observation here. Parties barely change their positions over time when it comes to state interventionism. By considering this observation, it becomes clear that for social democrats it is challenging to build compromises with any right-wing party on this issue, especially because economics and the overall notion of“who gets what, when and how” is still a central question in politics. 34 A similar observation can be made for the parties’ positions on redistribution in Figure 9. We notice that social democrats strongly favour redistribution, whereas right-wing parties oppose redistribution. Within the latter party families, conservative parties most strongly oppose redistribution, whereas the other right-wing parties have a more moderate stance. Interestingly, the increasing adoption of“welfare chauvinist” positions by the populist radical right does not go in line with defence of politics of redistribution from the rich to the poor. Part of the explanation for this probably lies in the fact that extant research shows that an important core constituency of the populist radical right is labour market insiders rather than outsiders. 35 Given that these labour market insiders are less interested in a major reshuffle of the economic system, it makes sense that the populist radical right holds positions on the issue of redistributing wealth from the rich to the poor that are similar to the ones defended by the mainstream right parties, rather than those of social democratic parties. Consequently, this evidence reinforces the argument that populist radical right and social democratic parties advocate very different programmatic positions. Not by chance, scholars have highlighted that it is misleading to overestimate the affinities between the voters of these two parties. 36 Figure 9. Position on the redistribution of wealth from the rich to the poor. Position of the party, favouring redistribution (0) to opposing redistribution (10) 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 199 2 8 00 2 0 00 2 2 00 2 4 00 2 6 00 2 8 01 2 0 01 2 2 01 2 4 01 2 6 01 2 8 020 Social democrats Liberals Christian democrats Conservatives Populist radical right The transformation of the mainstream right and its impact on(social) democracy 31