This study follows the 2010 publication Trade Unions in Cambodia: History, Challenges, Strategies by the same authors, Melisa Serrano and Nuon Veasna, who were the first to conduct systematic and comprehensive research on Cambodia's trade union landscape. Since the publication in 2010, there have been notable developments, albeit uneven and differentiated, in industrial relations and in the trade union movement in Cambodia. One is a positive development towards union independence, activism and union strengthening. At the same time, however, the multiple and persistent problems of limited worker awareness and participation in unions, the limited functions of unions, and the negative environment surrounding industrial relations continue to challenge and weaken trade unions. This study presents the results of a one-year study that looked into these developments and the factors influencing them.