Mike Igini l Mapping of areas where elections would be conducted in order to determine flashpoints, violent prone youth's places, polarized political group communities. l Review confidence building measures for the public, and where necessary show the availability of potential force and in appropriate cases ensure low visibility of force and diminished threat. l Tracking of persons granted arms licenses for possible illegal arms acquisition and distribution to individuals. l Intelligence gathering of activities of key political actors and supporters and guiding rules of disclosure to actionable agencies. l Suitability of the voting booth and the approach route for delivery of materials and equipment. l Risk sensitive analysis/ vulnerability analysis. l Mobility of security personnel and accessibility of relevant stakeholders. Having taken the above mentioned steps, the security agencies for elections must operationalise the goals of securing the electoral process by instituting a joint security strategy, training and deployment of security personnel after ensuring that a credible and reliable electoral system and process design is in place, and that effective statutes of deterrence are known to all role players, while also monitoring and coordinating security challenges involved during campaigns and rallies, by effectively using communication channels, and clarifying rules of engagement. Additionally, the established codes of conducts for stakeholders were reviewed at meetings purposely convened for stakeholders to understand and appreciate what the laws are and what constitutes breaches and punishments. 52 ELECTION SECURITY IN NIGERIA: MATTERS ARISING Election Security in Theory and Practice: Perspective of a Resident Electoral Commissioner 4.4 Security in Cross River State Elections: Tactical and operational adaptations In line with the directive initiated at the Commission's Headquarters in Abuja, regarding the framework for security of elections, INEC in Cross River State also constituted the Cross River State election security committee, headed by the state commissioner of police and the Resident Electoral Commissioner as the vice chairperson of the committee. The committee designed a security framework and process to secure the 2011 general elections and the subsequent governorship election of 25th February 2012. Almost all the strategies mentioned above were adopted with modifications and innovations taking into consideration, the environment, terrain and indeed the ethnography of Cross River State. State Joint Security Committee- This committee as noted above drew its membership from INEC and from all security agencies and para-military organizations in the State. The Committee was inaugurated with established sub-committees to examine various aspects of security concerns and to make recommendations. Meetings were held very often to share information and experiences on the basis of which robust plans and designs were made to achieve the overall goal of election security. For example, it was revealed from past experiences that some security personnel do not report to their deployed polling units on election days; that some fake security personnel were usually deployed by politicians for ELECTION SECURITY IN NIGERIA: MATTERS ARISING 53