International Conference: Current Security Challenges for the Western Balkan Region Addressed by Means of Joint Responsibility and Cooperation CONCLUSION This article sought to provide an inevitably simplied and generalized overview of Islamist networks in Western Europe. It goes without saying that dynamics vary signicantly from country to country and even from city to city within the same country. There are groups that can only to some degree be considered Islamist 19 and several that uctuate between the sub-categorizations used in this paper. It must also be noted that Islamism, in all its manifestations, is an extremely dynamic ideological movement. While some of its core ideas and visions are immutable, there is no doubt that many groups in the participationist and, to a lesser degree, the non-violent rejections camp, have radically changed some of their views and tactics over the last thirty 26 years and are even more likely to do so in the future years due to the increasingly central role taken by European born Muslims within them. It is very difcult to foresee the developments of political Islam in Europe, both in the immediate and, a fortiori, distant future. All the elements of the tripartite Islamist pyramid have contributed to a capillary dissemination of the Islamist message. For example, while only a minority of European Muslims embraces Islamist ideology, whether in its jihadist or in its other forms, Islamist ideas and terms have become mainstream among large segments of European Muslim communities. It seems nonetheless fair to state that the most extreme fringes of the movement, while unquestionably posing a security threat that is unlikely to completely disappear anytime soon, do not seem poised to attract anything more than a tiny fringe of European Muslims. 19 One example would be the Tabligh-i Jamaat, a transnational missionary organization tracing its origin to South Asia that has a signicant inuence in several European countries. See Muhammad Khalid Masud, ed., Travellers in Faith: Studies of the Tablighi Jama'at as a Transnational Islamic Movement for Faith Renewal(Leiden: Brill,. 2000).