Before turning to the problems and issues mentioned above, it is advisable to make two remarks. First, it is necessary to emphasize that the various factors discussed below are not necessarily independent of each other. Indeed, some of the issues overlap and sometimes are the determinants of each other. For example, the question of autonomy is related to the mode of division of roles between different institutions of the electoral process. But it also has a link to the political dimension of the election management, etc. It will therefore, in practice(and in assessing the suggestions made here), incorporate and make tradeoffs in choosing solutions that are effective throughout the system rather than some of its components only. Further, it is also necessary to emphasize that for most of the problems discussed there is no single or best solution applicable everywhere. For many issues, it will be good, wherever possible, just to indicate a case seen as a positive effort(qualified to give an example) and another case of not enough effort(described as a less good example not to say a bad example). There will be no question of highlighting the best and worst cases. Sometimes, several countries may be in the same situation but only one will be presented as an example(good or bad). 3.1 Problems and challenges related to the structures of electoral commissions 3.1.1 Tenure of the commission and its members Whatever the type(model) chosen for the institutional management of elections, one of the major issues which must necessarily be answered is that of the duration of the mandate of the electoral commission and its members. This issue is important insofar as the permanent characteristics of the commission and the provisions relating to the terms of office of commissioners necessarily have an influence, even 105