For example, whether disaster damages can be reduced and vulnerable communities kept safe, by deploying NbS that respect river dynamics and ecosystem functions. For best results, such a dialogue must remain a continuously evolving process of engagement leading to development of a community of practice. The foundational challenge is that Eco-DRR is not a definitive and an individual strategy, it always responds to local needs, vulnerabilities and aspirations and policies. Many communities of practice have emerged around Eco-DRR and some of them have rightly framed principles to guide the practice of DRR using ecosystem services(CBD, 2018). In essence, Eco-DRR involves assessing ecosystem services, engaging with communities to develop an orientation towards outcomes, and restoring ecosystems like wetlands or forests to reduce disaster risks and benefit from results which include water/food/nutrition/ livelihood security. In due course, stakeholders in Eco­DRR, including communities, learn to integrate monitoring actions, capacity building, and policy advocacy into NbS, thus enhancing resilience with safeguards against climate-related hazards and fostering sustainability in DRR. Consequently, the PES scheme has to shift to incentivise behaviours(i.e. input-based) that result in planting, restoring, regenerating and managing mangrove plantations. Though these are early days in the use of PES to drive DRR outcomes, substantial public finance support for PES is emerging. The Government of Vietnam began implementing a PES policy in 2010(To and Dressler 2019). Similarly, the State of Meghalaya in India has been implementing a state-wide PES scheme since June 2022(MBMA, 2022). Now is an opportune moment to cultivate an outcome­oriented approach among vulnerable communities, frontline workers, and decision-makers to foster mutual support between PES and DRR practices. Disaster risk­resilience is invariably a local issue, hence at-risk communities and various stakeholders can develop unique, locally relevant DRR metrics of success, for example, year on year, a majority of farmers choose to plant drought or flood resilient crops based on short­term and medium-term climate forecasts. 2.2.2 Applying PES to DRR PES schemes such as Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation(REDD+) 7 have been heralded as a potential avenue for financing conservation. However, PES schemes for mangrove based ecosystems continue to be at a nascent level of implementation(Friess, and Thompson 2016). There is one case study from Vietnam where the United States Agency for International Development funded payouts for mangrove based environmental services. Two conclusions may be seen below(Sommerville, 2016). Mangrove based payments compete with aquaculture conversion and clam farming. In spite of mangroves providing ecosystem services such as carbon sequestration, Non-timber Forest Produce(NTFP) collection, and coastal protection, the(output-based) PES are insufficient to offset the productivity losses to local farmers. 2.2.3 Integration with the Global Agenda PES enabled Eco-DRR, and its forward integration within the environment, social, and governance agenda, demands new types of cooperation. With large-scale global financial commitment to climate change mitigation and adaptation, there is a need for improved understanding of the operational context and possible collaborations. One way to consider this is that Eco-DRR is not a substitute, rather it needs to be integrated with other solutions. Hence, we are seeing the possibility of blended finance 8 and efforts to create impactful DRR solutions using stakeholders' capabilities. Another way to understand it is that Eco-DRR offers a'financial economy' as well as a'physical economy' composed of a range of NbS and benefits that eventually roll up to climate change adaptation and mitigation targets. ⁷REDD+ is a climate change mi ga on solu on developed by the Par es to the United Na ons Framework Conven on on Climate Change(UNFCCC). ⁸Blended finance uses cataly c capital from philanthropic partners and risk-capital from impact investors. Payments for Ecosystem Services 6