Appendix II international partners, is still proactive on monitoring campaign expenditures of individual politicians and political parties. Chapters seven(pages 103 to 114) and eight(pages 115 to 121) written by Ahmed Isaack Hassan and Lilian Mahiri-Zaja respectively, are devoted to providing a comparative approach to understanding security challenges of election management in Kenya. Thus the two chapters are respectively entitled,'Security Challenges in Election Management: Towards Nigeria's 2011 Elections: Case Study of Security Challenges in Kenyan Elections' and'New Security Challenges of Election Management in Kenya.' The former, Chair to the Kenyan IEBC, underscored the importance of security to not only election personnel and materials but also of the environment of elections. Kenya had witnessed serious security challenges leading to loss of many lives and property, in addition to throwing serious obstacles to deepening the democratic process there. Handling security was, therefore, a complex process involving huge funds which were not always available just as the management of the security personnel poses a challenge of its own arising from operational matters to other intervening factors. While the point can be drawn about the similarity of the security challenges between Kenya and Nigeria, the important lesson here was that effort must continue to be made by all stakeholders to overcome the identified challenges and ensure that elections are more secure and credible. Almost akin to the post-election violence in Nigeria in 2011, Mahiri­Zaja described the violence that erupted in the 2007 Kenyan elections together with their attendant consequences. Tourists attacks, blamed on Al-Shababtheir Boko Haram equivalent coupled 128 Appendix II with political thuggery especially by youth are presented as clear manifestations of the security challenges. Central to the author's presentation was the need for comprehensive election reform programme that takes seriously election security in all its ramifications from registration of voters to the final declaration of results. Inclusive in this framework was the emphasis on the need for professional, disciplined and competent election personnel, a rigorous security planning and provisioning of adequate resources for election security. The Kenyan experiences pointed to the need for all pertinent stakeholders to proactively come together with a view to ensuring free, fair and credible elections as a vital component of the democratic process. The two chapters resonated well with Nigeria's election security challenges. The issues raised brought to the fore the continued need to compare notes and learn lessons from each other's experiences. Chapter nine(pages 123 to 129) is on'New Security Challenges of Election Management in Nigeria: Towards 2015,' written by Abdulhamid Buba. The main concern of the chapter was to document the emerging and new security challenges in Nigeria since 2011 as well as chart a way forward so that the sanctity of elections, especially the forthcoming 2015 elections in the country, would not be undermined. There are varied new dimensions of security challenges, according to the author, among which include“a perfected scheme of monetary inducements to voters at polling stations to influence them to vote in favour of a particular party or candidate; outright purchase of voter cards prior to elections; a 'siddon-look' attitude of some security personnel to on-the-spot breach of the electoral process; inadequacy of security agents manning polling stations; connivance between segments of security 129