International Conference: Current Security Challenges for the Western Balkan Region Addressed by Means of Joint Responsibility and Cooperation PANEL DISCUSSION 2 Kenneth Geers: Kosovo, Cyber Security, and Conict Resolution INTRODUCTION: CYBER SECURITY AND NATIONAL SECURITY Just as Vietnam was the world's rst“TV War”, Following the war over Kosovo, the use of cyber the Kosovo war in 1999 was the world's rst attacks in international conicts has evolved. In “Internet War”. A pro-Serbian hacker group Israel, pro-Palestine hackers have hit economic called the“Black Hand” subjected the North Atlantic Treaty Organization(NATO) 62 , the United targets such as the Bank of Israel and the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange. 68 In Estonia, in retaliation States, and the United Kingdom to Denial-of- for moving a Soviet World War II memorial from Service(DoS) attacks and over twenty-ve different strains of virus-infected email. 63 They the center of Tallinn, pro-Russia hackers downed a wide range of Internet domains. 69 In took the NATO Public Affairs website(where Syria, analysts believe the Israeli military used a NATO sought to portray its side of the conict) cyber attack to cripple the Syrian air defense ofine for days. NATO spokesman Jamie Shea cited“line saturation” caused by“hackers in system during an Israeli air force strike on an alleged nuclear reactor. 70 In Georgia, Russia is Belgrade.” As NATO tried to upgrade nearly all of its computer servers, the location of the said to have employed cyber attacks to facilitate a military invasion. 71 In Kyrgyzstan, a DoS attack attacking computers shifted from Belgrade to other countries around the world. 64 In the U.S., knocked the entire nation ofine during a domestic political crisis. 72 In Iran, the Stuxnet the Secret Service investigated a White House computer worm reportedly destroyed nuclear 63 website defacement; in the UK, the government admitted the loss of“some” database centrifuges. 7374 In this geopolitical cyber context, it is unsurprising that the U.S. – whose example information. 65 The World Wide Web was only is now being followed by many other nations – created in 1991, 66 but by the turn of the century, has already created a military command it was clear that warfare – like everything else – devoted exclusively to cyber warfare. 75 Most would nd a new home in this new cyber recently, Kosovo has again appeared on Planet “domain”. In 1948, Hans Morgenthau wrote that Earth's short but growing list of international national security depends on the integrity of a nation's borders and its institutions, 67 but today, cyber incidents. In October 2014, during a football match between Serbia and Albania, a national institutions have been connected to the small drone trailing a nationalist Albanian ag Internet – to include everything from elections (which included Kosovo on a map of“Greater to electricity plants. A cyber attack is best Albania”) was own through the stadium, understood not as an end in itself, but as a sparking ethnic tensions in the region and a means to a wide variety of ends, some of which diplomatic row between the two countries. can have serious political and/or military Serbian President Tomislav Nikolic said“the consequences. And on this new battleeld, anyone with an Internet-connected computer – only thing missing … was an explosive device in the craft. 76 ” Cyber attacks by both pro-Serbia irrespective of his or her physical proximity to a conict – can join the ght. and pro-Albania hackers followed the drone incident. 77 78 62 “Yugoslavia: Serb Hackers Reportedly Disrupt U.S. Military Computer,”(28 Mar 1999) Bosnian Serb News Agency SRNA(reported by BBC Monitoring Service, 30 Mar 1999). 63 “Evidence Mounts of Pro-Serbian Internet Attack on NATO Countries,”(17 Apr 1999) mi2g: www.mi2g.com. 64 Verton, D.(4 Apr 1999)“Serbs Launch Cyberattack on NATO,” Federal Computer Week. 65 Geers, K.“Cyberspace and the Changing Nature of Warfare,” SC Magazine(2008). 66 At CERN: http://home.web.cern.ch/. 67 Morgenthau, H.J.(1948) Politics among nations: the struggle for power and peace(A. A. Knopf) 440. 68 Stoil, R.A.& Goldstein, J.(28 Jun 2006)“One if by Land, Two if by Modem,” The Jerusalem Post. 69 Davis, J.l(21 Aug 2007)“Hackers Take Down the Most Wired Country in Europe”, WIRED. 70 Fulghum, D.A., Wall, R.& Butler, A.(26 Nov 2007)“Cyber-Combat's First Shot,” Aviation Week& Space Technology 167(21) 28. 71 “Overview by the US-CCU of the Cyber Campaign against Georgia in August of 2008,”(Aug 2009) U.S. Cyber Consequences Unit. 72 Keizer, G.(28 Jan 2009)“Russian'cyber militia' knocks Kyrgyzstan ofine,” Computerworld. 73 Broad, W.J., Markoff, J.& Sanger, D.E.(15 Jan 2011)“Israeli Test on Worm Called Crucial in Iran Nuclear Delay,” New York Times. 74 Falkenrath, R.A.(26 Jan 2011)“From Bullets to Megabytes,” The New York Times. 75 Pellerin, C.(18 Oct 2010)“Lynn: Cyberspace is the New Domain of Warfare,” American Forces Press Service. 76 Bilefsky, D.(17 Oct 2014)“Drone Stunt at Belgrade Soccer Match Stirs Ethnic Tensions,” The New York Times. 77 Walker, M.(18 Nov 2014) The Cyber-Attacks And Fears Of Cyber-War To Come, InSerbia Network Foundation. 78 Jovanovic, J.(18 Oct 2014)“Serbian hackers Deface the Website of the Albanian State Television”, Tech Worm.