Chapter 7 that Kibaki's traditionally dominant Kikuyu people were pitched against main opposition leader Raila Odinga's Luo, along with the other ethnic and religious minorities that made up his Orange Democratic Movement(ODM) coalition. A British Broadcasting Corporation(BBC) briefing paper on the elections and their aftermath singled out talk show hosts for particular criticism, noting that they were'not trained in conflict reporting or moderation'. 83 The BBC report quoted a radio journalist as admitting that,'The ethnic hate our radio station was propagating about those from outside the community was unbelievable. The unfortunate thing is that we let these callers speak bile and laughed about 84 it'. Perhaps more instructive is the observation by Caesar Handa(a public relations practitioner in Kenya) that the messages were often implicit, not explicit: 'There were no clear messages that we should kill or burn these people or chase these people away, there were rather coded messages that were being presented and most of them from people who were calling[in through the talk shows]... saying very clearly that we want to liberate ourselves from certain positions and certain communities.... In this way the local language stations played a role, in my opinion, in the escalation of the violence.' 85 Handa added that the incitements to ethnocide were given currency and credibility by being broadcast on radio:'People would have positions... on whether certain communities were[to blame for their problems] but when aired on the radio the believability of those positions is strengthened and it galvanizes people into action....' 86 83 BBC World Service Trust,'The Kenyan 2007 Elections and their Aftermath: The Role of Media and Communication'(Policy Briefing#1, 2008), 2 84 Ibid.(2008), 4 85 Ibid.(2008), 4 86 Ibid.(2008), 4 222