Appendix II agents and politicians to aid and abet electoral fraud through, for instance, fomenting trouble to get election or their results cancelled in some areas, creation of difficulties to divert election observers/monitors from reporting breaches of the electoral process; and poor logistical arrangements for the security agents” (p126), among others. The way forward to tackling the challenges identified are equally varied spanning from: a. The need for the EMBs to work out clear mechanisms for improving security, b. Provision of a clear framework to guide the working relationship between the EMBs and security agencies, c. Set-out sanctions for violations of the principle of secrecy of voting, and d. The conduct of staggered elections that will afford the aggregation of men and resources to one zone, among others. There are other noticeable issues that are critical to election security that arose from a roundtable discussion by participants. They ranged from infrastructure and communication challenges, poor welfare for election security personnel, late planning, poor coordination among security agencies and late deployment of personnel and materials. Others are delays in prosecution of electoral offenders and lack of incentives for exceptional performance or sacrifices made by election personnel, among others(page 129). 130 Appendix II A key aspect of the book is an addendum in form of book review by Jibrin Ibrahim, PhD, a highly respected scholar and public commentator. The title of the book is'Security Challenges of Election Management in Nigeria' and was edited by'Lai Olurode and Attahiru Jega. The book, we are told, is the output of a conference convened in 2010 to deliberate on the then forthcoming 2011 general elections in Nigeria(page 133). The review is certain to afford readers the unique opportunity to come to terms with the key issues in security challenges of election management in Nigeria. Only the details of the book will be missed, but certainly not its essence. In giving himself the privilege“to review how the predictions in the book, written before the elections, actually played out”(page 141), Ibrahim analysed the developments leading to the shift in National Assembly elections from 2nd to 4th April, 2011. He argued that this not only raised questions about the preparedness for the elections but it also cast huge doubts about the election process in some parts of the country and created the ideological foundations for the violence that emerged in some parts of the country(page 142). Generally, all the chapters in the book were geared towards a deeper understanding of the 2011 election with its attendant security challenges followed by recommendations offered to that effect. Laudable as these recommendations were, however, it is pertinent to note that, historically, each general election conducted in Nigeria was unique in terms of its character and the challenges it posed. Nearly every election exercise conducted was followed by post­election violence. In many instances, the spates of violence were spontaneous and extremely devastating. Though anticipated, these series of post-election violence could not easily be prevented. This makes it imperative for, especially INEC and the security agencies, to 131