Position of the party, supporting environmental protection (0) to supporting economic growth (10)* Figure 15. Position towards environmental sustainability. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 200 2 6 00 2 8 01 2 0 01 2 2 01 2 4 01 2 6 01 2 8 020 Social democrats Liberals Christian democrats Conservatives Populist radical right *The full label of the Y-axis is'Position of the party, supporting environmental protection even at the cost of economic growth(0) to supporting economic growth even at the cost of environmental protection(10) Moreover, even though the differences between party families are relatively small, the observations specific to party families are similar to those from Figures 10 to 12. Social democrats and liberals(as well as Christian democrats) lean most towards favouring environmental protection over economic growth. Conservatives and populist radical right parties lean more towards economic growth over environmental protection, if a choice has to be made. It remains to be seen if the populist radical right in Western Europe will follow the path of other far-right forces(e.g., the Republican Party in the USA or Bolsonaro in Brasil) that have adopted a climate change denialist approach. Given that the consequences of climate change will become more visible in the near future, it is probable that the debate about the trade-off between support for economic growth at the cost of environmental protection will become more salient. It is an open question, thus, if policy positions towards environmental sustainability will remain stable over time or will rather generate strong debate between different party families. The transformation of the mainstream right and its impact on(social) democracy 37