Party was completely united (0) to party was completely divided (10) Figure 13. Degree of dissent on immigration policy for different party families(2019). 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 ocrats l dem Socia Liberals ocrats dem ristian Ch rvatives onse C al right radic pulist Po To further complement Figure 13 and explore the idea that different political parties may emphasise certain issues to different extents, in Figure 14 we present the saliency of anti-Islam rhetoric. Even though this measure is only available for 2019, it is worth presenting this, because the growing critique of immigrants is deeply linked to the idea that people adhering to Islam are particularly problematic, since they are allegedly incompatible with the liberal values that are engrained in West European society. Before discussing Figure 14, it is worth highlighting that here we talk about saliency and not position. Whereas the former alludes to how much emphasis political parties place on an issue(i.e., how important they find it), the latter refers to the policy standpoint that political parties have on an issue. By giving specific issues saliency, political parties can try to own the issue in question and present themselves as the only ones capable of solving it. 40 Taking this into account, the data reveals that anti-Islam rhetoric is very important for the populist radical right and much less so for the other party families. The transformation of the mainstream right and its impact on(social) democracy 35