Ahmed Issack Hassan agencies. These consultations were structured in a formal engagement through a committee on security. The committee was composed of officers from all the relevant departments and the Commission. The direct link with the Commission with regard to security operations was through the Ministry of Internal Affairs, but working closely with the Commissioner and Deputy Commissioner of Police. In addition, the Commission was also in consultation with the Office of the President, Departments of Registration of Persons and Immigration, and the Ministry of Justice, National Cohesion and Constitutional Affairs. Following the ruling of the IICDRC3 ordering IIEC to register inmates in prisons for the constitution referendum held on 4th August 2010, the Commission initiated structured engagements with the Commissioner of Prisons and his officers. This linkage was important not only with regard to the details of the number of the inmates and ensuring that they had their documents for the registration exercise, but also to ensure that tight security was available during the exercise, particularly in the maximum security prisons where murder convicts are held. Mechanisms were also put in place to ensure that campaign period went on smoothly, peacefully and without any animosity between opposing sides. After the terrible experience of 2007 general elections and the crisis that followed, Kenyans were more cautious on their actions, reactions and utterances. This state of mind was further enhanced by the existence of agencies monitoring the campaign period, which acted as a 112 ELECTION SECURITY IN NIGERIA: MATTERS ARISING Security Challenges in Election Management: Towards Nigeria's 2011 Elections, “Case Study of security challenges in Kenyan Elections” watchdog. The National Cohesion and Reconciliation Commission, the Kenya National Human Rights Commission and other non-state organizations were on the lookout for any hate speech, inciting utterances or gestures that created tensions between sections of the society. In the run up towards the referendum, a forum known asUwiano 4 platform initiated by civil society was established to provide a coordinated approach towards this course and to facilitate consensus building and understanding between opposing sides. This initiative was very effective as it led to some degree of civility in the management of campaigns by the two sides. In addition actions that were likely to create divisions or tensions were publicly condemned and persons responsible warned. Some were even charged for incitement and this served as a lesson for others. 7.7 Conclusion Security is, without a doubt, a key ingredient in any effective election management. Too much physical security may however be a challenge in itself if not properly organized, where security personnel are not well briefed, the chain of command is unclear or due to sheer indiscipline by the officers. It is therefore of utmost importance that the security agencies to be deployed in the election operations be thoroughly briefed on their roles and responsibilities and the extent of their powers. One of the greatest challenges in ensuring security in election management is inadequate facilities. Sometimes communication structures at the disposal of the security ELECTION SECURITY IN NIGERIA: MATTERS ARISING 113