'Lai Olurode and Attahiru Jega Among the other key challenges they point out are the high level of corruption and bribery in the electoral system, the reckless use of security votes by executives to corrupt election officials and the ways in which the President and State Governors abuse their powers as chief security officers. The third chapter written by Adele Jinadu is on“Comparative analysis of Security Challenges of Elections in Nigeria”. He takes a broad view of security that goes beyond security agencies and incorporates distortions, violations and manipulations of the process of electoral governance. This approach is important as it places emphasis on the whole electoral cycle, not just acts carried out during election time. After his review of comparative African experiences, he makes the argument that the main security challenge we face is that of managing diversity in an inclusive and participatory manner to ensure that unproblematic political succession occurs. This is drawn from examples in Kenya, Zimbabwe, Cote d'lvoire and Nigeria among others. In a sense, this points to the lack of commitment of too many African power wielders to accept the basic tenets of democracy. He argues that elections are the largest peace time deployment of people and resources in a short time, so leaders can find sufficient opportunities to distort the system. Professor Jinadu points out another security challenge that is internal to the process of electoral governance. He posits that internal politics could develop within INEC itself if members are beholden to forces outside the Commission and bring in their biases. Internal bickering can cripple INEC creating a security 136 ELECTION SECURITY IN NIGERIA: MATTERS ARISING Security Challenges of Election Management in Nigeria challenge. He adds that the tendering and procurement system subject to cumbersome civil service rules can also create blockages in operations and logistics that can pose security concerns. The path to addressing these security challenges, he argues, is promoting voter education and adoption of the Neighborhood Watch approach both of which place emphasis on the citizens and the community. Chapter Four by Usman Maitambari is entitled“Emerging Pattern of Security Challenges: Some Reflections on 1983 and 2007 Elections.” The 1983 elections were the first elections conducted by an incumbent civilian regime in nearly twenty years. It produced what the then ruling National Party of Nigeria called a landslide victory. The author however points out that another appellation coined by General T.Y. Danjuma might the d'etat of December 1983. The election was poorly planned and executed. The voters' list lacked credibility and claimed 63.3 million voters which meant a 34% increase over the previous election four years earlier, it was basically an election that was designed to fail. Of course the 2007 elections under Professor Maurice Iwu was similar and the comparison of these two elections produces the conclusion that sometimes, the core of the security challenge in electoral management emanates from within the Electoral Commission itself. Chapter five by Iyom Josephine Anenih is on the subject of: “Gender and Security Issues in Election Management”. She makes two strong arguments: the first is that escalating electoral violence over the years has affected women disproportionately and added to the disadvantages they suffer ELECTION SECURITY IN NIGERIA: MATTERS ARISING 137