STUDY UNEQUAL DEMOCRACIES WHO DOES (NOT) VOTE IN SERBIA Vujo Ili ć and Dušan Spasojevi ć June 2025 Low and unequal voter turnout harms democracy. It may be important to critically evaluate official voter turnout data, which often undervalues election participation due to administrative and migration-related factors. This is not an issue only in Serbia but also the broader region. Voter turnout in Serbia is closer to European averages than often assumed, potentially reaching three-quarters of present voters. Inequalities between voters and abstainers persist, with older, more educated, high­er-income, and politically and civically engaged individuals more likely to vote. The government should revise the voter reg­istry and open a public debate on effective diaspora voting rights. Parties should focus on strategic voter mobilisation, reaching out to youth and marginalised groups. Civil society organisations should promote civic engagement as a way to stimulate voting.