Ahmed Issack Hassan and the Prisons Department. These officers were appointed as police officers for the period in question. The security personnel are not trained to manage elections. There was therefore a need to orient the uniformed men and women on some basic guidelines on their roles and responsibilities in the exercise. Each polling station was manned by at least 2 security personnel who were directly answerable to the Presiding Officer during the exercise. Some polling stations would have more due to higher numbers and streams. For proper coordination, IIEC officials at each polling station were in direct contact with the commanding police officer in charge. This practice proved relevant, especially where urgent action was required. 7.5 Security Challenges Political campaigns in Kenya have in the past been characterized by widespread violence in some parts of the country, especially, those occupied by multiethnic communities. While security of these areas is clearly the responsibility of the Government, the Commission has to constantly work with the security agents to ensure that electoral processes take place in an environment of relative safety. To ensure security was guaranteed, the Commission was faced with the following challenges: ­(a) 110 The Commission had to identify hotspots countrywide and put in place the necessary contingent plans to forestall or alleviate the problem; ELECTION SECURITY IN NIGERIA: MATTERS ARISING Security Challenges in Election Management: Towards Nigeria's 2011 Elections, “Case Study of security challenges in Kenyan Elections” (b) Security is an expensive affair; it is costly to engage and deploy security forces in guarding election materials, at the polling and tallying stations to ensure that voting and tallying operations are conducted peacefully, in the transportation of election materials between and across polling stations, and other logistic supports; (c) Security of data and its transmission between and across regional offices and the headquarters. The newly piloted Electronic Transmission of Results as one of the latest reforms in elections is very efficient and enhances transparency but is also very costly. Security of data and network for transmission was well guarded and was limited for exclusive use of the Commission; (d) Security forces in Kenya are not properly structured to be deployed away from their stations of operations. IIEC therefore had the challenge of planning for their logistic supports accordingly. Overall therefore, IIEC had to take on an additional financial and logistical burden in order to ensure adequate security was available for the staff, election materials and the election process. 7.6 Inter-linkages between Security Agencies, Monitoring Agencies and the IIEC In order to effectively operationalise election activities, the Commission had to work hand in hand with the security ELECTION SECURITY IN NIGERIA: MATTERS ARISING 111