'Lai Olurode Table 1: Human Development Index trends, 1980-2013 HDI Country rank HDI value, HDI, 1980 value, 1990 HDI value, 2000 HDI vallue, 2010 HDI value, 2013 HDI rank change, 2008 1 Norway 0.793 0.841 0.910 0.939 0.944 0 2 Australia 0.841 0.866 0.898 0.926 0.933 0 3 Switzerland 0.806 0.829 0.886 0.915 0.917 1 4 Netherlands 0.783 0.826 0.874 0.904 0.915 3 5 United States 0.825 0.858 0.883 0.908 0.914-2 6 Germany 0.739 0.782 0.854 0.904 0.911-1 7 New Zealand 0.793 0.821 0.873 0.903 0.910 1 8 Canada 0.809 0.848 0.867 0.896 0.902 1 9 Singapore.. 0.744 0.800 0.894 0.901 14 10 Denmark 0.781 0.806 0.859 0.898 0.900-1 Table 1a: Countries with Very High Human Development Index 4 Introduction: Electoral Reforms and Election Security Table 1b: Some Countries with Very Low Human Development HDI Country HDI value, HDI, rank 1980 value, 1990 147 Kenya 0.446 0.471 149 Angola.... 151 Rwanda 0.291 0.238 152 Cameroon 0.391 0.440 152 Nigeria.... 155 Madagascar.... 156 Zimbabwe 0.437 0.488 159 Tanzania 0.377 0.354 161 Mauritania 0.347 0.367 166 Togo 0.405 0.404 171 Côte d'Ivoire 0.377 0.380 172 Gambia 0.300 0.334 173 Ethiopia.... 174 Malawi 0.270 0.283 175 Liberia.... 176 Mali 0.208 0.232 177 Guinea-Bissau.... 178 Mozambique 0.246 0.216 179 Guinea.... 180 Burundi 0.230 0.291 185 Central African Republic 0.295 0.310 187 Niger 0.191 0.218 HDI value, 2000 0.455 0.377 0.329 0.433 .. 0.453 0.428 0.376 0.433 0.430 0.393 0.383 0.284 0.341 0.339 0.309 .. 0.285 .. 0.290 0.314 0.262 HDI value, 2010 0.522 0.504 0.453 0.493 0.492 0.494 0.459 0.464 0.475 0.460 0.439 0.440 0.409 0.406 0.393 0.398 0.401 0.380 0.380 0.381 0.355 0.323 HDI value, 2013 0.535 0.526 0.506 0.504 0.504 0.498 0.492 0.488 0.487 0.473 0.452 0.441 0.435 0.414 0.412 0.407 0.396 0.393 0.392 0.389 0.341 0.337 HDI rank change, 2008 -1 2 17 2 1 -3 16 5 -2 -1 0 -4 2 0 3 0 -4 1 -2 0 -1 -1 Note A positive value indicates an improvement in rank. Definitions: Human Development Index(HDI): A composite index measuring average achievement in three basic dimensions of human developmenta long and healthy life, knowledge and a decent standard of living. See Technical note 1(http://hdr.undp.org/en) for details on how the HDI is calculated. 5