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Managing election-related violence for democratic stability in Ghana
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Chapter 3 opposition parties and supporters, these slogans were not detrimental to electoral peace and security. Some of the slogans even bordered on playful use of words in order to serve as a reminder to voters on election day. Some of the slogans were, 'ehe dzor b? d? r'(it's soft),'agbey naa'(it is finished),' ? m ? fa mia mia mia'(it's so easy). Such slogans aimed to convince the electorate that the relevant party was very confident of winning the elections, thus the electorate was being called upon to have confidence in the system and not panic. Others were' ? y ? zu, ? y ? za'(it's simple),'kukurudu, eshie rado rado rado'(a massive earthquake is shaking things up), as well as'go go high','we're moving forward' and'y ? resesamu'(we're changing things), and'I care for you','Asomdweehene'(king of peace),'better Ghana agenda','forward ever backward never', and'change in continuity'. There was even one slogan'asi ? h?'(down there) which indicated the position of a particular candidate on the ballot paper. A number of these slogans were popularized even further when they were included in simple, danceable highlife tunes. These slogans tended to reduce the underlying tensions between the various political parties as supporters could be seen dancing to the songs of their opponents. However, from the period preceding the 2008 presidential and parliamentary elections up to the imminent 2012 elections, populist slogans have given way to particular types of rhetoric, which could potentially lead to electoral violence. The period has witnessed vituperative comments and statements from political parties and supporters, some of which draw on the country's ethnic and religious diversity, while others call on supporters to be 91