Appendix II Second, even though a panel of inquiry set up to investigate the 2011 post-election violence had already concluded its work and submitted its report, INEC needs to further explore the issues by: a. Critically studying the report; and b. Conducting an empirical research to determine: i. causes of the violence; ii. roles of other political stakeholders; iii. role of INEC itself, and ultimately come up with how future post-election violence could be prevented in Nigeria. Furthermore, security challenges have become more pronounced in the country today in the context of Boko Haram insurgency and other flash points especially in the North-East, North-West and North-Central geopolitical zones of the country. The declaration of a state of emergency in Borno, Yobe and Adamawa states could affect the conduct of elections there. This calls for renewed concerted efforts by all stakeholders. This is especially the case because the capacity to address those challenges in recent months has been called to question resulting in the involvement of some foreign countries in security operations in parts of the country. Third, if the issues arising from the handling of security challenges before, during and after 2011 elections are anything to go by, there is the need for EMBs and ICCES in particular not to relent in implementing measures designed to make the 2015 elections secure. That the stakes in the 2015 elections are already high makes it all the more necessary for this to be done. The uphill task to turn the tide in which elections are seen as a fight-to-finish or do-or-die affair is still to be overcome. 134 Notes on Authors Attahiru Jega, PhD is a professor of Political Science. He was the President of the Academic Staff Union of Universities(ASUU) from 1988-1994, a member of the Electoral Reform Committee(ERC) August, 2007-December, 2008 and formerly Vice Chancellor of Bayero University, Kano until his recent appointment as Chairman, the Independent National Electoral Commission(INEC) with headquarters in Abuja. 'Lai Olurode read sociology at the University of Lagos. His doctorate was from the University of Sussex in Britain. Formerly, head of sociology department and later dean of the faculty of social sciences at the University of Lagos, Professor Olurode is currently a National Commissioner with the Independent National Electoral Commissioner where he is in charge of election and party monitoring activities. He specialises in gender, social inequality and political sociology. Shehu Muhammad is a Professor of Political Theory at the Department of Political Science at the Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto Nigeria. Between 2008 and 2010, he served as an expert in Strategic Management Reform of Public Services and State Institutions at CAFRAD, Tangier, Morocco, an Africa-wide international organisation devoted to training and research in governance and public administration. Professor Iyiola Oni(PhD) lectures at the Department of Geography and Planning, University of Lagos. Lagos State. Mr Suleiman Jadi is the Commander National Drug Law and Enforcement Agency(NDLEA) Ekiti State. 135