Managing Election- Relation Violence for Democratic Stability in Ghana (NCA); professional associations such as the Ghana Journalists' Association(GJA) and Ghana Independent Broadcasters Association(GIBA); and NGOs such as the Media Foundation for West Africa(MFWA) with sufficient warning; as well as cues on how to protect the country's burgeoning democracy from the deleterious effects of a predictably acrimonious contest on the horizon. Kenya Until the disputed 30 December 2007 elections, Kenya was widely lauded for its example of political stability, peace and economic progress in Africa. However, within an hour of the Electoral Commission declaring the results in favour of incumbent President Mwai Kibaki, plumes of smoke were seen billowing from Kibera(the biggest slum in Africa) and suburbs of Nairobi. In the following six weeks, more than 1,000 people across the country had been reported killed and an estimated 82 500,000 displaced. The election campaign itself had been characterized by the deliberate stirring up of longstanding sectarian(especially religious and ethnic) grievances. The voting process was also considered by independent observers to have been flawed, and the vote count itself probably rigged. While no single narrative can fully explain the violence that followed, hindsight – as well as direct empirical evidence – suggests that the media, and particularly local language radio stations in the country, were responsible for fanning – if not igniting – the flames of ethnic violence and reprisals. Rival sectarian groups began to stir up a sense of collective threat among their members, with the effect 82 United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs(OCHA)(2008), Available online at http://ochaonline.un.org/Default.aspx?alias=ochaonline.un.org/kenya 221