Executive Summary This study examines the integration of labour rights con­siderations in the National Action Plans on Business and Human Rights(NAPs BHR) of five African countries: Ghana, Kenya, Liberia, Nigeria, and Uganda. As supply chain risks and business-related human rights breaches es­calate globally, these pioneering African NAPs BHR repre­sent critical policy instruments for advancing workers’ rights and gender equality in business contexts. The as­sessment evaluates each NAP BHR across three dimen­sions—development process, content responsiveness, and implementation structures—using six discrete indicators that examine labour integration throughout the NAP BHR life cycle. Key Findings The analysis reveals significant variation in performance. Ghana and Kenya lead in labour stakeholder consultation during NAP BHR development, while Nigeria’s consultation processes remain critically deficient. Ghana, Kenya, and Uganda have implemented strong gender consultation, demonstrating that the meaningful engagement of women workers and women’s rights organisations is achievable. However, a critical regional pattern emerges: Strong con­sultation does not automatically translate into substantive NAP BHR content. Ghana’s paradox—high gender consulta­tion producing only moderate content responsiveness—ex­emplifies this systematic failure, as does Uganda’s labour consultation-to-content gap. Only Kenya successfully main­tains consistency between consultation quality and content substance in terms of gender dimensions. Content analysis shows Ghana achieving the strongest la­bour integration, with Kenya and Liberia also demonstrat­ing strong responsiveness to labour deficits. Uganda’s moderate labour content represents a concerning decline from consultation levels, while Nigeria’s moderate content, despite weak consultation, suggests technical standard in­corporation without stakeholder grounding. For gender content, Kenya excels, while Ghana, Liberia, and Uganda have achieved moderate responsiveness. Nigeria’s weak gender content reflects comprehensive stakeholder en­gagement failures. Implementation structures reveal universal weakness as the critical limiting factor across all countries. Ghana and Kenya maintain strong labour stakeholder involvement in implementation, but the engagement of gender stakehold­er implementation lags behind the consultation level in other countries. Uganda and Liberia have achieved strong involvement in gender implementation, demonstrating that sustained stakeholder engagement is possible but requires deliberate institutional design. Monitoring and evaluation (M&E) frameworks remain underdeveloped across the re­gion, limiting accountability and adaptive management. Cross-Cutting Challenges Three fundamental challenges emerged across all five NAPs BHR. First, informal sector workers—constituting the majority of the workforce in these economies—remain in­adequately acknowledged despite being the most vulnera­ble to business-related rights violations. Uganda’s innova­tive National Social Security Fund, which allows for mini­mal contributions from informal workers, demonstrates what creative policy-making can achieve, yet this remains an exception. Second, gender-labour intersectionality re­ceives insufficient attention, with only Kenya explicitly ad­dressing how gender shapes labour experiences through provisions on wage gaps, sexual harassment, maternity protection, and unpaid care work. Third, the consulta­tion-to-content translation gap reveals structural issues around power imbalances, technical capacity limitations, and inadequate validation mechanisms that prevent stake­holder voices from shaping policy substance even when they are heard. Labour and Africa’s National Action Plans on Business and Human Rights 9