Recommendations The study recommends establishing regional peer-learning and monitoring mechanisms to enable African countries developing NAPs BHR to learn from pioneers’ experiences. Countries must close consultation-to-content gaps through validation mechanisms that return draft NAPs BHR to stakeholders for verification, transparent documentation showing how input influences provisions, and technical as­sistance for drafting teams. NAPs BHR must include dedi­cated sections addressing informal sector realities, with context-appropriate interventions rather than merely ex­tending formal sector frameworks. Gender-labour intersec­tionality requires explicit analysis in all NAPs BHR, with specific provisions on equal pay, gender-based violence prevention, maternity protection, and unpaid care work. Implementation demands sustained focus through multi­stakeholder bodies with real decision-making power, com­prehensive monitoring frameworks with labour and gender indicators, adequate resource allocation, and periodic re­views enabling course correction. In sum, the five African NAPs BHR represent important foundations despite incomplete progress. Uganda’s social security innovations, Kenya’s gender-labour integration, Ghana’s labour stakeholder engagement, and Liberia’s practical intervention design all provide models for region­al learning. However, NAPs BHR will ultimately be meas­ured not by consultation processes or document quality but by whether workers—especially informal sector and women workers—experience tangible improvements in rights, working conditions, and access to remedy. Success requires political will to prioritise labour and gender rights even when politically difficult, adequate resources beyond symbolic allocations, sustained stakeholder engagement throughout implementation, and genuine commitment to centring workers’ voices in all their diversity. The path for­ward is clear, tools are available, and regional examples demonstrate what is possible. What remains is transform­ing policy commitments into lived improvements advanc­ing labour and gender justice across Africa. 10 Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung e.V.