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Managing election-related violence for democratic stability in Ghana
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Managing Election- Relation Violence for Democratic Stability in Ghana of specific public institutions, especially where those heads are perceived to have sympathies that lie with an opposition political party(Myjoyonline, 2011). Thus in one breath, the parties are required to mobilize their support base from the districts but in another breath, they are not allowed to(a) seek political power within the districts; and(b) be able to economically empower their supporters in the districts by providing jobs(e.g. at the Assemblies, Area and Town Councils and Unit Committees), at least, for their district and community­level leaders. Faced with the above conditions, however strong the party machinery at the grassroots level, as the parties are officially denied the means to reward their supporters in those localities, it becomes important for political officials in the districts to develop their own core constituencies for their own sustainable campaigning. Thus, every aspiring parliamentary candidate or national political official has their own core of supporters, including emissaries and aides, in the constituencies or districts. These'footsoldiers' may include muscular men popularly known in Ghana as'macho men' not only for campaigning but also for warding off any form of perceived threat or intimidation from the camps of their opponents. Footsoldiers depend on the politicians for their livelihood and it is to them as an audience that intemperate political communication in the mass media is often directed. Violent clashes among these core supporters of politicians constitute yet another dimension of inter- and intra­party conflicts in Ghana. 151