Appendix II 41, 137, 142 being the exceptions). The compendium is a must-read by anyone willing to understand the dynamics of electoral security in Nigeria. The first chapter, an introductory chapter, entitled'Election Security in Nigeria: Is there a Silver Lining?' was written by'Lai Olurode, the editor of the book himself. The 18-page chapter gave the general background to the book. It looked at the antecedents to the 2012 workshop on security challenges of election management which assessed the 2011 elections vis-à-vis the recommendations from the workshop held in 2010 on the theme. Olurode proffered a brief theoretical insight that demonstrated the need for optimism to sustain the struggle against security challenges in spite of their recurring nature in an unsecure global environment. The introductory chapter was a summation of the key issues discussed in all the nine chapters of the book: from Anyanya's assessment of the 2011 election security arrangements in chapter two through Mahiri­Zaja's discourse on the security challenges of election management in Kenya in chapter eight to Buba's assessment of new security challenges of election management in Nigeria. The two major points that were clearly brought to the fore by Olurode are: One, that“all the presentations point to the need to develop comprehensive mitigation strategies ahead of the 2015 general elections if the gains of the 2011 elections are to be sustained and improved upon”(page 16); and two, the presentation outlined in a clear and apt manner a number of far-reaching recommendations from the 2012 workshop for the successful conduct of 2015. These are succinctly summed up by'Lai(pages17 and 18) and are worth citing in full: l Early planning and coordination to meet the challenges of election security would contribute to guaranteeing successful and peaceful conduct of 2015 election. 118 Appendix II l The ICCES established prior to the 2011 elections is a good practice for experience sharing among stakeholders and should be strengthened at all levels. In addition, there is the need to put in place a template for deployment of security personnel in elections for effectiveness. l The INEC-political party relations should be enhanced; this will strengthen the supervisory role of the Commission on political parties, and enforce internal democracy modalities within the political parties in order to reduce conflicts. l The training and capacity building of security officials for improved performance at elections are advocated. Training should include the code of conduct for all security officials. l All factors that induce violence at elections must be addressed such as selection of candidates through flawed primaries, use of hate speech at campaigns by politicians and prior to elections, undue use of money in politics, etc. l Civic education and advocacy for youths and all stakeholders in order to give them the right orientation and positive role they are expected to perform towards the success of 2015 elections. l Towards 2015 elections, safe havens must be created and rapid evacuation plans made for election personnel in the event of breakdown of law and order during elections. l The Commission should acquire adequate legal powers to prosecute electoral offenders. 119