Ahmed Issack Hassan agencies is undeveloped and in most cases ineffective to deal with security issues. For instance our security surveillance is inadequate and many complaints are neither detected nor investigated. It is also a fact that the law enforcement is sometimes neither firm nor committed in taking action against perpetrators of such breaches and most times, with a lot of impunity. It is against this backdrop that the IIEC seeks for some additional powers to prosecute such kind of minor offences, particularly in election related offences. Another aspect that indirectly links with security concern is the competence of election staff. Competence of election staff may not on the face of it appear as a strategy towards ensuring enhanced security in elections management, however, it has everything to do with it. It is through professionalism, competence and discipline of the election staff that the candidates and the general public are at ease with the way they engage in the processes. Election staffs who are either incompetent, unfamiliar with election rules or simply indiscipline are a sure disaster in waiting. One of the recommendations of the Kriegler Commission for the election management body was that, in order to redeem the image and to quell fears of the general public on the possible mismanagement of elections, the conflict in following orders may arise where security agents are appointed to act as election officials at polling stations; are they under the orders of the Presiding Officer or their immediate command? 114 ELECTION SECURITY IN NIGERIA: MATTERS ARISING Chapter Eight NEW SECURITY CHALLENGES OF ELECTION MANAGEMENT IN KENYA Lilian Mahiri-Zaja 8.1 Introduction I need to preface my chapter with some antecedents. The announcement of the results of the 2007 general elections was greeted with mayhem, hell was let loose and there was a complete breakdown of law and order. Kenya's security agents were overwhelmed and the corporate existence of Kenya was threatened to an extent not witnessed before in recent history. There were said to be 1,300 deaths, several hundreds were maimed, scores became homeless and properties were destroyed. In response to the post-election crisis, Kenya undertook some electoral reforms. 8.2 Electoral Reforms Following decades of military dictatorship and life presidency under one party rule, most African Countries under democratic transitions had undertaken one form of electoral reform or the other. The main focus of these reforms revolves around the sanctity of the ballot box by ensuring the principle of one ELECTION SECURITY IN NIGERIA: MATTERS ARISING 115