Mapping Labour Unions in Pakistan area leaders to bring young women to mobilization meetings. Any travel outside of Karachi for union work however meets with definitive resistance. 2.3. Trade Unions and Alliance Building T he plant-based composition and successive constraints have restricted trade unions from effectively building alliances. In addition, a tripartite structure that is not fully functional also restricts the doors of engagement and dialogue for trade unions. The Government of Pakistan ratified ILO Convention C144 related to tripartite consultation in 1994. The Convention obligates the State to ensure the conduct of effective consultations between representatives of the government, employers and workers. However, no supportive enforcement mechanism has been developed. While tripartite labour conferences had been organised in earlier years of Pakistan, these have been held only in 2002 and 2009 since the ratification of the convention. Recently, the Sindh Government organised a tripartite labour conference followed by the establishment of the Sindh Tripartite Committee for Implementation of Labor Laws However, in 2014, Federal Tripartite Consultation Committee and four Provincial Tripartite Consultation Committees have been notified in 2014. With the evolution of civil society in Pakistan, with NGOs emerging as a formidable force in the 1990s, trade unions partner with NGOs in a variety of ways including knowledge production, capacity building, institutional support and legal assistance Trade unions also receive support from ILO that seeks to build employers' and workers' organizations' capacity to advance the decent work agenda. In addition to being a part of international confederations, trade unions also seek to partner with international organisations working on labour rights. The most successful example of this collaboration is the campaign for compensation of Karachi’s Baldia Factory Fire, with international organisations including the Clean Clothes Campaign, IndustriAll, European Center for Constitutional and Human Rights. This section seeks to document the experiences of trade unions and labour federations with tripartite structures, and their engagement with civil society and international agencies. 30