Rb jK(1632-1704) wQ‡jb wjev‡iwjRg­Gi cÖ_g I me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cÖwZwbwa| jK ÔGgwcwiwmRgÕ-Gi aviYv ˆZwi‡Z LyeB ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i‡Qb| GgwcwiwmRg n‡”Q gvbyl wKfv‡e AwfÁZvi gva¨‡g †k‡L Zvi Ici Mfxi AbymÜvb| GB wfwˇZ wewfbœ AwfÁZvi Zzjbv n‡”Q Z‡Ë¡i ïiæ| 1690 mv‡j jK cÖKvk K‡ib Uz wUªwUR Ae Mfb©‡g›U †hLv‡b wZwb Bs‡iR ivRZ‡š¿i ZvwË¡K wfwˇK bvov †`b, Ges ¯^vaxbZvi wfwˇZ GKwU mvgvwRK msweavb ˆZwi K‡ib| †_‡K gyw³| ¯^vaxbZvi GB wZbwU gvÎv AmsL¨ wfbœ wfbœ msweav‡b I †gŠwjK gvbevwaKv‡ii msÁvq AšÍfz©³ Kiv n‡q‡Q| wewfbœ Z‡Ë¡ j‡Ki msÁv‡K D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q Avi e¨vL¨v †`Iqv n‡q‡Q| j‡Ki msÁvi g~j K_v n‡”Q cÖK…wZMZfv‡eB Gme ¯^vaxbZv cÖ‡Z¨K e¨w³i cÖvc¨| Ab¨ A‡_©, Gme ¯^vaxbZv mgv‡R ˆZwi nq wb, eis †Kv‡bv bv †Kv‡bvfv‡e ÔAv‡M †_‡KB wQjÕ| mgv‡R Gme ¯^vfvweK AwaKv‡ii ÔiÿYv‡eÿYÕ ïay cwieZ©‡bi cÖw μ qvi ga¨ w`‡qB m¤¢e| ZLb G¸‡jv mgv‡Ri Ici e¨w³i`vwe wn‡m‡e cwiYZ nq| wewfbœ`vk©wbK cwieZ©‡bi ga¨ w`‡qI j‡Ki g~j hyw³ GL‡bv kw³kvjx| ¯^vaxbZvi aviYv GL‡bv GKwU †gŠwjK †PZbv wn‡m‡e wewfbœ weZ‡K©i m~Î wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ| D`vi‰bwZKZvev`-Gi( Liberalism ) GKRb cÖavb cÖe³v wn‡m‡e Rb jK GL‡bv we`¨gvb| Z‡e m~Î wn‡m‡e μ gvMZ DwjøwLZ n‡jI GwU A¯^xKvi Kivi Dcvq †bB †h HwZnvwmK †cÖÿvcU I g~j Drm Qvov GwU wVKgZ e¨vL¨v Kiv hv‡e bv Ges eZ©gvb †cÖÿvc‡U G‡K mivmwi cÖ‡qvM Kiv hv‡e bv| wKfv‡e ¯^vaxbZv‡K mgv‡R wbwðZ Kiv hv‡e ev ev¯Íevqb Kiv hv‡e Zv wb‡qB cÖ‡kœi D‡`ªK nq| GwU HwZnvwmK weZ‡K©i GKwU wm×všÍ †h Av‡jvKvq‡bi cieZ©x Ab¨vb¨`vk©wb‡Ki mv‡_ mv‡_ Rb jK GB aviYvi we‡ivax wQ‡jb †h cÖvK…wZK AmgZvi wfwˇZ ¯^vaxbZvi NvUwZ‡K †g‡b †bIqv m¤¢e| GKwU Pig cÖwZw μ qvkxj mgvR †hLv‡b ivRv‡`i kvmb‡K Ck¦i-cÖ`Ë AvBb e‡j †g‡b †bIqv nZ †mLv‡b cÖvK…wZK mgZv I mgvb ¯^vaxbZvi aviYv GKwU ˆecøweK aviYv wQj| Z‡e jK wb‡R‡K cÖvK…wZK mgZv I mgvb ¯^vaxbZvi aviYvi g‡a¨ Ave× iv‡Lb wb, eis mgv‡R cÖvK…wZK mgZv‡K mvgvwRK Pzw³i gva¨‡g AwawôZ Ki‡Z †P‡qwQ‡jb| ¯^vaxbZv I ¯^vfvweK AwaKvi mgv‡R wKfv‡e ¯^vaxbZv ev¯ÍevwqZ I wbwðZ Kiv hvq? cÖvK…wZK mgZv I mgvb ¯^vaxbZv 13