulad “ danamatiani ( igulisxmeba Semweobis namati anazRaurebaze ) anazRaurebis gacemis meTods misdevdnen; uiganSi, salfordis msgavsad, meTodebi feiqrebsa da Zafis mrTvelebs Seexo. notinghemSi windebi TviTRirebulebiT fasSi iyideboda, xolo mogeba mwarmoebels, rogorc Cans, subsidirebuli anazRaurebebidan rCeboda. prestonze angariSis momzadebisas, hendersoni sakuTari TvaliT xedavda, Tu rogor „ iWreboda es mavnebluri sistema kerZo interesebSi da maT sakuTar sasikeTod momarTavda “ . RaribTa kanonis komisrebis angariSebis Tanaxmad sistemas qalaqebSi naklebad hqonda fexi mokidebuli, mxolod imitom, rom „ mwarmoebel kapitalistebi anazRaurebis gadamxdelTa mcire nawils Seadgendnen da Sesabamisad,naklebi zegavlena hqondaT adgilobriv xelisuflebaze soflad fermerebTan SedarebiT “ . 500 SeniSvnebi miuxedavad imisa, rom es SedarebiT moklevadian perspeqtivaSi ganixileboda, saboloo jamSi, SesaZloa Semweobis sistemis sayovelTao miRebas mrewveli damsaqmeblebic mxridan ramdenime garemoeba uSlida xels. pirveli garemoeba Raribi fenis Sromis araefeqturoba iyo. bambis mrewvelobaSi dasaqmebuli mSromelebi erTeulovani sistemiT iRebdnen gasamrjelos ( piece work Sromis anazRaurebis iseTi forma iyo, romelSic anazRaureba damokidebuli iyo warmoebuli erTeulebis raodenobaze )(Select Committee on Labourers ’ Wages , H . of C . 4 , VI , 1824 , p . 4) . amitom, soflis meurneobaSic ki, adgilobrivi mTavrobebis ukiduresad Semcirebuli pensiebi imdenad cudad moqmedebdnen, rom „ 4 5 maTgani erTeulovani sistemis 1 anazRaurebas udrida “ . Sedegad ki, soflis meurneobaS dasaqmebuli mSromelis dabali anazRaureba sruliadac ar niSnavda iaf Sromas, vinaidan samuSao Zalis araefeqturoba damsaqmeblisTvis mis iaf Sromas gadawonida. kidev erTi faqtori, romelmac mewarme spinhemlendis sistemis mowinaaRmdeged aqcia im konkurentebisgan momavali safrTxe iyo, romlebsac warmoeba bevrad dabali anazRaurebis pirobebSi SeeZloT saxelfaso danamatebis wyalobiT ( igulisxmeba Semweobis namati gasamrjeloze ) . es safrTxe sruliadac ar aSinebda fermers, romelsac SeuzRudav bazarze hqonda wvdoma, Tumca afrTxobda qalaqis qarxnebis mflobelebs. RaribTa kanonis komisrebis angariSis Tanaxmad „ RaribTa kanonis arasaTanado marTvis wyalobiT maklsfildeli mwarmoebeli eseqsSi SesaZloa gakotrebuliyo kidec “ . uiliam qaninghemma 1834 wlis aqtis mniSvneloba metwilad RaribTa kanonis marTvis „ gaerovnulebis “ nawilSi ganWvrita, riTac faqtobrivad gamoricxa arsebiTi dabrkoleba erovnuli bazris ganviTarebis gzidan. spinhemlendis winaSe arsebuli kidev erTi winaaRmdegoba, romelic gansakuTrebiT wonadi iyo kapitalistur wreebSi iyo misi midrekileba Seekavebina „ Warbi da inertuli samuSao Zala “ ( redfordi ) urbanuli SromiTi bazridan. 1820 -iani 501 mesame nawili transformacia mimdinareobs wlebis miwuruls qalaqebSi mewarmeTa moTxovna samuSao Zalaze maRali iyo; doerTis profkavSirebma farTomasStabian mRelvarebebs misca biZgi; es ouenizmis moZraobis dasawyisSi xdeboda, ramac inglisi istoriaSi yvelaze did gaficvebamde da blokadebamde miiyvana. damsaqmeblebi sami Zlieri argumentiT ewinaaRmdegebodnen spinhemlends: misi mavne zegavlena Sromis produqtiulobaze; misi midrekileba Seqmnas fasebs Soris gansxvavebebi qveynis sxvadasxva mxareebSi; is axalisebs samuSao Zalis umoqmedo rezervebs (Webb) soflad da amgvarad, xels uwyobs Sromaze qalaqeli muSebis monopolias. am mdgomareobaTagan arcerTi ar iyo sakmarisad wonadi individualuri damsaqmeblebisTvis, an Tundac damsaqmebelTa adgilobrivi jgufisTvis. maTze mniSvnelovan zegavlenas axdenda iafi samuSao Zalis upiratesobebi, romlebic maT finansur mogebasa da sxva qalaqebis mwarmoeblebTan maT konkurentunarianobas uzrunvelyofda. mewarmeTa klasi sxva Sexedulebas miemxro mas Semdeg, rac droTa ganmavlobaSi gamoikveTa, rom is, rasac calkeuli damsaqmeblisTvis Tu damsaqmebelTa jgufisTvis sargebeli mohqonda, maTTvis safrTxes warmoqmnida. sinamdvileSi, es 30 -ian wlebSi Semweobis sistemis ganvrcobas ukavSirdeboda CrdiloeT samrewvelo qalaqebSi. miuxedavad imisa, sistema iq SedarebiT msubuq formebSi vrceldeboda, am procesma xeli Seuwyo erTiani poziciis Camoyalibebas spinhemlendis winaaRmdeg da erovnul doneze reformis gatarebasac. faqtebi imaze miuTiTeben, rom urbanuli politika metnaklebad cnobierad, pirdapir iyo mimarTuli qalaqebSi industriuli samuSao Zalis rezervebis Camoyalibebaze, metwilad ekonomikur saqmianobaSi Zlier ryevebTan gasamklaveblad. am mxriv arsebiTi sxvaoba qalaqsa da sofels Soris ar iyo. soflis xelisuflebac amjobinebda maRal gasamrjeloebs ( SromiT anazRaurebas gaweuli samuSaos mixedviT ) maRal anazRaurebebs ( SromiT anazRaurebebs fiqsirebulad ) , xolo qalaqis xelisuflebas soflis msgavsad surda aramkvidri Raribebis mocileba dasaxlebis adgilebidan. es 502 SeniSvnebi erTgvari Sejibri iyo ruralur da urbanul damsaqmeblebs Soris samuSao Zalis armiaSi wilebis gayofisTvis. erTeulovani anazRaurebiT samuSao Zalis rezervis mxardaWera mxolod 1840 -iani wlebis mZime da xangrZlivi depresiis dros gaxda SesaZlebeli. im droisTvisac ki, ruraluri da urbanuli damsaqmeblebi imavenairad iqceodnen: Raribi fena samrewvelo qalaqebSi sacxovreblad ar daiSveboda, xolo ruralur sivrceebSi paralelurad mimdinareobda e.w „ soflis wmendis “ procesi miwaTmflobelTa mxridan. orive SemTxvevaSi, mizans Rarib macxovrebelTa raodenobis Semcireba warmoadgenda. 5 . qalaqisa da soflis paeqroba Cveni varaudis Tanaxmad, spinhemlendi ruraluri sazogadoebis mxridan TavdacviT nabiji iyo im safrTxis pirispir, romelsac qalaqebSi anazRaurebebis zrda warmoadgenda. es ukanaskneli moicavda pirvelobisTvis brZolas qalaqsa da sofels Soris savaWro brunvis nawilSi. sul mcire erTi, 1873 45 wlebis depresiis magaliTi gviCvenebs, rom saqme swored msgavs paeqrobas exeboda. 1847 wels Catarebuli safuZvliani kvlevis mignebebiT aRmoCnda, rom ekonomikuri depresia samrewvelo qalaqebidan CrdilodasavleTidan daiwyo da SemdgomSi sasoflo-sameurneo saqmianobis mimdevar olqebSi gavrcelda, sadac aRdgenis procesi samrewvelo qalaqebTan SedarebiT gvian daiwyo. mignebebma gviCvena „ rom Tavdapirvelad samrewvelo raionebze mimarTuli zewolebs sul bolos Tavi sasoflo-sameurneo raionebma daaRwies “ , samrewvelo raionebi am kvlevaSi lankaSirisa da iorkSiris vesT raidingiT iyo warmodgenili, mosaxleobiT 201 000( RaribTa kanoniT moculi 584 kavSiri ) , maSin, rodesac sasoflo-sameurneo raionebi ZiriTadad norzTamberlendiT, norfolkiT, sufolkiT, kembrijSiriT, baqsiT, berqsiT, uilTsiTa da devoniT iyo warmodgenili, mosaxleobiT 208 000 adamiani ( analogiurad 584 kavSiriT ) . samrewvelo ubnebSi viTarebis gaumjobeseba 1842 wels daiwyo siRatakis maCveneblis SemcirebiT 29 . 37 % -dan 503 mesame nawili transformacia mimdinareobs 16 . 72 % -mde, rasac pozitiuri kleba moyva 1843 wels 29 . 80 % -iT, 15 . 26 % -iT 1844 wels kidev 12 . 24 % -iT. am monacemebis srulad sapirispiro maCveneblebi gvxvdeba sasoflo-sameurneo ubnebSi, sadac gaumjobeseba 1845 wels daiwyo 9 . 08 % -iani pozitiuri klebiT. TiToeul SemTxvevaSi RaribTa kanonis danaxarjebi mosaxleobasTan mimarTebiT daangariSdeba, es ukanaskneli ki TiToeul olqSi calkeuli wlis mixedviT daangariSdeboda (J . T . Danson , “ Condition of the People of the U . K ., 1839 – 1847 , ” Journ . of Stat . Soc ., Vol . XI , p . 101 , 1848) . 6 . Warbmosaxleoba da depopulacia soflad. inglisi evropaSi erTaderTi saxelmwifo iyo, romelsac Sromis administrirebis erTgvarovani sistema gaaCnda qalaqsa da sofelSi. 1563 da 1662 wlis statutebis Tanabar aRsrulebas ruralur da urbanul adgilobriv mTavrobebSi mSvidobis mosamarTle uzrunvelyofda (Justice of Peace – gasul saukuneebSi gaerTianebul samefoSi termini mSvidobis komisari an mSvidobis mosamarTle iyo specialuri komisiis mier arCeuli samarTlebrivi oficeri, romelic adgilobriv doneze kanonebis mSvidobian aRsrulebas uzrunvelyofda ) . es soflis industrializaciiTa da urbanuli mxareebis Semdgomi industrializaciiT iyo gamowveuli. Sesabamisad, qalaqsa da sofels Soris Sromis organizaciis mxriv raime administraciuli Cavardna ar arsebobda ( rogorc es evropis kontinentur nawilSi xdeboda ) . es ukanaskneli TiTqos xsnis im simartives, romliTac samuSao Zala soflidan qalaqSi gamoedineboda ( da piriqiT ) .Sesabamisad, kontinenturi demokratiis ori yvelaze mavne Tviseba – soflad mosaxleobis uecari kleba soflidan qalaqSi mosaxleobis migraciis gamo da am migraciis procesis Seuqcevadoba, romelic aseve moicavda im adamianebis gandevnas, vinc qalaqSi ipova samsaxuri, Tavidan iqna acilebuli. termini Landflucht( germ. miemarTeba glexebis masobriv migraciis process qalaqebSi, romelic germaniaSi me19 saukunis miwurulSi daiwyo ) soflis intensiuri gaRa504 SeniSvnebi ribebis process aRniSnavda, rac Tavzardamcemi iyo soflis meurneobaSi CarTuli sazogadoebisTvis centralur evropaSi mecxramete saukunis meore naxevridan. inglisSi gansxvavebul procesebs vawydebiT – mosaxleobis raodenobis meryeobas soflad da qalaqSi dasaqmebis kuTxiT. TiTqos mosaxleobis garkveuli nawili „ haerSi iyo gamokidebuli “ da es garemoeba am Sida migracias gansakuTrebiT arTulebda, Tu saerTod SeuZlebels ar xdida mis mimdinareobas. garda amisa, gavixsenoT aseve qveynis konfiguraciac, mTeli Tavisi portebiT, romlebmac did distanciebze migracia sruliad usargeblo gaxada da RaribTa kanonis marTvis martivi adaptacia Sromis organizebis erovnul moTxovnebTan maSinve gasagebi gaxdeba. ruraluri adgilobrivi mTavrobebi xSirad „ sagareo “ Semweobas uxdidnen aramkvidr Ratakebs, romlebic arc Tu moSorebiT iyvnen dasaqmebuli da Semweobis saxiT Tanxas pirdapir sacxovrebel adgilas agzavnidnen; meore mxriv,samrewvelo qalaqebi, xSirad uxdidnen Semweobis fuls mkvidr Rarib mosaxleobas, romelic sulac ar iyo qalaqSi dasaxlebuli. iSviaT SemTxvevebSi qalaqis mTavrobebi 1841 43 wlebSi masobriv gandevnebs mimarTavdnen. redfordis Tanaxmad, CrdiloeTis cxrameti samrewvelo qalaqidan gandevnili 12 62 adamianidan mxolod 1 % s gaaCnda sakuTari dasaxleba cxra agrikulturul raionSi. ( Tu redfordis olqebi dansonis mier 1848 wels SerCeuli cxra „ tipuri agrikulturuli raioniT “ Canacvldeboda Sedegi odnav Seicvleboda, 1 % is nacvlad 1 . 3 % iani maCvenebeli gveqneboda ) . did distanciebze migraciis wili mcire iyo, vinaidan, rogorc refordma gviCvena, samuSao Zalis rezervis didi nawili damsaqmeblis gankargulebaSi rCeboda soflad da samrewvelo qalaqebSi Semweobis liberaluri meTodebis gamoyenebiT. amis gaTvaliswinebiT, ucnauri ar gveCveneba, rom qalaqsa da sofelSi depopulaciisa da mosaxleobis Warbi matebis Tanadrouli procesebi mimdinareobda maSin, rodesac maRali moTxovnis periodSi lankaSireli mwarmoeblebi iZulebuli iyvnen mravalricxovani irlandieli muSebi mieRoT, xolo fermerebi amtkicebdnen, rom mosavlis 505 mesame nawili transformacia mimdinareobs aRebas ver SeZlebdnen, Tu soflis Ratakebs migraciis stimuli gauCndebodaT. 10 . spinhemlendi da vena avtoris yuradReba pirvelad spinhemlendis kvlevebma da misma gavlenebma miizida klasikur ekonomistebze. es interesi metwilad pirveli msoflio omis Semdgom avstriaSi ganviTarebuli ukiduresad mniSvnelovani socialur-ekonomikuri procesebiT iyo gamowveuli. am wmindad kapitalistur garemoSi, socialisturma municipalitetebma iseTi reJimi Camoayalibes,romelic ekonomikuri liberalebis mxridan sastiki Tavdasxmis sagani gaxda. udavoa, rom municipalitetebis mier gatarebuli zogierTi intervenciuli politika Seusabamo iyo sabazro ekonomikis meqanizmebTan. Tumca, wmindad ekonomikurma argumentebma mainc ar amowures is sakiTxebi, romlebic arsebiTad socialuri da ara ekonomikuri Sinaarsis iyo. venis Sesaxeb mTavari faqtebi Semdegnairad JRers. TiTqmis 15 wlis ganmavlobaSi, pirveli msoflio omis dawyebasTan erTad, 1914 1918 wlebSi umuSevrobis dazRveva avstriaSi didwilad sajaro fondebis mier iyo subsidirebuli, rac usasrulod afarToebda sagareo Semowirulebebs; qiris gadasaxadi Zveli fasis mciredi nawilis doneze iyo dafiqsirebuli, venis municipalitetma arakomerciul safuZvelze mravalbiniani saxlebi gaaSena da aucilebeli kapitali gadasaxadebis dakisrebis gziT gazarda. im dros, rodesac anazRaurebebze daxmarebis saxiT namatis gacema ar moqmedebda, socialuri momsaxurebis yovelmxrivma uzrunvelyofam, rogori mokrZalebulic ar unda yofiliyvnen isini, SesaZloa namdvilad iqonies zegavlena anazRaurebebis kritikul Semcirebaze, Tumca, ganviTarebulma profkavSirulma moZraobebma Zlieri mxardaWera moipoves umuSevrobis gazrdili Semweobebis nawilSi. ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT, msgavsi sistema calsaxad 506 SeniSvnebi anomaliuri iyo. ukiduresad aramomgebian donemde Semcirebuli qira sruliad Seusabamo iyo kerZo mewarmeobis arsebul sistemasTan, gansakuTrebiT ki mSeneblobasTan dakavSirebul xelobebTan. adreul wlebSi, gaRaribebul sofelSi socialuri dacva zians ayenebda valutis stabilurobas – inflaciuri da intervencionistuli politikebi xeli politikebi mWidrod ukavSirdebodnen erTmaneTs. sabolood, vena spinhemlendis msgavsad, wmindad ekonomikuri argumentebiT mxardaWerili politikuri Zalebis Tavdasxmebs danebda. avstriis 1832 wlisada 1934 wlis amboxebebi Sromis bazris gaTavisuflebas emsaxureboda proteqcionisturi Carevisgan. venis miwaTmflobeli aristokratia ( Squire ing. termini, romelic mogvianebiT miwaTmflobeli aristokratiis misamarTiT gamoiyeneboda, igive “ landed gentry ” , romelic Semosavals qiridan iRebda an sul mcire, mamulebs mainc flobda ) Tavi da verc muSaTa klasi am garemodan sakuTar izolirebas ver SeZlebda. da mainc, am or intervencionistur periods Soris didi gansxvaveba iyo. 1795 wels saWiro gaxda inglisuri soflis dacva ekonomikuri progresiT, qalaqeli mrewvelebis mier gamowveuli uwesrigobisgan; 1918 wels venis mSromeli industriuli klasi mSromeli klasi ki dacvas ekonomikuri regresisgan saWiroebda, romelic omiT, marcxiT da industriuli qaosiT iyo gamowveuli. saboloo jamSi, spinhemlendma Sromis organizaciis krizisi gamoiwvia, ramac gza gauxsna ayvavebis axal xanas maSin, rodesac heimveris gamarjvebam avstriaSi erovnuli da socialisturi sistemis totalur katastrofaSi udidesi wvlili Seitana. aq swored intervenciis ori tipis kulturul da moralur gavlenebs Soris arsebuli gansxvavebebis xazgasma gvsurs: spinhemlendis mcdeloba SeeCerebina sabazro ekonomikis Semosvla da venis eqsperimenti erToblivad cdilobdnen gascdenodnen am ekonomikas. maSin, rodesac spinhemlendma adamians WeSmariti ziani miayena, venam dasavleTis istoriaSi erT-erT yvelaze STambeWdav kulturul triumfs miaRwia. 507 mesame nawili transformacia mimdinareobs 1795 welma mSromeli klasi uprecedento gaufasurebamde miiyvana, romlebsac ar miecaT axali industriuli muSebis statusis miRebis SesaZlebloba; 1918 welma venis sistemiT daculi industriuli muSaTa klasis uprecedento moralur da inteleqtualur aRmavlobas daudo dasabami, romelmac Zlieri ekonomikuri ryevebiT gamowveul mavne Sedegebsac gauZlo da im donesac miaRwia, romlisTvisac aqamde arcerT masas ar miuRwevia industriul sazogadoebaSi. cxadia, rom es sakiTxis socialuri, ekonomikuri garemoebebisgan gamijnuli mizezebiT gamowveuli. Tumca, sainteresoa sakmarisad kargad Tu esmodaT orTodoqs ekonomistebs intervencionizmis ekonomika. sinamdvileSi, liberali ekonomistebi amtkicebdnen, rom venis reJimi „ RaribTa kanonis “ naklovani mmarTvelobis kidev erTi gamovlineba, morigi „ Semweobis sistema “ , romelic „ klasikuri ekonomistebis „ cocxs “ saWiroebda.Tumca, gana Tavad klasikosebi ar iyvnen SecdomaSi Seyvanili spinhemlendis mier Seqmnili SedarebiT gangrZobadi SedegebiT ? isini xSir SemTxvevaSi ar cdebodnen im momavlis Sesaxeb, romelsac maTive SorsmWvretelobiT saxavdnen, Tumca srulebiT cdebodnen sakuTar awmyosTan mimarTebiT. Tanamedrove kvlevebma daadastura, rom maTi msjelobis praqtikulad Seracxva daumsaxurebeli iyo. malTusma saerTod ver ganWvrita sworad Tavisi drois saWiroebebi; t.h marSali ambobs, rom malTusis mikerZoebuli gafrTxilebebi Warbmosaxleobis Sesaxeb efeqturi romc yofiliyo im patarZlebis misamarTiT, visac miemarTeboda kidec es gafrTxileba, maT SeeZlo „ sabolood moeRo bolo ekonomikuri progresisTvis “ . rikardom daamaxinja savaluto davasTan da inglisis bankis rolTan dakavSirebuli faqtebi da amasTan, ver SeZlo valutis gaufasurebis WeSmariti mizezebis Secnobac, romlebic, rogorc axlaa CvenTvis cnobili, didwilad politikur gadaxdebsa da Tanxebis gadagzavnis sirTuleebs ukavSirdeboda. Bullion Report -Si gamoqveynebuli misi rCevisTvis rom daejere508 SeniSvnebi binaT, didi britaneTi napoleonis omebs waagebda da „ imperia dReisTvis aRar iarsebebda “ . amgvarad, venis gamocdileba da misi msgavsebebi spinhemlendTan zogierTs ukan, klasikur ekonomistebTan abrunebs, sxvebs ki maTTan dakavSirebul eWvebiT avsebs. merve TavisTvis 11 . ratom ara uiTbredis kanons? rogorc Cans, spinhemlendis politikis erTaderT alternativad uiTbredis kanoni miaCndaT, romelic 1795 wlis zamTarSi miiRes. kanoni 1563 wlis xelosanTa Sesaxeb statutis gafarToebas moiTxovda, raTa mas wliuri Sefasebis safuZvelze dadgenili saxelfaso minimumic moecva.rogorc avtori amtkicebs, msgavsi RonisZieba anazRaurebis Sefasebis elizabeTiseul kanons SeinarCunebda, maqsimaluri dadgenili zRvridan anazRaurebis minimalur zRvramde ganavrcobda da am gziT soflad SimSilobas aRkveTda. udavoa, rom msgavsi RonisZieba sagangebo viTarebis saWiroebebs upasuxebda. aRsaniSnavia, rom sufolkis warmomadgenlebi mxars uWerdnen uiTbredis kanonis miRebas maSin, rodesac maTma mmarTvelebma spinhemlendis principebis miRebasac dauWires mxari Sexvedraze, romelsac artur iangi Tavadac eswreboda. sakiTxis aramcodneTaTvis gansxvaveba am or RonisZiebas Soris didad TvalSisacemi ar iqneboda da es gasakviric araa. 130 wlis Semdeg, rodesac mondis gegmiT (1926) umuSevarTa fondis gamoyenebis idea wamoayenes mrewvelobaSi dasaqmebulTaTvis saxelfaso danamatebis Sesavsebad, sazogadoebam mainc ver moaxerxa umuSevarTa daxmarebasa da dasaqmebulis anazRaurebis danamats Soris arsebuli mniSvnelovani ekonomikuri gansxvavebis gageba. Tumca, 1795 wels arCevani minimalur xelfassa da saxelfaso danamats Soris idga ( anu Semweobis saxiT gacemul dana509 mesame nawili transformacia mimdinareobs matze ) gansxvaveba am or politikas Soris yvelaze TvalsaCino maSin gaxdeba,Tu maT gansaxlebis 1662 wlis aqtis Tanadroul gauqmebas davukavSirebT. mocemuli aqtis gauqmebam SromiT bazars axali SesaZlebloba gauxsna, romlis mTavar mizansac „ anazRaurebebis donis Carevis gareSe dadgena “ warmoadgenda “ . uiTbredis minimaluri anazRaurebis Sesaxeb kanonis tendencia gansaxlebis aqtis gauqmebis sapirispiroiyo, maSin, rodesac spinhemlendis kanoni am miswrafebas ar iziarebda. xelosanTa Sesaxeb statutis gafarToebis nacvlad ( ra winadadebac uiTbredma wamoayena ) , 1601 wlis RaribTa kanonis moqmedebis arealis gafarToebam, miwaTmflobeli aristokratia paternalizmisken miabruna, didwilad mxolod sofelTan mimarTebiT. formebi, romliTac es qmedeba ganxorcielda, sabazro TamaSSi minimalur Carevas gulisxmobda, riTac maT faqtobrivad mwyobridan gamoiyvanes anazRaurebis mdgeneli meqanizmi. is faqti, rom sinamdvileSi, RaribTa kanonis am formiT amoqmedebam iZulebiTi Sromis elizabetiseuli principebis saboloo moSla ganapiroba, Riad arasdros uRiarebiaT. spinhemlendis kanonis mxardamWerebisTvis pragmatuli garemoebebi uzenaesi mniSvnelobis iyo. edvard uilsoni, uinZoris kanonikosi da berkSiris mSvidobis mosamarTle, romelic SesaZloa misi mxardamWeric ki yofiliyo, Tavisi xedvebi pamfletSi Camoayaliba, sadac mkafiod laissez faire – s miemxro. „ Sroma, iseve, rogorc yvelaferi, rac bazarze SeiZleba moxvdes, yvela droSi poulobda sakuTar niSnuls, kanonis Carevis gareSe “ , Tqva man. ingliseli magistratisTvis, albaT, ufro Sesaferisi iqneboda imis Tqma, rom zemoTqmulis sapirispirod, Sromas aqamde arasdros upovia Tavisi niSnuli kanonis Carevis gareSe. Tumca, SemdgomSi gamovlinda, rom anazRaurebebi iseve swrafad ar izrdeboda, rogorc simindis fasi, ris safuZvelzec kanonikosma uilsonma gadawyvita Tavmdablad mieRo sasamarTlos mosazrebebi. „ RaribTaTvis Semweobis konkretuli odenoba unda dawesdes “ . Semweoba kviraSi xuT Silings aRwevda ojaxisTvis, romelic qalisgan, mamakacisgan da erTi bavSvisgan Sedgeboda. gancxadeba, romelic 510 mecamete TavisTvis SeniSvnebi am buklets Tan erToda iuwyeboda, rom „ winamdebare traqtatis arsze niuberis sagrafos Sexvedraze Sejerdnen, gasuli maisis 6 ricxvisTvis “ . sasamarTlo, rogorc viciT,kanonikosze Sors wavida: man erTxmad dauWira mxari 6 Silingis odenobis Semweobis dawesebas ( Tu pirveli Svilic CaiTvleboda ) . mecamete TavisTvis 12 . dizraelis`ori nacia~ da feradi rasebis problema. ramdenime avtori amtkicebda, rom garkveuli msgavseba arsebobda koloniursa da adreuli kapitalizmisTvis damaxasiaTebel problemebs Soris. Tumca, es avtorebi analogiuri msjelobis xazs ver miyvnen sxva mimarTulebiTac, romelic naTels mohfenda inglisis Raribi klasebis mdgomareobas erTi saukunis win imis asaxvis gziT, rasac sinamdvileSi warmoadgendnen – TavianTi drois CamoqveiTebul aborigenebs. am aSkara msgavsebis gamotovebis mTavari mizezi liberalur winaswar ganwyobebsa da azrebSi Cvens rwmenas ukavSirdeba. es rwmena ki metismet mniSvnelobas aniWebda im procesebis ekonomikur garemoebebs, romlebic arsebiTad araekonomikuri xasiaTis iyvnen. vinaidan saukunis win, koloniur sivrceebSi arc rasobrivi niSniT CamoqveiTeba da arc mSromeli xalxis dehumanizacia yofila wmindad ekonomikuri arsis matarebeli. (a) Sexeba destruqciul kulturasTan ar warmoadgens arsebiTad ekonomikur fenomens. „ mkvidri sazogadoebebis udidesi nawili iZulebiTi gardaqmnebis swraf process gadioda, ris Sedarebasac mxolod revoluciis Zaladobriv cvlilebebTan Tu SevZlebT “ , ambobs lusi mairi. miuxedavad imisa, rom TavdamsxmelTa motivebi wmindad ekonomikuria da primitiuli sazogadoebis kolafsi xSirad misi ekonomikuri instituciebis CamoSliTaa ganpirobebuli, calsaxaa, rom axalma ekonomiurma institutebma ver 511 mesame nawili transformacia mimdinareobs SeZles mkvidr kulturasTan asimilireba, ramac Tavis mxriv sistemis danawevreba gamoiwvia misi raime sxva Tanmimdevruli Rirebulebebis sistemiT Canacvlebis gareSe. dasavluri institutebisTvis Cveuli destruqciuli tendenciebis lozungad „ mSvidoba gaSlil sivrceze “ gvevlineba, rac anadgurebs „ gvarovnul cxovrebas, patriarqalur Zalauflebasa da axalgazrdebis samxedro wvrTnas; is aseve TiTqmis krZalavs gvarebsa da tomebs Soris migracias “ (Thurnwald , Black and White in East Africa ; The Fabric of a New Civilization , 1935 , p . 394) . „ omma, rogorc Cans, erTgvari JiniT gamsWvala adgilobrivTa cxovreba, rac samwuxarod esoden gvaklia mSvidobianobis Jams …“ . brZolebis aRkveTa amcirebs mosaxleobas, vinaidan omebi mciredi danakargiT sruldeba, maSin, rodesac omis ararseboba macocxlebeli Cveulebebis Tu ceremoniebis gaqrobas niSnavs, rasac Sedegad soflis cxovrebis arajansaRi dumili da apaTia mohyveba (F . E . Williams , Depopulation of the Suan District , 1933 , “ Anthropology ” Report , No . 13 , p . 43) . SeadareT es ukanasknel tradiciul kulturul garemoSi mcxovrebi mkvidri mosaxleobis, mgznebare mRelvare da mkvircxl arsebobas “ (Goldenweiser , Loose Ends , p . 99) .goldenvaizeris sityvebiT, WeSmariti safrTxe „ kulturaTaSoris intervalSi “ mdgomareobs (Goldenweiser , Anthropology , 1937 , p . 429) am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT erTsulovnebac arsebobs. „ Zveli barierebi sustdeba, axali mimarTulebis momcemi xazebi ki arsad Cans “ (Thurnwald , Black and White , p . 111) „ im sazogadoebis SenarCuneba, romelSic sikeTeebis akumulirebas antisocialurad Seracxaven da amas Tanamedrove TeTr kulturasTan aerTianeben ori SeuTavsebadi instituciuri sistemis harmonizebis mcdelobas niSnavs “ (Wissel in Introduction to M . Mead , The Changing Culture of an Indian Tribe , 1932) . „ imigranti kulturis matareblebma SesaZloa mospon aborigenuli kultura, Tumca ver moaxerxeben kulturis matareblebisa ganadgurebasa da asimilirebas “ (Pitt Rivers , “ The Effecton Native Races of Contact with European Civilization , ” in Man , Vol . XXVII , 1927) . leseris naklebad maxvili fraza industrializaciis kidev erTi msxverplis Sesaxeb Semdegnairad JRers: „ iseTi kulturulad momwifebuli 512 mecamete TavisTvis SeniSvnebi sazogadoebidan, rogoric paunis tomi iyo kulturul Cvilobas miubrundnen TeTri rasis msgavsad “” (The Pawnee Ghost Dance Hand Game , p . 44) .misi mdgomareoba, romelic mosiarule sikvdils waagavs, rogorc miCneulia, ekonomikuri eqspluataciiT ki ar aris gamowveuli ( sadac eqspluatacia erT-erTi partnioris upiratesobas niSnavs meoreze dominirebis fasad ) .miuxedavad imisa, rom es yovelive mWidrod mimarTebaSia miwaTmflobelobasTan dakavSirebuli ekonomikuri mdgomareobebis cvlilebebs ,oms, qorwinebasa da a.S, TiToeuli maTgani yvela saxis socialuri Cvevebze, Cveulebebze da tradiciebze axdens gavlenas. rodesac fulze damyarebulma ekonomikam iZulebis gziT SeaRwia meCxrad dasaxlebul dasavleT afrikaSi, „ mosaxleoba ver yidulobda sakvebs, romelic jerac ar gazrdil sakvebs Caanacvlebda ara imitom, rom mwvaved idga anazRaurebis simciris problema, aramed imitom, sakvebis iseTi namati, romlis gayidvasac vinme SeZlebda, arc arsebobda “ (Mair , An African People in theTwentieth Century , 1934 , p . 5) . maTi institutebi gansxvavebul RirebulebiT skalas eyrdnobodnen; orive maTgani momWirnea da amave dros, arcerTi araa bazarze orientirebuli. „ bazarze saqonlis mozRvavebisa da mwvave deficitis dros erTi da igive fass moiTxoven da mainc, did manZils gaivlian didi droisa da energiis fasad mxolod imitom, rom TavianT SenaZenze mcire Tanxa daxarjon “ (Mary H . Kingsley , West African Studies , p . 339) . anazRaurebebis zrdas irad absentizmamde mivyavarT. ambobdnen, rom zapotekeli indielebi texuantepekSi dReSi 50 centad isevekargad ar muSaobdnen, rogorc 25 centad. es paradoqsi inglisis industriuli revoluciis adreul periodSi farTod iyo gavrcelebuli. mosaxleobis ekonomikuri indeqsi xelfasze ukeTes suraTs ar gvaZlevs. goldenvaizeri riversis mier malaneziaSi gakeTebul cnobil dakvirvebas adasturebs ,romlis Tanaxmadac kulturulad Raribi mkvidri mosaxleebi SesaZloa „ mowyenilobisgan kvdebian “ . f.i uiliamsi, romelic Tavad misionerul saqmianobas eweoda am regionSi, wers, rom „ fsiqologiuri 513 mesame nawili transformacia mimdinareobs faqtoris zegavlena sikvdilis maCvenebelze martivad gasagebia. mraval damkvirvebels miuqcevia yuradReba im saocari simartivisTvisa da mzadyofnisTvis, romliTac isini miecemian sikvdils “ . „ warsuli interesebisa da aqtivobebis SezRudva sabediswero iyo maTi sulebisTvis. Sedegad ki is iyo, rom adgilobrivTa winaaRmdegobis Zala sustdeba da is nebismieri saxis daavadebas martivad nebdeba “” (op . cit ., p . 43) . amas araferi aqvs saerTo ekonomikur wadilTan. „ amgvarad, bunebrivi matebis ukiduresad maRali maCvenebeli an kulturuli sicocxlisunarianobis an misi degradaciis simptomia “ (Frank Lorimer , Ob servations on the Trend of Indian Population in the United States , p . 11) . kulturuli degradacia SesaZloa mxolod cxovrebis ekonomikur startebTan uTanazomo socialurma RonisZiebebma SeaCeros, iseTebma, rogoricaa tomobrivi miwaTmflobelobis aRdgena da sazogadoebis izolacia kapitalisturi sabazro meTodebis gavlenebisgan. „ indielebis gamoyofa maTi miwebisgan erTi didi sasikvdilo dartyma iyo “ , wers jon kolieri 1942 wels. 1887 wlis generaluri ganawilebis aqtma ( General Allotment Act) indielebis miwis „ individualizeba “ moaxdina; maTi kulturis danawevrebam indielebs Sedegad 90 milioni akri miwis danakargi moutana. 1934 wlis indielebis reorganizaciis aqtma tomobrivi mflobelobebi gaaerTiana da indielebis Temi gadaarCina maTi kulturis revitalizaciis gziT. igive moxda afrikaSic. miwaTmflobelobis formebi interesis centrSia moqceuli im mizeziT, rom swored maTzea pirdapir damokidebuli socialuri organizacias. is, rac ekonomikur konfliqtebad SeiZleba miviCnioT – maRali gadasaxadebi, qira Tu dabali anazRaurebebi – sinamdvileSi zewolis farul formebs warmoadgenen,romlebic cdiloben mkvidri mosaxleobas sakuTari tradiciuli kulturis mitovebisgan ubiZgon da am gziT sabazro ekonomikis principebs moargon, sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, anazRaurebisTvis imuSaon da saqoneli bazarSi SeiZinon. swored am procesSi dakarges TavianTi winaprebis Cveulebebi,inertul brbod da naxevrad moSinaurebul cxovelebad, meZavebad, mawanwalebad 514 mecamete TavisTvis SeniSvnebi da qurdebad gadaiqcnen kafiris tomi da sxva adgilobrivi tomebic, romlebic qalaqebSi emigrirdnen. swored imad gadaiqcnen, rac maTTvis aqamde ucnobi iyo da 1795 1834 wlebis inglisis gaRatakebuli mosaxleobis masas daemsgavsnen. (b) mSromelTa klasis adamianuri degradacia adreuli kapitalizmis pirobebSi ganuzomadi socialuri katastrofa iyo, romelic ekonomikuri terminebiT ver gamoixateba. 1816 wels robert ouenma Tavis muSebze dakvirvebis Sedegad Tqva, rom „ ra anazRaurebac ar unda miiRon, maTi umravlesoba mainc Ratakad unda darCes …“ (To the British Master Manufacturers , p . 146) . gavixsenoT, rom rogorc adam smiTi moeloda, „ miwas gaSorebuli mSromeli yovelgvar inteleqtualur interess dakargavs “ . farleini ki ambobda, rom „ Cveulebriv moqalaqeebs Soris wera-kiTxvisa da angariSis codna iSviaTi unar-Cveva gaxdeba “ (Enquiries Concerning the Poor , 1782 , pp . 249 – 50) . erTi Taobis Semdgom, ouenma mSromelTa degradacia „ bavSvobaSi ugulebelyofamde “ da „ gadatvirTvamde “ dayavs, amgvarad es maT umecrebisgan uunaros xdis gamoiyenon maRali anazRaureba sasikeTod, maSin rodesac SeuZliaT “ . Tavad oueni mSromelebs dabal anazRaurebas uxdida da maT statuss maTTvisve sruliad axali, xelovnuri kulturuli garemos Seqmnis gziT amaRlebda. masebis mier SeZenili naklovanebebi didwilad im feradi rasebis degradaciis magvari iyo, romlebmac vardna dasanawevrebeli efeqtis mqone kulturuli kontaqtis Sedegad ganicades: prostitucia, qurdoba, yairaTianobisa da windaxedulobis nakleboba, Sromis dabali produqtiuloba, TviT-pativiscemisa da amtanobis simcire, daudevroba da a.S. sabazro ekonomikis gavrceleba anadgurebda ruraluri sazogadoebis tradiciul qsovils, soflis sazogadoebas, ojaxs, miwaTmflobelobis Zvel formas, im Cveulebebsa da standartebs, romelic uzrunvelyofda cxovrebas kulturuli CarCoebis pirobebSi. spinhemlendis mier SemoTavazebulma dacvam viTareba ufro gaarTula. 1830 iani wlebisTvis Cveulebrivi xalxis socialuri katastro515 mesame nawili transformacia mimdinareobs fa iseTive sruli iyo, rogoric kafiris katastrofaa dRes. gamoCenilma negro sociologma Carlz jonsonma Semoabruna analogia rasobriv CamoqveiTebasa da klasobriv degradacias Soris da am SemTxvevaSi is Semdegnairad gamoiyena: „ inglisSi, sadac sxvaTaSoris, industriuli revolucia ufro dawinaurebuli iyo, vidre evropis sxva nawilebSi, socialurma qaosma, romelic Tan mohyva radikaluri ekonomikuri reorganizacias Rataki bavSvebi im „ nawilebad “ gadaaqcia, romlebic mogvianebiT afrikel monebad gadaiqcnen … bavSvTa msaxurebis sistemis gamo moxdili bodiSebi TiTqmis analogiuri iyo monobiT vaWrobis gamo bodiSebisa “ ( “ Race Relations and Social Change , in E . Thompson , Race Relations and the Race Problem , 1939 , p . 274) . 516