'Lai Olurode and Attahiru Jega strategy and clear definition of the roles to be played by each agency. Chapter nine by'Lai Olurode is on:“Reflections on Security Challenges in Recent Elections”. He reviews the Ekiti by election of December 2010 and the Delta re-run gubernatorial election of January 2011 to see what trends were emerging. The key security agencies used were the police, state security service and the civil defence corps; the police were however preponderant and provided the leadership. The key message from the chapter is that violence has persisted in the electoral process in spite of all the efforts of INEC to stem it. The good news however, was that the integrity of the elections themselves was much better than what had been witnessed in 2003 and 2007. The book ends with a short concluding chapter in which'Lai Olurode and Attahiru Jega reflect on:“Resolving the Paradox”. They noted that the paradox on elections and democracy can be identified at three levels. The first is that democratization in Nigeria has not been accompanied by“life more abundant” and poverty has not been declining with the consolidation of democratic rule. Secondly, democratization has failed to stem the tide of ethno-religious conflict and violence. Thirdly, democratization in Nigeria is a domain in which the military remain key drivers both because the funds they have looted allows them to play the game in town of money politics and their access to arms allows them to also play the card of electoral violence to influence electoral outcomes. These considered thoughts provide food for thought in terms of 140 ELECTION SECURITY IN NIGERIA: MATTERS ARISING Security Challenges of Election Management in Nigeria medium term planning about processes that would allow us deepen democracy in Nigeria. The book ends with the following conclusions. First, there is a high violence threat level for the 2011 elections. Secondly, election security must be understood as a subset of the wider security dynamics of the country. Thirdly, the real lesson from the chapters is that all hands must be on deck to change the zero sum game of political system. Finally, a clear framework for engagement with security forces must be evolved in which there is a clear framework and specific roles for each security agency. As I am writing this review one year after the elections, I give myself the privilege to review how the predictions in the book written before the elections actually played out. The date April 2 2011 will stand out for a long time in the annals of elections and election administration in Nigeria it was the first of the three polling days for the 2011 General Elections. That date became an indicator of three statistics vital to the determination of the state of'health' of the electoral process. First, it was an early indicator of the massive turnout that would eventually characterize the 2011 General Elections; secondly it provided Nigerians the opportunity to assess the extent of preparedness of the electorate and the INEC for the elections. Finally, the date exposed the severe logistical flaws that had not been addressed in the electoral process and thus, drawing the attention of the planners to these. ELECTION SECURITY IN NIGERIA: MATTERS ARISING 141