Appendix II dig further and provide additional measures to be taken in order to contain these spates of violence. For it is natural to ask,“Why was there violence of such magnitude in spite of the measures taken?” and“Why was there an apparent lack of enforcement of the relevant provisions of the law aimed at improving election security?” One additional issue the book could have dwelt on was how the 2015 elections could be anticipated. Another was to discuss what is likely to make 2015 election unique, in light of previous elections. With the answers to the questions in mind, strategies could be drawn on how to ensure that pre- and post-election challenges in the past did not repeat themselves in the coming 2015 elections. Furthermore, Nigeria is a radically dynamic society with rapid changes frequently occurring in the political behaviour of both the electorate and elected. These anticipated changes in people's behaviour vis-à-vis elections security challenges are likely to add up and make the 2015 elections exercise difficult and critical. This is because, the current state of security challenges would always be exploited by the political elites and their agents hired thugs, bribed security agents, political party stalwarts, would-be multiple-voters etc., all lined-up to advance the elites' interests. How this anticipated scenario of lined-up political agents would affect the 2015 elections is important for the readership of the current book. One other thing that apparently seemed to have escaped the authors of the book, is the actual role specific and sensitive stakeholders, such as traditional rulers, faith-based organisations, ethnic volunteer groups, etc., will be playing in the forthcoming elections. For example, despite the fact that traditional rulers and faith-based organisations are'insulated' from politics, they still 132 Appendix II command certain level of respect and influence in society. They could therefore play a complimentary role aimed at improving security of elections particularly at grassroots levels. It is noteworthy that the book contains a major recommendation which calls for the setting up of a commission to particularly address the challenges associated with prosecution of election offenders. However, there is a need for caution in the optimism for the prospects of this option. The fact is we are not sure whether this could help improve the situation largely because the courts will, whichever way, be involved in the prosecution of such offenders. Yet, as is generally known, these courts thrive on the culture of prolonged handling of cases, interference'from above,' inefficiency and complacency and, in the end, delayed justice or no justice at all. Given the unfolding security challenges ensuing from 2011 to 2015 elections, the experiences of other countries should not be taken for granted. There are countries, such as Ghana, Zimbabwe, Congo, Kenya, and so on that are also heterogeneously complex and share many election security challenges like Nigeria. However, such countries are making tremendous progress in the conduct of their elections. In this regard, it is imperative to share more information as regards the progress each country is making in its overall election exercises. To conclude this review, it is pertinent to draw attention to some issues. First, it is imperative for INEC, security agencies and indeed other key stakeholders to proactively take steps to implement the key recommendations arising from the 2012 workshop as succinctly summed up by Olurode(pages 17 to 18). 133