Mapping Labour Unions in Pakistan the exploitation of workers. These protests spread and gave way to other sectoral associations. The labour movement gained momentum with the support of the Indian nationalist leaders who joined workers agitation. 3 The very first central organisation of the workers of the All India Trade Union Congress(AITUC) came about as a result of workers resentment to the selection of delegates for the first session of ILO. 4 One critical difference between post-independent Pakistan and India is the leanings of the founding fathers of the two countries towards trade unions. While Mohammad Ali Jinnah was also a labour leader, being president of the 70,000 strong All India Postal Staff Union, the All India Muslim League, did not develop relations with organized labour in its campaign for Pakistan. 5 Contrary to this, the Indian National Congress and other nationalist parties’ leadership not only led the development of AITUC, but they, along with the Communist Party of India also supported workers’ struggle. This political leaning was transferred into leadership in the post-independence era. The political leadership in India promoted powerful trade unions, however, the political and later military governments in Pakistan followed a non-democratic path, adopting a private-led capitalist model where the so­called economic development superseded the welfare agenda. 1.1.1. Post-Independence Labour Movement Landscape Another key difference in the labour agenda between the Indian and Pakistani sides is the role of industrial labour post-independence. While the industrial labour actively participated in the independence struggle and hence found an institutional role for organized labour in Indian politics, Pakistan inherited a very small industrial base- only 9% of the total industry of India. Likewise, a very small proportion of workers population workers were engaged in the industry- only 0.63% of the total workers' population. While the number of 3. YU SHUHONG-MALIK ZIA-UD-DIN(2017),"Analyzing the Labour Issues in Pakistan: A Historical Background of Labour Laws and Labour Unions", Wuhan University, Hubei, Chinavol. 3, no. 2, 2017ISSN:2421-2695 at https://labourlaw.unibo.it/article/ view/7577/7280 4. Khalil, Zakaullah Khan(2018),"A Profile of Trade Unionism and Industrial Relations in Pakistan", International Labour Organization 5. Candland, Christopher,"New Social and New Political Unionism: Labour, Industry, and the State in India and Pakistan" Global Solidarity Dialogue at http:// globalsolidarity.antenna.nl/candland.html 4