STUDY CLIMATE CHANGE, ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT SUSTAINABLE TRANSFORMATION OF ISRAEL’S ENERGY SYSTEM Development of a Phase Model By applying a phase model for the renewables-based energy transition in the MENA countries to Israel, the study provides a guiding vision to support the strategy development and steering of the energy transition process. The transition towards a ­renewable-based energy system can reduce import dependencies and increase the energy security in Israel. Sibel Raquel Ersoy, Julia Terrapon-Pfaff Tareq Abu Hamed, József Kádár September 2021 Key issues that need to be tackled in order to advance the energy transition in Israel are the expansion of flexibility options, discussion on the long-term role of natural gas, increasing participation and awareness, and exploring the future role of power-to-X in the energy system.