9 Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, the focus was on protests triggered by food and energy prices and shortages. The aims of the research are to: • Estimate the magnitude of mass protests around the affordability of or access to basic goods • Identify the locations and distribution of these events • Provide insights into protesters and their grievances • Provide insights into the political significance and responses to the protests. A dataset of relevant events was compiled using the Armed Conflict Location& Event Data Project(ACLED) data (https://acleddata.com/). ACLED compiles events-based data about conflict and violence worldwide. The data are collected by researchers from selected local, national and international sources, including media, vetted social media accounts, government and NGO reports, and partner organisations; these reports are triangulated where possible, and local partners may verify and collect first-hand information. ACLED has a range of cross­checks in place to ensure the data are high quality, and the data were obtained from sources which are widely considered to be among the best sources for data about violence and conflict, including protests. 4 For the present study, relevant events were identified on the basis that they: • Happened anywhere in the world; • Occurred in the 12 months between 1 November 2021 and 31 October 2022; • Were classified as either‘protests’ or‘riots’ and featured either‘excessive force against protesters’; ‘peaceful protest’;‘mob violence’;‘protest with intervention’; or‘violent demonstration’ according to ACLED criteria; • Were coded as being protests about prices or shortages of food or energy(fuel, gas, oil, electricity, petroleum or diesel), or about the high cost of living or inflation specifically. The ACLED data include a short paragraph or line that describes the nature of the protest, which was searched for a range of relevant key terms. 5 These were adjusted and supplemented once different country and regional framings of the grievances had been identified through the search process and were based on our pre-existing knowledge of how food and fuel protests are framed(Hossain and Scott-Villiers 2017; Hossain et al. 2021; Hossain 2018). Data Using the parameters outlined above, our version of the ACLED dataset contained 12,514 protest events between 1 November 2021 and 31 October 2022. The dataset provides a detailed range of information for each protest event. For the purposes of our study, the relevant information for each event examined includes the region, country, event type(riot or protest), event date, and actors involved(primary, secondary, and possible group association). The dataset also provides geographic coordinates for each protest event, allowing for 4 For more information about ACLED data, see https://acleddata.com/resources/quick-guide-to-acled-data/#s1. 5 “Food”;“fuel,”“energy”,“gas”,“electricity”,“power outage”,“cost of living”,“living cost”,“essentials”,“commodity”, “prices”,“blackouts”,“Food vouchers/subsidy/allowance/grant/assistance/benefit”, petroleum”,“diesel”,“oil”.