REFRAMING SOCIAL POLICY: close to the anti-drinking Sobriety movement, at the time in the North an interna­tionalist popular bottom-up mass movement of considerable strength. At the new Centre, Sozialpolitics in Wilhelmine Germany – the Second Reich(Greater Prus­sia) – was a new top-down blend of science and politics before the establishment of parliamentary democracy when Bismarckian workers or social insurance schemes were built up in that country as well as in others. Germany became a model for most of Europe, and in its aftermath social scientists started to talk about policy diffusion or policy learning(Kuhnle& Hort 2005). Today, I would argue, social politics is also a reaction to the kind of policy learning we have been witnessing in the aftermath of the dissolution of the so called social­ist states and the emergence of a true or westernized, occidental, labour market in Central and Eastern Europe. Learning under the auspices and leadership of interna­tional organizations such as the World Bank and OECD, social safety nets have eroded as the buyers of labour power have got the upper hand, and no new, strong trade unions have appeared. And there have been few signs of major inroads for unemployment insurance schemes although the ILO has done its best to promote the virtues of such provisions. Added to this, we have seen the emergence of other markets where people sell whatever they may be able to sell to those who are pre­pared to pay a penny or two. Some people and perhaps even more important insti­tutions call this the informal economy in contrast to the more official or at least slightly regulated labour market. Others – in particular female social activists and feminist researchers – call this informality the new domestic slavery, human traf­ficking etc. Social politics is a contested terrain. While several nation-states in East and South-east Asia has taken serious steps towards welfare state institution build­ing, the directions of the transformation of the old Central and East European social safety net states are much more ambiguous(Aidukaite 2007& 2004; Kuhnle, Hat­land& Hort 2001), Hort& Kuhnle 2000). Social Policy and Social Work Social Policy and Social Work are frequently used in the program of this meeting where they are interchangeable as in many other contexts. To me it is important to point out the specificity of these concepts and to properly locate these concepts. They belong to the policy world, and to the world of social practice. In some coun­tries they are wider than elsewhere(Olsson Hort& McMurphy 1996). They are probably indispensable in making the world safer for people. Through social policy solutions are presented to social dilemmas – private problems going public – with the intention to make human beings more humane and less dehumanised, less cruel. This is one way of making the difference between human beings and other species clear and visible, a civilisation process, if you like. However, good intentions are not enough. 18